Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

Linux standard for directory structure

Filesystem Hierarchy StandardAbbreviation| FHS

|

Status| Published
Year started| 14 February 1994; 31 years ago (1994-02-14)
Latest version| 3.0
3 June 2015; 10 years ago (2015-06-03)
Organization| Linux Foundation
Domain| Directory structure
Website| Official website
Official website (Historical)

The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) is a reference describing the conventions used for the layout of Unix-like systems. It has been made popular by its use in Linux distributions, but it is used by other Unix-like systems as well.[1] It is maintained by the Linux Foundation. The latest version is 3.0, released on 3 June 2015.[2]

## Directory structure

[edit]

Filesystem hierarchy in openSUSE

In the FHS, all files and directories appear under the root directory `/`, even if they are stored on different physical or virtual devices. Some of these directories only exist in a particular system if certain subsystems, such as the X Window System, are installed.

Most of these directories exist in all Unix-like operating systems and are generally used in much the same way; however, the descriptions here are those used specifically for the FHS and are not considered authoritative for platforms other than Linux.

Directory  | Description

|

`/` | Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy.
`/bin` | Essential command binaries that need to be available in single-user mode, including to bring up the system or repair it,[3] for all users (e.g., cat, ls, cp).
`/boot` | Boot loader files (e.g., kernels, initrd).
`/dev` | Device files (e.g., `/dev/null`, `/dev/disk0`, `/dev/sda1`, `/dev/tty`, `/dev/random`).
`/etc` | Host-specific system-wide configuration files.

There has been controversy over the meaning of the name itself. In early versions of the UNIX Implementation Document from Bell Labs, `/etc` is referred to as the etcetera directory,[4] as this directory historically held everything that did not belong elsewhere (however, the FHS restricts `/etc` to static configuration files and may not contain binaries).[5] Since the publication of early documentation, the directory name has been re-explained in various ways. Recent interpretations include backronyms such as "Editable Text Configuration" or "Extended Tool Chest".[6]

`/etc/opt` | Configuration files for add-on packages stored in `/opt`.
`/etc/sgml` | Configuration files, such as catalogs, for software that processes SGML.
`/etc/X11` | Configuration files for the X Window System, version 11.
`/etc/xml` | Configuration files, such as catalogs, for software that processes XML.
`/home` | Users' home directories, containing saved files, personal settings, etc.
`/lib` | Libraries essential for the binaries in `/bin` and `/sbin`.
`/lib<qual>` | Alternate format essential libraries. These are typically used on systems that support more than one executable code format, such as systems supporting 32-bit and 64-bit versions of an instruction set. Such directories are optional, but if they exist, they have some requirements.
`/media` | Mount points for removable media such as CD-ROMs (appeared in FHS-2.3 in 2004).
`/mnt` | Temporarily mounted filesystems.
`/opt` | Add-on application software packages.[7]
`/proc` | Virtual filesystem providing process and kernel information as files. In Linux, corresponds to a procfs mount. Generally, automatically generated and populated by the system, on the fly.
`/root` | Home directory for the root user.
`/run` | Run-time variable data: Information about the running system since last boot, e.g., currently logged-in users and running daemons. Files under this directory must be either removed or truncated at the beginning of the boot process, but this is not necessary on systems that provide this directory as a temporary filesystem (tmpfs) (appeared in FHS-3.0 in 2015).
`/sbin` | Essential system binaries (e.g., fsck, init, route).
`/srv` | Site-specific data served by this system, such as data and scripts for web servers, data offered by FTP servers, and repositories for version control systems (appeared in FHS-2.3 in 2004).
`/sys` | Contains information about devices, drivers, and some kernel features.[8]
`/tmp` | Directory for temporary files (see also `/var/tmp`). Often not preserved between system reboots and may be severely size-restricted.
`/usr` | Secondary hierarchy for read-only user data; contains the majority of (multi-)user utilities and applications. Should be shareable and read-only.[9][10]
`/usr/bin` | Non-essential command binaries (not needed in single-user mode); for all users.
`/usr/include` | Standard include files.
`/usr/lib` | Libraries for the binaries in `/usr/bin` and `/usr/sbin`.
`/usr/libexec` | Binaries run by other programs that are not intended to be executed directly by users or shell scripts (optional).
`/usr/lib<qual>` | Alternative-format libraries (e.g., `/usr/lib32` for 32-bit libraries on a 64-bit machine (optional)).
`/usr/local` | Tertiary hierarchy for local data, specific to this host. Typically has further subdirectories (e.g., `bin`, `lib`, `share`).[NB 1]
`/usr/sbin` | Non-essential system binaries (e.g., daemons for various network services).
`/usr/share` | Architecture-independent (shared) data.
`/usr/src` | Source code (e.g., the kernel source code with its header files).
`/usr/X11R6` | X Window System, Version 11, Release 6 (up to FHS-2.3, optional).
`/var` | Variable files: files whose content is expected to continually change during normal operation of the system, such as logs, spool files, and temporary e-mail files.
`/var/cache` | Application cache data. Such data are locally generated as a result of time-consuming I/O or calculation. The application must be able to regenerate or restore the data. The cached files can be deleted without loss of data.
`/var/lib` | State information. Persistent data modified by programs as they run (e.g., databases, packaging system metadata, etc.).
`/var/lock` | Lock files. Files keeping track of resources currently in use.
`/var/log` | Log files. Various logs.
`/var/mail` | Mailbox files. In some distributions, these files may be located in the deprecated `/var/spool/mail`.
`/var/opt` | Variable data from add-on packages that are stored in `/opt`.
`/var/run` | Run-time variable data. This directory contains system information data describing the system since it was booted.[11]

In FHS 3.0, `/var/run` is replaced by `/run`; a system should either continue to provide a `/var/run` directory or provide a symbolic link from `/var/run` to `/run` for backwards compatibility.[12]

`/var/spool` | Spool for tasks waiting to be processed (e.g., print queues and outgoing mail queue).
`/var/spool/mail` | Deprecated location for users' mailboxes.[13]
`/var/tmp` | Temporary files to be preserved between reboots.

## FHS compliance

[edit]

Most Linux distributions follow the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard and declare it their own policy to maintain FHS compliance.[14][15][16][17] GoboLinux[18] and NixOS[19] provide examples of intentionally non-compliant filesystem implementations.

Some distributions generally follow the standard but deviate from it in some areas. The FHS is a "trailing standard", and so documents common practices at a point in time. Of course, times change, and distribution goals and needs call for experimentation. Some common deviations include:

* Modern Linux distributions include a `/sys` directory as a virtual filesystem (sysfs, comparable to `/proc`, which is a procfs), which stores and allows modification of the devices connected to the system,[20] whereas many traditional Unix-like operating systems use `/sys` as a symbolic link to the kernel source tree.[21]
* Many modern Unix-like systems (such as FreeBSD and OpenBSD) via their ports systems install third-party packages into `/usr/local`, while keeping code considered part of the operating system in `/usr`.
* Some Linux distributions no longer differentiate between `/lib` and `/usr/lib` and have `/lib` symlinked to `/usr/lib`.[22]
* Some Linux distributions no longer differentiate between `/bin` and `/usr/bin` and between `/sbin` and `/usr/sbin`. They may symlink `/bin` to `/usr/bin` and `/sbin` to `/usr/sbin`. Other distributions choose to consolidate all four, symlinking them to `/usr/bin`.[23]

Modern Linux distributions include a `/run` directory as a temporary filesystem (tmpfs), which stores volatile runtime data, following the FHS version 3.0. According to the FHS version 2.3, such data were stored in `/var/run`, but this was a problem in some cases because this directory is not always available at early boot. As a result, these programs have had to resort to trickery, such as using `/dev/.udev`, `/dev/.mdadm`, `/dev/.systemd` or `/dev/.mount` directories, even though the device directory is not intended for such data.[24] Among other advantages, this makes the system easier to use normally with the root filesystem mounted read-only. For example, below are the changes Debian made in its 2013 Wheezy release:[25]

* `/dev/.*` → `/run/*`
* `/dev/shm` → `/run/shm`
* `/dev/shm/*` → `/run/*`
* `/etc/*` (writeable files) → `/run/* `
* `/lib/init/rw` → `/run`
* `/var/lock` → `/run/lock`
* `/var/run` → `/run`
* `/tmp` → `/run/tmp`

## History

[edit]

FHS was created as the FSSTND (short for "Filesystem Standard"[26]), largely based on similar standards for other Unix-like operating systems. Notable examples are these: the hier(7) description of file system layout,[27] which has existed since the release of Version 7 Unix (in 1979);[28] the SunOS filesystem(7)[29] and its successor, the Solaris filesystem(7).[30][31]

### The name of `usr`

[edit]

`/usr` originally stood for "user".[32] This was an artifact of early Unix programming. Specifically, when Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie were migrating Unix to a PDP-11, the contents of the `/bin` and `/lib` directories, which were to be the first directories mounted on startup and to contain all essentials for the OS to function, became too large to fit on an RK05 disk drive. So they put some of those files on a second RK05, making sure that the first drive contained everything required for loading the second one. The rest of the files were put into the `/usr` directory.[33] When they got a third drive, users' files were moved to a new directory named `/home`.[34]

### Release history

[edit]

Version  | Release date  | Notes

|
|

Unsupported: 1.0 | 1994-02-14  | FSSTND[35]
Unsupported: 1.1 | 1994-10-09  | FSSTND[36]
Unsupported: 1.2 | 1995-03-28  | FSSTND[37]
Unsupported: 2.0 | 1997-10-26  | FHS 2.0 is the direct successor for FSSTND 1.2. Name of the standard was changed to Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.[38][39][40]
Unsupported: 2.1 | 2000-04-12  | FHS[41][42][43]
Unsupported: 2.2 | 2001-05-23  | FHS[44]
Unsupported: 2.3 | 2004-01-29  | FHS[45]
Latest version: 3.0 | 2015-05-18  | FHS[46]

Legend:

Unsupported

Supported

Latest version

Preview version

Future version

## See also

[edit]

* Hierarchical file system
* Unix directory structure
* XDG Base Directory Specification

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Historically and strictly according to the standard, `/usr/local` is for data that must be stored on the local host (as opposed to `/usr`, which may be mounted across a network). Most of the time `/usr/local` is used for installing software/data that are not part of the standard operating system distribution (in such case, `/usr` would only contain software/data that are part of the standard operating system distribution). It is possible that the FHS standard may in the future be changed to reflect this de facto convention.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "FHS". The Linux Foundation Wiki. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
2. ^ "lsb:fhs-30 [Wiki]". wiki.linuxfoundation.org. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
3. ^ "hier(7) - Linux manual page". man7.org. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
4. ^ J. DeFelicc (17 March 1972). "E.0". Preliminary Release of UNIX Implementation Document (PDF). p. 8\. IMO.1-1. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
5. ^ "/etc : Host-specific system configuration". Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 2.3. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
6. ^ Define - /etc?, Posted by Cliff, 3 March 2007 - Slashdot.
7. ^ "/opt : Add-on application software packages". Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 2.3. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
8. ^ "/sys : Kernel and system information virtual filesystem". Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 3.0. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
9. ^ "Chapter 4. The /usr Hierarchy". Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 2.3.
10. ^ "Chapter 4. The /usr Hierarchy, Section 4.1 Purpose". Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 3.0.
11. ^ "/var/run : Run-time variable data". Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 2.3.
12. ^ "5.13. /var/run : Run-time variable data". Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 3.0.
13. ^ "File System Standard" (PDF). Linux Foundation. p. 5.11.1.
14. ^ Red Hat reference guide on file system structure.
15. ^ SuSE Linux Enterprise Server Administration, Novell authorized courseware, by Jason W. Eckert, Novell; Course Technology, 2006; ISBN 1-4188-3731-8, ISBN 978-1-4188-3731-0.
16. ^ Debian policy on FHS compliance.
17. ^ Ubuntu Linux File system Tree Overview – Community Ubuntu Documentation.
18. ^ Hisham Muhammad (9 May 2003). "The Unix tree rethought: an introduction to GoboLinux". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
19. ^ Dolstra, E.; Löh, A. (September 2008). NixOS: A Purely Functional Linux Distribution (PDF). ICFP 2008: 13th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. pp. 367–378.
20. ^ "5.3 About the /sys Virtual File System". docs.oracle.com. Oracle. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
21. ^ Lehey, Greg (May 2003). The Complete FreeBSD: Documentation from the Source (Fourth ed.). O'Reilly Media, Incorporated. pp. 188, 609. ISBN 9780596005160.
22. ^ Allan McRae. "Arch Linux – News: The /lib directory becomes a symlink". archlinux.org. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
23. ^ Allan McRae. "Arch Linux – News: Binaries move to /usr/bin requiring update intervention". archlinux.org. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
24. ^ Lennart Poettering (30 March 2011). "What's this /run directory doing on my system and where does it come from?". devel@lists.fedoraproject.org (Mailing list).
25. ^ "ReleaseGoalsRunDirectory". Debian Wiki.
26. ^ "FSSTND FAQ page". Retrieved 10 May 2016.
27. ^ `hier(7)` – FreeBSD Miscellaneous Information Manual.
28. ^ `hier(7)` – Version 7 Unix Programmer's Manual
29. ^ SunOS 4.1.3 manual page for filesystem(7), dated 10 January 1988 (from the FreeBSD Man Pages library).
30. ^ `filesystem(7)` – Solaris 11.4 Standards, Environments, Macros, Character Sets, and Miscellany Reference Manual.
31. ^ "filesystem man page – Solaris 10 11/06 Man Pages". Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
32. ^ "/usr". tldp.org. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
33. ^ M. D. McIlroy (1987). "A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986" (PDF). Bell Labs. CSTR 139.
34. ^ Landley, Rob (9 December 2010). "Understanding the bin, sbin, usr/bin , usr/sbin split". busybox (Mailing list).
35. ^ "Index of /pub/Linux/docs/fsstnd/old/fsstnd-1.0/". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
36. ^ "Index of /pub/Linux/docs/fsstnd/old/fsstnd-1.1/". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
37. ^ "Index of /pub/Linux/docs/fsstnd/old/". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
38. ^ "FHS 2.0 Announcement". Pathname.com. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
39. ^ Quinlan, Daniel (14 March 2012) [1997], "FHS 2.0 Announcement", BSD, Linux, Unix and The Internet – Research by Kenneth R. Saborio, San Jose, Costa Rica: Kenneth R. Saborio, archived from the original on 5 March 2016, retrieved 18 February 2016.
40. ^ "Index of /pub/Linux/docs/fsstnd/". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
41. ^ "FHS 2.1 Announcement". Pathname.com. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
42. ^ "FHS 2.1 is released". Lists.debian.org. 13 April 2000. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
43. ^ Quinlan, Daniel (12 April 2000). "Filesystem Hierarchy Standard – Version 2.1, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Group" (PDF). Acadia Linux Tutorials. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada: Jodrey School of Computer Science, Acadia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
44. ^ Russell, Rusty; Quinlan, Daniel, eds. (23 May 2001). "Filesystem Hierarchy Standard – Version 2.2 final Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Group" (PDF). Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
45. ^ Russell, Rusty; Quinlan, Daniel; Yeoh, Christopher, eds. (28 January 2004). "Filesystem Hierarchy Standard - Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Group" (PDF). Retrieved 29 November 2014.
46. ^ Yeoh, Christopher; Russell, Rusty; Quinlan, Daniel, eds. (19 March 2015). "Filesystem Hierarchy Standard" (PDF). The Linux Foundation. Retrieved 20 May 2015.

## External links

[edit]

* Official Home of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) at The Linux Foundation
* Full specification texts
* "Objectroot". Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. A proposal for a new filesystem hierarchy, based on object-oriented design principles.
* "Dotted Standard Filename Hierarchy". Archived from the original on 8 May 2005. Yet another very different hierarchy (used in cLIeNUX).
* `hier(7)` – Linux Programmer's Manual – Overview, Conventions and Miscellanea

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