First impeachment trial of Donald Trump

2020 trial in the US Senate

For impeachment in the House of Representatives, see First Impeachment of Donald Trump. For impeachment inquiry, see Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump.

First impeachment trial of Donald Trump

Chief Justice John Roberts presides over the first impeachment trial of Donald Trump

Date| January 16 – February 5, 2020 (2 weeks and 6 days)
Accused| Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States
Presiding officer| Chief Justice John Roberts
House managers:|

* Adam Schiff (lead manager)
* Jason Crow
* Val Demings
* Sylvia Garcia
* Hakeem Jeffries
* Zoe Lofgren
* Jerry Nadler

Defense counsel:|

* Pat Cipollone (White House Counsel)
* Pam Bondi
* Alan Dershowitz
* Eric Herschemann
* Patrick F. Philbin
* Michael Purpura
* Jane Raskin
* Robert Ray
* Jay Sekulow
* Ken Starr

Outcome| Acquitted by the U.S. Senate, remained in the office of President of the United States
Charges|

* Abuse of power
* Obstruction of Congress

Cause| Allegations that Trump sought help from Ukrainian authorities to favor him in the 2020 U.S. presidential election
Trump–Ukraine scandal

A request by U.S. President Donald Trump (right) to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy (left) to investigate Joe Biden and his son sparked the scandal.

Events

List

* First presidency of Donald Trump
* 2019 Ukrainian presidential election
* Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump
* First impeachment of Donald Trump
* First impeachment trial of Donald Trump
* 2020 U.S. presidential election
* Foreign interference in the 2020 United States elections

People

White House

* President Donald Trump
* John Bolton
* Pam Bondi
* Tom Bossert
* Pat Cipollone
* Fiona Hill
* Charles Kupperman
* Mick Mulvaney
* Mike Pence
* Tony Sayegh

Justice Department

* Michael Atkinson
* William Barr

State Department

* Ulrich Brechbuhl
* Catherine Croft
* David Hale
* David Holmes
* George Kent
* Steve Linick
* Michael McKinley
* Mike Pompeo
* Philip Reeker
* Gordon Sondland
* Bill Taylor
* Kurt Volker
* Jennifer Williams
* Marie Yovanovitch

Defense Department

* Laura Cooper
* Kathryn L. Wheelbarger

National Security Council

* John Eisenberg
* Tim Morrison
* Alexander Vindman

Intelligence

* Joseph Maguire
* Michael Atkinson

Congress

* Nancy Pelosi
* Adam Schiff
* Lindsey Graham
* Devin Nunes
* Pete Sessions
* Kashyap Patel
* Elise Stefanik
* Jim Jordan

Ukrainians

* Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* Andriy Bohdan
* Dmytro Firtash
* Serhiy Leshchenko
* Mykola Zlochevsky
* Yuriy Lutsenko

Surrogates

* Rudy Giuliani
* Jay Sekulow

Scholars

* Noah Feldman
* Michael Gerhardt
* Pamela S. Karlan
* Jonathan Turley

Related

* Andrew P. Bakaj
* Hunter Biden
* Joe Biden
* Igor Fruman
* Amos Hochstein
* Lev Parnas
* Rick Perry
* John Solomon
* Russell Vought
* Mark Zaid

Companies

List

* Burisma
* CrowdStrike
* Naftogaz

Conspiracy theories

List

* Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal
* Russia investigation origins counter-narrative
* Spygate

* v
* t
* e

The first impeachment trial of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, began in the U.S. Senate on January 16, 2020, and concluded with his acquittal on February 5.[1] After an inquiry between September and November 2019, President Trump was impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 18, 2019; the articles of impeachment charged him with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. It was the third out of four impeachment trials of a U.S. president, preceded by those of Andrew Johnson and of Bill Clinton, and followed by Trump’s second.[a]

The Republican majority voted on January 21 to reject 11 amendments proposed by Democrats which requested subpoena authority to introduce testimony from current and former White House officials, as well as Trump administration documents which were not provided to House investigators.

The prosecution made its opening arguments on January 22–24, and the defense made its arguments on January 25–28. This was followed by a period of questions, answers, and debate on January 29–31. On January 31, a majority of 51 senators (all Republicans) voted against allowing subpoenas to call witnesses or documents.

On February 5, the Senate acquitted Trump on both impeachment articles, as neither article obtained the support of a two-thirds supermajority of senators. Fifty-two Republican senators voted against the charge of abuse of power, and all fifty-three voted against the charge of obstruction of Congress. Mitt Romney became the first U.S. senator in history to cast a vote to convict and remove a president of his own political party from office.

On January 13, 2021, the House of Representatives voted to start a second impeachment trial of Trump, following the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[2] The Senate acquitted Trump a second time on February 13, 2021.[3]

## Background

[edit]

Further information: Federal impeachment trial in the United States and Federal impeachment in the United States

The articles of impeachment against President Trump

Under the U.S. Constitution, the House has the sole power of impeachment (Article I, Section 2, Clause 5), and after that action has been taken, the Senate has the sole power to hold the trial for all impeachments (Article I, Section 3, Clause 6). Trump is the third U.S. president to face a Senate impeachment trial, after Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton.[4]

### Early planning

[edit]

See also: Efforts to impeach Donald Trump and Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump

After the emergence of Trump's phone call with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, House leadership came to the conclusion that impeachment might be advisable, and began an inquiry.[5]

As this was happening, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell was quietly planning a possible trial. On October 8, 2019, he led a meeting on the subject, advising the Republican Senators to craft their responses according to their own political needs. McConnell proposed two potential avenues: state opposition to the House process, or refuse to comment due to being potential jurors.[6]

### Republican plans

[edit]

As the articles of impeachment moved to a vote before the full House and referral to the Senate for trial, Mitch McConnell met with White House Counsel Pat Cipollone and congressional liaison Eric Ueland, later stating, "Everything I do during this I'm coordinating with the White House counsel. There will be no difference between the president's position and our position as to how to handle this ... I'm going to take my cues from the president's lawyers." As part of the "total coordination", McConnell said the president's lawyers could decide if witnesses would be called for the trial.[7][8] McConnell also said there was "no chance" the Senate would convict Trump and remove him from office, while declaring his wish that all Senate Republicans would acquit Trump of both charges.[9] On December 14, Judiciary Committee chairman Lindsey Graham said, "I am trying to give a pretty clear signal I have made up my mind. I'm not trying to pretend to be a fair juror here ... I will do everything I can to make [the impeachment trial] die quickly."[10] Three days later, McConnell said, "I'm not an impartial juror. This is a political process. There is not anything judicial about it. Impeachment is a political decision."[11] The Constitution mandates senators to take an impeachment oath, in which by Senate rules is stated, "I will do impartial justice according to the Constitution and laws, so help me God."[12][13]

### December 2019

[edit]

On December 15, Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer, in a letter to McConnell, called for Mick Mulvaney, Robert Blair,[b] John Bolton[c] and Michael Duffey to testify in the expected Senate trial, and suggested that pre-trial proceedings take place on January 6, 2020.[18] Two days later, McConnell rejected the call for witnesses to testify, saying the Senate's job is only to judge, not to investigate. Schumer quickly replied, citing bipartisan public support for the testimony of witnesses who could fill in gaps caused by Trump preventing his staff from testifying in the House investigation.[19][20]

On December 17, McConnell opened the Senate session with a half-hour long speech denouncing the impeachment, calling it "the most rushed, least thorough, and most unfair in modern history", and "fundamentally unlike any articles that any prior House of Representatives has ever passed".[21] Schumer replied that he "did not hear a single sentence, a single argument as to why the witnesses I suggested should not give testimony" in the potential Senate trial.[22]

Citing a need to "[s]ee what the process is on the Senate side", on December 18, the day of the impeachment, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi declined to commit to when, or even if, the impeachment resolution would be transmitted to the Senate, saying that "[s]o far we haven't seen anything that looks fair to us."[23] The entire legislative branch adjourned for winter break later that day without taking action to schedule the Senate trial.[24][25] The following day, McConnell and Schumer briefly met to discuss the trial.[26]

### January 2020

[edit]

Lindsey Graham proposed that he and McConnell "change the rules of the Senate so we could start the trial without [Pelosi], if necessary".[27] On January 7, McConnell announced that he had the caucus backing to pass a blueprint for the trial, which discusses witnesses and evidence after the opening arguments.[28] Pelosi called for the resolution to be published before she could proceed with the next steps,[29][30] but McConnell asserted the House had no leverage and that there would be no negotiating over the trial.[31] This prompted several Democratic senators to voice their readiness to have the trial begin.[32] On January 9, Pelosi said she would deliver the articles soon, but continued to cite a need for Republican transparency in the Senate;[33] the same day, McConnell informed members of his caucus that he expected the trial to begin the next week,[34] and Senator Josh Hawley announced that McConnell had signed on as a co-sponsor to his resolution to dismiss articles of impeachment not sent to the Senate within 25 days.[35] On January 10, Pelosi announced that she and Jerry Nadler were prepared to bring a resolution to appoint managers and transmit the articles of impeachment to the House floor in the next week.[36][better source needed]

On January 6, John Bolton, the former national security advisor in the White House, said he was "prepared to testify" if subpoenaed by the Senate for the impeachment trial.[37][d] On January 23, as Bolton was preparing for possible Senate testimony about the assertions in the manuscript for his yet-to-be-published book, the National Security Council told him it contained classified information which "may not be published or otherwise disclosed".[39][better source needed] Bolton's attorney said he did not believe the manuscript contained sensitive information.[40] The dispute set the stage for a prolonged review, with Bolton's attorney asking that access to the manuscript be limited to "those career government officials and employees regularly charged with responsibility for such reviews".[41] On January 26, The New York Times reported that Bolton had written in his book that in August 2019, Trump told Bolton he would continue withholding $391 million in security aid to Ukraine until it assisted with investigations into Democrats, including Joe and Hunter Biden.[42] The Associated Press independently confirmed the report a day later, while Trump labeled Bolton's claims as false[43] (despite admitting he had not read the manuscript).[44] On January 31, The New York Times reported that Bolton's book also described a May 2019 meeting where Trump, in the presence of Pat Cipollone, Mick Mulvaney and Rudy Giuliani, asked Bolton to call Zelenskyy to set up a meeting between him and Giuliani.[45]

On January 31, the lawyer for Lev Parnas sent a letter to McConnell stating that Parnas was ready to testify before the Senate with information "directly relevant to the President's impeachment inquiry", including physical evidence of documents and messages. Parnas would be able to testify on the efforts to "remove Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch and gather 'dirt' on Joe and Hunter Biden", as well as his own actions "at the direction of Mr. Giuliani, on behalf of" President Trump, which included Parnas' trips to Ukraine and meetings with aides of the Ukrainian president to convey a quid pro quo. Parnas would be able to testify on his own direct conversations with Trump, as well as conversations between Trump and Giuliani that Parnas overheard. According to the letter, Parnas knew of "the pressure [Trump] was placing upon Ambassador Bolton to assist in resolving the apparent unwillingness of [Ukrainian] President Zelenskiy to abide by [Trump's] wishes."[46][47][48][e]

## Officers of the trial

[edit]

### Presiding officer

[edit]

Senator Chuck Grassley administers the oath of office to Chief Justice John Roberts on January 16, 2020

The Chief Justice is cited in Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 of the United States Constitution as the presiding officer in an impeachment trial of the President.[49] As such, Chief Justice John Roberts assumed that role and was sworn in by Senate President pro tempore Chuck Grassley on January 16, 2020. He immediately administered the oath, as required by Rule XXV, to 99 of the senators in attendance.[50][f]

As in all parliamentary proceedings in the Senate, Justice Roberts is advised on procedural matters by Elizabeth MacDonough, Parliamentarian of the United States Senate.[52]

### House managers

[edit]

The House managers, who conducted the prosecution, were named by Speaker Nancy Pelosi on January 15, and formally appointed by the House of Representatives later that same day by a vote of 228–193.[53]

House managers

Lead manager
Adam Schiff
(Democrat, California)  | Jerry Nadler
(Democrat, New York)  | Zoe Lofgren
(Democrat, California)  | Hakeem Jeffries
(Democrat, New York)  | Val Demings
(Democrat, Florida)  | Jason Crow
(Democrat, Colorado)  | Sylvia Garcia
(Democrat, Texas)
|  |  |  |  |  |

The seven congressmembers were chosen for their legal and national security experience and for geographic, racial, and gender diversity. Schiff had helped lead the impeachment inquiry as chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, while Nadler oversaw the drafting of the articles of impeachment in the House Judiciary Committee. Lofgren had been a staffer on the Judiciary Committee during Nixon's impeachment inquiry. Jeffries is the chairman of the House Democratic Caucus, the fifth-ranking member of the Democratic leadership. Demings is the former chief of police in Orlando, and is one of two Democrats on both the Intelligence and Judiciary committees. Crow was one of the "national security" freshman Democrats who co-authored an op-ed in The Washington Post calling for an impeachment inquiry. Garcia was a municipal judge in Houston.[54]

### Trump counsel and congressional defense team

[edit]

The White House formally announced its Senate trial counsel as being led by White House Counsel Pat Cipollone and Jay Sekulow, alongside Ken Starr, Alan Dershowitz, Pam Bondi, Jane Raskin, Eric Herschmann, and Robert Ray on January 17.[55] Additionally, Michael Purpura and Patrick Philbin participated in the trial.[56]

On January 20, the White House named eight House Republicans to serve on Trump's defense team: Doug Collins, Mike Johnson, Jim Jordan, Debbie Lesko, Mark Meadows, John Ratcliffe, Elise Stefanik, and Lee Zeldin.[57]

President's counsel

White House Counsel
Pat Cipollone | Jay Sekulow | Ken Starr | Alan Dershowitz | Pam Bondi
|  |  |  |
Jane Raskin  | Eric Herschmann  | Robert Ray | Patrick F. Philbin | Michael Purpura
|  |  |  |
Congressional defense team

Doug Collins
(Georgia)  | Mike Johnson
(Louisiana)  | Jim Jordan
(Ohio)  | Debbie Lesko
(Arizona)
|  |  |
Mark Meadows
(North Carolina)  | John Ratcliffe
(Texas)  | Elise Stefanik
(New York)  | Lee Zeldin
(New York)
|  |  |

## Opening formalities

[edit]

Representative Adam Schiff reads the Articles of Impeachment before the Senate Senator Dianne Feinstein signs the oath book

Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 of the U.S. Constitution states that "The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments." Per the Senate's impeachment rules adopted in 1986, the submission of the articles to the Senate initiated the trial.[58] Speaker Pelosi signed the articles of impeachment on January 15 and gave them to the sergeant-at-arms, who along with House Clerk Cheryl Johnson, and the managers,[59] delivered them to the Senate where Johnson entered the chamber and announced to Grassley and the Senate leadership that President Trump had indeed been impeached and must stand trial.[60][61]

Once this happened, Grassley told the managers and their entourage to leave and return at noon the following day. They left and at the appointed hour repeated a version of the ceremony.[62] Some Republicans criticized Pelosi for giving congressmen the pens used to sign the articles of impeachment, which have her name printed on them. McConnell commented, "It was a transparently partisan performance from beginning to end."[63]

For this trial, the Senate President pro tempore swears in the chamber's presiding officer, the Chief Justice of the United States, who then swore in all senators who will act as jurors. Each is required to take the following oath (or affirmation):

> I solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that in all things appertaining to the trial of the impeachment of Donald John Trump, President of the United States, now pending, I will do impartial justice according to the Constitution and laws: So help me God.[64][65]

The Senate sergeant-at-arms, Michael Stenger, then read aloud the following proclamation to mark the beginning of the proceedings:

> Hear ye! Hear ye! Hear ye! All persons are commanded to keep silent, on pain of imprisonment, while the House of Representatives is exhibiting to the Senate of the United States articles of impeachment against Donald John Trump, President of the United States.

With the ceremonial beginning over, the Senate adjourned for the Martin Luther King Jr. Day recess beginning the following day.[66][67] In the meantime, the Senate chamber was modified to resemble a courtroom.[68] The House impeachment managers began their opening presentation at 1:00 p.m. EST on January 22.[69]

## Trial memoranda and responses

[edit]

Trial Memorandum of the House of Representatives

Answer of President Trump to the Trial Memorandum of the House of Representatives

Replication of the House of Representatives to the Answer of President Trump

Trial Memorandum of President Donald Trump

Answer of the House of Representatives to the Trial Memorandum of President Donald Trump

On January 18, 2020, the House trial managers released a 111-page trial memorandum, which included new evidence from after Trump was impeached, such as the Government Accountability Office's conclusion that it was illegal for the Trump administration to have withheld military aid to Ukraine without informing Congress—a violation of the Impoundment Control Act of 1974. Trump attorneys released a six-page response to the articles of impeachment, criticizing what they described as a "lawless process", while not directly addressing the allegations that Trump withheld military aid and a White House meeting from Ukraine in an attempt to have Ukraine announce investigations of Joe Biden and Hunter Biden.[70][71][72] On January 20, House trial managers released a 9-page rebuttal to the original Trump response, rejecting the claim that Trump cannot be removed from office "even if the House proves every claim in the Articles of impeachment", as they argued that the Constitution "allows the Senate to remove Presidents who, like President Trump, abuse their power to cheat in elections, betray our national security, and ignore checks and balances".[73]

Also on January 20, Trump attorneys released a 110-page trial memorandum.[74] The memorandum asserted the impeachment was illegitimate and the president should be immediately acquitted because he was not accused of violating any specific law and that abuse of power is not in itself an impeachable offense. This reasoning had been previously rejected by legal scholars,[75][76] and contradicts a 2018 statement by Trump's attorney general Bill Barr, who before taking office wrote a memo to Trump's Justice Department and legal team advising that abuse of power is an impeachable offense.[76] As a Trump legal team member, prominent constitutional scholar Alan Dershowitz also argued that proof of a crime is required to impeach a president, though during the 1998 impeachment of President Clinton he asserted, "It certainly doesn't have to be a crime if you have somebody who completely corrupts the office of president and who abuses trust and who poses great danger to our liberty. You don't need a technical crime," adding, "We look at their acts of state. We look at how they conduct the foreign policy. We look at whether they try to subvert the Constitution." After the video of his statements resurfaced in light of the Trump trial, Dershowitz retracted his earlier position.[77][78][better source needed] On January 21, House trial managers released a 34-page response to the Trump attorneys trial memo, where they stated that the Trump attorneys trial memo was "heavy on rhetoric and procedural grievances" but did not feature a "legitimate defense" of the president.[79] The House trial managers also argued that "any imagined defect" in the House's procedures could be addressed with the Senate admitting and receiving evidence of its own, to give Trump the fair trial he requested.[80]

## Procedural resolution and debate

[edit]

On January 20, McConnell presented a resolution providing procedures for the trial, subject to approval by a simple majority vote. The resolution provided the White House counsel and House impeachment managers 24 hours each over two days to make opening statements, beginning at 1:00 p.m. each day. The next day, the resolution was amended to extend opening statements to three days.[81] Opening statements were to be followed by 16 hours of questions and answers, followed by four hours of debate and a vote on whether to consider witnesses or new information. Minority leader Schumer criticized the resolution as a "national disgrace" because it did not automatically include evidence from the House inquiry and rushed the trial, while the White House was pleased with the proposal. The next day, McConnell amended his resolution to automatically include the House inquiry evidence unless a simple majority vote prohibited it.[82] The White House and its Senate allies were confident they could garner the simple majority needed to prevent calling witnesses, though they worked on a fallback plan if Bolton was compelled to testify by asserting national security concerns to move his testimony to a closed-door session.[83][84] Some conservatives floated a proposal to permit Bolton's testimony in exchange for requiring Hunter Biden to testify, which Democrats rejected.[85] Biden had been the subject of baseless conspiracy theories related to his business activities in Ukraine.[86]

On January 21, Schumer and the House managers introduced 11 amendments to McConnell's resolution, which sought to subpoena testimony from current and former White House officials (Mick Mulvaney, John Bolton, Robert Blair, and Michael Duffey) and also subpoena White House, State Department, and Office of Management and Budget documents.[87] The White House and the State Department previously refused to pass such documents to House investigators.[88] All 11 amendments were tabled (rejected).[89] With the exception of a single amendment to extend the amount of time permitted to file motions, which was supported by Republican senator Susan Collins, the amendments were defeated along party lines with a vote of 53 to 47.[90]

Also on January 21, Sekulow drew a parallel between Trump withholding aid to Ukraine and President Obama withholding aid to Egypt in 2013. In the latter case, Egypt had just experienced a military coup d'etat, which under U.S. law required aid to be withheld.[91]

On January 22, Trump gave public comments on his impeachment trial: "I thought our team did a very good job. But honestly, we have all the material. They don't have the material." The White House denied Trump was referring to documents that had been withheld from House impeachment investigators and sought by the Democratic trial managers.[92] The following day, Sekulow told reporters, "the White House will use, and we will use, appropriate documents that will be admissible to what this record is."[93]

During statements in the Senate chamber regarding trial procedures, Trump attorneys Cipollone and Sekulow made significant false statements which had previously been asserted by Trump supporters but debunked. Cipollone asserted that Republican House members were not allowed to participate in closed-door hearings, when in fact all Republicans who were members of the three investigating committees were entitled to attend the hearings, and many did and questioned witnesses. Cipollone also accused Adam Schiff of manufacturing a fake transcript of Trump's comments during the Trump–Zelenskyy phone call, but Schiff had said in advance that he was paraphrasing Trump's words. Cipollone also misrepresented the genesis of the president's impeachment, falsely asserting that Schiff proceeded with his investigation despite knowing his allegations were false. Sekulow asserted that Trump was denied the right to cross-examine witnesses, examine the evidence, or have an attorney present during Judiciary Committee proceedings, though the White House was invited to exercise those rights, but declined, as the president had refused to cooperate in any way with the inquiry. Sekulow also falsely asserted that the Mueller Report had concluded that Trump did not engage in obstruction of justice.[94]

## Opening arguments

[edit]

### Prosecution

[edit]

#### January 22

[edit]

On January 22, the first day of opening arguments, Democrats presented evidence from House impeachment inquiry testimony, the Trump–Zelenskyy phone call and Trump's statements. Schiff started by asserting that Trump needs to be removed from office because he has shown he is ready and willing to cheat in the 2020 elections. Schiff told the Senate, "The president's misconduct cannot be decided at the ballot box because we cannot be assured the vote will be fairly won."[95] Schumer called the previous evening a "dark night for the Senate", when the White House, in response to a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit, released new evidence including a string of heavily redacted emails revealing details about how the Office of Management and Budget froze aid to Ukraine.[96][97][98][g] Jerry Nadler and Sylvia Garcia discussed Trump's lawyer Rudy Giuliani's smear campaign against Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch. Jason Crow and Hakeem Jeffries discussed the significance of the Trump–Zelenskyy phone call, and Schiff and Zoe Lofgren detailed how the scheme was exposed to the public. Lofgren mentioned that Pentagon officials wrote to the Office of Management and Budget warning that freezing aid to Ukraine might be illegal. Schiff concluded by pointing to the courage of administration officials who risked their careers in testifying and called upon senators to show equal courage.[95][100]

An estimated eleven million viewers tuned in to watch the proceedings.[101]

During his statements, Schiff referenced a quid pro quo in Trump's actions. Outside the Senate chamber, Sekulow told reporters the articles of impeachment do not mention any quid pro quo,[102] though Article I states that Trump had "conditioned two official acts on the public announcements that he had requested" without using the expression quid pro quo.[103] After the session, Justice Roberts allowed a page of supplementary testimony from an aide of Vice President Mike Pence to be admitted into the record.[95]

#### January 23

[edit]

On day two, House managers presented arguments to assert the evidence warranted Trump's removal from office. Jerry Nadler argued that abuse, betrayal, and corruption, or the "ABCs" of impeachment make a strong case for removal. He played videos from the impeachment trial of Bill Clinton showing statements by Senator Lindsey Graham (Republican, South Carolina) and lawyer Alan Dershowitz arguing that impeachment does not necessitate the breaking of a law; Graham absented himself during the showing of the video. They also played videos of Fiona Hill and FBI director Chris Wray to debunk the notion that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 United States presidential election. Sylvia Garcia and Adam Schiff argued several points to highlight why Trump's activities were inappropriate, including that he was not looking for an actual investigation but only an announcement of one, that the investigations were not official foreign policy and were carried out through unofficial channels, and that the White House first tried to bury the call. They pointed out that Trump himself told us he was looking for an investigation into the Bidens. They also pointed out that Vice President Biden pushed out Ukrainian prosecutor Viktor Shokin because he was not fighting corruption in Ukraine, and his ouster was backed by international organizations.[h] Schiff concluded by arguing that Trump cannot be counted on to stand up to the Russians if they interfere in the 2020 presidential election.[107][108]

Despite strict rules of silence during the trial, Senator Graham chuckled through the presentation about Biden and he whispered to Senators John Barrasso (Republican, Wyoming) and John Cornyn (Republican, Texas). At the end of the day, Susan Collins sent a note to Chief Justice Roberts complaining about Nadler's remarks that senators would be complicit in a coverup if they did not allow testimony from additional witness.[107] Senators Richard Burr (Republican, North Carolina), Tom Cotton (Republican, Arkansas), and Pat Toomey (Republican, Pennsylvania) played with toys while Marsha Blackburn (Republican, Tennessee) read a book during the session.[108]

#### January 24

[edit]

On their third and final day, the Democrats discussed how they expected the Trump defense might respond and asked the Senate to call witnesses. Jerry Nadler called Trump a dictator and said, "The president has declared himself above the law. He has done so because he is guilty." He contrasted Trump's complete stonewalling of any witness or documents with the cooperation other presidents have offered during investigations, including Ronald Reagan during the Iran–Contra affair. Schiff rebuffed Republican arguments that House Democrats should have subpoenaed witness by pointing out that the process would probably have dragged out in the courts for months.[107][109] Schiff concluded, "Give America a fair trial. She's worth it."[110]

Some Republicans remarked that the Democrats' presentations were repetitive, though Democratic senator Tim Kaine indicated this was intentional as many senators and the public had not closely followed the impeachment inquiry. Republican senator John Kennedy acknowledged, "Senators didn't know the case. They really didn't. We didn't stay glued to the television. We haven't read the transcripts."[111] Senator James Inhofe (Republican, Oklahoma) said, "I have to say this: Schiff is very, very effective."[112] In his closing remarks, Schiff said of the Trump defense team, "If they couldn't get Ukraine to smear the Bidens, they want to use this trial to do it instead."[113]

### Defense

[edit]

As Trump's defense team prepared to begin their statements the next day, Sekulow told reporters that during their statements Democrats had "kicked the door down" on Burisma and the Bidens, and that his team planned to respond.[114] The Washington Post reported that the Trump team planned a scorched-earth defense by targeting the Bidens in an effort to both sway senators in the trial and undercut Trump's political opponent.[115] Lindsey Graham stated his opposition to subpoenaing either Biden even if other witnesses were called, because he did not want the trial to interfere with the 2020 presidential election,[i] but stated his support of a separate investigation.[117]

#### January 25

[edit]

The Trump defense team began its statements on January 25. The primary arguments were a lack of direct evidence of wrongdoing, and that Democrats were attempting to use the impeachment to steal the 2020 election.[118][i] Sekulow cited the conspiracy theory that Ukraine had interfered in the 2016 election, suggesting this gave Trump a basis to investigate corruption in Ukraine.[118][j] Deputy White House counsel Michael Purpura presented video from the impeachment inquiry of three envoys to Ukraine testifying that the first time they had become aware Ukraine had expressed concern about the aid being withheld was in August 2019, suggesting Ukraine was unaware of the hold at the time of the Trump–Zelenskyy phone call.[118][k] Despite White House resistance to witness testimony during the impeachment inquiry and trial, deputy White House counsel Patrick Philbin said, "cross-examination in our legal system is regarded as the greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery of truth."[121]

#### January 26

[edit]

On January 26, The New York Times reported that Bolton had written in a draft of his forthcoming book that the president told him in August 2019 he wanted to continue freezing $391 million in aid to Ukraine until officials there pursued investigations into Democrats, including the Bidens.[122] Trump denied Bolton's claim.[43][better source needed] The House impeachment managers subsequently called for the Senate to call Bolton as a witness.[123] McConnell evidently had no knowledge of the book contents prior to the Times story, though White House aides have reportedly had the manuscript since late December.[124] After the Times story was published, Trump asserted that House impeachment investigators had never called Bolton to testify.[125] The Times later reported the Bolton book described a May 2019 Oval Office meeting during which Trump directed Bolton to call Zelenskyy to ask him to meet with Giuliani about getting damaging information on the Bidens. Bolton reportedly wrote that Giuliani, Mulvaney and Cipollone attended the meeting. Trump denied telling Bolton this, and Giuliani denied Mulvaney or Cipollone attended meetings related to Ukraine.[126] Cipollone previously said he never attended Ukraine-related meetings, and Mulvaney said he avoided Trump–Giuliani meetings so as to not jeopardize their attorney-client privilege.[127]

#### January 27

[edit]

The following day, Pam Bondi[l] dedicated most of her time discussing the motive behind Trump's actions, citing the conspiracy theory involving the Bidens and Burisma, saying, "We would prefer not to be talking about this. But the House managers have placed this squarely at issue, so we must address it." She repeated allegations that Joe Biden had sought the removal of Ukrainian prosecutor general Viktor Shokin, who was ostensibly investigating the firm that employed Hunter Biden, though this action was in agreement with the foreign policy of the United States and other Western governments towards Ukraine at the time.[130][m] Bondi also falsely asserted that The New York Times reported in 2015 that Shokin was investigating Burisma and its owner.[131]

Trump attorney Jane Raskin followed Bondi and told senators, "In this trial ... Mr. Giuliani is just a minor player, that shiny object designed to distract you."[132][n] Trump counsel Eric Herschmann asked why Hunter Biden was hired and paid so much by Burisma despite having no experience in the energy sector or Ukraine, then played a video of him explaining that he was employed to head the corporate governance and transparency committee on the Burisma board.[137] Trump's team asserted that President Obama had abused his power with Russia, with Herschmann characterizing a 2012 "hot mic" incident between Obama and Russian president Dmitry Medvedev[138] as a quid pro quo. He also played a video from a 2012 presidential debate in which Obama mocked his opponent Mitt Romney for having said Russia was America's top geopolitical opponent.[139]

#### January 28

[edit]

On January 28, the final day of the Trump team's opening statements, Pat Philbin argued that no one could get into the president's mind and decide what is or is not an "illicit motive". He went on to say the president is not beholden to what his subordinates say or think.[140] Senators James Lankford (Republican, Oklahoma) and Lindsey Graham proposed that Bolton's book should be reviewed in a classified setting; some argue that this would be illegal.[141] Schumer immediately shot the idea down.[142] Sekulow said the trial was "not a game of leaks and unsourced manuscripts", characterizing the reported assertion in Bolton's book as inadmissible. Schiff later remarked, "I don't think quite frankly that we could have made as effective a case for John Bolton's testimony as the president's own lawyers."[143][144] Sekulow also falsely asserted that Crossfire Hurricane—the FBI investigation opened in July 2016 that investigated links between Russians and Trump campaign associates—had also investigated Trump personally; Trump did not come under personal scrutiny until his May 2017 firing of FBI director James Comey raised suspicions of obstruction of justice.[145]

## Question-and-answer session

[edit]

Senator Chris Murphy's question presented to the House Managers.

Sixteen hours of questions and answers began on January 29. Senators had to write questions on a sheet of paper addressing the defense, the prosecution or both, which Chief Justice Roberts read out loud for the relevant team to answer.[146] The first day contained questions of both procedural and evidentiary topics,[147] as well as questions Roberts declined to allow, such as one speculating about the identity of the whistleblower.[148] Senator Rand Paul was seen and heard expressing his frustration at the ruling during a break.[149]

Most of the questions fell along party lines; Democrats questioned the House managers, and Republicans questioned Trump's lawyers. Tim Scott (Republican, South Carolina) said that was because "You don't want to see someone just drone on."[150] The first question was from Senators Susan Collins (Republican, Maine), Mitt Romney (Republican, Utah), and Lisa Murkowski (Republican, Alaska) who asked whether Trump's conduct toward Ukraine would be impeachable if he was acting out of both public and personal motives. Patrick Philbin replied that mixed motives would make the case for impeachment fail. Asked for his view on the same question by Chuck Schumer (Democrat, New York), Schiff argued that "[I]f any part of the president's motive was a corrupt motive, that is enough to convict."[150] Ted Cruz (Republican, Texas) asked if quid pro quo arrangements were common in foreign policy; Alan Dershowitz suggested there would be nothing wrong if the president asked a foreign country for help in his reelection because the president might think it was central to the best interests of the country. Schiff retorted that would give carte blanche to more interference in the future. Five Republicans asked how the Founding Fathers would feel about an impeachment that was supported by only one political party; Dershowitz opined that "The president is the executive branch. He is irreplaceable."[151] Schiff and Philbin disagreed over calling witnesses. Schiff said Bolton could clear up doubts about Trump's motives, while Philbin threatened that any attempt to get Bolton to testify would tie up the proceedings for months. Schiff said Chief Justice Roberts could rule on the question.[150]

Admission ticket to the Senate Press Gallery dated January 29, 2020

Dershowitz stirred controversy on January 29 by saying, "If a president does something which he believes will help him get elected in the public interest, that cannot be the kind of quid pro quo that results in impeachment." The statement elicited concerns among many that Dershowitz was asserting a president is above the law, with Schiff telling senators it was reminiscent of former president Nixon's assertion that "when the president does it, that means it is not illegal." Dershowitz insisted his comment was mischaracterized, later stating, "a president seeking re-election cannot do anything he wants. He is not above the law. He cannot commit crimes."[152]

The question and answer session continued on January 30. One of the first questions was how the Senate could find out when the $400 million hold was first ordered. Democratic House manager Jason Crow said that information was unknown but could be easily obtained with subpoenas for documents and witnesses, including Bolton. Senator Lisa Murkowski cited Ambassador Gordon Sondland and Senator Johnson in asking why Bolton should not be called to testify. Murkowski later joined Lamar Alexander in asking defense lawyers if withholding aid to Ukraine was impeachable; the lawyers said it is not. Senators Jack Reed (Democrat, Rhode Island), Tammy Duckworth (Democrat, Illinois), and Kamala Harris (Democrat, California) asked both sides who was paying Rudy Giuliani. Schiff reported that he did not know, and Sekulow called the question unimportant.[153]

Senator John Thune (Republican, South Dakota) conceded that Trump did what he was charged with, but that witnesses were not necessary and the actions were not impeachable. Kevin Cramer (Republican, North Dakota) said, "I think [Bolton] sounds like a lot of the other witnesses, frankly. I don't know that he's got a lot new to add to it." Other Republicans made similar statements.[154]

Representative Schiff inspires laughter from the Senate, after describing a Justice Department lawyer's defense argument.[155][156]

Schiff pointed out that during a January 30 federal court hearing about the White House's refusal to honor congressional subpoenas, Judge Randolph Moss asked Justice Department attorney James Burnham what remedies Congress might have in such a case. Burnham suggested impeachment, though Trump's attorneys argue that obstruction of Congress is not an impeachable offense. Burnham said, "They are hypocrites. We are hypocrites, I guess," in reference to the Trump administration's stance against both impeachment and court cases, as well as the House's wanting to impeach the president for obstruction of Congress while asking the courts to enforce its subpoenas for executive-branch information.[157][158] Moss said, "It seems ... remarkable to suggest that Congress as an institution can't enforce its subpoenas," noting that if that were so, subpoenas would be little more than requests.[159]

## Vote on subpoenas

[edit]

On January 31, after a planned debate session, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas to call witnesses or documents with a 51–49 vote.[160] Fifty-one Republican senators voted against calling witnesses, while 45 Democratic senators, two independents (Bernie Sanders and Angus King) who typically vote Democratic, and two Republicans (Mitt Romney and Susan Collins) voted for witnesses.[161] Further attempts to add witnesses, Bolton in particular, via amendments were tabled with similar vote tallies but with Romney and Collins joining their fellow Republicans except for votes specifically calling for Bolton as a witness.[162]

Senate voting results on subpoenaing new witnesses and new documents (Rollcall Vote No. 27)[163][164] | Yea  | Nay  | Present

|
|
|

| Republican  | 02 | 51  | 0
| Democratic  | 45  | 00  | 0
| Independent  | 02 | 00  | 0
Totals  | 49  | 51  | 0
Rejected[o]

The night after the vote, the Justice Department and a lawyer for the Office of Management and Budget acknowledged, in a court filing in a FOIA lawsuit brought against the administration by the Center for Public Integrity, the existence of two dozen emails revealing Trump's thinking about the "scope, duration, and purpose" of the freeze on military aid to Ukraine.[99] The Trump administration withheld the documents, asserting that they are subject to "presidential privilege".[99][166]

## Verdict

[edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Mitt Romney's Remarks

Mitt Romney explaining his vote

Closing arguments were given by the prosecution and defense teams on February 3.[167] That day, Democratic senator Joe Manchin, who was undecided on the trial vote, proposed the Senate censure the president to prevent his behavior to go "unchecked by the Senate", though there appeared to be little support for it.[168] Senator Rand Paul (Republican, Kentucky) gave a speech[169] reiterating the question which Chief Justice Roberts declined to read.[170] On February 5, the Senate voted on whether to convict the president on the charges and evidence as they were presented and debated upon.[171] The senators voted 52 to 48 to find Trump not guilty on the charge of abuse of power; all 45 Democrats, Independent senators Bernie Sanders and Angus King, and Republican senator Mitt Romney voted guilty. Romney's vote marked the first time in American history a senator voted to convict a president of his own party. On the second charge, the Senate voted 53 to 47, in a party-line vote, to find him not guilty on the charge of obstruction of Congress.[172][173]

With 48% of senators voting to convict on the first article of impeachment, and 47% of senators voting to convict on the second article of impeachment, out of the four presidential impeachment trials in United States history, this trial has the lowest percentage of senators that voted to convict on at least one article. In the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, 64.82% of senators voted to convict on each of the three articles of impeachment which saw votes cast.[174] In the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump, 57% of senators voted to convict on the sole article of impeachment.[175] In the impeachment trial of Bill Clinton, 45% of senators voted to convict on the first article of impeachment,[176] and 50% of senators voted to convict on the second article of impeachment.[177]

Voting results[178][179] Article I
(Abuse of power)  | Article II
(Obstruction of Congress)

|

| Guilty  | Not guilty  |  | Guilty  | Not guilty
| Democratic  | 45  | 00  |  | Democratic  | 45  | 00
| Republican  | 01 | 52  |  | Republican  | 00  | 53
| Independent  | 02 | 00  |  | Independent  | 02 | 00
Totals  | 48  | 52  | Totals  | 47  | 53
Not guilty[p] | Not guilty[p]
Roll call votes on the Articles of Impeachment[180] Senator  | Party  | Article I  | Article II

|
|
|

Lamar Alexander |

R–TN

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Tammy Baldwin |

D–WI

| Guilty | Guilty
John Barrasso |

R–WY

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Michael Bennet |

D–CO

| Guilty | Guilty
Marsha Blackburn |

R–TN

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Richard Blumenthal |

D–CT

| Guilty | Guilty
Roy Blunt |

R–MO

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Cory Booker |

D–NJ

| Guilty | Guilty
John Boozman |

R–AR

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Mike Braun |

R-IN

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Sherrod Brown |

D-OH

| Guilty | Guilty
Richard Burr |

R–NC

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Maria Cantwell |

D–WA

| Guilty | Guilty
Shelley Moore Capito |

R–WV

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Ben Cardin |

D–MD

| Guilty | Guilty
Tom Carper |

D–DE

| Guilty | Guilty
Bob Casey Jr. |

D–PA

| Guilty | Guilty
Bill Cassidy |

R–LA

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Susan Collins |

R–ME

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Chris Coons |

D–DE

| Guilty | Guilty
John Cornyn |

R–TX

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Catherine Cortez Masto |

D–NV

| Guilty | Guilty
Tom Cotton |

R–AR

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Kevin Cramer |

R–ND

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Mike Crapo |

R–ID

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Ted Cruz |

R–TX

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Steve Daines |

R–MT

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Tammy Duckworth |

D–IL

| Guilty | Guilty
Dick Durbin |

D–IL

| Guilty | Guilty
Mike Enzi |

R–WY

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Joni Ernst |

R–IA

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Dianne Feinstein |

D–CA

| Guilty | Guilty
Deb Fischer |

R–NE

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Cory Gardner |

R–CO

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Kirsten Gillibrand |

D–NY

| Guilty | Guilty
Lindsey Graham |

R–SC

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Chuck Grassley |

R–IA

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Kamala Harris |

D–CA

| Guilty | Guilty
Maggie Hassan |

D–NH

| Guilty | Guilty
Josh Hawley |

R–MO

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Martin Heinrich |

D–NM

| Guilty | Guilty
Mazie Hirono |

D–HI

| Guilty | Guilty
John Hoeven |

R–ND

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Cindy Hyde-Smith |

R–MS

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Jim Inhofe |

R–OK

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Ron Johnson |

R–WI

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Doug Jones |

D–AL

| Guilty | Guilty
Tim Kaine |

D–VA

| Guilty | Guilty
John Kennedy |

R–LA

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Angus King |

I–ME

| Guilty | Guilty
Amy Klobuchar |

D–MN

| Guilty | Guilty
James Lankford |

R–OK

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Patrick Leahy |

D–VT

| Guilty | Guilty
Mike Lee |

R–UT

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Kelly Loeffler |

R–GA

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Joe Manchin |

D–WV

| Guilty | Guilty
Ed Markey |

D–MA

| Guilty | Guilty
Mitch McConnell |

R–KY

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Martha McSally |

R–AZ

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Bob Menendez |

D–NJ

| Guilty | Guilty
Jeff Merkley |

D–OR

| Guilty | Guilty
Jerry Moran |

R–KS

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Lisa Murkowski |

R–AK

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Chris Murphy |

D–CT

| Guilty | Guilty
Patty Murray |

D–WA

| Guilty | Guilty
Rand Paul |

R–KY

| Not guilty | Not guilty
David Perdue |

R–GA

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Gary Peters |

D–MI

| Guilty | Guilty
Rob Portman |

R–OH

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Jack Reed |

D–RI

| Guilty | Guilty
Jim Risch |

R–ID

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Pat Roberts |

R–KS

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Mitt Romney |

R–UT

| Guilty | Not guilty
Jacky Rosen |

D–NV

| Guilty | Guilty
Mike Rounds |

R–SD

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Marco Rubio |

R–FL

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Bernie Sanders |

I–VT

| Guilty | Guilty
Ben Sasse |

R–NE

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Brian Schatz |

D–HI

| Guilty | Guilty
Chuck Schumer |

D–NY

| Guilty | Guilty
Rick Scott |

R–FL

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Tim Scott |

R–SC

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Jeanne Shaheen |

D–NH

| Guilty | Guilty
Richard Shelby |

R–AL

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Kyrsten Sinema |

D–AZ

| Guilty | Guilty
Tina Smith |

D–MN

| Guilty | Guilty
Debbie Stabenow |

D–MI

| Guilty | Guilty
Dan Sullivan |

R–AK

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Jon Tester |

D–MT

| Guilty | Guilty
John Thune |

R–SD

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Thom Tillis |

R–NC

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Pat Toomey |

R–PA

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Tom Udall |

D–NM

| Guilty | Guilty
Chris Van Hollen |

D–MD

| Guilty | Guilty
Mark Warner |

D–VA

| Guilty | Guilty
Elizabeth Warren |

D–MA

| Guilty | Guilty
Sheldon Whitehouse |

D–RI

| Guilty | Guilty
Roger Wicker |

R–MS

| Not guilty | Not guilty
Ron Wyden |

D–OR

| Guilty | Guilty
Todd Young |

R–IN

| Not guilty | Not guilty

## Public opinion

[edit]

Further information: First impeachment of Donald Trump § Public opinion

Americans were sharply divided on whether Trump should be removed from office, with Democrats largely supporting removal, Republicans largely opposing, and independents divided.[181] A poll of 1,156 respondents conducted by Social Science Research Solutions in January 2020 found that 51% of people (89% of Democrats, 8% of Republicans, and 48% of independents) supported Trump's removal from office, compared to 45% who opposed the idea. The poll also found that 69% of respondents support calling new witnesses during the trial. Of the respondents, 32% of those sampled were Democrats, 26% were Republicans, and 42% described themselves as independents or members of another party.[182] A January 17–22 Reuters/Ipsos poll found that about 72% of Americans believed the trial "should allow witnesses with firsthand knowledge of the impeachment charges to testify", including 69% of Republicans.[183]

A Quinnipiac University poll released on January 28 showed that 75% of those polled support calling witnesses; 49% of Republicans, 95% of Democrats, and 75% of independents. On the issue of removing Trump from office, 48% said no and 47% said yes. 89% of the respondents said they are firm in their opinions.[184] A Pew Research Center poll showed that 51% of Americans believed Trump should be removed from office and 70% believed he had done unethical things.[101]

## Political reactions

[edit]

During the trial on January 24, Senator Marsha Blackburn (Republican, Tennessee) tweeted her disdain for the Director for European Affairs for the United States National Security Council, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vindman, questioning his patriotism for testifying against the president.[185][q] On January 27, former vice president Joe Biden pushed for witnesses but said he would not testify because he had nothing to defend.[187][better source needed] The following day, Senator Joni Ernst (Republican, Iowa) said she believed the trial would hurt Biden in the Iowa caucuses on February 3. A Biden spokesperson replied, "Senator Ernst just said the quiet part out loud: Republicans are terrified that Joe Biden will be the Democratic nominee, defeat Donald Trump, and help progressives gain seats in the House and take the Senate."[188]

Steve Benen, who writes for The Rachel Maddow Show, reported on January 28 that former Trump White House chief of staff General John F. Kelly responded to Trump's downplaying of Bolton's book by saying, "If John Bolton says that in the book, I believe John Bolton." Benen notes that Kelly attributes Bolton with honesty, integrity, and character, but fails to apply the same terms to the president.[189] Benen also quoted Senator Roy Blunt (Republican, Missouri) as rejecting witnesses, saying he did not want to "stretch this out with no change in outcome".[190]

The White House on January 23 issued a formal threat to stop Bolton from publishing his book, The Room Where It Happened, citing national security concerns, according to CNN. Neither Bolton nor publisher Simon & Schuster responded to a request for comment.[191]

House Speaker Pelosi said on January 30 that Trump's lawyers had trampled on the Constitution with their arguments that the president could not be impeached for using his office for political gain, and she suggested they should be disbarred.[192] Two days after Trump's acquittal, she wrote a partisan opinion piece criticizing Republican senators as "accomplices to the president's wrongdoing" who were "normalizing lawlessness and rejecting the checks and balances of our Constitution".[193]

Former Illinois Congressman Joe Walsh said on January 31 that the vote not to call witnesses was "Absolutely cowardly", going on to state "I'm a Republican running for president. ... these Senate Republicans ... deserve to pay a big price."[194]

While they voted against witnesses, Senator Rob Portman (Republican, Ohio) called Trump's actions "wrong and inappropriate", and Senator Lamar Alexander (Republican, Tennessee) said they were inappropriate, but not bad enough to convict the president.[195] Alexander said the House of Representatives proved the case that Trump withheld military aid to Ukraine to encourage its government to investigate the Bidens, but concluded that the consequences of the president's actions should be decided in the next election.[196] Senator Susan Collins (Republican, Maine) said she believes Trump has learned his lesson from the Ukraine scandal and his impeachment, but she later said that "hopes" was a better word for it after Trump maintained that he did nothing wrong in response to Collins' comments.[197]

With his vote to convict Trump, Republican senator Mitt Romney became the first senator to vote to convict a president of his own political party. Romney said Trump was "guilty of an appalling abuse of public trust", saying, "Corrupting an election to keep oneself in office is perhaps the most abusive and destructive violation of one's oath of office that I can imagine."[198]

## Aftermath

[edit]

After being apparently smeared by Rudy Giuliani and Lev Parnas, former ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovitch announced her retirement from the State Department on January 31, 2020.[199]

On February 6, the day after the trial ended, Trump gave a speech to a large group of supporters to "discuss our country's victory on the impeachment hoax".[200] He held up a copy of The Washington Post with the headline "Trump Acquitted", saying "It's the only good headline I've ever had in The Washington Post."[201] He said, "We've been going through this now for over three years. It was evil, it was corrupt, it was dirty cops, it was leakers and liars. And this should never, ever happen to another president, ever."[202] He railed against perceived enemies including Mitt Romney, James Comey, and Robert Mueller, and said of Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer, "In my opinion, it's almost like they want to destroy our country."[202] The next day he told reporters that his impeachment should be "expunged" because it was a "total political hoax".[203]

On February 7, Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman and his brother Lt. Col. Yevgeny Vindman were escorted from the White House and reassigned to the Defense Department and the U.S. Army's Office of General Counsel, respectively, in apparent retaliation for their testimony.[204] At that time, Alexander Vindman was planning to leave the National Security Council in July;[205] in July, he announced he would retire from the U.S. Army, claiming that Trump allies continued to retaliate against him by limiting his chances at promotion.[206]

Also on February 7, ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland who had also testified in the House inquiry, was recalled from his post.[207][205] Following the sackings, Pelosi, Schiff, and Schumer accused Trump of acting in retaliation for Vindman testifying in response to a subpoena from the House impeachment inquiry.[208][209][210][211]

Days after his acquittal, Trump acknowledged that he had directed Giuliani to go to Ukraine, after denying he had prior to his impeachment.[212][213]

In early February 2020, Lindsey Graham publicly said Senate Intelligence Committee chairman Richard Burr would subpoena the whistleblower to look at "whether or not the whistleblower had a bias". Later that month, Burr said, "I'm prepared to do whatever we have to to interview the whistleblower." Republican Senator John Cornyn has argued that there are "unresolved questions", including the whistleblower's "contact with [the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and its staff] and ... if that was a result of a collaborative process between Mr. Schiff's staff and the whistleblower." Both Schiff and the whistleblower's lawyers have denied that Schiff played any role in creating the complaint.[214]

On February 21, director of the Office of Presidential Personnel John McEntee held a meeting to liaise for coordination among agencies which reportedly included him asking Cabinet liaisons to identify political appointees and career officials working against the President's agenda.[215][216][217]

On April 3, late on a Friday evening, Trump notified the Congressional intelligence committees that he intended to fire Michael Atkinson, the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community. Trump's letter did not specify a reason for firing Atkinson. However he has criticized Atkinson for helping to start his impeachment when he told Congress about the existence of a whistleblower complaint, as the law required. In defending the firing, Trump stated that Atkinson is "not a big Trump fan". Trump was heavily criticized for the firing, which many members of Congress described as another abuse of power. Adam Schiff described the firing as "yet another blatant attempt by the president to gut the independence of the intelligence community and retaliate against those who dare to expose presidential wrongdoing". Michael Horowitz, the chair of the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency, also released a statement rebuking Trump and defending Atkinson's professionalism and standards.[218][219] One of the only public officials who openly supported Trump's firing of Atkinson was Attorney General William Barr. Barr originally had tried and failed to prevent Atkinson from informing Congress about the existence of a whistleblower complaint. Under Barr, the Justice Department also determined that no crimes needed to be investigated with regard to the extortion of Ukraine's government.[220] In justifying Atkinson's firing, some of Barr's statements about the actions of Atkinson and the DOJ, and the relevant laws and policies, were false.[221]

After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol the House of Representatives voted to approve the second impeachment of Donald Trump on January 13, 2021, leading to the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump the following month.[2][222]

## Coverage

[edit]

The trial was televised on all the major U.S. broadcast and cable television networks. Facebook and Twitter streamed the address online.

### Viewership

[edit]

Average of cable and network viewers[223]

| Network | Viewers

|

FNC | 2,534,000
MSNBC | 1,481,000
CBS | 1,474,000
ABC | 1,243,000
CNN | 1,134,000
NBC | 906,000

Broadcast networks

Cable news networks

## See also

[edit]

* Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Richard Nixon resigned before he could be impeached and put on trial.
2. ^ One of Mulvaney's top aides until being promoted by Trump on December 23 to a special representative for global telecommunications policy.[14]
3. ^ The former national security advisor did not attend his scheduled House deposition on November 7, 2019, and his lawyer threatened to take legal action if he was subpoenaed. According to a House Intelligence Committee official, this is evidence of the president's obstruction of Congress.[15] On January 6, 2020, Bolton said he would be willing to testify in the Senate trial if subpoenaed.[16] However, Trump has said he would invoke executive privilege to keep him from testifying.[17]
4. ^ The House had invited Bolton to testify during the impeachment inquiry, but after Bolton's former deputy, Charles Kupperman—who shares a lawyer with Bolton—filed a lawsuit in response to being subpoenaed, the House decided not to subpoena Bolton.[38]
5. ^ Parnas also had information on Vice President Mike Pence, former energy secretary Rick Perry, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, Attorney General William Barr, Senator Lindsey Graham, Republican Representative Devin Nunes, Nunes' aide Derek Harvey, journalist John Solomon, pro-Trump lawyers Joe diGenova and Victoria Toensing, and the pro-Trump super PAC America First.[46]
6. ^ Oklahoma Senator Jim Inhofe was attending to a family emergency, but would take the oath upon returning to DC.[51]
7. ^ The night after the Senate voted against subpoenaing witnesses in the trial, the Justice Department and a lawyer for the Office of Management and Budget acknowledged that some of the emails which remain undisclosed due to executive privilege contain details about why military aid to Ukraine was frozen.[99]
8. ^ In March 2016 testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, former ambassador to Ukraine John E. Herbst said, "By late fall of 2015, the EU and the United States joined the chorus of those seeking Mr. Shokin's removal" and that Joe Biden "spoke publicly about this before and during his December visit to Kyiv".[104] During the same hearing, assistant secretary of state Victoria Nuland said, "we have pegged our next $1 billion loan guarantee, first and foremost, to having a rebooting of the reform coalition so that we know who we are working with, but secondarily, to ensuring that the prosecutor general's office gets cleaned up."[105][106]
9. ^ a b Trump has argued that the impeachment's timing was designed to hurt Bernie Sanders's presidential campaign by forcing him to focus on the trial.[116]
10. ^ The United States intelligence community, the Senate Intelligence Committee and the FBI have not found evidence that Ukraine interfered in the election.[119][120]
11. ^ Purpura omitted the testimony of Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Laura Cooper, who testified that her office received emails about the hold from Ukrainian officials on July 25, the day of the call.[118]
12. ^ Bondi has been tied to indicted Giuliani associate Lev Parnas by Parnas and his lawyer. In the leaked audiotape of his April 2018 dinner with Trump, Parnas mentioned with regard to his illegal financial support for Florida Republican politicians like Rick Scott that he had just had lunch with Bondi, who was Florida's attorney general at the time. Photos were released of two meetings between Parnas and Bondi.[128][129]
13. ^ Bondi did not mention that both Western governments and non-governmental organizations had sought Shokin's removal because they believed he was corrupt and that the Burisma investigation had gone dormant under him.[130]
14. ^ The whistleblower and several impeachment inquiry witnesses testified that Trump had instructed them to coordinate their activities through Giuliani,[133][134] who was mentioned by name multiple times in the Trump–Zelenskyy phone call.[135] Giuliani had also sent Zelenskyy a letter on behalf of Trump as a private citizen requesting a meeting with the newly elected Ukrainian president in May 2019.[136]
15. ^ Adoption nominally based on a simple majority. There are 100 Senate seats, half is 50 and one extra vote is needed for a majority so 51 is the number of yea votes for a clear adoption. There was some uncertainty over how a 50–50 tie would be handled and whether it would give the Presiding Officer, Chief Justice John Roberts, a tie-breaking vote similar to how the Vice President of the United States votes to break a tie in the Senate. Roberts himself rejected this, saying he viewed it as "inappropriate" despite being aware of historical precedent.[165]
16. ^ a b Guilt based on "the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present" according to the Constitution (Article 1, Section 3, Clause 6). There are 100 Senate seats (two per U.S. state) and all Senators were present at the trial. Two-thirds of 100 is 66.6, so 67 guilty votes are needed for a guilty verdict.
17. ^ Vindman's testimony corroborates that of Fiona Hill and William B. Taylor Jr.[186]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ 'Not Guilty': Trump Acquitted On 2 Articles Of Impeachment As Historic Trial Closes (Senate Republicans would not allow evidence to be submitted into the record, officially.) Archived February 6, 2020, at the Wayback Machine by Philip Ewing, NPR, February 5, 2020, 4:33 PM ET
2. ^ a b "The 10 Republicans who voted to impeach Donald Trump". January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
3. ^ "Trump acquitted in impeachment trial; 7 GOP Senators vote with Democrats to convict". NBC News. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
4. ^ Roos, Dave. "What Happens After Impeachment". History. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
5. ^ Gambino, Lauren (September 25, 2019). "Pelosi announces impeachment inquiry into Trump over Ukraine scandal". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
6. ^ Mascaro, Lisa (November 9, 2019). "How Mitch McConnell is managing impeachment and a fragmenting Republican response". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
7. ^ Carney, Jordain (December 12, 2019). "McConnell says he'll be in 'total coordination' with White House on impeachment trial strategy". The Hill.
8. ^ Blake, Aaron (December 14, 2019). "McConnell indicates he'll let Trump's lawyers dictate Trump's impeachment trial". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
9. ^ Egan, Lauren (December 13, 2019). "McConnell: 'There's no chance' Trump is removed from office". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
10. ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica (December 14, 2019). "'I'm not trying to pretend to be a fair juror here': Graham predicts Trump impeachment will 'die quickly' in Senate". CNN.
11. ^ Barrett, Ted; Zaslav, Ali (December 18, 2019). "Mitch McConnell: 'I'm not an impartial juror' ahead of Senate impeachment trial". CNN.
12. ^ Johnson, Martin (December 13, 2019). "House Democrat calls on McConnell to recuse himself from impeachment trial". The Hill.
13. ^ "Procedure and Guidelines for Impeachment Trials in the United States Senate (Revised Edition)". U.S. Government Publishing Office. August 15, 1986. Archived from the original on October 26, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
14. ^ Cheney, Kyle (December 23, 2019). "Trump elevates Mulvaney aide weeks after he defied impeachment subpoena". Politico. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
15. ^ Desiderio, Andrew (November 7, 2019). "Impeachment investigators pressing forward without John Bolton". Politico. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
16. ^ Fandos, Nicholas; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 6, 2020). "Bolton Is Willing to Testify in Trump Impeachment Trial, Raising Pressure for Witnesses". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
17. ^ Fabian, Jordan (January 10, 2020). "Trump Will Invoke Executive Privilege to Block Bolton Testimony". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
18. ^ "Democrats call for witnesses in impeachment trial". BBC. December 16, 2019. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
19. ^ Lambe, Jerry (December 17, 2020). "'Cover Up': McConnell Won't Allow Crucial Witnesses to Testify at Trump Impeachment Trial". lawandcrime.com. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
20. ^ Barrett, Ted (December 17, 2019). "McConnell rejects Schumer's call for witnesses at impeachment trial". CNN. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
21. ^ Barrett, Ted; Stracqualursi, Veronica (December 19, 2019). "McConnell blasts impeachment effort as 'most unfair' in history". CNN. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
22. ^ Edelman, Adam (December 17, 2019). "McConnell shreds House's 'slapdash' impeachment investigation, hits Schumer for wanting new witnesses". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
23. ^ Swanson, Ian (December 18, 2019). "Pelosi noncommittal on delivering impeachment articles to Senate". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
24. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (December 18, 2019). "Timing of Trump Impeachment Trial in Limbo as Pelosi Holds Out for Assurances". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
25. ^ "2019 Congressional Calendar" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
26. ^ "Trump impeachment: Democrats try to delay start to Senate trial". DW.com. December 20, 2019. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
27. ^ LeBlanc, Paul; Wolf, Zachary. "Impeachment trial negotiations ramp up amid Iran drama". CNN. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
28. ^ Everett, Burgess; Levine, Marianne (January 7, 2020). "McConnell ready to start impeachment trial with partisan power play". Politico. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
29. ^ Sonmez, Felicia; Itkowitz, Colby; Wagner, John; Seung Min, Kim (January 7, 2020). "Pelosi says impeachment articles won't go to Senate until she learns more about how trial would be conducted". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
30. ^ Pelosi, Nancy (January 7, 2020). "Dear Colleague on Senator McConnell's Untrue Claims Regarding Impeachment". Nancy Pelosi: Speaker of the House. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
31. ^ Everett, Burgess (January 8, 2020). "McConnell rejects Pelosi's request for impeachment trial demands". Politico. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
32. ^ Everett, Burgess; Caygle, Heather (January 8, 2020). "Senate Democrats break with Pelosi over impeachment trial". Politico. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
33. ^ Walsh, Deirdre; Snell, Kelsey (January 9, 2020). "Pelosi Signals An End To Her Hold On Articles Of Impeachment". NPR. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
34. ^ Everett, Burgess (January 9, 2020). "McConnell tells Republicans he expects impeachment trial next week". Politico. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
35. ^ Carney, Jordain (January 9, 2020). "McConnell backs measure to change Senate rules, dismiss impeachment without articles". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
36. ^ Singman, Brooke (January 10, 2020). "Pelosi: House will move to transmit impeachment articles next week". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
37. ^ Desiderio, Andrew; Cheney, Kyle (January 6, 2019). "Bolton curveball threatens to upend impeachment trial". Politico. Archived from the original on January 6, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
38. ^ Herb, Jeremy; Atwood, Kylie; Raju, Manu (January 6, 2019). "John Bolton says he is prepared to testify in Senate trial if subpoenaed". CNN. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
39. ^ Roberts, John (January 29, 2020). "White House told Bolton to remove classified material from manuscript before publication". Fox News. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
40. ^ Jackson, Hallie; Smith, Allan (January 29, 2020). "White House seeks objects publication of Bolton's book, demands classified info be removed first". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
41. ^ Bertrand, Natasha (January 29, 2020). "'I've had it take years': Bolton's book could be tied up past November". Politico. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
42. ^ Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael (January 28, 2020). "Trump Tied Ukraine Aid to Inquiries He Sought, Bolton Book Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
43. ^ a b Re, Gregg; Turner, Gillian (January 26, 2020). "Bolton's manuscript leaks as memoir pre-orders begin on Amazon; Trump fires back". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020. "I NEVER told John Bolton that the aid to Ukraine was tied to investigations into Democrats, including the Bidens. In fact, he never complained about this at the time of his very public termination. If John Bolton said this, it was only to sell a book."
44. ^ Miller, Zeke (January 28, 2020). "News of Bolton book sends jolt through impeachment trial". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
45. ^ Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael (January 31, 2020). "Trump Told Bolton to Help His Ukraine Pressure Campaign, Book Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
46. ^ a b Lederman, Josh; Ferri, Lisa (February 1, 2020). "Parnas names top Trump officials in letter to McConnell on potential testimony". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
47. ^ Krawczyk, Kathryn (January 31, 2020). "Parnas lists explosive evidence about Trump he'd share as an impeachment witness". The Week. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
48. ^ Alcindor, Yamiche (January 31, 2020). "Read Lev Parnas' letter saying he has information relevant to Trump impeachment trial". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
49. ^ "U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 3". United States Senate. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
50. ^ Shabad, Rebecca; Thorp, Frank, V; Timm, Jane C. (January 16, 2020). "Chief Justice John Roberts swears in senators for Trump's impeachment trial". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
51. ^ "The Latest: Inhofe off on family matter for Trump trial open". Associated Press. January 16, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
52. ^ Samuelsohn, Darren (January 13, 2020). "John Roberts may be leading the Senate impeachment trial, but this woman is shaping it". Politico. Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
53. ^ Multiple sources:
* "Pelosi Names Impeachment Managers". Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. January 15, 2020. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
* Wilkie, Christina (January 14, 2020). "Pelosi is set to send Trump impeachment articles to the Senate on Wednesday". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
* Timm, Jane C.; Shabad, Rebecca (January 15, 2020). "House sends impeachment articles to Senate, Pelosi names trial managers". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
* Naylor, Brian (January 15, 2020). "House Approves Impeachment Managers, Votes To Transmit Articles For Senate Trial". 88.5 WFDD. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
54. ^ Desiderio, Andrew (January 15, 2020). "Meet the Democrats prosecuting Trump's impeachment". Politico. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
55. ^ "Statement from the Press Secretary Announcing the President's Senate Trial Counsel". whitehouse.gov. January 17, 2020. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020 - via National Archives.
56. ^ Segers, Grace (January 18, 2020). "Trump's Impeachment Legal Team Includes Familiar Faces from Clinton's Trial". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
57. ^ Kumar, Anita; Choi, Matthew (January 20, 2020). "Trump Recruits House Allies for His Defense". Politico. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
58. ^ "Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. p. 223\. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
59. ^ Caygle, Heather; Ferris, Sarah (January 15, 2020). "Democrats deliver impeachment articles to begin Senate trial". Politico. Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
60. ^ "Senate receives articles of impeachment from House ahead of trial". Fox News. January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
61. ^ "Democrats deliver impeachment articles to begin Senate trial". Politico. January 15, 2020.
62. ^ Haberkorn, Jennifer; Wire, Sarah D.; Phillips, Anna M. (January 16, 2020). "Chief justice, senators sworn in as Senate begins historic impeachment trial of Trump". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
63. ^ Coleman, Justine (January 16, 2020). "Republicans criticize Pelosi for gifting pens used to sign impeachment articles". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
64. ^ Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials Archived December 15, 2019, at the Wayback Machine (Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials, gpo.gov, "Revised pursuant to S. Res. 479, 99–2, Aug. 16, 1986")
65. ^ Hurd, Hilary; Wittes, Benjamin (December 2, 2019). "Imagining a Senate Trial: Reading the Senate Rules of Impeachment Litigation". Lawfare. Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
66. ^ Relman, Eliza (January 16, 2020). "Trump's Senate impeachment trial formally begins". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
67. ^ Naylor, Brian (January 16, 2020). "Senators Swear To Render 'Impartial Justice' In Impeachment Trial". NPR. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
68. ^ Shear, Michael D. (January 17, 2020). "Dust Off the Impeachment Tables, a Senate Trial Is Underway". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 19, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
69. ^ Wise, Lindsay (January 16, 2020). "Senators Sworn In as Trump Impeachment Trial Begins". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
70. ^ Samuelsohn, Darren; Cheney, Kyle; Kumar, Anita (January 18, 2020). "'Brazen and unlawful': Trump team attacks House impeachment effort in first formal response". Politico. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
71. ^ Itkowiz, Colby; DeBonis, Mike (January 19, 2020). "House Democrats say Senate 'must eliminate the threat' that the president poses to national security". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 19, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
72. ^ Rosen, James (January 21, 2020). "Democrats, Trump spar in pre-trial impeachment filings". Sinclair Broadcast Group. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
73. ^ Lillis, Mike; Beavers, Olivia (January 20, 2020). "Democrats push back on White House impeachment claims, saying Trump believes he is above the law". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
74. ^ "White House Calls Impeachment Charges 'Frivolous' and 'Dangerous' in Legal Brief". The Wall Street Journal. January 20, 2020. Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
75. ^ Multiple sources:
* "Letter to Congress from Legal Scholars". December 6, 2019. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020 - via Medium.com. "conduct need not be criminal to be impeachable ... Impeachment is a remedy for grave abuses of the public trust."
* "Historians; statement on the impeachment of President Trump". December 17, 2019. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020 - via Medium.com. "President Trump's numerous and flagrant abuses of power are precisely what the Framers had in mind as grounds for impeaching and removing a president."
* Cohen, Marshall (January 20, 2020). "Legal scholars pan Alan Dershowitz's defense of Trump". CNN. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. "Legal scholars are panning new arguments championed by Harvard professor Alan Dershowitz, who recently joined President Donald Trump's legal team and is making the case that Trump cannot be impeached because he didn't commit any crimes."
* Ackerman, Bruce (January 25, 2020). "Trump's Lawyers Are Getting Andrew Johnson's Impeachment All Wrong". Politico. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. "Dershowitz has said he will argue, based on a narrow reading of the Constitution's phrase "Treason, Bribery or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors", that there must be proof that Trump committed a crime or seriously violated the law, and that the mere "abuse of executive power" does not suffice, in order to convict the president at his impeachment trial. Dershowitz's view has been overwhelmingly rejected by serious constitutional scholars."
* Weber, Peter (January 30, 2020). "Alan Dershowitz's novel constitutional case against Trump's impeachment relies on a thesaurus". The Week. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. "Dershowitz is an expert in criminal law and a famous defense lawyer. Almost all constitutional scholars disagree with his views on impeachment."
* Woodward, Calvin; Yen, Hope (January 21, 2020). "AP FACT CHECK: Distortions in Trump's legal defense". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. "Constitutional scholars say the grounds for impeachment and removal from office—"Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"—are a catch-all designed to redress any consequential abuse of power so long as that abuse hurts the country at large."
* Msytal, Elie (January 28, 2020). "The Trump Team's Legal Defense Was a Tour de Force of Hypocrisy". The Nation. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. "And finally, Alan Dershowtiz [sic] argued that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense, while self-owning the fact that essentially no credible legal scholars agree with him."
76. ^ a b Savage, Charlie (January 21, 2020). "Barr Once Contradicted Trump's Claim That Abuse of Power Is Not Impeachable". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
77. ^ Vazquez, Maegan (January 20, 2020). "Alan Dershowitz once said you can be impeached without committing a crime". CNN. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
78. ^ Givas, Nick (January 20, 2020). "Alan Dershowitz: 'I retract' 1998 claim no 'technical crime' required for impeachment". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
79. ^ "Democrats argue Trump brief 'lacks a legitimate defense of his misconduct'". Axios. January 22, 2020. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
80. ^ Quinn, Melissa (January 21, 2020). "House managers: Senate should reject Trump's "bluster and evasion"". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
81. ^ Wagner, Meg; Rocha, Veronica (January 21, 2020). "JUST IN: Each side will get 24 hours over 3 days for opening arguments". CNN.
82. ^ Herb, Jeremy; Mattingly, Phil; Raju, Manu (January 22, 2020). "Senate impeachment trial: Republicans vote to kill Democratic amendments seeking documents". CNN.
83. ^ Everett, Burgess; Levine, Marianne (January 20, 2020). "Senate Republicans plan speedy Trump trial". Politico. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
84. ^ Costa, Robert; Bade, Rachael (January 20, 2020). "Trump's lawyers, Senate GOP allies work privately to ensure Bolton does not testify publicly". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
85. ^ Zilbermints, Regina (January 22, 2020). "Democrats shoot down talk of Bolton, Hunter Biden witness swap". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020. Wagner, Meg; Hayes, Mike; Rocha, Veronica (January 22, 2020). "Schiff pans trial witness trade idea: 'This isn't a fantasy football trade'". CNN. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
86. ^ Hjelmgaard, Kim (October 11, 2019). "Trump's conspiracy theories thrive in Ukraine, where a young democracy battles corruption and distrust". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020. Timm, Jane C. (September 25, 2019). "There's no evidence for Trump's Biden-Ukraine accusations. What really happened?". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
87. ^ Cornwall, Susan; Morgan, David (January 22, 2020). "Senate approves Trump impeachment trial plan, rejects Democrats on documents, witnesses". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
88. ^ Wells, Peter; Rocco, Matthew; Badkar, Mamta; McCormick, Myles; Rovnick, Naomi (January 22, 2020). "Trump impeachment trial—Day 1 as it happened". Financial Times. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020. "Mr Schumer's amendment would have forced the White House to turn over emails, memos and other documents related to efforts by Mr. Trump and his aides to coerce Kyiv into investigating the president's political rivals—documents that the White House refused to turn over during the House investigation. The State Department documents were also withheld by the Trump administration from House's impeachment proceedings."
89. ^ Faulders, Katherine; Turner, Trish; Siegel, Benjamin; Ebbs, Stephanie; Owen, Quinn (January 21, 2020). "Trump impeachment: GOP-led Senate rejects amendments, approves rules of trial". ABC News. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
90. ^ Zhou, Li (January 22, 2020). "Senate Republicans have officially passed rules for the impeachment trial. Here's what comes next". Vox. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
91. ^ Greenberg, Jon (January 28, 2020). "Trump lawyer Sekulow says Trump's hold on Ukraine aid is like Obama with Egypt in 2013. He's wrong". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
92. ^ Zilbermints, Regina (January 23, 2020). "White House says Trump wasn't boasting about withholding material from Congress". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
93. ^ Tsirkin, Julie (January 23, 2020). "Sekulow says White House could use documents it withheld from the House last year". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
94. ^ Multiple sources:
* Yen, Hope; Tucker, Eric (January 21, 2020). "AP FACT CHECK: Trump defense misrepresents Mueller findings". AP News. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
* Rupar, Aaron (January 21, 2020). "Trump's lawyers began the impeachment trial with a blizzard of lies". Vox. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
* Timm, Jane C. (January 21, 2020). "Fact check: White House lawyer omits whistleblower, flubs impeachment timeline". NBC News. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
* Wagner, Meg; Hayes, Mike; Rocha, Veronica (January 21, 2020). "Fact check: White House counsel falsely claims Republicans weren't allowed into closed hearings". CNN. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
* Jacobson, Louis (January 21, 2020). "Pat Cipollone wrong on GOP access to SCIF depositions". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
* Kiely, Eugene; Robertson, Lori; Gore, D'Angelo (January 22, 2020). "False and Misleading Claims at Impeachment Trial". FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
95. ^ a b c Gregorian, Dareh (January 22, 2020). "Senate Impeachment Trial: What happened at the Trump impeachment trial on Day 2". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
96. ^ Siegel, Benjamin; Turner, Trish; Faulders, Katherine; Ebbs, Stephanie; Owen, Quinn (January 22, 2020). "Senate impeachment trial live updates: Democrats make their case against Trump". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
97. ^ Lipton, Eric (January 22, 2020). "Emails Show Budget Office Working to Carry Out Ukraine Aid Freeze". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
98. ^ Wise, Justin (January 22, 2020). "Trump admin releases trove of documents on Ukrainian military aid". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
99. ^ a b c Itkowitz, Colby (February 1, 2020). "Justice Department acknowledges 24 emails reveal Trump's thinking on Ukraine". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
100. ^ Sheth, Sonam (January 22, 2020). "House prosecutors wrap day one of opening arguments in Trump's impeachment trial by imploring the Senate to choose country over party". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
101. ^ a b "Trump impeachment trial day three: All the latest updates". Al Jazeera. January 22, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
102. ^ Feldman, Josh (January 22, 2020). "Jake Tapper Calls Out Jay Sekulow Impeachment Claim". Mediaite. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
103. ^ "Read the Articles of Impeachment Against President Trump". The New York Times. December 13, 2019. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
104. ^ "The Double Challenge to Ukraine: Kremlin Aggression and Reform" (PDF). US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation. March 15, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
105. ^ Committee on Foreign Relations (March 15, 2016). "Ukrainian Reforms Two Years after the Maidan Revolution and the Russian Invasion" (PDF). United States Senate. U.S. Government Publishing Office. pp. 11–12\. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2020.11-12&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.au=Committee+on+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/03%2015%2016%20Ukrainian%20Reforms%20Two%20Years%20After%20the%20Maidan%20Revolution%20and%20the%20Russian%20Invasion.pdf#page=11&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:First+impeachment+trial+of+Donald+Trump" class="Z3988">
106. ^ Sargent, Greg (January 30, 2020). "GOP senators know Trump's defense is based on lies. Here's proof". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
107. ^ a b c Santucci, Jeanine (January 23, 2020). "Democrats take impeachment back to 1999 and other moments from the Senate trial". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
108. ^ a b Gregorian, Dareh (January 23, 2020). "Trump's Senate impeachment trial: What happened on Day Three". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
109. ^ Gregorian, Dareh (January 24, 2020). "Trump's Senate impeachment trial: What happened on Day Four". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
110. ^ "Impeachment trial: Democrats finish opening arguments". CBS News. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
111. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (January 23, 2020). "Democrats Seek to Pre-empt Trump's Defense in Impeachment Trial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
112. ^ Cassidy, John (January 25, 2020). "Adam Schiff And His Colleagues Did Their Duty In The Trump Impeachment Trial". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
113. ^ Feldman, Josh (January 25, 2020). "Adam Schiff: Trump Couldn't Get Ukraine to Smear Bidens, So His Team Will Use Trial to Do It Instead". Mediaite. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
114. ^ Wagner, Meg; Rocha, Veronica; Hayes, Mike (January 24, 2020). "Trump impeachment trial: Live updates from the Senate". CNN. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
115. ^ Bade, Rachael; Costa, Robert; Demirjian, Karoun; Dawsey, Josh (January 24, 2020). "Trump's defense team to target Bidens in counterpunch to impeachment charges". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
116. ^ Lejeune, Tristan (January 17, 2020). "Trump: Impeachment timing intended to hurt Sanders". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
117. ^ Swanson, Ian (January 24, 2020). "Lindsey Graham will oppose subpoena of Hunter Biden". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
118. ^ a b c d Blitzer, Wolf (January 25, 2020). "Wolf Blitzer: Trump's counsel simply ignored this". CNN. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
119. ^ Bertrand, Natasha (December 2, 2019). "Senate panel look into Ukraine interference comes up short". Politico. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
120. ^ Subramanian, Courtney (December 10, 2019). "FBI Director Wray shoots down Ukraine interference claim pushed by Trump and GOP". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
121. ^ Everett, Burgess; Arkin, James; Bresnahan, John (January 25, 2020). "Democrats see Trump lawyers boosting their own case for witnesses". Politico. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
122. ^ Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 26, 2020). "Trump Tied Ukraine Aid to Inquiries He Sought, Bolton Book Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
123. ^ Seung Min, Kim; Felicia, Sonmez; Dawsey, Josh (January 26, 2020). "Democrats call for Bolton to testify in Trump impeachment trial after new report on aid to Ukraine". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
124. ^ Shear, Michael D.; Fandos, Nicholas (January 27, 2020). "Bolton Revelations Anger Republicans, Fueling Push for Impeachment Witnesses". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
125. ^ McCarthy, Bill (January 27, 2020). "Trump falsely claims House Democrats never asked Bolton to testify". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
126. ^ Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 31, 2020). "Trump Told Bolton to Help His Ukraine Pressure Campaign, Book Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
127. ^ Wade, Peter (January 31, 2020). "Bolton Says Trump Directed Him to Take Part in Ukraine Scheme". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
128. ^ Contorno, Steve (January 28, 2020). "Donald Trump and Lev Parnas discussed Rick Scott in secret recording". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
129. ^ Bondy, Joseph [@josephabondy] (January 28, 2020). "This @PamBondi, with Lev Parnas?" (Tweet). Retrieved January 28, 2020 - via Twitter.
130. ^ a b Wagner, Meg; Hayes, Mike; Rocha, Veronica (January 27, 2020). "Fact check: 4 things Trump's attorney left out of her arguments about Biden and Burisma". CNN. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
131. ^ Blake, Aaron (January 28, 2020). "The gaping hole in Trump's impeachment defense". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
132. ^ Pearce, Tim (January 28, 2020). "Trump defense: Giuliani a 'minor player' and 'shiny object designed to distract'". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
133. ^ Kiely, Eugene (January 29, 2020). "Giuliani Was Not a 'Minor Player' in Ukraine". FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
134. ^ Herb, Jeremy; Polantz, Katelyn; Raju, Manu (October 17, 2019). "Ambassador says Trump directed diplomats to work with Giuliani on Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
135. ^ "Telephone Conversation with President Zelenskyy of Ukraine" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. September 24, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2020 - via National Archives.
136. ^ Sheth, Sonam (January 15, 2020). "A newly revealed letter from Rudy Giuliani—Trump's own lawyer—destroys the president's last defense in Ukraine scandal". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
137. ^ Wu, Nicholas; Hayes, Christal; Jansen, Bart (January 27, 2020). "Alan Dershowitz tells Senate Trump's impeachment is unconstitutional—updates". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
138. ^ Epstein, Jennifer (March 27, 2012). "Obama explains Medvedev open mic incident". Politico. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
139. ^ Cheney, Kyle; Desiderio, Andrew (January 27, 2020). "Trump team turns Senate trial into extended Obama-Biden attack". Politico. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
140. ^ Dzhanova, Yelena; Wilkie, Christina (January 28, 2020). "Trump impeachment trial: Defense wraps up oral arguments, urges Senate to acquit the president". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
141. ^ Cohen, Zachary; Cohen, Marshall (January 28, 2020). "Some Republican senators want to review Bolton's manuscript in a classified setting. It's not clear if that would be legal". CNN. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
142. ^ Cheney, Kyle; Naranjo, Jesse (January 28, 2020). "Trump's impeachment defense wraps up". Politico. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
143. ^ Herb, Jeremy; Mattingly, Phil; Raju, Manu (January 28, 2020). "Republicans aim to lock in votes against witnesses as Senate prepares for next phase of trial". CNN. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
144. ^ "Day in Impeachment: Republicans Huddle on Witnesses After Trump's Defense Concludes". The New York Times. January 28, 2020. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
145. ^ "AP FACT CHECK: Trump defense wrong about FBI investigation". AP NEWS. January 28, 2020.
146. ^ Samuelsohn, Darren; Levine, Marianne (January 29, 2020). "12 questions to expect at Trump's impeachment trial". Politico. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
147. ^ Cheney, Kyle; Desiderio, Andrew; Samuelsohn, Darren (January 29, 2020). "Dershowitz's power play and a Trump team stumble: The moments that mattered in the Senate Q&A". Politico. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
148. ^ Zanona, Melanie (January 30, 2020). "What happens if the impeachment witness vote is a tie". Politico. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
149. ^ Mattingly, Phil; Raju, Manu; LeBlanc, Paul (January 30, 2020). "Rand Paul frustrated after John Roberts rejects his whistleblower question in Senate impeachment trial". CNN. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
150. ^ a b c McCarthy, Tom (January 30, 2020). "Impeachment trial: House managers and Trump team in first direct clash". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
151. ^ Gregorian, Dareh (January 29, 2020). "Trump's Senate trial: Key moments from Day One of the question-and-answer phase". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
152. ^ Savage, Charlie (January 30, 2020). "Trump Lawyer's Impeachment Argument Stokes Fears of Unfettered Power". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
153. ^ Gregorian, Dareh (January 30, 2020). "Trump's Senate trial: Key takeaways from senators' questions as witness vote in doubt". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
154. ^ Raju, Manu (January 29, 2020). "GOP concedes Trump may have withheld aid for probes but says it's not impeachable". CNN. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
155. ^ Meza, Summer (January 30, 2020). "Senators break into laughter as Schiff points out ironic difference between Trump's legal defense and DOJ arguments". theweek.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
156. ^ "Adam Schiff: 'You can't make this stuff up'". CNN. January 30, 2020. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
157. ^ Cohen, Marshall; Polantz, Katelyn (January 30, 2020). "Justice Department lawyer says House can impeach over defied subpoenas". CNN. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
158. ^ Weinberg, Abigail (January 30, 2020). "Donald Trump's Own Justice Department Just Undermined His Impeachment Defense". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
159. ^ Neidig, Harper (January 30, 2020). "DOJ tells court that Congress can't sue to enforce subpoenas". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
160. ^ Herb, Jeremy; Mattingly, Phil; Raju, Manu; Fox, Lauren (January 31, 2020). "Senate impeachment trial: Wednesday acquittal vote scheduled after effort to have witnesses fails". CNN. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
161. ^ Haltiwanger, John; Sheth, Sonam (January 31, 2020). "In an Unprecedented Move, the Senate Voted against Calling Witnesses in Trump's Impeachment Trial". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
162. ^ Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 116th Congress, Second Session (PDF) (Report). Vol. 166\. United States Government Publishing Office. January 31, 2020. pp. S767 – S769. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.S767+-+S769&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft_id=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2020-01-31/pdf/CREC-2020-01-31.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:First+impeachment+trial+of+Donald+Trump" class="Z3988">
163. ^ Cheney, Kyle; Bresnahan, John; Desiderio, Andrew (January 31, 2020). "Republicans defeat Democratic bid to hear witnesses in Trump trial". Politico. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
164. ^ Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 116th Congress, Second Session (PDF) (Report). Vol. 166\. United States Government Publishing Office. January 31, 2020. pp. S766 – S767. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.S766+-+S767&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft_id=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2020-01-31/pdf/CREC-2020-01-31.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:First+impeachment+trial+of+Donald+Trump" class="Z3988">
165. ^ Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 116th Congress, Second Session (PDF) (Report). Vol. 166\. United States Government Publishing Office. January 31, 2020. pp. S767. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020. "I think it would be inappropriate for me, an unelected official from a different branch of government, to assert the power to change that result so that the motion would succeed."
166. ^ "Court Filing Points to Trump Emails on Ukraine Decision". The New York Times. Associated Press. February 1, 2020. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
167. ^ Wilkie, Christina (January 31, 2020). "Senate leaders strike a deal to vote on Trump impeachment acquittal after Iowa caucus, State of the Union". CNBC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
168. ^ Zaslav, Ali (February 4, 2020). "Undecided Democratic senator calls for the Senate to censure Trump". CNN. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
169. ^ "116th Congress, 2nd Session" (PDF). Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the U.S. Congress. 166 (40). U.S. Government Publishing Office: 5824–5825\. February 4, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2020.5824-5825&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft_id=https://www.congress.gov/116/crec/2020/02/04/CREC-2020-02-04.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:First+impeachment+trial+of+Donald+Trump" class="Z3988">
170. ^ Cheney, Kyle; Everett, Burgess (February 4, 2020). "Rand Paul reads alleged whistleblower's name and Republicans 'fine' with it". Politico. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
171. ^ Mascaro, Lisa; Tucker, Eric; Miller, Zeke (January 31, 2020). "Trump acquittal now likely Wednesday; Senate nixes witnesses". Raleigh, North Carolina: WRAL-TV. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
172. ^ Mascaro, Lisa; Clare Jalonick, Mary (February 5, 2020). "Not guilty: Trump acquitted of both impeachment charges". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
173. ^ Cheney, Kyle; Desiderio, Andrew; Breshnahan, John (February 5, 2020). "Trump acquitted on impeachment charges, ending gravest threat to his presidency". Politico. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
174. ^ "U.S. Senate: The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States". www.senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
175. ^ "Donald Trump impeachment trial: Ex-president acquitted of inciting insurrection". BBC News. February 13, 2021. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
176. ^ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 106th Congress - 1st Session". www.senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
177. ^ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 106th Congress - 1st Session". www.senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
178. ^ Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 116th Congress, Second Session (PDF) (Report). Vol. 166\. United States Government Publishing Office. February 5, 2020. pp. S937 – S938. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.S937+-+S938&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft_id=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2020-02-05/pdf/CREC-2020-02-05.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:First+impeachment+trial+of+Donald+Trump" class="Z3988">
179. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (February 5, 2020). "Trump Acquitted of Two Impeachment Charges in Near Party-Line Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
180. ^ "Trump impeachment vote count". Politico. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
181. ^ Bycoffe, Aaron (January 20, 2019). "Do Americans Support Impeaching Trump?". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
182. ^ Agiesta, Jennifer (January 20, 2020). "ACNN poll: 51% say Senate should remove Trump from office". CNN. Archived from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
183. ^ Kahn, Chris (January 22, 2020). "Let them speak: Most Americans want witnesses in Trump impeachment trial—Reuters/Ipsos poll". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
184. ^ Deese, Kaelan (January 28, 2020). "Support for witnesses in Senate trial at 75 percent: poll". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
185. ^ Kelly, Caroline (January 24, 2020). "Republican senator attacks National Security Council aide and Purple Heart recipient who testified in impeachment probe". CNN. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
186. ^ Jaffe, Greg (October 28, 2019). "White House official to tell impeachment investigators he feared President Trump's demands of Ukraine would undermine national security". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
187. ^ Rambaran, Vandana (January 27, 2020). "Biden pushes for witnesses in impeachment trial but says of his Ukraine role, 'What is there to defend?'". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
188. ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica; Saenz, Arlette (January 28, 2020). "GOP senator questions if Iowa Democrats will support Biden after impeachment trial". CNN. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
189. ^ Benen, Steven (January 28, 2020). "Ignoring Trump, John Kelly says, 'I believe John Bolton'". MSNBC/The Rachel Maddow Blog. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
190. ^ Benen, Steve (January 28, 2020). "Making the case against witnesses, GOP's Blunt says a bit too much". MSNBC. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
191. ^ Tapper, Jake (January 29, 2020). "White House has issued formal threat to Bolton to keep him from publishing book". CNN. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
192. ^ Lillis, Mike (January 30, 2020). "Pelosi says Trump lawyers have 'disgraced' themselves, suggests disbarment". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
193. ^ Pelosi, Nancy (February 7, 2020). "Nancy Pelosi: McConnell and the GOP Senate are accomplices to Trump's wrongdoing". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
194. ^ Reed, Brad (January 31, 2020). "'Absolutely cowardly!' Ex-Tea Party lawmaker delivers brutal verdict on GOP's impending Trump acquittal". The Raw Story. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
195. ^ Tucker, Eric (January 31, 2020). "GOP senators seek to acquit Trump without condoning conduct". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
196. ^ Knutson, Jacob (February 2, 2020). "GOP Sen. Lamar Alexander says House proved Trump withheld aid to pressure Ukraine". Axios. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
197. ^ Moye, David (February 5, 2020). "Susan Collins Regrets Saying She Believed Trump Has Learned Lesson". HuffPost. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
198. ^ Libby, Cathey (February 6, 2020). "Invoking his faith, an emotional Mitt Romney explains vote to convict Trump". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
199. ^ Lauren Frias (January 31, 2020). "Key witness in the impeachment inquiry Marie Yovanovitch retires from the State Department after being ousted following an apparent smear campaign". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
200. ^ Samuels, Brett; Chalfant, Morgan (February 5, 2020). "Trump to make statement on impeachment 'victory' on Thursday". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
201. ^ Sobey, Rick (February 6, 2020). "Trump takes a victory lap, blasting Democrats on impeachment and calling out Russiagate". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
202. ^ a b Liptak, Kevin (February 6, 2020). "Trump launches vindictive impeachment victory lap". CNN. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
203. ^ Wagner, John; Thebault, Reis (February 7, 2020). "Trump fires Gordon Sondland, the second impeachment witness to be removed from his post Friday". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
204. ^ Sonam Sheth (February 7, 2020). "'I'm not happy with him': Impeachment witness Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman was escorted from the White House on Friday". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020. Lauren Frias (February 7, 2020). "Trump also fired the twin of impeachment witness Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman in apparent retaliation for his brother's testimony". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020. Jen Kirby (February 7, 2020). "Alexander Vindman, a key impeachment witness, is dismissed from the White House". Vox. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
205. ^ a b Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie; Hakim, Danny; Schmidt, Michael S. (February 7, 2020). "Trump Fires Gordon Sondland Hours After Dismissing Impeachment Witness Alexander Vindman". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
206. ^ Sciutto, Jim (July 8, 2020). "Exclusive: Vindman to retire from military. His lawyer blames White House 'campaign of bullying, intimidation and retaliation'". CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
207. ^ Kaitlan Collins; Kristen Holmes; Katelyn Polantz (February 8, 2020). "Trump fires two major impeachment figures—Alexander Vindman and Gordon Sondland". CNN Politics. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
208. ^ Rampton, Roberta; Kelly, Amitaz; Ordoñez, Franco (February 7, 2020). "Vindman, Sondland Removed As Trump Purges Impeachment Witnesses". NPR. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
209. ^ Santucci, Jeanine (February 8, 2020). "Nancy Pelosi: Trump impeachment witness Vindman's 'shameful' firing a 'brazen act of retaliation'". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
210. ^ Nakamura, David; Miller, Greg (February 8, 2020). "Inside Vindman's ouster amid fears of further retaliation by Trump". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
211. ^ Zachary Cohen and Paul LeBlanc (February 10, 2020). "Schumer calls on 74 inspectors general to investigate witness retaliation after Vindman ouster". CNN. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
212. ^ Sink, Justin (November 26, 2019). "Trump Denies Sending Rudy Giuliani to Ukraine for Biden Probe". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
213. ^ "Trump contradicts past denials, admits sending Giuliani to Ukraine - CNNPolitics". CNN. February 13, 2020. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
214. ^ Carney, Jordain (February 16, 2020). "Senate braces for fight over impeachment whistleblower testimony". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
215. ^ "Trump embarks on expansive search for disloyalty as administration-wide purge escalates - the Washington Post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
216. ^ Baker, Peter (February 22, 2020). "Trump's Efforts to Remove the Disloyal Heightens Unease Across His Administration". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
217. ^ "President's new personnel head tells agencies to look out for disloyal staffers - CNNPolitics". CNN. February 21, 2020. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
218. ^ "Trump fires intelligence official who helped initiate impeachment". Financial Times. April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
219. ^ "Trump fires intelligence community watchdog who defied him on whistleblower complaint". Politico. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
220. ^ "Barr says he supports Trump's ouster of intelligence watchdog who received whistleblower complaint that helped spark impeachment". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
221. ^ Savage, Charlie (April 10, 2020). "Endorsing Trump's Firing of Inspector General, Barr Paints Distorted Picture". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
222. ^ Levine, Sam; Gambino, Lauren (February 13, 2021). "Donald Trump acquitted in second impeachment trial". The Guardian. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
223. ^ Katz, A.J. (February 7, 2020). "Here are the Top-Rated Networks for Trump's Senate Impeachment Trial". TVNewser. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2019.

## External links

[edit]

* Searchable videos of impeachment trial proceedings and related events, via C-SPAN

* v
* t
* e

First impeachment and impeachment trial of Donald Trump

Background|

* Efforts to impeach Donald Trump
* Resolutions
* Trump–Ukraine scandal

Inquiry|

Testifying witnesses:

* Michael Atkinson
* Laura Cooper
* Catherine Croft
* David Hale
* Fiona Hill
* David Holmes
* Steve Linick
* Joseph Maguire
* Tim Morrison
* Philip T. Reeker
* Mark Sandy
* Gordon Sondland
* William B. Taylor Jr.
* Alexander Vindman
* Kurt Volker
* Jennifer Williams
* Marie Yovanovitch

Impeachment trial|

Presiding officer:
* John Roberts

House managers:

* Adam Schiff (lead manager)
* Jason Crow
* Val Demings
* Sylvia Garcia
* Hakeem Jeffries
* Zoe Lofgren
* Jerry Nadler

President's counsel:

* Pam Bondi
* Pat Cipollone
* Alan Dershowitz
* Patrick F. Philbin
* Michael Purpura
* Robert Ray
* Jay Sekulow
* Ken Starr

Congressional defense team:

* Doug Collins
* Mike Johnson
* Jim Jordan
* Debbie Lesko
* Mark Meadows
* John Ratcliffe
* Elise Stefanik
* Lee Zeldin

Other|

* Proposed expungement

* v
* t
* e

Donald Trump

* 45th (2017–2021) and 47th (beginning 2025) President of the United States

Life and
politics|

* Business career
* The Trump Organization
* legal affairs
* business projects in Russia
* links between business partners and Russian government officials
* wealth
* tax returns
* Trump Media & Technology Group
* Media career
* The Apprentice
* American football
* Golf
* Honors and awards
* Political positions
* Trumpism
* Relationship to fascism
* Rhetoric
* 2021 CPAC speech
* Endorsements
* False or misleading statements
* Promotion of conspiracy theories
* Protests
* timeline
* Racial views
* Security incidents
* Las Vegas rally incident
* Attempted assassinations
* in Pennsylvania
* raised-fist photographs
* perpetrator
* in Florida
* suspect
* Age and health concerns

Family|

* Ivana Trump (first wife)
* Marla Maples (second wife)
* Melania Trump (third wife)
* Donald Trump Jr. (son)
* Ivanka Trump (daughter)
* Eric Trump (son)
* Tiffany Trump (daughter)
* Fred Trump (father)
* Mary Anne MacLeod Trump (mother)
* Maryanne Trump Barry (sister)
* Fred Trump Jr. (brother)
* Robert Trump (brother)
* Frederick Trump (grandfather)
* Elizabeth Christ Trump (grandmother)
* Jared Kushner (son-in-law)
* Lara Trump (daughter-in-law)
* Vanessa Trump (former daughter-in-law)
* Blaine Trump (former sister-in-law)
* Amalija Knavs (mother-in-law)
* John G. Trump (uncle)
* Mary L. Trump (niece)
* Fred Trump III (nephew)
* John Whitney Walter (cousin)

Books|

* Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987)
* Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990)
* Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997)
* The America We Deserve (2000)
* Trump: How to Get Rich (2004)
* The Way to the Top (2004)
* Trump 101 (2006)
* Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006)
* Think Big and Kick Ass (2007)
* Time to Get Tough (2011)
* Midas Touch (2011)
* Crippled America (2015)

Campaigns|

* 2000 presidential campaign
* 2016 presidential campaign
* announcement
* "Make America Great Again"
* rallies
* links between campaign officials and Russian government officials
* Crossfire Hurricane
* 2016 Republican primaries
* endorsements
* debates
* running mate selection
* convention
* 2016 general election
* endorsements
* debates
* reactions
* transition
* Republican opposition
* Never Trump movement
* 2016
* Mitt Romney speech
* 2020
* 2024
* Sexual misconduct allegations
* Access Hollywood recording
* 2020 presidential campaign
* rallies
* 2020 Tulsa rally
* 2020 Republican primaries
* convention
* 2020 general election
* political endorsements
* non-political endorsements
* debates
* attempts to overturn
* fake electors plot
* Chesebro memos
* Eastman memos
* lawsuits
* Texas v. Pennsylvania
* Jeffrey Clark letter
* Republican reactions to Trump's election fraud claims
* Biden transition
* 2024 presidential campaign
* annoucement
* rallies
* 2024 Republican primaries
* endorsements
* debates
* running mate selection
* convention
* 2024 general election
* eligibility
* endorsements
* debates
* transition
* Kamala is for they/them (attack ad)
* Trump Bible
* "God Bless the U.S.A." (campaign song)
* "Y.M.C.A." (campaign song)

Legal affairs|

* FBI investigation into handling of government documents
* FBI search of Mar-a-Lago
* New York investigations of The Trump Organization
* Stormy Daniels scandal
* civil
* criminal
* Carroll v. Trump
* Trump v. United States (2022)
* State prosecutions
* Georgia
* New York
* Smith special counsel investigation
* Federal prosecution
* classified documents case
* election obstruction case
* Trump mug shot
* Trump v. United States (2024)

Related|

* Family
* Foundation
* In popular culture
* Trump Dance
* filmography
* in music
* SNL parodies
* Residences
* 85-15 Wareham Place
* Trump Tower
* penthouse apartment
* Bedminster
* Mar-a-Lago
* The Visionary
* Social media
* media use
* conflict
* wiretapping allegations
* Real News Update
* covfefe
* Donald J. Trump State Park
* Nicknames used
* Trump Force One
* Trump derangement syndrome
* Fort Trump
* Trumpism
* Bikers for Trump
* Women for Trump
* Blacks for Trump
* Black Voices for Trump
* Gays for Trump
* Pseudonyms
* Wikipedia coverage
* American Civil War

* ← Barack Obama
* ← Joe Biden →

* * *

* Category

* v
* t
* e

First presidency of Donald Trump (2017–2021)

Tenure|

* Transition
* Inauguration
* speech
* Opinion polling
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* Social media
* 2018 midterm elections
* Government shutdowns
* January 2018
* 2018–2019
* Executive actions
* executive orders
* presidential proclamations
* State funeral of George H. W. Bush
* State funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg
* Executive clemency
* pardon of Joe Arpaio
* commutation of Jaime Davidson
* Travel bans
* reactions
* legal challenges
* protests
* replacement
* Trump wall
* Executive Order 13767
* Family separation policy
* Migrant detentions
* Operation Faithful Patriot
* Stormy Daniels scandal
* Anonymous senior official op-ed
* Relations with Israel
* Jerusalem recognition
* Golan Heights recognition
* Peace plan
* Abraham Accords
* UAE
* Bahrain
* Sudan
* Morocco
* Kosovo–Serbia agreement
* North Korea crisis
* peace process
* Singapore summit
* Hanoi summit
* DMZ summit
* Trump–Ukraine scandal
* Relations with Russia
* Helsinki summit
* Links between Trump administration and Russian government officials
* Russian bounty program
* Farmer bailouts
* Saudi Arabia arms deal
* Syria strikes
* 2017
* 2018
* Proposed invasion of Venezuela
* Taiwan call
* Withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal
* Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
* Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* COVID-19 pandemic response
* Communication
* White House COVID-19 outbreak
* Political interference with science agencies
* Federal government data breach
* Crossfire Hurricane
* Classified information disclosures
* Mueller special counsel investigation
* Durham special counsel investigation
* Legal affairs
* Impeachments
* efforts
* resolutions
* impeachment inquiry
* first impeachment
* first trial
* second impeachment
* second trial
* proposed expungements
* Photo op at St. John's Church
* 2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration
* National Garden of American Heroes
* Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election
* Fake electors plot
* Chesebro memos
* Eastman memos
* Lawsuits
* Texas v. Pennsylvania
* Jeffrey Clark letter
* January 6 United States Capitol attack
* timeline
* aftermath
* continued protests
* domestic reactions
* international reactions
* Presidential Library
* Judicial appointments
* Gorsuch
* Kavanaugh
* Barrett
* Supreme Court candidates
* controversies
* Biden transition

Timeline|

* First 100 days
* 2017
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2018
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2019
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2020
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* January 2021
* Trips
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020–2021
* international
* by Rex Tillerson
* by Mike Pompeo
* Riyadh summit
* Singapore summit
* Helsinki summit
* Hanoi summit
* DMZ summit

Speeches|

* Joint session of Congress (2017)
* Warsaw speech (2017)
* National Scout Jamboree (2017)
* State of the Union Address
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2019 Oval Office address
* 2020 Oval Office address
* Farewell address (2021)

Policies|

* Economy
* tax cuts
* China trade war
* tariffs
* USMCA
* Environment
* Paris Agreement withdrawal
* America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018
* Foreign policy
* as candidate
* as President
* America First
* Immigration
* Infrastructure
* Racial views
* Social issues
* cannabis
* Space policy

Personnel|

* Cabinet
* formation
* Ambassadors
* Attorneys
* Economic advisors
* Withdrawn appointees
* Short-tenure appointees
* Dismissals and resignations
* attorneys
* Comey
* inspectors general

* ← Obama administration
* Biden administration →

* v
* t
* e

Legal affairs of Donald Trump

* Personal and business
* Presidential

Impeachments

| Overview|

* Efforts
* Resolutions
* Proposed expungements

|

First impeachment|

* Trump–Ukraine scandal
* House inquiry
* Trial
* Defense counsel

Second impeachment|

* January 6 Capitol attack
* Trial
* Defense counsel

Indictments

| New York|

* Reactions
* Stormy Daniels scandal
* Trump Organization investigation

Prosecutor|

* Alvin Bragg

Judge|

* Juan Merchan

Federal|

| Classified
documents|

* Disclosures of classified information
* FBI investigation
* Mar-a-Lago search
* Smith special counsel investigation
* Trump v. United States (2022)

Co-defendants|

* Walt Nauta
* Carlos De Oliveira

Prosecutor|

* Jack Smith

Judge|

* Aileen Cannon

Election
obstruction|

* Attempts to overturn the election
* fake electors plot
* January 6 Capitol attack
* Department of Justice investigation
* Smith special counsel investigation
* Trump v. United States (2024)

Co-conspirators|

* Rudy Giuliani
* John Eastman
* Sidney Powell
* Jeffrey Clark
* Kenneth Chesebro

Prosecutor|

* Jack Smith

Judge|

* Tanya Chutkan

Georgia|

* Trump–Raffensperger phone call
* Investigation
* Donald Trump mug shot

Alleged
racketeers|

* Bob Cheeley
* Jeffrey Clark
* John Eastman
* Rudy Giuliani
* Harrison Floyd
* Cathy Latham
* Steve Lee
* Mark Meadows
* Mike Roman
* David Shafer
* Shawn Still
* Trevian Kutti

Pleaded guilty|

* Kenneth Chesebro
* Jenna Ellis
* Sidney Powell

Prosecutors|

* Fani Willis

Judge|

* Scott F. McAfee

* Category

Portals:

* United States
* Politics

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template