First Epistle to the Thessalonians

Book of the New Testament

Part of a series on

Books of the
New Testament

Papyrus 46, one of the oldest New Testament papyri, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9

Gospels and Acts

Four Evangelists

*     * Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

* * *

Lukan Acts

* Acts of the Apostles

Epistles and Apocalypse

Pauline epistles

* Romans
*     * 1 Corinthians
* 2 Corinthians

*     * Galatians
* Ephesians

*     * Philippians
* Colossians

*     * 1 Thessalonians
* 2 Thessalonians

*     * 1 Timothy
* 2 Timothy

*     * Titus
* Philemon

* Hebrews

* * *

Catholic epistles

* James
*     * 1 Peter
* 2 Peter

*     * 1 John
* 2 John
* 3 John

*     * Jude

* * *

Apocalypse

* Book of Revelation

Authorship

*     * Luke-Acts
* Johannine works

*     * Pauline epistles
* Hebrews

* Petrine epistles

Related topics

* New Testament canon
* New Testament manuscripts
* Synoptic Gospels
* Johannine literature (epistles)
* Pastoral epistles

* Bible portal
* Christianity portal

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series of articles on

Paul in the Bible

Pauline literature (Authorship)

* Romans
* 1 Corinthians
* 2 Corinthians
* Galatians
* Ephesians
* Philippians
* Colossians
* 1 Thessalonians
* 2 Thessalonians
* 1 Timothy
* 2 Timothy
* Titus
* Philemon

Related literature

* Lost epistles
* Apocalypse of Paul
* Coptic Apocalypse of Paul
* Acts of Paul
* Paul and Thecla
* Peter and Paul
* Prayer of Paul

See also

* Paul the Apostle
* Apostles in the New Testament
* Pauline Christianity

* v
* t
* e

Fragments showing 1 Thessalonians 1:3–2:1 and 2:6–13 on Papyrus 65, from the third century.

The First Epistle to the Thessalonians[a] is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle, and is addressed to the church in Thessalonica, in modern-day Greece. It is likely among the first of Paul's letters, probably written by the end of AD 52,[3] in the reign of Claudius although some scholars believe the Epistle to the Galatians may have been written by AD 48.[4] The original language is Koine Greek.

## Background and audience

[edit]

Thessalonica is a city on the Thermaic Gulf, which at the time of Paul was within the Roman Empire. Paul visited Thessalonica and preached to the local population, winning converts who became a Christian community.[5] There is debate as to whether or not Paul's converts were originally Jewish. The Acts of the Apostles describes Paul preaching in a Jewish synagogue and persuading people who were already Jewish that Jesus was the Messiah,[6] but in 1 Thessalonians itself Paul says that the converts had turned from idols, suggesting that they were not Jewish before Paul arrived.[5][7]

Most New Testament scholars believe Paul wrote this letter from Corinth only months after he left Thessalonica,[5] although information appended to this work in many early manuscripts (e.g., Codices Alexandrinus, Mosquensis, and Angelicus) state that Paul wrote it in Athens[8] after Timothy had returned from Macedonia with news of the state of the church in Thessalonica.[9][10]

## Oldest surviving manuscripts

[edit]

The original manuscript of this letter is lost, as are over a century of copies. The text of the surviving manuscripts varies. The oldest surviving manuscripts that contain some or all of this book include:

* Papyrus 46 (c. AD 200)
* Papyrus 65 (3rd century)
* Codex Vaticanus (325–350)
* Codex Sinaiticus (330–360)
* Codex Alexandrinus (400–440)
* Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (c. 450)
* Codex Freerianus (c. 450)
* Codex Claromontanus (c. 550)

## Composition

[edit]

### Date

[edit]

It is widely agreed that 1 Thessalonians is one of the first books of the New Testament to be written, and the earliest extant Christian text.[5] A majority of modern New Testament scholars date 1 Thessalonians to 49–51 AD,[11] during Paul's 18-month stay in Corinth coinciding with his second missionary journey.[12] A minority of scholars who do not recognize the historicity of Acts date it in the early 40s AD. The Delphi Inscription dates Gallio's proconsulship of Achaia to 51-52 AD, and Acts 18:12-17 mentions Gallio, toward the end of Paul's stay in Corinth.

1 Thessalonians does not focus on justification by faith or questions of Jewish–Gentile relations, themes that are covered in all other letters. Because of this, some scholars see this as an indication that this letter was written before the Epistle to the Galatians, where Paul's positions on these matters were formed and elucidated.[3]

### Authenticity

[edit]

The first page of the epistle in Minuscule 699 gives its title as προς θεσσαλονικεις, "To the Thessalonians."

The majority of New Testament scholars hold 1 Thessalonians to be authentic, although a number of scholars in the mid-19th century contested its authenticity, most notably Clement Schrader and F.C. Baur.[13] 1 Thessalonians matches other accepted Pauline letters, both in style and in content, and its authorship is also affirmed by 2 Thessalonians.[14]

### Integrity

[edit]

The authenticity of 1 Thessalonians 2:13–16 has been disputed by some.[15] The following arguments are made against its authenticity based on its content:

* It is perceived to be theologically incompatible with Paul's other epistles: elsewhere Paul attributed Jesus's death to the "rulers of this age"[16] rather than to the Jews, and elsewhere Paul writes that the Jews have not been abandoned by God, for "all Israel will be saved".[17]
* There were no extensive historical persecutions of Christians by Jews in Palestine prior to the first Jewish war.[18]
* The use of the concept of imitation in 1 Thes. 2.14 is singular.
* The aorist ἔφθασε[ν] ("has overtaken") in 1 Thes. 2.16 seems to refer to the destruction of Jerusalem.[19] According to 1 Thes 1:10, the wrath of God is still to come; it is not something that has already shown itself.[20]
* The syntax of these verses deviates from that of the surrounding context.[21]

Various scholars have since defended the authenticity of these passages.[22]

It is also sometimes suggested that 1 Thessalonians 5:1–11 is a post-Pauline insertion that has many features of Lukan language and theology that serves as an apologetic correction to Paul's imminent expectation of the Second Coming in 1 Thessalonians 4:13–18.[23] Some scholars, such as Schmithals,[24] Eckhart,[25] Demke[26] and Munro,[27] have developed complicated theories involving redaction and interpolation in 1 and 2 Thessalonians.

## Contents

[edit]

### Outline

[edit]

1. (1:1-10) Salutation and thanksgiving[28]
2. (2:1-20) Past interactions with the church[29]
3. (3:1-13) Regarding Timothy's visit[30]
4. (4:1-5:25) Specific issues within the church[31]
1. (4:1-12) Relationships among Christians[32]
2. (4:13-18) Mourning those who have died[33]
3. (5:1-11) Preparing for God's arrival[34]
4. (5:12-25) How Christians should behave[35]
5. (5:26-28) Closing salutation[36]

### Text

[edit]

Paul, speaking for himself, Silas, and Timothy, gives thanks for the news about their faith and love; he reminds them of the kind of life he had lived while he was with them. Paul stresses how honorably he conducted himself, reminding them that he had worked to earn his keep, taking great pains not to burden anyone. He did this, he says, even though he could have used his status as an apostle to impose upon them.

Paul goes on to explain that the dead will be resurrected prior to those still living, and both groups will greet the Lord in the air.[37]

## See also

[edit]

* Authorship of the Pauline epistles
* Imitation of Christ
* Second Epistle to the Thessalonians

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The book is sometimes called the First Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians, or simply 1 Thessalonians.[1] It is most commonly abbreviated as "1 Thess."[2]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ ESV Pew Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 986\. ISBN 978-1-4335-6343-0. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021.
2. ^ "Bible Book Abbreviations". Logos Bible Software. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
3. ^ a b Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament, Anchor Bible, 1997. pp. 456–66.
4. ^ Powell, Mark Allan (2018). Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary and Theological Survey (2nd ed.). Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-49341313-3.
5. ^ a b c d Esler, Philip (2001). "71. 1 Thessalonians". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-875500-5.
6. ^ Acts 17:1–9
7. ^ 1 Thessalonians 1:9
8. ^ Ernest Best 1972, The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians (New York: Harper & Row), p. 7
9. ^ Acts 18:5; 1 Thes. 3:6
10. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Thessalonians, Epistles to the". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
11. ^ "Introduction to the Book of 1 Thessalonians". ESV Study Bible. Crossway. 2008. ISBN 978-1433502415.
12. ^ Acts 18:1–18
13. ^ Best, Thessalonians, pp. 22–29.
14. ^ "The only possible reference to a previous missive is in 2:15…" Raymond E. Brown 1997, An Introduction to the New Testament, Anchor Bible, p. 590.
15. ^ Abraham J. Malherbe, “Hellenistic Moralists and the New Testament”, in; Aufstieg und Nieder- gang der Römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, eds. H. Temporini and W. Haase (Berlin and New York: W. de Gruyter, 1992), 2:290.
16. ^ 1 Corinthians 2:8
17. ^ Rom 11:26
18. ^ Pearson, p. 88
19. ^ Birger A. Pearson 1971, "1 Thessalonians 2:13–16 A Deutero Pauline Interpolation", Harvard Theological Review, 64, pp. 79–94
20. ^ CollegeVille Bible Commentary, p. 1155
21. ^ Schmidt, D. 1983, "I Thess 2:13–16: Linguistic Evidence for an Interpolation," JBL 102: 269–79.
22. ^ Brookins, Timothy A. (2021-11-16). First and Second Thessalonians (Paideia: Commentaries on the New Testament). Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-4934-3215-8.
23. ^ G. Friedrich, "1. Thessalonicher 5,1–11, der apologetische Einschub eines Spaeteren," ZTK 70 (1973) 289.
24. ^ Schmithals, W. 1972, Paul and the Gnostics Transl. by J. Steely (Nashville: Abingdon Press), 123–218
25. ^ K. G. Eckart 1961, "Der zweite echte Brief des Apostels Paulus an die Thessalonicher," ZThK, 30–44
26. ^ Theologie und Literarkritik im 1. Thessalonicherbrief
27. ^ The Later Stratum in 1 and 2 Thessalonians, Authority in Paul and Peter: The Identification of a Pastoral Stratum in the Pauline Corpus and 1 Peter.
28. ^ 1 Thes. 1:1–10
29. ^ 1 Thes. 2:1–20
30. ^ 1 Thes. 3:1–13
31. ^ 1 Thes. 4:1–5:25
32. ^ 1 Thes. 4:1–12
33. ^ 1 Thes. 4:13–18
34. ^ 1 Thes. 5:1–11
35. ^ 1 Thes. 5:12–25
36. ^ 1 Thes. 5:26–28
37. ^ 1 Thessalonians 4:13–18

## External links

[edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

1 Thessalonians

Wikiquote has quotations related to First Epistle to the Thessalonians.

* English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
* Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
* Epistles to the Thessalonians entry in the Catholic Encyclopedia
* Online Bible at GospelHall.org
* Thessalonians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions

First Epistle to the Thessalonians

Pauline Epistle

Preceded by

Colossians

|  New Testament
Books of the Bible | Succeeded by

Second Thessalonians

* v
* t
* e

First Epistle to the Thessalonians

Persons|

* Jesus Christ
* Paul
* Silvanus
* Timothy

Related|

* Textual variants

* v
* t
* e

Books of the Bible

Old Testament|

| Hebrew Bible
(protocanon)|

* Genesis
* Exodus
* Leviticus
* Numbers
* Deuteronomy
* Joshua
* Judges
* Ruth
* 1–2 Samuel
* 1–2 Kings
* 1–2 Chronicles
* Ezra
* Nehemiah
* Esther
* Job
* Psalms
* Proverbs
* Ecclesiastes
* Song of Songs
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Lamentations
* Ezekiel
* Daniel
* Hosea
* Joel
* Amos
* Obadiah
* Jonah
* Micah
* Nahum
* Habakkuk
* Zephaniah
* Haggai
* Zechariah
* Malachi

|

Deuterocanon
or apocrypha|

| Catholic,
Eastern Orthodox & others|

* Tobit
* Judith
* Additions to Esther
* 1 Maccabees
* 2 Maccabees
* Wisdom
* Sirach
* Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah
* Additions to Daniel
* Susanna
* Song of the Three Children
* Bel and the Dragon

|

Eastern Orthodox & others|

* 1 Esdras
* 2 Esdras
* Prayer of Manasseh
* Psalm 151
* 3 Maccabees
* 4 Maccabees
* Odes

Orthodox Tewahedo|

* Enoch
* Jubilees
* 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
* Paralipomena of Baruch
* Broader canon

Syriac Peshitta|

* Psalms 152–155
* 2 Baruch

Beta Israel|

* Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob

New Testament|

| Canon|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John
* Acts
* Romans
* 1 Corinthians
* 2 Corinthians
* Galatians
* Ephesians
* Philippians
* Colossians
* Laodiceans
* 1 Thessalonians
* 2 Thessalonians
* 1 Timothy
* 2 Timothy
* Titus
* Philemon
* Hebrews
* James
* 1 Peter
* 2 Peter
* 1 John
* 2 John
* 3 John
* Jude
* Revelation

|

Antilegomena|

* Acts of Paul
* Apocalypse of Peter
* Didache
* Gospel of the Hebrews
* Epistle of Barnabas
* 1 Clement
* 2 Clement
* 3 Corinthians
* Shepherd of Hermas

Subdivisions|

* Chapters and verses
* Pentateuch
* Historical books
* Wisdom books (Poetic Books)
* Prophetic books
* Major prophets
* Minor prophets
* Gospels
* List
* Synoptic
* Epistles
* Pauline
* Johannine
* Pastoral
* Catholic
* Apocalyptic literature

Development|

* Authorship
* Jewish canon
* Intertestamental period
* Christian canon
* Old Testament canon
* New Testament canon
* Antilegomena
* Apocrypha
* Jewish
* Old Testament
* New Testament
* Pseudepigrapha
* Old Testament
* Dating the Bible

Manuscripts|

* Dead Sea Scrolls
* Samaritan Pentateuch
* Septuagint
* Targum
* Diatessaron
* Muratorian fragment
* Peshitta
* Vetus Latina
* Vulgate
* Masoretic Text
* New Testament manuscript categories
* New Testament papyri
* New Testament uncials

Related|

* Bible version debate
* English Bible translations
* Other books referenced in the Bible
* Additional Scriptures
* Studies
* Biblical and Quranic narratives
* Synod of Hippo
* Textual criticism

* Category
* Portal
* WikiProject

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Argentina
* Poland
* Vatican

Other|

* IdRef

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template