Feudal fascism

Term used to describe Maoist China

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Concepts

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* Three Worlds Theory

Variants

* Maoism–Third Worldism
* Mao-spontex
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* Gonzalo Thought
* Prachanda Path
* Deng Xiaoping Theory
* Naxalism

People

* Mao Zedong
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* Qi Benyu
* Muppala Lakshmana Rao
* Narayan Sanyal
* Siraj Sikder
* Jose Maria Sison
* Wang Hongwen
* Yao Wenyuan
* Akram Yari
* Zhang Chunqiao

Theoretical works

* Report on an Investigation of the Peasant
Movement in Hunan (1927)
* On Contradiction (1937)
* On Practice (1937)
* On Guerrilla Warfare (1937)
* On Protracted War (1938)
* On the Ten Major Relationships (1956)
* On the Correct Handling of Contradictions
Among the People (1957)
* A Critique of Soviet Economics (1960)
* Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung (1964)
* Historic Eight Documents (1965—1966)
* Bombard the Headquarters (1966)
* Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat (1983)

History

* Chinese Soviet Republic
* Jiangxi Soviet
* Long March
* Chinese Communist Revolution
* People's Republic of China
* 1949–1976
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* 2002–present
* Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
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* New Communist movement
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* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
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* Sino-Albanian split
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* Death and funeral of Mao
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
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Organizations

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Related topics

* Anarchism in China
* Big-character poster
* Feudal fascism
* Hoxhaism
* Guevarism
* Juche
* Left communism in China
* Mao's cult of personality
* Nanjie
* National Democracy Movement
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Fascism

Principles

* Actual idealism
* Aestheticization of politics
* Anti-communism
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-materialism
* Anti-pacifism
* Authoritarianism
* Chauvinism
* Class collaboration
* Corporatism
* Proprietary Corporation
* Counter-Enlightenment
* Cult of personality
* Dictatorship
* Direct action
* Dirigisme
* Eugenics
* Heroic capitalism
* Heroic realism
* Heroism
* Imperialism
* Economic
* Social
* Irrationalism
* Machismo
* Masculinity
* Militarism
* National syndicalism
* Nationalism
* Integral
* Palingenetic
* Ultra
* New Man
* One-party state
* Perpetual war
* Populism
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Racism
* Reactionary modernism
* Social Darwinism
* Social order
* Spazio vitale
* State capitalism
* Statolatry
* Supercapitalism
* Syncretism
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism

Topics

* Definitions
* Economics
* Ideology
* Martyrs
* Movements
* Mysticism
* Symbolism

Politicians

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Intellectuals

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Literature

* Triumph of Death (1894)
* The Flame (1900)
* The Will to Power (1901)
* Reflections on Violence (1908)
* Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione
Internazionalista (1914)
* Prussianism and Socialism (1919)
* "Futurist Manifesto" (1919)
* Fascist Manifesto (1919)
* Das Dritte Reich (1923)
* Mein Kampf (1925)
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals (1925)
* Frederick the Second (1927)
* My Autobiography (1928)
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930)
* The Outlaws (1930)
* "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932)
* Twenty-Six Point Program of
the Falange (1934)
* Man, the Unknown (1935)
* For My Legionaries (1936)
* Guide to Kulchur (1938)
* Gilles (1939)

Organizations

* Arrow Cross Party
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts
* Brazilian Integralist Action
* British Democratic Party (2013)
* British National Party
* British Union of Fascists
* Stewards
* Canadian Union of Fascists
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Media

* Action
* Ajan Suunta
* The American Review
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* The Blackshirt
* Buna Vestire
* Critica fascista
* Fashist
* Gândirea
* Gringoire
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Je suis partout
* La Conquista del Estado
* Le Pays Réel
* L'Idea Nazionale
* Lidel
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* Das Schwarze Korps
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History

* March on Rome
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* Second Italo-Senussi War
* Mukden Incident
* German election of 1932
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* Austrian Civil War
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* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Second Italo-Ethiopian War
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Feudal fascism, also revolutionary-feudal totalitarianism,[1] were official terms used by the post-Mao Zedong Chinese Communist Party to designate the ideology and rule of Lin Biao and the Gang of Four during the Cultural Revolution. The draft of the Project 571, written in 1971, declared that China under Mao Zedong's rule pursued social fascism and social feudalism.[2] At the Central Working Conference held in 1978, Ye Jianying was the first to call Lin Biao and the Gang of Four "feudal fascists". He believed that "Lin Biao and the Gang of Four used feudalism to disguise socialism, saying that they were using socialism to oppose capitalism, but in fact they were using feudalism to oppose socialism". This was recognized by Li Weihan, Hu Yaobang, Deng Xiaoping and others.[3] In 1979, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Ye Jianying, described Mao Zedong's reign as a “feudal-fascist dictatorship” due to his revolutionary terror-based cult of personality, nationalism, and authoritarianism despite superficially socialist policies.[4]

## Rationale

[edit]

In China's reform and opening up era, the Communist Party used the phrase to frame the excesses of the Cultural Revolution as coming from individual actors, such as those in the Gang of Four, rather than to the Party as a whole.[5] After the death of Lin Biao and the conclusion of the Cultural Revolution, the official Communist Party interpretation was that Lin Biao and the Gang of Four represented the remnants of feudal ideology in China who had used the terrorist methods of fascism to suppress people's democracy. The methods criticized as feudal fascism included autocracy, ritualized dogma, mango worship, and military repression.[6] It also referred to a general lack of stable integration between the party and the state, which came from abuse of the mass line and a lack of regard to the Yan'an process for handling inter-party dissent.

## Effects

[edit]

In 1977, the People's Daily ran an editorial calling for more elections and other democratic institutions for China in order to prevent a repeat of feudal fascism.[7] One line from the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party was considered particularly emblematic of feudal fascism and was stripped during the post-Cultural Revolution 10th Congress: "Mao Zedong Thought is Marxism–Leninism of the era in which imperialism is heading for total collapse and socialism is advancing to world-wide victory".[1] Soon afterwards, the reformist leaders Hu Yaobang and Deng Xiaoping began to rehabilitate citizens who had been labeled as capitalist roaders, bad elements and counter-revolutionaries. This sharp rise in political freedom led to the Democracy Wall movement,[7] with some dissidents suggesting that the period of "feudal fascism" began much earlier than the Cultural Revolution.[5] The movement grew to be such threatening to party rule that it was suppressed and reform proceeded more cautiously thereafter.[7]

## See also

[edit]

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2025)

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## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Tsou, Tang (1999). The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective. University of Chicago Press. pp. 290–291.
2. ^ "中共中央关于组织传达和讨论《粉碎林陈反党集团反革命政变的斗争（材料之二）》的通知及材料 中国文化大革命文库". 2019-08-26. Archived from the original on 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
3. ^ 胡德平 (2008). "重温叶剑英30年前讲话". 决策与信息 (12): 34–37.
4. ^ "Захарьев Я.О. (2018) КНР и Норвегия: архитектура отношений в начале ХХI века". 1ECONOMIC.RU (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-06-12.
5. ^ a b Yan, Sun (1995). The Chinese Reassessment of Socialism, 1976-1992. Princeton University Press. pp. 127–128.
6. ^ Lupher, Mark (October 1992). "Power Restructuring in China and the Soviet Union". Theory and Society. 21 (5): 665–701\. doi:10.1007/bf00993494. S2CID 144318495.
7. ^ a b c Schell, Orville (1989). Discos and Democracy: China in the Throes of Reform. Random House. pp. 270–271.

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Marxist phraseology and terminology

Philosophy and politics
(Marxist)|

* Barracks communism
* Base and superstructure
* Bourgeoisie
* Bourgeois democracy
* Bourgeois nationalism
* Bourgeois revolution
* Bourgeois socialism
* Capitalist mode of production
* Class struggle
* Commodification
* Dialectics
* Dictatorship of the proletariat
* Historical materialism
* Imperialism
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* Lumpenproletariat
* Means of labor
* Metabolic rift
* Petite bourgeoisie
* Primitive accumulation of capital
* Proletarian internationalism
* Proletarian revolution
* Pure communism
* Revisionism
* Revolutionary spontaneity
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* Socialist mode of production
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* Theoretician
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* Wage slavery
* Workers of the world, unite!
* Workers' council
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* World revolution

Sociology and economics
(Marxian)|

* Critique of political economy
* Accumulation of capital
* Capital
* Capitalist mode of production
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* Commodity production
* Dominant ideology
* Exchange value
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* Production for use
* Relations of production
* Ruling class
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* Socially necessary labour time
* Socialization
* Social murder
* Subject of labor
* Surplus value
* Use value
* Value
* Worker cooperative

Marxist–Leninist|

* Anti-revisionism
* Cadre
* Central Committee
* Democratic centralism
* Dual power
* Enemy of the people
* Foco
* General line of the party
* National liberation
* New class
* People's democracy
* Politburo
* Political rehabilitation
* Popular front
* Real socialism
* Revisionism
* Revolutionary terror
* Secretariat
* Self-criticism
* Socialist accumulation
* Socialism in one country
* Social fascism
* Social imperialism
* Soviet democracy
* Democracy in Marxism
* United front
* Vanguardism

Trotskyist|

* Deformed workers' state
* Degenerated workers' state
* French Turn
* Permanent revolution
* Social revolution
* Transitional demand
* Uneven and combined development
* United front
* World revolution

Maoist|

* Antagonistic contradiction
* Anti-revisionism
* Capitalist roader
* Continuous revolution theory
* The East wind prevails over the West wind
* Four Olds
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
* Mass line
* New Democracy
* Whole-process people's democracy
* One Divides Into Two
* People's war
* Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun
* Revisionism
* Revolutionary base area
* Revolution is not a dinner party
* Social imperialism
* Struggle session

Other|

* People's Multiparty Democracy

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Cultural Revolution

Prelude|

* Anti-Rightist Campaign
* Great Chinese Famine
* Great Leap Forward
* Lushan Conference
* Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
* Socialist Education Movement
* Fengqiao experience
* Taoyuan Experience

Major events|

* Down to the Countryside Movement
* Cleansing the Class Ranks
* 12-3 incident
* January Storm
* February Countercurrent
* Great Exchange of Revolutionary Experience
* Wuhan incident
* Smashing gong-jian-fa
* 9th Party Congress
* One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
* Abolition of the presidency in China
* Project 571
* Lin Biao incident
* 10th Party Congress
* Black Painting incident
* Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
* Snail Incident
* Hangzhou incident
* 1975 Banqiao Dam failure
* Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
* 1976 Nanjing incident
* 1976 Tiananmen Incident
* Smashing the Gang of Four

Massacres|

* Red August
* Daxing Massacre
* Guangxi Massacre
* Inner Mongolia incident
* Guangdong Massacre
* Hunan Massacres
* Daoxian massacre
* Shaoyang County Massacre
* Yunnan Massacres
* Zhao Jianmin spy case
* Shadian incident
* Ruijin Massacre
* Qinghai 223 Incident

Key figures|

* Mao Zedong
* Liu Shaoqi
* Zhou Enlai
* Lin Biao
* Deng Xiaoping
* Gang of Four (Jiang Qing
* Zhang Chunqiao
* Yao Wenyuan
* Wang Hongwen)
* Peng Dehuai
* Wu Han
* Peng Zhen
* Tao Zhu
* Chen Boda
* Wang Dongxing
* Xie Fuzhi
* Ji Dengkui
* Wang Li
* Qi Benyu
* Wu Faxian
* Qiu Huizuo
* Yang Chengwu
* Chen Zaidao
* Kang Sheng
* Mao Yuanxin
* Hua Guofeng
* Ye Jianying

Documents|

* 1970 Draft Constitution
* A List of Cadres to Be Protected
* Bombard the Headquarters
* Quotations from Chairman Mao
* Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
* May 16 Notification
* Six Articles of Public Security
* Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
* On Class Origins
* "With you in charge, I'm at ease"

Concepts|

* Four Olds
* Newborn socialist things
* Struggle session
* Feudal fascism
* Big-character poster
* Cow demons and snake spirits
* Bloodline theory
* Continuous Revolution Theory
* Seizure of power
* Violent Struggle
* One Divides into Two
* Democracy Wall
* Eight model plays
* Loyalty dance
* Capitalist roader
* Yiku sitian
* Learn from Daqing in industry
* Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
* Stinking Old Ninth
* Five Black Categories
* Five Red Categories
* Two Newspapers and One Journal

Groups|

* Red Guards
* Conservative Faction
* Little Red Guards
* Rebel Faction
* Scarlet Guards
* Ultra-Left Faction
* Xiaoyao Faction
* May Sixteenth elements
* Five Man Group
* Cultural Revolution Group
* Central Case Examination Group
* Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
* Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
* Revolutionary committee
* in Heilongjiang
* in Shanghai
* 8341 Special Regiment
* Sent-down youth
* 61 Renegades
* Barefoot doctor
* Worker-Peasant-Soldier student
* May Seventh Cadre School
* Xiang River Storm and Thunder

Related topics|

* Maoism
* Mao Zedong's cult of personality
* Mango cult
* List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
* Class struggle
* Sino-Soviet split
* Two Whatevers
* Morning Sun (film)
* 3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee
* Boluan Fanzheng
* New Enlightenment
* Scar literature
* Evaluation of the Cultural Revolution

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