Fiji Hindi

Indo-Aryan language of most Indo-Fijians

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Fiji Hindi

Fiji Baat • Fiji Hindustani
फ़िजी हिंदी (Devanagari script)
𑂣𑂺𑂱𑂔𑂲⸱𑂯𑂱𑂁𑂠𑂲 (Kaithi script)
فجی ہندی (Perso-Arabic script)

Fiji Hindi written in the Latin, Devanagari, Perso-Arabic, and Kaithi scripts

Native to| Fiji
Ethnicity| Indo-Fijians and the Indo-Fijian diaspora

Native speakers

| (380,000 cited 1991)[1]

Language family

Indo-European

* Indo-Iranian
* Indo-Aryan
* Central and Eastern
* Eastern Hindi and Bihari
* Awadhi and Bhojpuri
* Fiji Hindi

Early forms

Proto-Indo-European

* Proto-Indo-Iranian
* Proto-Indo-Aryan
* Vedic Sanskrit
* Classical Sanskrit
* Ardhamagadhi and Magadhi Prakrit[a]
* Ardhamagadhi and Magadhan Apabhraṃśa[b]
* Abahattha[c]
* Awadhi and Bhojpuri

Dialects|

* Pidgin Hindustani

Writing system

* Devanagari[d]
* Latin
* Kaithi
* Perso-Arabic[e]

Language codes
ISO 639-3| `hif`
Glottolog| `fiji1242`
Linguasphere| `59-AAF-raf`

Fiji Hindi (Devanagari: फ़िजी हिंदी; Kaithi: 𑂣𑂺𑂱𑂔𑂲⸱𑂯𑂱𑂁𑂠𑂲; Perso-Arabic: فجی ہندی) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by Indo-Fijians.[1] It is considered to be a koiné language based on Awadhi that has also been subject to considerable influence by Bhojpuri, other Eastern Hindi and Bihari dialects, and standard Hindustani. It has also borrowed some vocabulary from English, Fijian, Telugu, Tamil, Bengali, Punjabi, Arabic, and Malayalam. Many words unique to Fiji Hindi have been created to cater for the new environment that Indo-Fijians now live in.[2] First-generation Indo-Fijians in Fiji, who used the language as a lingua franca in Fiji, referred to it as Fiji Baat, "Fiji talk". It is closely related to and intelligible with Sarnámi Hindustáni, Caribbean Hindustani and the Bhojpuri-Hindustani spoken in Mauritius and South Africa. It can be interpreted as Hindi or Urdu but it differs in phonetics and vocabulary with Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu.

## History

[edit]

These are the percentages of each language and dialect spoken by indentured labourers who came to Fiji.

Language/Dialect | Number | Percentage

|
|

Bihari languages (Mainly Bhojpuri as well as Maithili and Magahi) | 17,868 | 39.3%
Eastern Hindi dialects (Mainly Awadhi as well as Bagheli and Chhattisgarhi) | 16,871 | 37.1%
Western Hindi dialects (Hindustani, Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Haryanvi, etc.) | 6,903 | 15.2%
Rajasthani dialects (Marwari) | 1,111 | 2.4%
Dravidian languages (Tamil, Telugu, etc.) | 2,186 | 4.8%

Initially, the majority of indentured labourers came to Fiji from districts of central and eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, while a small percentage hailed from North-West Frontier and South India such as Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Over time, a distinct Indo-Aryan language with an Eastern Hindi substratum developed in Fiji, combining elements of the Hindi languages spoken in these areas with some native Fijian and English. The development of Fiji Hindi was accelerated by the need for labourers speaking different languages to work together and by the practice of leaving young children in early versions of day-care centers during working hours. Percy Wright, who lived in Fiji during the indenture period, wrote:

> Indian children born in Fiji will have a mixed language; there are many different dialects amongst the Indian population, and of course much intercourse with the Fijians. The children pick up a little of each language, and do not know which is the one originally spoken by their parents.[3]

Other writers, including Burton[4] (1914) and Lenwood[5] (1917), made similar observations. By the late 1920s all Fiji Indian children born in Fiji learned Fiji Hindi, which became the common language in Fiji of North and South Indians alike.[6]

## Status

[edit]

Pidgin Hindustani

Language family

Fiji Hindi-based pidgin

Language codes
ISO 639-3| None (`mis`)
Glottolog| `pidg1251`

Later, approximately 15,000 Indian indentured labourers, who were mainly speakers of Dravidian languages (Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Tulu, Gondi, and Kodava), were brought from South India. By this time Fiji Hindi was well established as the lingua franca of Indo-Fijians and the Southern Indian labourers had to learn it to communicate with the more numerous Northern Indians and their European overseers. After the end of the indenture system, Indians who spoke Gujarati and Punjabi arrived in Fiji as free immigrants. A few Indo-Fijians speak Tamil, Telugu, and Gujarati at home, but all are fluently conversant and able to communicate using Fiji Hindi.[citation needed] The census reports of 1956 and 1966 shows the extent to which Fiji Hindi (referred to as 'Hindustani' in the census) was being spoken in Indo-Fijian households. Hindu schools teach the Devanagari script while the Muslim schools teach the Nastaliq script.

Language  | Number of households in 1956  | Number of households in 1966

|
|

Fijian Hindustani | 17,164 | 30,726
Hindi | 3,644 | 783
Tamil | 1,498 | 999
Urdu | 1,233 | 534
Gujarati | 830 | 930
Telugu | 797 | 301
Punjabi | 468 | 175
Malayalam | 134 | 47
Other | 90 | 359

Fiji Hindi is also understood and even spoken by Indigenous Fijians in areas of Fiji where there are large Indo-Fijian communities. A pidgin form of the language is used by rural ethnic Fijians, as well as Chinese on the islands, while Pidgin Fijian is spoken by Indo-Fijians.

Following the recent political upheaval in Fiji, many Indo-Fijians have emigrated to Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, where they have largely maintained their traditional Indo-Fijian culture, language, and religion.[citation needed]

Some writers have begun to use Fiji Hindi, until very recently a spoken language only, as a literary language. The Bible has now been translated into Fiji Hindi, and the University of the South Pacific has recently begun offering courses in the language. It is usually written in the Latin script though Devanāgarī has also been used.[7][8]

A Fiji Hindi movie has also been produced depicting Indo-Fijian life and is based on a play by local playwright, Raymond Pillai.[9]

## Phonology

[edit]

See also: Hindi–Urdu phonology

The phonemes of Fiji Baat are very similar to Standard Hindi & Urdu, but there are some important distinctions. As in the Bhojpuri and Awadhi spoken in rural India, mainly Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh — the consonant /ʃ/ is replaced with /s/ (for example, saadi instead of shaadi) and /ʋ/ replaced with /b/ (for example, bid-es instead of videsh). There is also a tendency to ignore the differences between the consonants /pʰ/ and /f/ (In Fiji Hindi a fruit is fal instead of phal) and between /d͡ʒ/ and /z/ (in Fiji Hindi land is jameen instead of zameen). The consonant /n/ is used in Fiji Hindi for the nasal sounds /ŋ/ and /ɳ/ in Standard Hindi/Urdu. These features are common in the Eastern Hindi dialects.[10] Some other characteristics of Fiji Hindi which is similar to Bhojpuri and Awadhi are:

* Pronunciation of the vowels ai and au as diphthongs /ɐɪ ɐʊ/, rather than monophthongs /ɛː ɔː/ (as in standard Hindi). For example, bhauji (sister-in-law) and gaiya (cow).
* Coda clusters are removed with the use of epenthetic vowels. For example, dharm (religion) is pronounced as dharam.
* Shortening of long vowels before a stressed syllable. For example, Raajen (a common name) is pronounced as Rajen.[11]

## Pronouns

[edit]

Pronoun  | Fiji Hindi  | Standard Hindi

|
|

I  | Hum  | मैं/हम
You (Informal)  | Tum  | तुम
You (Formal)  | Aap  | आप
We  | Hum log  | हम (लोग)

## Morphology

[edit]

### Verb

[edit]

#### Etymology

[edit]

In Fiji Hindi verb forms have been influenced by a number of languages in India. First and second person forms of verbs in Fiji Hindi are the same. There is no gender distinction and number distinction is only in the third person past tense. Although, gender is used in third person past tense by the usage of "raha" for a male versus "rahi" for a female.

The use of the first and second person imperfective suffixes -taa, -at are of Awadhi origin. Example: तुम मन्दिर जाता हैं / तुम मन्दिर जात हैं। "tum Mandir jaata hai/tum Mandir jaat hai." (You are going to the Temple).

While the third person imperfective suffix -e is of Bhojpuri origin. Example: ई बिल्ली मच्छरी खावे हैं। "Ee billi macchari KHAWE hai." (This cat is eating a fish).

The third person perfective suffixes (for transitive verbs) -is and -in are also derived from Awadhi. Example: किसान गन्ना काटीस रहा। "Kisaan ganna katees raha." (The farmer cut the sugarcane). पण्डित लोगन रामायण पढ़ीन रहा/पण्डित लोगन रामायण पढ़े रहीन। "Pandit logan Ramayan padheen raha/padhe raheen." (The priests read the Ramayana).

The third person definite future suffix -ii is found in both Awadhi and Bhojpuri. Example: प्रधानमंत्री हमलोग के पैसा दई। "Pradhanamantri humlog ke paisa daii" (The prime minister will give us money).

The influence of Hindustani is evident in the first and second person perfective suffix -aa and the first and second person future suffix -ega. Example: हम करा। तुम करेगा। "Hum karaa, tum karega." (I did, you will do).

The origin of the imperative suffix -o can be traced to the Magahi dialect. Example: तुम अपन मुह खोलो। "Tum apan muh khulo." (You open your mouth). Spoken in the Gaya and Patna districts, which provided a sizeable proportion of the first indentured labourers from Northern India to Fiji.

Fiji Hindi has developed its own polite imperative suffix -naa. Example: आप घर के सफा कर लेना। "Aap ghar ke sapha kar Lena." (You clean the house (polite)).

The suffix -be, from Bhojpuri, is used in Fiji Hindi in emphatic sentences.

Another suffix originating from Awadhi is -it. Example: ई लोगन पानी काहे नहीं पीत हैं। "Ee logan paani kahey nahi peet hai." (Why aren't these people drinking water?), but is at present going out of use.[citation needed]

#### Tenses

[edit]

Fiji Hindi tenses are relatively similar to tenses in Standard Hindi & Standard Urdu. Bhojpuri and Awadhi influence the Fiji Hindi tenses.

Sentence  | Fiji Hindi  | Standard Hindi

|
|

To come  |

आना

Aana

आना

Aana

आना

ānā

आना

ānā

Come!  |

Aao!

Aao!

आओ!

āo!

आओ!

āo!

(I) am coming  |

Ham

aat

(आवत)

(aawat)

हैं

hai

हम आत (आवत) हैं

Ham aat (aawat) hai

मैं

ma͠i

रहा

rahā

हूँ

hū̃

मैं आ रहा हूँ

ma͠i ā rahā hū̃

(I) came  |

Ham

आया

aaya

रहा

raha

हम आया रहा

Ham aaya raha

मैं

ma͠i

आया

āyā

मैं आया

ma͠i āyā

(I) will come  |

Ham

आयेगा

aayega

हम आयेगा

Ham aayega

मैं

ma͠i

आऊंगा

āūṅgā

मैं आऊंगा

ma͠i āūṅgā

(I) was coming  |

Ham

aat

(आवत)

(aawat)

रहा

raha

हम आत (आवत) रहा

Ham aat (aawat) raha

मैं

ma͠i

रहा

rahā

thā

मैं आ रहा था

ma͠i ā rahā thā

(I) used to play  |

Ham

खेलत

khelat

रहा

raha

हम खेलत रहा

Ham khelat raha

मैं

ma͠i

खेला

khelā

करता

kartā

thā

मैं खेला करता था

ma͠i khelā kartā thā

(He/she/they) is/are coming  |

आवे

aawe

हैं

hai

लोगन

logan

aat

हैं

hai

ऊ आवे हैं / ऊ लोगन आत हैं

oo aawe hai / oo logan aat hai

रहा

rahā

hai

vah

रही

rahī

hai

रहे

rahe

हैं

ha͠i

वो आ रहा है / वह आ रही है / वे आ रहे हैं

vo ā rahā hai / vah ā rahī hai / ve ā rahe ha͠i

(He/she) came  |

आईस

Aais

ऊ आईस

Oo Aais

vah

आया

āyā

vah

वह आया / वह आई

vah āyā / vah āī

(They) came  |

लोगन

logan

आईन

Aain

ऊ लोगन आईन

Oo logan Aain

आये

āye

वे आये

ve āye

## Grammatical features

[edit]

* Fiji Hindi does not have plurals. For example, one house is ek gharr and two houses is dui gharr. In this example, the number is used to denote plurality. Plurals can also be stated with the use of log. For example, ee means "this person" (singular) and ee log means "these people" (plural). Sabb (all) and dHerr (many) are also used to denote plural. There are some exceptions, however. For example, a boy is larrka (single) but boys are larrkan (plural). Older generations still use a similar form of plural, for example, admian, for more than one man (singular: admi).[citation needed]
* There is no definite article ("the") in Fiji Hindi, but definite nouns can be made by adding the suffix wa; for example, larrka (a boy) and larrkwa (the boy). Definite nouns are also created using the suffix "kana"; for example, chhota (small) and chhotkana (the small one). Another way of indicating a definite article is by the use of pronouns: ii (this), uu (that) and wahii (the same one).[citation needed]

## Fijian words used

[edit]

Indo-Fijians now use Fijian words for those things that were not found in their ancestral India but which existed in Fiji. These include most fish names and root crops. For example, kanade for mullet (fish) and kumaala for sweet potato or yam. Other examples are:

Fiji Hindi  |  |

|
|

Latin Script | Devanāgarī Script | Fijian origin | Meaning
nangona | नंगोना | yaqona | kava
tabale | तबाले | tavale | wife's brother
bilo | बिलो | bilo | cup made of coconut, used to drink kava
marama | मरामा | marama | wife

## Words derived from English

[edit]

Many English words have also been implemented into Fiji Hindi with sound changes to fit the Indo-Fijian pronunciation. For example, hutel in Fiji Hindi is borrowed from hotel in English. Some words borrowed from English have a specialised meaning, for example, garaund in Fiji Hindi means a playing field, geng in Fiji Hindi means a "work gang", particularly a cane-cutting gang in the sugar cane growing districts and tichaa in Fiji Hindi specifically means a female teacher. There are also unique Fijian Hindi words created from English words, for example, kantaap taken from cane-top means slap or associated with beating.

## Semantic shifts

[edit]

### Indian languages

[edit]

Many words of Hindustani origin have shifted meaning in Fiji Hindi. These are due to either innovations in Fiji or continued use of the old meaning in Fiji Hindi when the word is either not used in Standard Hindi/Urdu anymore or has evolved a different meaning altogether.[12] Some examples are:

Fiji Hindi word | Fiji Hindi meaning | Original Hindustani meaning

|
|

baade | flood | flooding
bekaar | bad, not good, useless | unemployed, nothing to do, or useless
bhagao | elope | abduct
bigha | acre | 1 bigha = 1600 square yards or 0.1338 hectare or 0.3306-acre (1,338 m2)
bihaan | tomorrow | tomorrow morning (Bhojpuri)
Bombaiyaa | Marathi/Gujaratis (Indians) | from what is today the former Bombay Presidency
fokatiyaa | useless | bankrupt
gap | lie | gossip, idle talk, chit chat
jaati | race | caste (more often misused/misunderstood as a term to reference a native Fijian)
jhaap | shed | temporarily built shed
jor | fast, quick | force, strength, exertion
juluum | beautiful | tyranny, difficulty, amazing (Hindustani zalim, meaning "cruel", is metaphorically used for a beautiful object of affection)
kal | yesterday | yesterday or tomorrow
kamaanii | small spear (for prawns) | wire, spring
khassi | male goat | castrated animal
konchij | what | from kaun chij (Awadhi), literally meaning what thing or what stuff
maalik | god | employer/owner or god
Mandaraaji | South Indian | original word, Madraasi, meant "from Madras (or Tamil Nadu)"
palla | door | shutter
Punjabi | Sikh | native of Punjab, regardless of religion

### English

[edit]

Many words of English origin have shifted meaning in Fiji Hindi.

English word | Fiji Hindi meaning

|

purse | wallet
theatre | cinema
teacher | female teacher
engine | locomotive (in addition to usual vehicle/boat engines)
pipe | tap (faucet) (in addition to artificially made tubes)
cabbage | Chinese cabbage or bok choy
set | everything is ok (used as a statement or question)
right | ok (used as a statement)

## Counting

[edit]

Though broadly based on standard Hindi, counting in Fiji Hindi reflects a number of cross-language and dialectal influences acquired in the past 125 years.

The pronunciation for numbers between one and ten show slight inflections, seemingly inspired by Eastern Hindi dialects such as Bhojpuri. The number two, consequently, is दो (do) in standard Hindi/Urdu, while in Fiji Hindi it is dui (दुइ), just as it is in Bhojpuri & Nepali.

Words for numbers between 10 and 99 present a significant difference between standard and Fiji Hindi. While, as in other Indo-Aryan languages, words for numbers in standard Hindustani are formed by mentioning units first and then multiples of ten, Fiji Hindi reverses the order and mentions the tens multiple first and the units next, as is the practice in many European and South-Indian languages. That is to say, while "twenty-one" in Standard Hindi/Urdu is (ikkīs), an internal sandhi of ek aur biis, or "one-and-twenty", in Fiji Hindi the order would be reversed, and simply be biis aur ek , without any additional morpho-phonological alteration. Similarly, while the number thirty-seven in standard Hindi/Urdu is (saintīs), for saat aur tiis or "seven-and-thirty", the number would be tiis aur saat , or 'thirty-and-seven' in Fiji Hindi.

Additionally, powers of ten beyond ten thousand, such as lakh (100,000) and crore (10 million), are not used in Fiji Hindi.[citation needed]

Numeral  | English | Hindi/Urdu | Fiji Hindi

|
|
|

21  | twenty-one | (ikkīs) | bis aur ek
22  | twenty-two | (bāīs) | bis aur dui
23  | twenty-three | (teīs) | bis aur teen
31  | thirty-one | (ikattīs) | tiis aur ek
32  | thirty-two | (battīs) | tiis aur dui
33  | thirty-three | (taintīs) | tiis aur teen
41  | forty-one | (iktālīs) | chaalis aur ek
42  | forty-two | (bayālīs) | chaalis aur dui
43  | forty-three | (taintālīs) | chaalis aur teen

## Spread overseas

[edit]

Main article: Fiji Indian diaspora

With political upheavals in Fiji, beginning with the first military coup in 1987, large numbers of Indo-Fijians have since migrated overseas and at present there are significant communities of Indo-Fijian expatriates in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States. Smaller communities also reside on other Pacific Islands and Britain. The last census in each of the countries where Fiji Hindi is spoken (counting Indo-Fijians who were born in Fiji) provides the following figures:

Country  | Number of Fiji-born Indo-Fijians

|

Fiji  | 313,798[13]
New Zealand  | 27,882[14]
Australia  | 27,542[15]
United States  | 24,345[16]
Canada  | 22,770[17]
Tonga  | 310[18]

## Writers

[edit]

* Rodney F. Moag, who had lived in India before joining the University of the South Pacific as a lecturer. He analysed Fiji Hindi and concluded that it was a unique language with its own distinct grammar, rather than "broken Hindi", as it had been previously referred to. Moag documented his findings and wrote lessons using the Fijian Hindi dialect in the book, Fiji Hindi: a basic course and reference grammar (1977).
* Jeff Siegel, in his thesis on Plantation languages in Fiji (1985), has written a detailed account of the development of Fiji Hindi and its different forms as used by Indo-Fijians and Indigenous Fijians. Earlier, Siegel had written a quick reference guide called Say it in Fiji Hindi (1976).
* Raman Subramani, professor in literature at the University of the South Pacific, who wrote the first Fiji Hindi novel, Duaka Puraan (Devanagari: डउका पुरान, 2001), which is the story of Fiji Lal (an old villager) as told by him to a visiting scholar to his village. The book is written in the style of the Puraans (sacred texts) but in a humorous way. He received a Government of India award for his contribution to Hindi language and literature for this novel. In June 2003, in Suriname at the Seventh World Hindi Conference, Professor Subramani was presented with a special award for this novel.
* Vimal Reddy wrote the story for the first Fiji Hindi movie, Adhura Sapna (Devanagari: अधूरा सपना, "Incomplete Dream"), produced in 2007.
* Urmila Prasad, who helped translate the Biblical Gospels of Mark, Luke, Matthew and John into Fiji Hindi, written using Roman script, known as Susamaachaar Aur Romiyo (2002)[19]

## See also

[edit]

* Girmityas, the descendants of late 18th and early 19th century labourers who were brought or emigrated to Fiji from India
* Hindustani language
* Caribbean Hindustani, a similar language developed under similar conditions in the Caribbean
* Sarnami, spoken by people of Indian origin in Suriname.
* Mauritian Bhojpuri, spoken by descendants of Girmityas in Mauritius. This is more like Bhojpuri because Mauritius' Indian population contains a larger number of those whose forefathers came from the Bhojpuri speaking districts of India.
* Fiji Hindi films, a few Fiji Hindi films became popular in the last decade, including Adhura Sapna, Ghar Pardes, Langha Phobia.

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhi Prakrit and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
2. ^ Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa
3. ^ Only Bhojpuri is descended from Abahattha, not Awadhi. Awadhi comes straight from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa
4. ^ OFFICIAL official script
5. ^ Written in the Nastaliq calligraphic hand using the Urdu alphabet.

1. ^ a b Fiji Hindi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. ^ "Hindi Diwas 2018: Hindi travelled to these five countries from India". 14 September 2020. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
3. ^ Wright, Percey (1910). Seventy-two years in Australia and the South Pacific. Sydney: Mitchell Library.
4. ^ Burton, John W. (1910). The Fiji of Today. London: Charles H. Kelly.
5. ^ Lenwood, F. (1917). Pastels from the Pacific. London: Oxford University Press.
6. ^ Hands, W. J. (1929). Polynesia. Westminster: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.
7. ^ "Dauka Puran by Subramani". YouTube. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
8. ^ "Academic backs Indo-Fijian 'mother tongue' over formal Hindi". RNZ. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
9. ^ "Fiji Hindi film set to be released soon". Fijilive. 9 February 2007. Archived from the original on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
10. ^ Barz, Richard K.; Jeff Siegel (1988). Language transplanted: the development of overseas Hindi. Wiesbaden: OttoHarrassowitz. p. 127\. ISBN 3-447-02872-6.
11. ^ South Asian bilingualism: Hindi and Bhojpuri
12. ^ Barz, Richard; Jeff Siegel (1988). Language Transplanted: The Development of Overseas Hindi. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-02872-6.
13. ^ Fiji - 2007 census Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
14. ^ "New Zealand - 2006 census". Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
15. ^ "Australian Government - 2006 census" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
16. ^ "United States - 2000 census" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
17. ^ "Migration Facts Stats and Maps". Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
18. ^ "Tonga census 2006". Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
19. ^ "Bible using 'Fiji Hindi' sparks debate". Agence France-Presse. 9 August 2002. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.

## References

[edit]

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Siegel Jeff, Plantation Languages in Fiji, Australian National University, 1985 (Published as Language Contact in a Plantation Environment: A Sociolinguistic History of Fiji, Cambridge University Press, 1987, recently reprinted in paperback).
* Siegel, Jeff (1977). Say it in Fiji Hindi. Sydney: Pacific Publications (Aust) Pty Ltd. ISBN 0-85807-026-X.
* Moag, Rodney F. (1977). Fiji Hindi: A basic course and reference grammar. Canberra: Australian National University. ISBN 0-7081-1574-8.
* Barz, Richard K.; Jeff Siegel (1988). Language transplanted: the development of overseas Hindi. Wiesbaden: OttoHarrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-02872-6.

## External links

[edit]

Fiji Hindi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

* Fiji Hindi Dictionary (archived)
* The first novel written in Fiji Hindi (archived)
* Fiji Hindi version of the Gospels and Romans
* Adhura Sapna – Movie in Fiji Hindi (archived)
* Ghar Pardes – Another movie in Fiji Hindi, 2009 (archived)
* Trailer of Ghar Pardes
* Fiji Hindi-to-Hindi Dictionary
* MyFijiGuide.com (archived)
* Fiji Hindi words on Wiktionary. Archived 23 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
* Texan talks the talk (archived)
* Fiji Hindi: A basic course and reference grammar.

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Fiji

Official languages|

* English
* iTaukei
* Hindi

Indigenous
languages|

| East Fijian|

* Gone Dau
* Lauan
* Lomaiviti

|

West Fijian|

* Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
* Rotuman
* West Fijian

Other|

* Gilbertese

other|

* Pidgin Fijian
* Pidgin Hindustani

* v
* t
* e

Hindi

* Grammar
* Declension
* Pronouns
* Verbs
* Phonology
* Devanagari
* Numerals
* Kinship terms
* Braille
* History
* Etymology
* Hindustani

Varieties|

| Western|

* Braj
* Bundeli
* Haryanvi
* Hindustani
* Kannauji
* Kauravi
* Sansi Boli

|

Eastern|

* Awadhi
* Bagheli
* Caribbean Hindustani
* Chhattisgarhi
* Fiji Hindi

Pidgins and Creoles|

* Andaman Creole Hindi
* Bombay Hindi
* Haflong Hindi
* Hinglish

Language politics|

* Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka
* Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
* Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal
* Hindi imposition
* Hindi–Urdu controversy
* Hindutva boycott of Hindi films
* Punjabi Suba movement

National organizations|

* Department of Official Language

Global organizations|

* World Hindi Secretariat
* World Hindi Conference

Arts|

* Literature
* Writers
* Poets
* Awards
* Sahitya Akademi Award
* Jnanpith Award
* Cinema
* Music

* v
* t
* e

Indo-Aryan languages

Dardic|

| Kashmiri|

* Kashmiri
* Kishtwari

|

Shina|

* Shina
* Brokskat
* Kundal Shahi
* Kalkoti
* Ushoji
* Palula
* Sawi

Pashayi|

* Pashayi

Kunar|

* Dameli
* Gawar-Bati
* Nangalami
* Shumashti
* Wotapuri-Katarqalai

Chitral|

* Kalasha
* Khowar

Hazara Division|

* Indus Kohistani
* Bateri
* Chilisso
* Gowro
* Kalami
* Tirahi
* Mankiyali

Northern|

| Eastern|

* Doteli
* Jumli
* Nepali

|

Central|

* Garhwali
* Kumaoni

Western|

* Dogri
* Kangri
* Bhadarwahi
* Churahi
* Bhateali
* Bilaspuri
* Chambeali
* Gaddi
* Pangwali
* Mandeali
* Mahasu Pahari
* Jaunsari
* Kullui
* Pahari Kinnauri
* Hinduri
* Sirmauri
* Sarazi

Northwestern|

| Punjabi|

| Eastern|

* Punjabi
* dialects
* Sansi

|

Lahnda|

* Hindko
* Inku
* Khetrani
* Pahari-Pothwari
* Saraiki

Sindhi|

* Jadgali
* Kholosi
* Kutchi
* Luwati
* Memoni
* Sindhi

Western|

| Gujarati|

* Aer
* Gujarati
* Lisan ud-Dawat
* Jandavra
* Koli
* Kachi
* Parkari
* Wadiyara
* Saurashtra
* Vaghri

|

Rajasthani|

* Bagri
* Goaria
* Loarki
* Gujari
* Dhundari
* Harauti
* Malvi
* Marwari
* Mewati
* Mewari
* Shekhawati
* Dhatki
* Od
* Nimadi

Bhil|

* Bhili
* Bhilali
* Chodri
* Dhodia–Kukna
* Dhanki
* Dubli
* Bauria
* Bhilori
* Mawchi
* Magari
* Palya Bareli
* Pauri Bareli
* Rathwi Bareli
* Pardhi
* Gamit
* Kalto
* Vasavi
* Wagdi
* Vaagri Booli

Others|

* Khandeshi
* Lambadi
* Dawoodi
* Domari
* Romani
* list of languages

Central|

| Western|

* Braj Bhasha
* Bundeli
* Haryanvi
* Hindustani
* Kauravi
* Hindi
* Hinglish/Urdish
* Urdu
* Deccani
* Judeo-Urdu
* Hyderabadi Urdu
* Rekhta
* Kannauji
* Sansi
* Sadhukkadi

|

Eastern|

* Awadhi
* Bagheli
* Chhattisgarhi
* Fiji Hindi

Others|

* Parya

Eastern|

| Bihari|

| Bhojpuric|

* Bhojpuri
* Caribbean Hindustani

|

Magahi|

* Magahi
* Khortha

Maithili|

* Maithili
* Angika
* Bajjika

Sadanic|

* Sadri
* Kurmali

Tharuic|

* Tharu
* Kochila
* Buksa
* Majhi
* Musasa

Others|

* Kumhali
* Kuswaric
* Bote-Darai
* Danwar

Gauda–
Kamarupa|

| Bengali|

* Bengali
* dialects
* Bishnupriya Manipuri
* Hajong
* Kharia Thar
* Kurmukar
* Mal Paharia
* Noakhali
* Sylheti
* Tanchangya
* Chittagonian
* Chakma
* Rohingya

|

Kamarupic|

* Assamese
* Kamrupi
* Dehan
* Goalpariya
* Rajbanshi (Nepal)
* Rangpuri
* Surjapuri

Odia|

* Odia
* Sambalpuri
* Desia
* Bhatri
* Bodo Parja
* Reli
* Kupia

Halbic|

* Halbi
* Kamar
* Bhunjia
* Nahari

Southern|

| Marathi–
Konkani|

| Marathic|

* Marathi
* Varhadi
* Andh
* Berar Deccan
* Varli
* Phudagi
* Katkari
* Kadodi

|

Konkanic|

* Konkani
* Maharashtrian Konkani
* Canarese Konkani

Insular|

* Maldivian
* Sinhala

Old|

* Sanskrit
* Vedic
* Classical
* Mitanni superstrate

Middle|

| Early|

* Ashokan Prakrit
* Pāli
* Early Ardhamagadhi

|

Middle (Prakrit)|

* Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
* Dramatic Prakrits
* Ardhamagadhi
* Magadhi
* Maharashtri
* Shauraseni
* Gāndhārī
* Gaudi
* Paishachi

Late (Apabhraṃśa)|

* Abahattha
* Apabhraṃśa
* Elu
* Kamarupi
* Khasa Prakrit

Proto-
languages|

* Proto-Indo-Iranian
* Proto-Indo-Aryan

Unclassified|

* Badeshi (unknown further classification)
* Bazigar
* Chinali–Lahul
* Chinali
* Lahul Lohar
* Sheikhgal

Pidgins
and creoles|

* Andaman Creole Hindi
* Bombay Hindi
* Haflong Hindi
* Nagamese
* Nefamese
* Vedda

See also
Indo-Iranian languages
Nuristani languages
Iranian languages

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

|

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