Finisterre–Huon languages

Trans–New Guinea language family

Finisterre–Huon

Geographic
distribution| Finisterre Range and Huon Peninsula, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classification| Trans–New Guinea

* Finisterre–Huon

Subdivisions|

* Finisterre
* Huon

Language codes
Glottolog| `fini1244`

Map: The Finisterre–Huon languages of New Guinea

The Finisterre–Huon languages

Other Trans–New Guinea languages

Other Papuan languages

Austronesian languages

Uninhabited

The Finisterre–Huon languages comprise the largest family within the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) in the classification of Malcolm Ross. They were part of the original TNG proposal, and William A. Foley considers their TNG identity to be established. The languages share a small closed class of verbs taking pronominal object prefixes some of which are cognate (Suter 2012), strong morphological evidence that they are related.

## History of classification

[edit]

Huon and Finisterre, and then the connection between them, were identified by Kenneth McElhanon (1967, 1970). When McElhanon compared notes with his colleague Clemens Voorhoeve, who was working on the languages of southern Irian Jaya, they developed the concept of Trans–New Guinea. Apart from the evidence which unites them, the Finisterre and Huon families are clearly valid language families in their own right, each consisting of several fairly-well defined branches.

## Pronouns

[edit]

Ross (2005) reconstructs the pronouns as follows:

| sg | du | pl

|
|
|

1  | *na | *na-t, *ni-t | *na-n, *n-in
2  | *ga | *ja-ł, *ji-ł, *gi-ł | *ja-n, *ji-n, *gi-n
3  | *[y]a, *wa, *i | *ya-ł, *i-ł | *ya-n, *i-n

These are not all coherent: 3sg *ya and *i are found in Huon, for example, while 3sg *wa is found in Finisterre. In other cases, however, the multiple forms are found in both branches.

## Vocabulary comparison

[edit]

The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970)[1] and McElhanon (1967),[2] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[3]

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. hɔme, samo for “nose”) or not (e.g. mic-, sot, dzɔŋɔ for “tooth”). Notice the very low number of cognate triplets, or even pairs, among these languages.

gloss | Kâte | Selepet | Kovai

|
|
|

head  | kpitsec- | kun; kun- | buno
hair  | dzâwâ- | somot; somot- |
ear  | hatsec- | âdâp-; ɔndɔp | ano
eye  | dzâŋe- | sen; sen- | dziŋo
nose  | sâke- | hâme-; hɔme | samo
tooth  | mic- | sât-; sot | dzɔŋɔ
tongue  | nameŋ- | nibilam-; nimbilam | biŋio
louse  | imeŋ | imen | apalau
dog  | kpâto | soso | goun
bird  | wipe | nâi; nɔi | naŋ
blood  | soc- | hep- |
bone  | siec- | haǥit; hahit- | yo
skin  | sahac- | hâk-; hɔk | siŋlo
breast  | moŋ- | nam; nam- | suyo
tree  | yâc | nak |
man  | ŋic | lok |
woman  | ŋokac | apet; ibi |
sky  | sambâŋ | hibim |
sun  | dzoaŋ | dewutâ; dewutɔ | sual
moon  | mosa | emesenŋe |
water  | opâ | to | lap
fire  |  | kɔlɔp | puŋ
stone  | kpânâ | kât; kɔt |
road, path  | hata | giop | atam
name  | dzâne- | kut; kut- |
eat  | nâ- | ne; ni- |
one  | mocyaha | konok |
two  | yayahec | yâhâp |

## Evolution

[edit]

See also: Kâte language § Evolution, and Selepet language § Evolution

Finisterre-Huon reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[4]

Kâte language:

* bɔruŋ ‘flame’ < *mbalaŋ ‘flame’
* butoŋ ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C
* bekɔ ‘orphan’ < *mbVŋga(-masi)
* masiŋ ‘widow’ < *masi
* sambɔŋ ‘sky’ < *sambV ‘cloud’
* tofeʔ ‘saliva’ < *si(mb,p)atV
* lo- ‘take’ < *(nd,t)a-
* munduŋ ‘inner yolk of egg’ < *mundun ‘internal organs’
* go ‘2sg’ < *ŋga
* hɔmo- ‘die’ < *kumV-
* bɔriʔ ‘glitter, flash of lightning’ < *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’
* mi ‘not’ < *ma- ‘not’
* maŋu(zo) ‘to vomit’ < *mV(k,ŋ)V t(e,i)-
* ame(ʔ) ‘breast’ < *amu
* tsimin(uŋ) ‘stiff coarse hair’ < *[nd,s]umu[n,t]V ‘hair’
* imeŋ ‘louse’ < *iman ‘louse’
* no ‘1sg’ < *na ‘1sg’
* nɔ- ‘eat’ < *na-

Selepet language:

* balam ‘flame’ < *mbalaŋ
* (ni)bilim ‘tongue’ < *mbilaŋ
* kɔlɔp ‘fire’ < *kend(o,u)p
* kɔlip ‘long’ < *kuta(mb,p)(a,u)
* irak ‘new’ < *kVtak
* sak ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asin
* somot ‘hair’ < *(s,nd)umu(n,t)[V]
* madu ‘orphan’ < *masi
* si- ‘burn’ < *nj(a,e,i)- ‘burn’
* ga ‘2sg’ < *ŋga
* kaku- ‘carry on shoulder’ < *kakV-
* kɔu ‘ashes’ < *kambu ‘ashes’
* belek ‘lightning’ < *(m,mb)elak
* ibi ‘name’ < *imbi
* mete ‘forehead’ < *me(n,t)e ‘head’
* man- ‘live, dwell’ < *mVn[a]-
* imen ‘louse’ < *iman ‘louse’
* (n)am ‘breast, milk’ < *amu ‘breast’

## References

[edit]

1. ^ McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. doi:10.15144/PL-B16
2. ^ McElhanon, K.A. 1967. Preliminary observations on Huon Peninsula languages. Oceanic Linguistics 6: 1-45.
3. ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
4. ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4\. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
* Suter, Edgar (2012). Verbs with pronominal object prefixes in Finisterre–Huon languages. In: Harald Hammarström and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.). History, contact and classification of Papuan languages. [Special Issue 2012 of Language and Linguistics in Melanesia]. 23–58. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Finisterre-Huon. TransNewGuinea.org.

* v
* t
* e

Finisterre–Huon languages

Finisterre|

| Erap|

* Finongan
* Gusan
* Mamaa
* Munkip
* Nakama
* Nek
* Nimi
* Nuk
* Numanggang
* Sauk
* Uri

|

Gusap–Mot|

* Iyo
* Madi
* Neko
* Nekgini
* Ngaing
* Rawa
* Ufim

Uruwa|

* Sakam
* Som
* Nukna
* Yau
* Weliki

Wantoat|

* Awara
* Wantoat
* Tuma-Irumu

Warup|

* Asaro'o
* Bulgebi
* Degenan
* Forak
* Guya
* Gwahatike
* Muratayak

Yupna|

* Bonkiman
* Domung
* Ma
* Nankina
* Yopno
* Yout Wam

Huon|

| Eastern|

* Dedua
* Kâte
* Kovai
* Kube
* Mape
* Migabac
* Momare
* Sene
* Tobo

|

Western|

* Burum
* Borong
* Kinalakna
* Komba
* Kumokio
* Mese
* Nabak
* Nomu
* Ono
* Selepet
* Sialum
* Timbe

* v
* t
* e

Trans–New Guinea languages

West Trans–New Guinea languages

| Dani|

* Grand Valley Dani
* Hupla
* Nduga
* Nggem
* Silimo
* Walak
* Wano
* Western Dani
* Yali

|

Paniai Lakes|

* Auye
* Dao
* Ekari
* Moni
* Wolani

West Bomberai|

* Baham
* Iha
* Karas

Timor–Alor–Pantar|

| East Timor|

* Fataluku
* Makalero
* Makasae
* Oirata
* Rusenu

|

Alor–Pantar|

* Abui
* Adang
* Blagar
* Kafoa
* Kamang
* Klon
* Kui
* Kula
* Retta
* Sawila
* Wersing
* Kaera
* Nedebang
* Teiwa
* Western Pantar

Others|

* Bunak

Central and South New Guinea languages

| Asmat–Kamoro|

| Asmat|

* Asmat
* Citak

|

Sabakor|

* Buruwai
* Kamberau

Others|

* Kamoro
* Sempan

Greater Awyu|

| Awyu–Dumut|

* Aghu
* Mandobo
* Kombai–Wanggom
* Pisa
* Sawi
* Shiaxa
* Wambon

|

Becking–Dawi|

* Komyandaret
* Korowai
* Tsaukambo

Ok–Oksapmin|

| Western|

* Burumakok
* Kopkaka

|

Lowland|

* Iwur
* Muyu
* Ninggerum
* Yonggom

Mountain|

* Bimin
* Faiwol
* Mian
* Setaman
* Suganga
* Tifal
* Telefol
* Urapmin

Others|

* Nakai
* Ngalum
* Oksapmin
* Tangko

Bayono–Awbono|

* Bayono
* Awbono
* Densar
* Kovojab

Komolom|

* Koneraw
* Mombum

Somahai|

* Momina
* Momuna

Kutubuan languages

| East Kutubuan|

* Foe
* Fiwaga

|

West Kutubuan|

* Fasu
* Some
* Namumi

Chimbu–Wahgi languages

| Jimi|

* Kandawo
* Maring
* Narak

|

Wahgi|

* Nii
* Wahgi

Chimbu|

* Chuave
* Dom
* Golin
* Kuman
* Nomane
* Salt-Yui
* Sinasina

Hagen|

* Kaguel
* Melpa
* Tembagla

Kainantu–Goroka languages

| Goroka|

| Gahuku|

* Alekano
* Dano
* Tokano

|

Kamono–Yagaria|

* Abaga
* Inoke-Yate
* Kamono
* Kanite
* Ke’yagana
* Yagaria

Others|

* Benabena
* Fore
* Gende
* Gimi
* Isabi
* Siane
* Yaweyuha

Kainantu|

| Tairora|

* Binumarien
* Kambaira
* Tairoa
* Waffa

|

Gauwa|

* Agarabi
* Awa
* Awiyaana
* Gadsup
* Kosena
* Ontenu
* Oweina
* Usarufa

Other|

* Kenati

Madang languages

| Croisilles
(Adelbert Range)|

| Dimir-Malas|

* Dimir
* Malas

|

Kaukombar|

* Mala
* Maiani
* Maia

Kowan|

* Korak
* Waskia

Kumil|

* Bepour
* Mauwake
* Moere

Numugen|

* Bilakura
* Parawen
* Ukuriguma
* Usan
* Yaben
* Yarawata

Omosan|

* Kobol
* Pal

Tiboran|

* Kowaki
* Mawak
* Pamosu

other|

* Brem
* Musar
* Wanambre

Kalam|

* Kalam
* Kobon
* Tai

Mabuso|

| Kokan|

* Girawa
* Kein

|

Gum|

* Amele
* Bau
* Gumalu
* Isebe
* Panim
* Sihan

Hanseman|

* Bagupi
* Baimak
* Gal
* Garus
* Kare
* Matepi
* Mawan
* Mosimo
* Murupi
* Nake
* Nobonob
* Rempi
* Rapting
* Samosa
* Saruga
* Silopi
* Utu
* Wagi
* Wamas
* Yoidik

other|

* Munit

Mindjim|

* Anjam
* Bongu
* Male
* Sam

Rai Coast
(South Madang)|

| Awung|

* Jilim
* Rerau
* Yangulam

|

Brahman|

* Biyom
* Tauya

Evapia|

* Kesawai
* Sinsauru
* Sausi

Peka|

* Danaru
* Sop
* Sumau
* Urigina

Nuru|

* Duduela
* Kwato
* Ogea
* Uya

Kabenau|

* Arawum
* Dumpu
* Kolom
* Lemio
* Siroi

other|

* Pulabu

Southern Adelbert|

| Tomul (Josephstaal)|

* Anam
* Anamgura
* Moresada
* Osum
* Wadaginam

|

Sogeram (Wanang)|

* Apali
* Atemble
* Faita
* Magɨyi
* Musak
* Nend
* Mum
* Paynamar
* Sileibi

Yaganon|

* Dumun
* Ganglau
* Saep
* Yabong

(unclear)|

* Amaimon
* Bargam
* Gants
* Wasembo
* Yamben

Finisterre–Huon languages

| Finisterre|

| Erap|

* Finongan
* Gusan
* Mamaa
* Munkip
* Nakama
* Nek
* Nimi
* Nuk
* Numanggang
* Sauk
* Uri

|

Gusap–Mot|

* Iyo
* Madi
* Neko
* Nekgini
* Ngaing
* Rawa
* Ufim

Uruwa|

* Sakam
* Som
* Nukna
* Yau
* Weliki

Wantoat|

* Awara
* Wantoat
* Tuma-Irumu

Warup|

* Asaro'o
* Bulgebi
* Degenan
* Forak
* Guya
* Gwahatike
* Muratayak

Yupna|

* Bonkiman
* Domung
* Ma
* Nankina
* Yopno
* Yout Wam

Huon|

| Eastern|

* Dedua
* Kâte
* Kovai
* Kube
* Mape
* Migabac
* Momare
* Sene
* Tobo

|

Western|

* Burum
* Borong
* Kinalakna
* Komba
* Kumokio
* Mese
* Nabak
* Nomu
* Ono
* Selepet
* Sialum
* Timbe

Southeast Papuan languages

| Koiarian|

* Grass Koiari
* Mountain Koiari
* Koitabu
* Barai
* Namiae
* Ese
* Ömie

|

Kwalean|

* Humene
* Uare
* Mulaha

Manubaran|

* Doromu
* Maria

Yareban|

* Moikodi
* Aneme Wake
* Bariji
* Nawaru
* Yareba

Mailuan|

* Bauwaki
* Domu
* Binahari
* Morawa
* Mailu
* Laua

Dagan|

* Daga
* Mapena
* Maiwa
* Dima
* Ginuman
* Kanasi
* Onjob
* Umanakaina
* Turaka

Anim languages

| Tirio (Lower Fly)|

* Baramu
* Bitur
* Makayam
* Were

|

Boazi (Lake Murray)|

* Boazi
* Zimakani

Marind–Yaqai|

* Bipim
* Marind
* Yaqay

Inland Gulf|

* Ipiko
* Foia Foia
* Hoia Hoia
* Mubami

Other families

| Angan|

* Akoye
* Angaataha
* Ankave
* Hamtai
* Kamasa
* Kawacha
* Menya
* Safeyoka
* Simbari
* Susuami
* Tainae
* Yagwoia
* Yipma

|

Awin–Pa|

* Awin
* Pa

Binanderean|

* Baruga
* Binandere
* Ewage
* Korafe
* Orokaiva
* Suena
* Yekora
* Zia

Bosavi|

* Aimele
* Beami
* Edolo
* Kaluli
* Kasua
* Onobasulu
* Sonia

Duna–Pogaya|

* Duna
* Pogaya

East Strickland|

* Fembe
* Gobasi
* Konai
* Kubo
* Odoodee
* Samo

Engan|

* Angal
* Bisorio
* Enga
* Huli
* Ipili
* Kewa
* Kyaka
* Lembena
* Samberigi

Gogodala–Suki|

* Suki
* Gogodala
* Ari
* Waruna

Goilalan|

* Fuyug
* Tauade
* Biangai
* Kunimaipa
* Weri

Kayagaric|

* Atohwaim (Kaugat)
* Yogo (Tamagario)
* Kayagar (Kaygir)
* Tamagario

Kiwaian|

* Bami
* Kerewo
* Kiwai
* Morigi
* Waboda

Kolopom|

* Kimaama (Kimaghama)
* Riantana
* Ndom

Turama–Kikorian|

* Ikobi
* Omati
* Rumu

isolates|

* Moraori
* Wiru

* v
* t
* e

Papuan language families
(Palmer 2018 classification)

Trans-New Guinea
subgroups|

| Central Papua, Indonesia|

* Ok-Oksapmin
* Dani
* Asmat-Kamoro
* Mek
* Paniai Lakes
* West Bomberai
* Somahai

|

Southeast Papua, Indonesia|

* Anim
* Greater Awyu
* Kayagaric
* Kolopom
* Marori

Southwest Papua New Guinea|

* Gogodala-Suki
* Turama-Kikori
* Kiwaian
* Awin-Pa

Central Papua New Guinea|

* Madang
* Finisterre-Huon
* Kainantu-Goroka
* Chimbu-Wahgi
* Enga-Kewa-Huli
* Bosavi
* East Strickland
* Kutubu
* Duna-Bogaya
* Wiru

Papuan Peninsula|

* Angan
* Greater Binanderean
* Dagan
* Mailuan
* Koiarian
* Goilalan
* Yareban
* Kwalean
* Manubaran

Eastern Nusantara
families and isolates|

* Timor-Alor-Pantar
* North Halmahera

* Tambora†

Bird's Head Peninsula
families and isolates|

* South Bird's Head
* Nuclear South Bird's Head
* Inanwatan–Duriankere
* Konda–Yahadian
* East Bird's Head
* Nuclear East Bird's Head
* Hatam–Mansim
* West Bird's Head

* Abun
* Mpur
* Maybrat
* Mor
* Tanah Merah

Northern Western New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Tor-Kwerba
* Lakes Plain
* Border
* Sko
* East Cenderawasih Bay
* Pauwasi
* East
* West
* Nimboran
* Sentani
* Mairasi
* Kaure
* Lepki-Murkim
* Senagi (Angor-Dera)
* Tofanma-Namla
* Yapen

* Abinomn
* Burmeso
* Elseng
* Kapauri
* Kembra
* Keuw
* Kimki
* Massep
* Mawes
* Molof
* Usku
* Yetfa

Central Western New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Bayono-Awbono

* Dem
* Uhunduni

Sepik-Ramu basin
families and isolates|

* Torricelli
* Sepik
* Lower Sepik-Ramu
* Lower Sepik
* Ramu
* Kwomtari
* Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi)
* Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi)
* Yuat
* Left May
* Amto-Musan

* Busa
* Tayap
* Yadë

| Torricelli subgroups|

* Marienberg
* Arapesh
* Urim
* Maimai
* Wapei
* Palei
* One (West Wapei)
* Monumbo?

|

Sepik subgroups|

* Middle Sepik
* Ndu
* Nukuma
* Yellow River
* Yerakai
* Upper Sepik
* Wogamus
* Iwam
* Abau
* Sepik Hill
* Tama
* Ram
* Amal

Ramu subgroups|

* Lower Ramu
* Ottilien
* Misegian
* Middle Ramu
* Grass?
* Tamolan
* Ataitan (Tanggu)

Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea
families and isolates|

* Yam
* Pahoturi River
* Eleman
* Oriomo
* Teberan
* Doso-Turumsa
* Komolom
* Yelmek-Maklew

* Dibiyaso
* Kaki Ae
* Kamula
* Karami
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Purari
* Tabo

Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands
families and isolates|

* Baining
* North Bougainville
* South Bougainville
* Central Solomons
* Butam-Taulil

* Anêm
* Ata
* Kol
* Kuot
* Makolkol
* Sulka

Rossel Island
isolate|

* Yélî Dnye

Proposed groupings|

* West Papuan
* Northwest Papuan
* South Pauwasi
* East Papuan
* Southeast Papuan
* Papuan Gulf
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Arai–Samaia
* Asmat–Mombum
* Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
* Trans-Fly
* Dani–Kwerba
* East Bird's Head – Sentani
* Kwomtari–Fas
* Left May – Kwomtari
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* West Trans–New Guinea
* West Papuan Highlands
* Central and South New Guinea
* Central West New Guinea
* East New Guinea Highlands
* Yele – West New Britain
* Sepik–Ramu
* Indo-Pacific

Proto-language|

* Proto-Trans–New Guinea

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Papua New Guinea

Official languages|

* English
* Hiri Motu
* Tok Pisin
* Papua New Guinean Sign Language

Major Indigenous
languages|

* Adzera
* Amanab
* Awad Bing
* Barok
* Bimin
* Bola
* Bugawac
* Dedua
* Dobu
* Iatmul
* Kâte
* Kobon
* Kovai
* Kuanua
* Kuman
* Kuot
* Kurti
* Lihir
* Mandara
* Mangseng
* Mbula
* Mende
* Mussau-Emira
* Mutu
* Nekgini
* Ngaing
* Niwer Mil
* Nobonob
* Numanggang
* Nyindrou
* Pele-Ata
* Petats
* Ramoaaina
* Seimat
* Solong
* Somba-Siawari
* Suau
* Sulka
* Tangga
* Tobo
* Uneapa
* Ura
* Vitu
* Waris

Other Papuan
languages|

| Angan|

* Akoye
* Angaataha
* Ankave
* Hamtai
* Kamasa
* Kawacha
* Menya
* Safeyoka
* Simbari
* Susuami
* Tainae
* Yagwoia
* Yipma

|

Awin–Pa|

* Awin
* Pa

Binanderean|

* Baruga
* Binandere
* Ewage
* Korafe
* Orokaiva
* Suena
* Yekora
* Zia

Bosavi|

* Aimele
* Beami
* Edolo
* Kaluli
* Kasua
* Onobasulu
* Sonia

Chimbu–Wahgi|

* Chuave
* Dom
* Golin
* Kandawo
* Kaugel
* Kuman
* Maring
* Melpa
* Narak
* Nii
* Nomane
* Salt-Yui
* Sinasina
* Tembagla
* Wahgi

New Ireland|

* Bilur
* Fanamaket
* Kandas
* Konomala
* Kuanua
* Label
* Niwer Mil
* Patpatar
* Ramoaaina
* Siar
* Sursurunga
* Warwar Feni

Duna–Pogaya|

* Duna
* Pogaya

East Kutubuan|

* Fasu
* Fiwaga
* Foi

East Strickland|

* Fembe
* Gobasi
* Konai
* Kubo
* Odoodee
* Samo

Engan|

* Angal
* Bisorio
* Enga
* Huli
* Ipili
* Kewa
* Kyaka
* Lembena
* Samberigi

Eleman|

* Kaki Ae
* Keoru
* Opao
* Orokolo
* Toaripi
* Tairuma

Ok–Oksapmin|

* Bimin
* Faiwol
* Mian
* Ngalum
* Ninggerum
* Oksapmin
* Setaman
* Suganga
* Telefol
* Tifal
* Urap
* Yonggom

Teberan|

* Dadibi
* Folopa

Tirio|

* Abom
* Baramu
* Bitur
* Tirio
* Were

Turama–Kikorian|

* Ikobi
* Omati
* Rumu

Larger families|

* Finisterre–Huon
* Kainantu–Goroka
* Madang
* Ramu–Lower Sepik
* Sepik
* Southeast Papuan
* Torricelli

Sign languages|

* Enga
* Kailge
* Mehek
* Mount Avejaha
* Rossel Island
* Sinasina
* Wanib

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