Firth of Clyde

Inlet on the west coast of Scotland

Firth of Clyde

Clyde Waters, Clyde Sea

Map of the Firth of Clyde.

Firth of Clyde

Show map of Argyll and Bute

Firth of Clyde

Show map of Scotland

Location| Scotland, United Kingdom
Coordinates| 55°40′N 5°00′W﻿ / ﻿55.667°N 5.000°W﻿ / 55.667; -5.000grid reference NS153652
Type| Firth
Etymology| Scottish
Part of| Irish Sea
River sources| River Clyde
Basin countries| Scotland
Surface area| 4,279 km3 (1,027 cu mi)
Average depth| 58 m (190 ft)
Max. depth| 198 m (650 ft)
Shore length1| 1,256 km (780 mi)
Surface elevation| 0 m (0 ft)
Frozen| No
Islands| Isle of Arran, Isle of Bute, Isle of Cumbrae
References| [1][2]

Ramsar Wetland

Designated| 5 September 2000
Reference no.| 1036[3]

Error: Invalid designation

Designated| 2008

Error: Invalid designation

Designated| 7 August 2014
Reference no.| 10414[7][8]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

The Firth of Clyde is the estuary of the River Clyde, on the west coast of Scotland. The Firth has some of the deepest coastal waters of the British Isles. The Firth is sheltered from the Atlantic Ocean by the Kintyre Peninsula. The Firth lies between West Dunbartonshire in the north, Argyll and Bute in the west and Inverclyde, North Ayrshire and South Ayrshire in the east. The Kilbrannan Sound is a large arm of the Firth, separating the Kintyre Peninsula from the Isle of Arran. The Kyles of Bute separates the Isle of Bute from the Cowal Peninsula. The Sound of Bute separates the islands of Bute and Arran.

The Highland Boundary Fault crosses the Firth. The Firth also played a vital military role during World War II.

The Firth is sometimes called the Clyde Waters or Clyde Sea, and is customarily considered to be part of the Irish Sea.[9][10]

## Geography

[edit]

The Seamill beach looks south down the outer firth towards southern Arran and Ailsa Craig Firth of Clyde View Gourock and the Firth of Clyde

At the north of the Firth, Loch Long and the Gare Loch join the Firth; these lochs are separated by the Rosneath Peninsula. Off Greenock, an anchorage, known as the Tail of the Bank narrows the estuary of the River Clyde to two miles (three kilometres) wide. (The "Bank" is a reference to a sandbank and shoal) The River Clyde estuary has an upper tidal limit located at the tidal weir next to Glasgow Green.[11]

The geographical (and popular) distinction between the Firth and the River Clyde is vague. Some refer to Dumbarton as being "on the Firth of Clyde"; while at the same time, the residents of Port Glasgow and Greenock often refer to the part of the Firth that lies to the north of those areas as "the river".

The Firth encompasses many islands and peninsulas. Twelve ferry routes connect them to each other and the mainland. The majority of the ferry services are run by Caledonian MacBrayne and one by Western Ferries, and many of the routes are lifeline services for communities living in remote areas.[12][13] The Firth has no fixed link transport infrastructure connections (bridge or tunnel), linking the shores or islands. The lowest fixed crossing over the Clyde is the Erskine Bridge, opened on 2 July 1971.[14][15]

The Irish Sea and the Firth of Clyde's southerly boundary, as defined by the Scottish Government, is between the southern tip of the Kintyre Peninsula and Corsewall Point on the Rhins of Galloway.[9]

The Firth joins the strait between Scotland and Northern Ireland, called the North Channel, at the north of the Irish Sea. The deepest part of the channel is the Beaufort's Dyke, at 312 metres (1,024 ft).[16][17]

### Highland Boundary Fault

[edit]

See also: Highland Boundary Fault

The Highland Boundary Fault enters the Firth off the east coast of Kintyre Peninsula in the south. The fault crosses the south eastern tip of the Cowal Peninsula at Toward Point, where it can be seen on the surface by the presence of Old Red Sandstone.[18] The fault continues to Helensburgh in the north, then continues past the east coast of Scotland. The fault can be followed across Scotland for at least 240 km (150 mi), the fault is of great age and its remains are broken by more recent geological movement of the earths crust.[19][20]

### Sea Lochs

[edit]

Fourteen sea lochs join the Firth, the largest being Loch Fyne.

* Campbeltown Loch
* Loch Fyne \- East Loch Tarbert; Loch Gilp; Loch Gair and Loch Shira
* Gare Loch
* Holy Loch
* Loch Long \- Loch Goil
* Loch Ranza
* Loch Riddon off the Kyles of Bute
* Loch Ryan
* Loch Striven

### Peninsulas

[edit]

* Cowal Peninsula

The Cowal Peninsula extends into the Firth of Clyde and forms the main western shoreline of the upper Firth.[21] The main town on the Cowal Peninsula is Dunoon. Ardlamont Point on the Ardlamont Peninsula, that extends off of the Cowal Peninsula, is the southern tip of the Ardlamont and Cowal Peninsulas.[22]

The ferries across the Firth save time compared to traveling "round by road", via Loch Eck side (A815 road), the Rest and Be Thankful (A83 road) and Loch Lomond side (A82 road).The service between Dunoon and Gourock in Inverclyde is operated by Caledonian MacBrayne, the Public Service provider.[23][24] This service carries only foot passengers and connects directly with the ScotRail service to Glasgow.[25]Western Ferries, is a Private Limited Company,[26] it operates the service between Hunters Quay and McInroy's Point near to Gourock. This service carries all types of vehicular transport, as well as foot passengers.[27]

* Kintyre Peninsula

The Kintyre peninsula forms the main west coastline of the lower Firth.

* Rosneath Peninsula

The Rosneath peninsula is formed by the Gare Loch in the east, and Loch Long in the west, both merge with the upper Firth of Clyde. There is a Caledonian MacBrayne passenger only service across the Firth to Gourock from Kilcreggan.[28]

### Firth Islands

[edit]

Arran sunset

See also: Islands of the Clyde

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2025)

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There are many islands in the Firth. The largest three all have thriving communities and regular ferry services connecting them to the mainland. They are:

* Arran
* Bute
* Great Cumbrae

Ailsa Craig is a small island, formed by the remains of a volcanic plug in the Firth. Ailsa Craig Common Green Granite and Ailsa Craig Blue Hone Granite are quarried there for the production of Curling Stones, manufactured by Kays of Scotland.[29][30]

Holy Isle a small island lying in Lamlash Bay, Isle of Arran. At the north of the Holy Isle there is a religious resort.[31]

### Firth Lighthouses

[edit]

The Northern Lighthouse Board is responsible for some of the navigation aids around Scotlands coast.[32] With others being the responsibility of the local Competent Harbour Authority.[33]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2024)

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The Gantocks with Cloch Lighthouse behind

There are lighthouses at:

* Cloch Point on the Inverclyde coast.[34]
* Toward Point Lighthouse on the Cowal Peninsula.[35]
* Little Cumbrae Lighthouse[36]
* Pladda, South of Arran[37]
* Ailsa Craig Lighthouse, Ailsa Craig[38]
* Pillar Rock Point lighthouse, also known as Holy Isle outer Lighthouse, Arran[39]
* Holy Isle, Inner lighthouse, also known as Holy Isle, Arran[40]
* Corsewall Lighthouse, Corsewall Point, Kirkcolm[41]
* Davaar Lighthouse, Davaar Island, Campbeltown Loch[42]
* Sanda Lighthouse, Sanda Island, off the south of Kintyre[43]
* Turnberry Lighthouse, Turnberry, South Ayrshire[44]

There are navigation beacons at:

* The Gantocks Rocks and Navigation Beacon, off the coast at Dunoon, Cowal Peninsula.[45]
* Horse Isle Beacon, Horse Isle, Ardrossan Built 1811.[46]

### Firth shoreline settlements

[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2024)

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* Ardbeg, Ardrossan, Ascog, Ayr
* Barassie, Blackwaterfoot, Brodick
* Campbeltown, Cardross, Carradale, Corrie, Catacol
* Dumbarton, Dunoon, Dunure
* Fairlie
* Gourock, Greenock, Girvan, Grogport
* Helensburgh, Hunters Quay
* Innellan, Inverkip, Irvine
* Kilcreggan, Kilchattan Bay, Kildonan, Kilmory, Kilmun, Kingarth, Kirn
* Lagg, Lamlash, Largs, Lochranza
* Machrie, Maidens, Millport
* Peninver, Pirnmill, Port Bannatyne, Portencross, Port Glasgow, Portkil, Prestwick
* Rothesay
* Saddell, Sannox, Saltcoats, Seamill, Skipness, Skelmorlie, Sliddery, Southend, Stevenston, Strone
* Tarbert, Toward, Troon, Turnberry
* Wemyss Bay, West Kilbride, Whiting Bay

## Nature and conservation

[edit]

Clyde Sill MPA(NC)

Location and extent of the Clyde Sill MPA in the Firth of Clyde

Location| Firth of Clyde, Scotland
Area| 712 km2 (275 sq mi)[47]
Designation| Scottish Government
Established| 2014
Operator| Marine Scotland

The Field Studies Council has a marine research station, based in Millport, on the island of Great Cumbrae.[48]

Common seals and grey seals abound in the Firth. Harbour porpoises are also common. While dolphins are much less common, some were spotted in the upper reaches of the Firth in the summer of 2005.[49] Very uncommon are humpback whales, as are the minke whales.[50] Even rarer are orcas.[51][52]

Also, in 2005, the Firth had the second-highest number of basking shark sightings in Scotland (after the Minch). These huge sharks seem to particularly favour the warm, shallow waters surrounding Pladda, south of Arran.[53]

However, although commercial fishing was at one time intensive in the Firth's many fishing towns, today the only catches of commercial interest remaining in the Clyde waters are prawns, lobsters, herring, mussels, and crayfish.

### Conservation

[edit]

Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus

See also: Marine Protected Areas in Scotland

On 5 September 2000, the Inner Clyde Estuary received a RAMSAR designation with ite number 1036; the area covered is 1,825 hectares (4,510 acres). (Coordinates: 55°56'32"N 04°36'32"W)[54][3][55]

In September 2008, Scotland's first No Take Zone (NTZ) was introduced in Lamlash Bay, on the Isle of Arran. The result of a community effort, led by the Community of Arran Seabed Trust (C.O.A.S.T). The NTZ was introduced to protect delicate marine communities, such as Maerl. Maerl is a slow-growing coral-like calcareous red algae (it grows only 1 mm per year) and is an important Scottish species. Maerl beds are locations of high biodiversity and are crucial nursery grounds for both young scallops and young fish. Studies show that both scallop dredging and organic waste from fish farms, significantly impact Maerl. Scallop dredging on a Maerl bed has been found to kill over 70% of the Maerl. Monitoring the dredged bed over the next four years found no discernible recovery, suggesting that Maerl beds would require many years free of disturbance in order to recover.[56][5]

In 2014, 71,200 hectares (712 km2) at the south of the Firth between Kintyre Peninsula and the Rhins of Galloway, on the North Channel boundary. Designated a Marine Protected Area, the (Clyde Sill MPA), the NatureScot Site Code is 10414, the EU Site Code is 555560461.[47] The MPA covers a distinctive sill where fresher water of the Firth mixes with the cooler, more saline water of the North Channel. This is a rich environment for plankton, which provide food for fish, that are in turn eaten by higher marine predators and seabirds.[57]

On 16 December 2015, an area to the south of Arran received a Marine Protected Area designation.[58][59]

### Water quality

[edit]

The water quality of the Firth is monitored by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). SEPA have had a monitoring buoy located off the coast of Dunoon since 2009, with data collected every 15 minutes.[60][61]

## Shipping

[edit]

The Firth of Clyde has some of the deepest sea channels in Northern Europe. It can accommodate the largest Capesize vessels afloat today. As a result, the Clyde has one of the UK's leading ports, at Clydeport, part of The Peel Group.[62] The facility handles cargo from container ships at the Greenock Ocean Terminal.

Supertankers visit the Firth to deliver crude oil to Finnart Oil Terminal in Loch Long, which is connected by pipeline to the Grangemouth Refinery on the Firth of Forth. Both owned by Petroineos, a joint venture between Ineos and Petrochina.[63] A second pipeline brings back refined oil products to the Finart Oil Terminal for export (in smaller oil tankers) mainly to Northern Ireland.[64][65] The Finnart Oil Terminal is due to cease operation by June 2025.[66]

### Shipyards

[edit]

See also: Upper Clyde Shipbuilders

BAE Govan Shipyard - geograph.org.uk - 2088722

On the upper Clyde, at Govan and Scotstoun both in Glasgow, two major shipyards are still in operation. They are owned by BAE Systems,[67] whose major client is the Royal Navy.

Ferguson Marine shipyard gate - geograph.org.uk - 6368530

On the lower Clyde, only one shipyard still operates, Ferguson Marine, which is located next to Newark Castle, Port Glasgow. The Scottish Government now own the yard.[68][69]

The Garvel Dry Dock in Greenock continues in operation for ship repair. The large Inchgreen Dry Dock in Greenock is in occasional use.

The remains of former sites of shipyards on the Clyde are being redeveloped into areas that contain residential housing, leisure facilities, and commercial buildings.[70][71]

On the Firth itself, Ardmaleish Boatbuilding are based at Ardmaleish, near to Port Bannatyne on the Isle of Bute.[72]

### Cruise terminal

[edit]

The Greenock Cruise Terminal, operated by Clydeport part of The Peel Group. A new twin berth terminal was opened on 25 August 2023.[73][74][75]

In March 2025 the Greenock Cruise Terminal was leased to Global Ports Holding Ltd with a fifty year contract.[76][77]

#### Visiting liners

[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2024)

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* Queen Anne[78]
* Regal Princess[79]
* Queen Mary 2[80]
* Mein Schiff 3[81]
* Celebrity Silhouette[82]
* Sirena[83]
* Jewel of the Seas[84]
* Carnival Legend[85]
* Caribbean Princess[86]
* Celebrity Apex[87]
* Disney Dream[88]

#### Historic liner visits

[edit]

* Queen Elizabeth 2[89]

### Shipwrecks

[edit]

MV Captayannis

Shipwreck diving is a popular activity on the Firth, with many wreck sites to explore.[90][91] Military wrecks have protection under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.[92]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2024)

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* Enterprise, 19 November 1882, collision then sank.[93]
* Mary Anning, 23 January 1885, cargo steamship, collision and sank Tail of the Bank.[94]
* Louise, 3 February 1893, steam lighter, sank due to heavy seas Rothesay Bay.[95]
* Valkyrie II, collision and sank, 5 July 1895. 1893 competed in the eighth Americas Cup (lost).[96]
* Wallachia, 29 September 1895, sank after grounding in fog.[97][98]
* Champion, steam paddle tug, 12 December 1896, collision then sank.[99]
* Greenock, steam dredger, launched 4 November 1876, sank after collision 18 November 1902.[100]
* HMS Seagull, sank after collision 30 September 1918.[101]
* U-33, German submarine, attacked and sunk, south of Pladda, Arran, 12 February 1940.[102]
* Penola, collision and broke up 9 November 1940. Off Toward point.[103]
* HMS Adept, tug, 17 March 1942, grounded and sank, Sanda Island.[104]
* HMS Vandal, 24 February 1943, sunk in an accident.[105]
* HMS Dasher, 27 March 1943, blew up and sank.[106]
* HMS Breda, steam yacht, 18 February 1944, collision, then sank in Campbeltown Loch.[107]
* HMS Sealion, 13 March 1946, used for target practice.[108]
* MV Akka, 4 April 1956, sank after grounding on the Gantocks rocks.[109]
* MV Captayannis, 27 January 1974, Tail of the Bank. Known locally as the Sugar Boat.[110]

#### Salvaged wrecks

[edit]

HMSM Vitality, re Untamed FL22809

* Comet II, launched in 1821, collision and sank 21 October 1825, salvaged 21 July 1826.[111]
* HMS K13, submarine, sank 29 January 1917, salvaged 15 March 1917.[112]
* Varyag, grounded and sank 5 February 1920, salvaged (scrapped where beached 1924 - 1926).[113]
* Maillé Brézé, 30 April 1931, Lost by accidental explosion. Salvaged summer of 1954.[114]
* HMS Untamed, submarine, sank 30 May 1943, salvaged 5 July 1943.[115]

## Armed Forces

[edit]

See also: HMNB Clyde and Royal Navy

HMS Vigilant alongside Faslane Naval Base. MOD 45147682

The Royal Navy has a significant presence on the Firth of Clyde. HMNB Clyde is known as Faslane within the navy and is located on Loch Long. HMNB Clyde's role is with the servicing and maintenance of the UK submarine defence fleet. The base has other locations around the Firth.[116]

Babcock International[117] are involved in the engineering and operations at the base.

On Loch Long, at Glen Mallan, the Northern Ammunition Jetty was refurbished, to accommodate the navy’s new aircraft carriers, HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales, with work completed in January 2022.[118] The jetty is part of the DM Glen Douglas military munitions depot. Plans have been announced in February 2024 to demolish an undisclosed part of the site.[119]

## History

[edit]

The Firth of Clyde has always been an important sea route from the earliest times. For example, the Battle of Largs, which was fought on the Firth, in 1263, was a geopolitical turning point: it marked the end of Norse ambitions in Britain.[120] Beginning in the 16th century, the Firth increasingly became a conduit for commercial and industrial products, including: herring; timber; wine; sugar; tobacco; textiles; iron and steel; coal; oil; industrial chemicals; distillation and brewing; ships, locomotives, and other vehicles; and other manufactured products.

In the middle of the 19th century, the sport of yachting became popular on the Firth. The area became famous worldwide for its significant contribution to yachting and yachtbuilding with notable designers including: William Fife III; Alfred Mylne; G L Watson; David Boyd. It was also the location of many famous yacht yards. Clyde-built wooden yachts are still known for quality and style today.

The "lower Clyde" shipyards of Greenock and Port Glasgow, most notably Scott Lithgow, played an important historical role in shipbuilding. The PS Comet was the first successful steamboat in Europe. Well into the 20th century, a large proportion of the world's ship construction took place around the upper Firth and River Clyde.

### Tourism

[edit]

With the advent of tourism in Victorian times, the Firth became popular with Glaswegians and residents of neighbouring towns and counties who travelled "doon the watter" (the Firth) on Clyde steamers to holiday in the picturesque seaside towns and villages that line the Firth, with the more wealthy building substantial holiday homes along its coasts. Many towns, such as Gourock, Largs, Ayr, Dunoon, Rothesay, flourished during this period and became fully fledged resorts with well-appointed hotels and attractions. Golf courses, including major championship courses, proliferated.

Today, tourism, sport and recreation, and heritage history continue to attract visitors from across the world. The steam-powered PS Waverley—in addition to its regular service—still makes cruising trips to the coastal towns that have been popular tourist destinations since the 19th century. The Firth is ringed by many castles and buildings of historical importance that are open to the public, including Inveraray Castle, Brodick Castle, the opulent Mount Stuart House on the Isle of Bute, and Culzean Castle, which is the most visited attraction owned by the National Trust for Scotland. Ocean liners frequently call at Greenock, and Glasgow International Airport and Glasgow Prestwick Airport are nearby. There is frequent rail service to and from the Clyde coast, including links to Oban and Fort William, with city terminals in Glasgow and Edinburgh. There is also daily ferry service between the area and Belfast.

### Sport and recreation

[edit]

#### 1908 Summer Olympic Games

[edit]

See also: Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics

The Firth hosted the 1908 summer olympics, with the 12-metre (39 ft) sailing yacht races.[121]

### Shipyards

[edit]

The Firth of Clyde, like the River Clyde, has historically been an important centre of shipbuilding and shipping. Upriver, there have been shipbuilding and engineering centres at Glasgow, Govan, Clydebank, Dumbarton, and Renfrew. Downriver, there have been major yards at Greenock and Port Glasgow; smaller yards at Irvine, Ardrossan, Troon, and Campbeltown; and various other boatyards, including those at Hunters Quay, Port Bannatyne, and Fairlie. Today, the Ferguson Marine shipbuilding yard, adjacent to Newark Castle, Port Glasgow, is the last merchant shipbuilder on the Clyde, and it is owned by the Scottish Government.[69] In Greenock, the large dry dock and ship-repair facilities at Inchgreen opened in 1964, and were subsequently taken over by Scott Lithgow. The dry dock there is 305 metres (1,001 ft) long and 44 metres (144 ft) wide. With the demise of Scott Lithgow and Cammell Laird, their facilities came under the management of Clydeport.

### Ports

[edit]

The Hunterston Ore Terminal was constructed to facilitate the transport of bulk ore, but later mainly dealt with coal imports, and closed in 2016.[122]

The ExxonMobil (ESSO) Fuel Oil Terminal site at Bowling.[123]

There was a jetty built as part of Inverkip Power Station, for oil deliveries by oil tanker.[124]

### Armed Forces

[edit]

HMS Gannet, the Fleet Air Arm Search and Rescue site at Prestwick Airport. The helicopters (Sea King) that were based here were used in the rescue and airlift operations across the United Kingdom. The base was closed on 1 January 2016, with Maritime and Coastguard Agency taking over the role.[125][126]

#### Submarine Squadron 14

[edit]

See also: Submarine Squadron 14

Cold War; The United States of America maintained a US Navy base during the Cold War, in the Holy Loch, off the Firth. Submarine Squadron 14 or SUBRON14, also known as Site one, Holy Loch was in operation between 1 July 1958, up until the end of the Cold War. The last deployed Submarine Tender departed the Holy Loch and Firth on 3 March 1992.[127]

World War II; During World War II, Glasgow and the Firth of Clyde became the main entry point into Britain for the Allied forces; including merchant shipping, military personnel, and equipment. The Firth was used as the assembly and despatch point for Atlantic convoys. The Firth hosted the United Kingdom's largest naval base for the duration of the war. In 1942, an underwater oil pipeline was laid across the Firth, Operation Pluto, the world's first deep-water test of this technology. This was only one of many innovations designed to support air, maritime, and territorial combat during World War II.

See also: List of squadrons and flotillas of the Royal Navy

The Holy Loch was used as a base for Royal Navy Submarines, during World War II. Namely the 3rd Submarine Flotilla (United Kingdom). HMS Forth was for a time based in the loch as the submarine depot ship.[128]

During both World wars, the Cloch Point To Dunoon Anti-submarine Boom was in place to protect the upper Firth.[129][130]

### Environment

[edit]

Since the Industrial Revolution, the natural environment of the Firth has been compromised. Many locations have been affected by a succession of industrial and military developments along the shoreline. Including the former sites of shipyards; Hunterston B nuclear power station; Inverkip power station; ExxonMobil fuel oil terminal site at Bowling; Nobel explosives plant at Ardeer and the Hunterston Ore Terminal. Many of these locations are now dormant or being redeveloped.[131][132][133][134][135][136]

## Climate

[edit]

See also: North Atlantic Gyre

Greenock

Climate chart (explanation)

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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Precipitation:[137]
| Imperial conversion

J| F| M| A| M| J| J| A| S| O| N| D

2.9

2.1

2.1

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.5

2.1

1.8

3.2

2.7

2.7

█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

The Firth's maritime climate is considerably milder than contintental locations at the same latitide. Whilst the reason for this mild climate is the subject of debate[138] it is historically considered to be due to the moderating influence of the North Atlantic Drift, a warm oceanic current that is the eastern extension of the Gulf Stream[139] which originates in the tropical waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

## Concerns

[edit]

See also: Ecologically dead rivers and Water pollution

Worldwide, human-made causes including the over-exploitation and the pollution of water systems, are among the biggest threats and concerns which are damaging aquatic ecosystems and in extreme cases cause ecological death.

The durability of plastics in the natural environment, plastic pollution, imposes threats on aquatic life and the aquatic ecosystems. Plastic debris may result in entanglement and ingestion by aquatic life such as birds, fish and marine mammals, causing severe injury or death. Human livelihoods and life itself can also be impacted by plastic pollution. In severe cases, with effects on surrounding tourism or real estate value, the clogging of drains and other hydraulic infrastructure leading to increased flood risk and further pollution.[140][141][142]

## See also

[edit]

* River Clyde
* Islands of the Clyde
* Irish Sea
* Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland
* Seas west of Scotland
* European Atlas of the Seas
* List of seas
* Recreational diving
* Wreck diving
* Underwater diving environment
* Marine Protected Areas in Scotland

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "multiple"
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4. ^ "No Take Zone". 22 June 2018.
5. ^ a b "The establishment of the 1st Community Managed Marine Protected Area in the Isle of Arran, Scotland".
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11. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Glasgow, Glasgow Green, Tidal Weir (NRHE ID 103494)".
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13. ^ "Western Ferries (Clyde) Ltd". Western Ferries.
14. ^ "A guide to the 16 incredible bridges that span the Clyde through Glasgow - Glasgow Live". www.glasgowlive.co.uk. 28 September 2022.
15. ^ "Erskine Bridge | Scottish Roads Archive". Scots Roads Archive.
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17. ^ Callaway, Alexander; Quinn, Rory; Brown, Craig J.; Service, Matthew; Long, David; Benetti, Sara (2011). "The formation and evolution of an isolated submarine valley in the North Channel, Irish sea: an investigation of Beaufort's Dyke - NERC Open Research Archive". Journal of Quaternary Science. 26 (4): 362–373\. doi:10.1002/jqs.1460.
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19. ^ "Sketch map of part of the Firth of Clyde to show the distribution of... | Download Scientific Diagram".
20. ^ Tanner, Geoff (9 September 2008). "Tectonic significance of the Highland Boundary Fault, Scotland". Journal of the Geological Society. 165 (5): 915–921\. Bibcode:2008JGSoc.165..915T. doi:10.1144/0016-76492008-012 - via Semantic Scholar.
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27. ^ "Western Ferries (Clyde) Ltd". www.western-ferries.co.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
28. ^ "Kilcreggan & Rosneath". CalMac Ferries.
29. ^ "Ailsa Craig | Scotland, Map, & Facts | Britannica".
30. ^ "Kays Scotland | Curling stones hand-crafted to Olympic Standard". www.kaysscotland.com.
31. ^ "Welcome to Holy Isle | HolyIsle.org". www.holyisle.org.
32. ^ "Northern Lighthouse Board - Home". Northern Lighthouse Board.
33. ^ "Maritime Transport - Ports and Harbours – Statutory harbour limits | marine.gov.scot". marine.gov.scot.
34. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Inverkip, The Cloch Lighthouse (NRHE ID 123013)". Retrieved 18 June 2025.
35. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Toward Point, Toward Point Lighthouse (NRHE ID 68122)". Retrieved 18 June 2025.
36. ^ Historic Environment Scotland (23 August 1951). "Little Cumbrae Island, New Lighthouse (NRHE ID 40680)". Retrieved 18 June 2025.
37. ^ Historic Environment Scotland (12 July 2010). "Pladda, Lighthouse (NRHE ID 40074)". Retrieved 18 June 2025.
38. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Ailsa Craig, Foreland Point, Lighthouse, Keepers' Cottages And Foghorn (NRHE ID 157548)".
39. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Holy Island, Outer Lighthouse (NRHE ID 40076)".
40. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Holy Island, Inner Lighthouse (NRHE ID 40084)".
41. ^ "Corsewall". Northern Lighthouse Board.
42. ^ "Davaar". Northern Lighthouse Board.
43. ^ "Sanda". Northern Lighthouse Board.
44. ^ "Turnberry". Northern Lighthouse Board.
45. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "The Gantocks, Navigation Beacon (NRHE ID 287955)". Retrieved 18 June 2025.
46. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Firth Of Clyde, Horse Island, 'landmark' (NRHE ID 277905)".
47. ^ a b "Clyde Sill MPA(NC)". NatureScot. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
48. ^ "Millport". Field Studies Council.
49. ^ "Firth of Clyde dolphin found to communicate with porpoises". The Herald. 29 August 2018.
50. ^ "Moment humpback whale leaps out of water in Clyde leaving onlookers stunned". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
51. ^ "Orca pod spotted in River Clyde". BBC News.
52. ^ "Surprise visit to Clyde". The Herald. 11 August 1999.
53. ^ "Survey to catalogue basking sharks in the Clyde". 20 September 2017 - via www.bbc.co.uk.
54. ^ "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)" (PDF). jncc.gov.uk.
55. ^ "Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" (PDF). rsis.ramsar.org.
56. ^ "Home". COAST.
57. ^ "Clyde Sea Sill Marine Protected Area" (PDF). NatureScot. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
58. ^ "The South Arran Marine Conservation Order 2015". www.legislation.gov.uk.
59. ^ "Protected Areas in the Clyde Marine Region" (PDF). www.clydemarineplan.scot.
60. ^ "Dunoon | Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA)". www.sepa.org.uk.
61. ^ "Firth of Clyde monitoring buoy, Dunoon" (PDF). www.sepa.org.uk.
62. ^ "Clydeport | 5 Terminals | Advanced Facilities | Peel Ports". www.peelports.com.
63. ^ "Petroineos | Integrated Energy Trading and Refining Company". Petroineos.
64. ^ Fullarton, Donald (29 July 2011). "Americans built oil terminal". Helensburgh Heritage. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
65. ^ "Grangemouth oil refinery could cease operations by 2025". 22 November 2023 - via www.bbc.co.uk.
66. ^ "Finnart oil terminal closure announced - The Lochside Press".
67. ^ "Scotstoun". www.baesystems.com. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
68. ^ "Home". Ferguson Marine.
69. ^ a b "Ferguson shipyard made £100m loss after being nationalised". 30 April 2021 - via www.bbc.co.uk.
70. ^ Digital, Innovation. "Clyde Waterfront regeneration: River Clyde urban renewal & development". www.clydewaterfront.com.
71. ^ "Revitalising the River Clyde". www.gov.scot.
72. ^ "Ardmaleish Boatbuilding Co Ltd — Boatbuilding, maintenance and storage on the Isle of Bute". www.ardmaleishboatbuilding.co.uk.
73. ^ "Greenock Ocean Terminal welcomes one of the world's largest cruise liners". www.peelports.com.
74. ^ "Marine Information | Clydeport | Peel Ports". www.peelports.com.
75. ^ "Greenock cruise ship terminal launches as officials hail £26m boost". Greenock Telegraph. 25 August 2023.
76. ^ "GREENOCK Cruise Port to be Run by World's Biggest Operator in 50-Year Deal". 10 March 2025.
77. ^ "World's largest cruise port operator signs 50-year deal at ocean terminal". 11 March 2025.
78. ^ Admin, Jeremy (31 May 2024). "MAJESTIC New Cunard Ship On Her Way To Greenock".
79. ^ "Frequent Inverclyde visitor glides into Greenock Ocean Terminal". Greenock Telegraph. 22 May 2024.
80. ^ Admin, Jeremy (16 March 2024). "GREENOCK To Welcome Massive Cunard Vessel Queen Mary 2".
81. ^ "Giant cruise ship Mein Schiff 3 berths at Greenock for the first time this season". Greenock Telegraph. 6 May 2024.
82. ^ Admin, Jeremy (15 May 2024). "LARGE Cruise Ship Heading For Greenock".
83. ^ "Greenock welcomes another luxurious cruise ship as season picks up pace". Greenock Telegraph. 29 April 2024.
84. ^ "Enormous cruise ship makes first Greenock visit of 2024 sailing season". Greenock Telegraph. 17 June 2024.
85. ^ Admin, Jeremy (27 May 2024). "GREENOCK 2024 Cruise Ship List".
86. ^ "Luxurious cruise ship Caribbean Princess arrives at Greenock Ocean Terminal". Greenock Telegraph. 3 September 2024 - via www.greenocktelegraph.co.uk.
87. ^ "Greenock gets 'celebrity' visitor as huge cruise ship arrives at Ocean Terminal". Greenock Telegraph. 9 September 2024 - via www.greenocktelegraph.co.uk.
88. ^ Admin, Jeremy (9 September 2024). "HUGE Disney Cruise Ship Visiting The Clyde".
89. ^ "Inverclyde history: Return of QE2 to River Clyde was always a special occasion". Greenock Telegraph. 21 December 2023.
90. ^ "Scuba Diving | Wreckspeditions | Clyde | Scotland". Wreckspeditions.
91. ^ "Dive Sites". Freedom Diving.
92. ^ "Protected places and Controlled sites ("war graves") designated under The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 | marine.gov.scot". marine.gov.scot.
93. ^ "Enterprise". Scottish Shipwrecks. 10 January 2023.
94. ^ "Mary Anning". Scottish Shipwrecks. 14 August 2022.
95. ^ "Louise". Scottish Shipwrecks. 10 December 2019.
96. ^ "G.L. Watson VALKYRIE II". 23 April 2023.
97. ^ "Wallachia". Scottish Shipwrecks. 17 February 2017.
98. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Wallachia: Skelmorlie Bank, Upper Firth Of Clyde (NRHE ID 102476)".
99. ^ "Champion". Scottish Shipwrecks. 11 August 2022.
100. ^ "Greenock". Scottish Shipwrecks. 17 February 2017.
101. ^ "HMS Seagull". Scottish Shipwrecks. 8 August 2022.
102. ^ "U-33". Scottish Shipwrecks. 8 December 2018.
103. ^ "Penola". Scottish Shipwrecks. 15 January 2023.
104. ^ "HMS Adept". Scottish Shipwrecks. 27 January 2024.
105. ^ "HMS Vandal". Scottish Shipwrecks. 15 August 2022.
106. ^ "HMS Dasher (D37) [+1943]". www.wrecksite.eu.
107. ^ "HMS Breda". Scottish Shipwrecks. 21 March 2017.
108. ^ "HMS Sealion". Scottish Shipwrecks. 18 December 2019.
109. ^ "MV Akka [+1956]". www.wrecksite.eu.
110. ^ "Fifty years on, the story of the Sugar Boat shipwreck on the Clyde". 14 October 2018 - via www.bbc.co.uk.
111. ^ "Comet II". Scottish Shipwrecks. 9 January 2023.
112. ^ "K13 crew are remembered at HM Naval Base Clyde". www.royalnavy.mod.uk.
113. ^ "Varyag". Scottish Shipwrecks. 13 April 2024.
114. ^ "Maille Breze". Scottish Shipwrecks. 3 October 2021.
115. ^ "HMS Untamed". Scottish Shipwrecks. 12 April 2024.
116. ^ "HMNB Clyde | Royal Navy". www.royalnavy.mod.uk.
117. ^ "Delivering the Submarine Enterprise together". Babcock International.
118. ^ "Ammunition loading jetty for Royal Navy's surface fleet completed". www.royalnavy.mod.uk.
119. ^ "Plans to demolish 1960s MoD's Glen Douglas weapons store". BBC News. 8 February 2024.
120. ^ Jon Kelly (8 December 2011). "How Scandinavian is Scotland?". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
121. ^ "Olympedia – 12 metres, Open". www.olympedia.org.
122. ^ "Hunterston port 'masterplan' revealed promising £140m boost". BBC News. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
123. ^ "Slick deal: Former Exxon Bowling site transferred to council for new road and shops". Dumbarton and Vale of Leven Reporter. 9 October 2020.
124. ^ "WORK On New Inverkip Power Station Village Expected To Take 15 Years". 2 April 2019.
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126. ^ "Sea King flight bids Scotland farewell". BBC News. 14 January 2016.
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128. ^ "Holy Loch - Maritime & Admiralty matters". holyloch.co.uk.
129. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Clyde Defences, Cloch Point To Dunoon Anti-submarine Boom (NRHE ID 239524)".
130. ^ "Secret Scotland - Cloch Boom". secretscotland.org.uk.
131. ^ Digital, Innovation. "River Clyde developments: Housing, commercial, retail & leisure projects". www.clydewaterfront.com.
132. ^ "City Deal approval for £44m project at former Clyde oil terminal". 11 August 2023 - via www.bbc.co.uk.
133. ^ "The Ardeer Company and the defence of Nobel's Explosive Factory". ScottishHistory.org. 10 April 2024.
134. ^ "Inverkip Power Station chimney demolished". BBC News. 28 July 2013.
135. ^ "Hunterston B nuclear power plant closes down after 46 years". 7 January 2022 - via www.bbc.co.uk.
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142. ^ "How Loch Long became a magnet for Scotland's plastic waste". 3 February 2025.

## Sources

[edit]

* The Clyde: River and Firth, 1907 and reissued 2010, Neil Munro, with illustrations by Mary Y and Y Young Hunter
* The Firth of Clyde, 1952, George Blake
* Glasgow and the Clyde, 1965, Ward Lock Guide
* Clyde Coast Connections, 2010, Neil Grieves
* From Comet to Cal Mac : Two Centuries of Hebridean and Clyde Shipping, 2011, Donald E Meek and Bruce Peter
* Firth of Clyde: Sailing Directions and Anchorages, 2012, Clyde Cruising Club
* HM Naval Base: Clyde, 2012, Keith Hall

## External links

[edit]

* Map sources for Firth of Clyde

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Firth of Clyde.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Clyde".

Firth of Clyde at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity

* Clydeport - Official Website
* Royal Navy HMNB Clyde - Official Website
* Scottish Government, Marine Environment - Official Website
* Northern Lighthouse Board - Official Website
* Scottish Government, War Graves - Official Website
* RAMSAR Organisation - Official Website

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Shipyards of the Clyde

Ferguson

Lithgows

Scotts

Stephens

Fairfield

H&W

Yarrow

Connell

Barclay Curle

Henderson

Inglis

Denny

John Brown

Lobnitz

Beardmore

Seath

* v
* t
* e

River Clyde, Scotland

Administrative areas|

* South Lanarkshire
* North Lanarkshire
* Glasgow City
* West Dunbartonshire
* Renfrewshire
* Inverclyde
* Argyll and Bute

Flows into|

* Firth of Clyde, then North Channel

Settlements
(upstream to downstream)|

* Elvanfoot
* Abington
* Symington
* New Lanark
* Lanark
* Wishaw
* Motherwell
* Hamilton
* Bothwell
* Uddingston
* Cambuslang
* Rutherglen
* Glasgow
* Renfrew
* Clydebank
* Old Kilpatrick
* Dumbarton
* Port Glasgow
* Greenock
* Helensburgh
* Gourock
* Dunoon

Major tributaries
(upstream to downstream by confluence)|

* Daer Water
* Potrail Water
* Duneaton Water
* North Medwyn River
* South Medwyn River
* Douglas Water
* Mouse Water
* River Nethan
* Avon Water
* South Calder Water
* North Calder Water
* Rotten Calder
* River Kelvin
* River Cart
* River Leven

Major bridges and crossings
(upstream to downstream)|

* Elvanfoot Viaduct
* Elvanfoot Motorway Bridge
* Elvanfoot Bridge
* Camps Road Bridge
* Crawford Viaduct
* Abington Bridge
* Wandel Road Bridge
* Clyde's Bridge
* Lamington Viaduct
* Lamington Bridge
* Wolfclyde Bridge
* Thankerton Bridge
* Pettinain Bridge
* Hyndford Bridge
* Bonnington Weir
* Clydesholm Bridge
* Kirkfieldbank Bridge
* Crossford Bridge
* Garrion Bridge
* Camp Viaduct
* Clyde Bridge
* Raith Bridge
* East Kilbride Expressway Bridge
* Bothwell Bridge
* David Livingstone Memorial Bridge
* Uddingston Footbridge
* Uddingston Viaduct
* Haughhead Bridge
* Westburn Viaduct
* Clydeford Bridge
* Cambuslang Bridge
* Bogleshole Road Bridge
* Clydebridge Viaduct
* Auchenshuggle Bridge
* Cuningar Loop Footbridge
* Dalmarnock Bridge
* Dalmarnock Railway Bridge
* Shawfield Smartbridge
* Rutherglen Bridge
* Polmadie Bridge
* King's Bridge
* St. Andrew's Suspension Bridge
* Pipe Bridge and Weir
* Albert Bridge
* City Union Bridge
* Victoria Bridge
* South Portland Street Suspension Bridge
* Glasgow Bridge
* Caledonian Railway Bridge
* George V Bridge
* Tradeston Bridge
* Kingston Bridge
* Clyde Arc
* Bell's Bridge
* Millennium Bridge
* Govan–Partick Bridge
* Clyde Tunnel
* Renfrew-Yoker Bridge
* Erskine Ferry
* Erskine Bridge

Longest rivers of the United Kingdom

1. Severn
2. Thames
3. Trent
4. Great Ouse
5. Wye
6. Ure/Ouse
7. Tay
8. Spey
9. Clyde
10. Tweed
11. Avon
12. Nene
13. Eden
14. Dee

* v
* t
* e

Islands of the Clyde

* Ailsa Craig
* Arran
* Burnt Islands
* Bute
* Castle Island
* Davaar
* Eilean Dearg
* Eilean Dubh
* The Eileans
* Glunimore
* Holy Isle
* Horse Isle
* Inchmarnock
* Lady Isle
* Pladda
* Sanda
* Sgat Mòr and Sgat Beag
* Sheep Island
* Great Cumbrae
* Little Cumbrae

* v
* t
* e

Marine Protected Areas in Scotland

Historic Marine Protected Areas|

* HMS Campania
* HMS Dartmouth
* Drumbeg
* Duart Point
* Iona I
* Kinlochbervie
* Mingary
* Out Skerries

Nature Conservation MPAs|

* Central Fladen
* Clyde Sea Sill
* East Caithness Cliffs
* East of Gannet and Montrose Fields
* Faroe–Shetland Sponge Belt
* Fetlar to Haroldswick
* Firth of Forth Banks Complex
* Geikie Slide and Hebridean Slope
* Hatton-Rockall Basin
* Loch Creran
* Loch Sunart
* Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura
* Loch Sween
* Lochs Duich, Long and Alsh
* Monach Isles
* Mousa to Boddam
* North-east Faroe–Shetland Channel
* North-east Lewis
* North-west Orkney
* Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain
* Noss Head
* Red Rocks and Longay
* Papa Westray
* Sea of the Hebrides
* Shiant East Bank
* Small Isles
* Southern Trench
* South Arran
* The Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount
* Turbot Bank
* West of Scotland
* West Shetland Shelf
* Wester Ross
* Wyre and Rousay Sounds

Demonstration and Research MPA|

* Fair Isle

Scotland portal Categories: Marine protected areas Protected areas of Scotland

* v
* t
* e

Aquatic ecosystems

General components and freshwater ecosystems

| General|

* Acoustic ecology
* Algal bloom
* Anoxic waters
* Aquatic adaptation
* Aquatic animal
* Insect
* Mammal
* Water bird
* Aquatic biomonitoring
* Aquatic plant
* Aquatic population dynamics
* Aquatic predation
* Aquatic respiration
* Aquatic science
* Aquatic toxicology
* Benthos
* Bioluminescence
* Biomass
* Cascade effect
* Colored dissolved organic matter
* Dead zone
* Ecohydrology
* Eutrophication
* Fisheries science
* Food chain
* Food web
* GIS and aquatic science
* Hydrobiology
* Hypoxia
* Macrobenthos
* Meiobenthos
* Microbial ecology
* Microbial food web
* Microbial loop
* Nekton
* Neuston
* Particle
* Pelagic zone
* Photic zone
* Phytoplankton
* Plankton
* Pleuston
* Productivity
* Ramsar Convention
* Sediment trap
* Semiaquatic
* Shoaling and schooling
* Siltation
* Spawn
* Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
* Stream metabolism
* Substrate
* Thermal pollution
* Trophic level
* Underwater camouflage
* Water column
* Zooplankton

|
|

Freshwater|

* Freshwater biology
* Freshwater biome
* Freshwater environmental quality parameters
* Freshwater fish
* Hyporheic zone
* Limnology
* Lake ecosystem
* Lake stratification
* Macrophyte
* Pond
* Fish pond
* Rheotaxis
* River
* Ecosystem
* Stream bed
* Stream pool
* Trophic state index
* Upland and lowland
* Water garden
* Wetland
* Bog
* Brackish marsh
* Fen
* Freshwater marsh
* Freshwater swamp forest

Ecoregions|

* List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
* Africa and Madagascar
* Latin America and the Caribbean
* List of marine ecoregions
* Specific examples
* Everglades
* Maharashtra
* North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
* San Francisco Estuary

Marine ecosystems (components)

| General|

* Deep scattering layer
* Diel vertical migration
* f-ratio
* Iron fertilization
* Large marine ecosystem
* Marine biology
* Marine chemistry
* Marine food web
* Marine primary production
* Marine snow
* Ocean fertilization
* Oceanic physical-biological process
* Ocean turbidity
* Photophore
* Thorson's rule
* Upwelling
* Viral shunt
* Whale fall

|
|

Marine life|

* Census of Marine Life
* Deep-sea community
* Deep-water coral
* Marine fungi
* Marine invertebrates
* Marine larval ecology
* Seagrass
* Seashore wildlife
* Wild fisheries

Microorganisms|

* Marine bacteriophage
* Marine prokaryotes
* Marine protists
* Marine viruses
* Paradox of the plankton

Vertebrates|

* Marine mammal
* Marine reptile
* Saltwater fish
* Coastal fish
* Coral reef fish
* Deep-sea fish
* Demersal fish
* Pelagic fish
* Seabird

Marine habitats|

* Bay mud
* Marine coastal ecosystem
* Coastal biogeomorphology
* Cold seep
* Coral reef
* Davidson Seamount § Ecology
* Estuary
* Intertidal ecology
* Intertidal wetland
* Kelp forest
* Hydrothermal vent
* Lagoon
* Mangrove
* Marine biomes
* Mudflat
* Oyster reef
* Rocky shore
* Salt marsh
* Salt pannes and pools
* Seagrass meadow
* Sponge ground
* Sponge reef
* Tide pool

Conservation|

* Coral bleaching
* Ecological values of mangroves
* Fisheries and climate change
* HERMIONE
* Human impact on marine life
* Marine conservation activism
* Marine pollution
* Marine protected area

* Lakes portal
* Oceans portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Coastal geography

Landforms|

* Anchialine pool
* Archipelago
* Atoll
* Avulsion
* Ayre
* Barrier island
* Bay
* Bight
* Bodden
* Brackish marsh
* Cape
* Channel
* Cliff
* Coast
* Coastal plain
* Coastal waterfall
* Continental margin
* Continental shelf
* Coral reef
* Cove
* Dune
* cliff-top
* Estuary
* Firth
* Fjard
* Fjord
* Freshwater marsh
* Fundus
* Gat
* Geo
* Gulf
* Gut
* Hapua
* Headland
* Inlet
* Intertidal wetland
* Island
* Islet
* Isthmus
* Liman
* Lagoon
* Machair
* Mudflat
* Natural arch
* Peninsula
* Reef
* Ria
* Salt marsh
* Shoal
* Skerry
* Sound
* Spit
* Stack
* Strait
* Strand plain
* Submarine canyon
* Tidal island
* Tidal marsh
* Tide pool
* Tied island
* Tombolo
* Waituna
* Windwatt

Beaches|

* Beach cusps
* Beach evolution
* Beach ridge
* Beach wrack
* Beaches in estuaries and bays
* Beachrock
* Coastal morphodynamics
* Pocket beach
* Raised beach
* Recession
* Shell beach
* Shingle beach
* Storm beach
* Wash margin

River mouths|

* Debouch
* Mouth bar
* River delta
* mega
* regressive

Processes|

* Blowhole
* Cliffed coast
* Coastal biogeomorphology
* Coastal erosion
* Concordant coastline
* Current
* Cuspate foreland
* Discordant coastline
* Emergent coastline
* Feeder bluff
* Flat coast
* Graded shoreline
* Ingression coast
* Large-scale coastal behaviour
* Longshore drift
* Marine regression
* Marine transgression
* Raised shoreline
* Rip current
* Rocky shore
* Sea cave
* Sea foam
* Shoal
* peresyp
* Steep coast
* Submergent coastline
* Surf break
* Surf zone
* Surge channel
* Swash
* Undertow
* Volcanic arc
* Wave-cut platform
* Wave shoaling
* Wind fetch
* Wind wave

Management|

* Accretion
* Coastal management
* Integrated coastal zone management
* Submersion

Related|

* Bulkhead line
* Coastal engineering
* Grain size
* boulder
* clay
* cobble
* granule
* gravel
* pebble
* sand
* shingle
* silt
* Intertidal zone
* Littoral zone
* Physical oceanography
* Region of freshwater influence
* River plume

* Category

* v
* t
* e

River morphology

Large-scale features|

* Alluvial plain
* Drainage basin
* Drainage system (geomorphology)
* Estuary
* Strahler number (stream order)
* River valley
* River delta
* River sinuosity

Alluvial rivers|

* Anabranch
* Avulsion (river)
* Bar (river morphology)
* Braided river
* Channel pattern
* Cut bank
* Floodplain
* Meander
* Meander cutoff
* Mouth bar
* Oxbow lake
* Point bar
* Riffle
* Rapids
* Riparian zone
* River bifurcation
* River channel migration
* River mouth
* Slip-off slope
* Stream pool
* Thalweg

Bedrock river|

* Canyon
* Knickpoint
* Plunge pool

Bedforms|

* Ait
* Antidune
* Dune
* Current ripple

Regional processes|

* Aggradation
* Base level
* Degradation (geology)
* Erosion and tectonics
* River rejuvenation

Mechanics|

* Deposition (geology)
* Water erosion
* Exner equation
* Hack's law
* Helicoidal flow
* Playfair's law
* Sediment transport
* List of rivers that have reversed direction

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Wetlands

Types and landforms|

| Natural|

* Backswamp
* Bayou
* Beach meadow
* Blackwater river
* Bofedales
* Bog
* Blanket bog
* Cataract bog
* Coastal bog
* Kermi bog
* Plateau bog
* Polygonal bog
* Raised bog
* String bog
* Upland bog
* Callows
* Carr
* Alder carr
* Ciénega
* Clearwater river
* Cypress dome
* Dambo
* Fen
* Fen-meadow
* Poor fen
* Rich fen
* Flark
* Flood-meadow
* Flooded grasslands and savannas
* Grass valley
* Guelta
* Hamun
* Igapó
* Ings
* Interdunal wetland
* Intertidal wetland
* Kettle
* Lagg
* Marsh
* Brackish marsh
* Freshwater marsh
* Inland salt marsh
* Salt marsh
* Tidal marsh
* High marsh
* Low marsh
* Mere
* Misse
* Moorland
* Mudflat
* Muskeg
* Oasis
* Pakihi
* Palsa
* Palustrine wetland
* Peatland, mire, and quagmire
* Pocosin
* Pond
* Pothole
* Reed bed
* Salt pannes and pools
* Slough
* Swamp
* Coniferous swamp
* Freshwater swamp forest
* Mangrove forest
* Myristica swamp
* Peat swamp forest
* Shrub swamp
* Wet meadow
* Várzea forest
* Vernal pool
* Whitewater river
* Yaéré

|

Artificial|

* Bog garden
* Constructed wetland
* Converted wetland
* Swale
* Water-meadow

Life|

* List of wetland plants
* List of fen plants
* Sphagnum

Soil mechanics|

* Acrotelm
* Histosol
* Peat
* Sapric or muck
* Tropical peat
* Hydric soil
* Marsh gas
* Ombrotrophic

Processes|

* Halosere
* Hydrosere
* Paludification
* Salt marsh dieback

Classifications|

* A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
* National Wetlands Inventory
* Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type

Conservation|

* Clean Water Act
* Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
* Marsh organ
* Ramsar Convention
* Ramsar site
* List
* Salt marsh die-off
* Wetland indicator status

Organizations|

* Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
* Delta Waterfowl Foundation
* Ducks Unlimited
* Irish Peatland Conservation Council
* Meadowview Biological Research Station
* Society of Wetland Scientists
* Wetlands International
* Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust

Related articles|

* Aquatic ecosystem
* Bog body
* Bog butter
* Bog iron
* Bog-wood
* List of bogs
* Drainage basin
* Estuary
* Riparian zone
* River delta
* Telmatology
* Turbary
* Will-o'-the-wisp

* Wetlands portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Recreational dive sites

Reef diving regions

* Akumal
* Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
* Aliwal Shoal
* Amed (Bali)
* Anilao
* Apo Island
* Apo Reef
* Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park
* Bay of Pigs
* Belize Barrier Reef
* Biscayne National Park
* Bohol Sea
* Bowie Seamount
* Bunaken
* Bunaken National Park
* Cahuita National Park
* Calve Island
* Capurganá
* Ċirkewwa
* Cliff Villa Peninsula
* Cozumel
* Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park
* Edmonds Underwater Park
* El Ikhwa Islands
* False Bay
* Għar Qawqla
* Gili Islands
* Great Barrier Reef
* Great Southern Reef
* Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve
* Haql
* Hol Chan Marine Reserve
* iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
* Sodwana Bay
* John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
* Kadmat Island
* Ko Tao
* Lighthouse Reef
* Mantanani Islands
* Malapascua
* Martin's Haven
* Marsa Alam
* Mengalum
* Molasses Reef
* Molokini
* Neptune Islands
* Osprey Reef
* Palancar Reef
* Panglao, Bohol
* Pescador Island
* Petit Saint Vincent
* Poor Knights Islands
* Porteau Cove Provincial Park
* Puerto Galera
* Punta Cana
* Ras Muhammad National Park
* Rondo Island
* Rottnest Island
* San Andrés (island)
* San Pedro Nolasco Island
* Shaʽb Abu Nuħas
* Shadwan Island
* Similan Islands
* Sipadan
* Socorro Island
* Sound of Mull
* St. Crispin's Reef
* Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
* Taganga
* Tiga
* Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area
* Tubbataha Reef
* Utila
* Wakatobi Regency
* Weh Island
* Whittle Rock

Reef dive sites

* Azure Window
* Cod Hole
* Daedalus Reef
* Darwin's Arch
* Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
* Elphinstone Reef
* Eyemouth
* Fanadir
* Frederiksted Pier
* French Reef
* Fowey Rocks Light
* Gamul Kebir
* Hilsea Point Rock
* Inland Sea, Gozo
* Kennack Sands
* The Manacles
* Magic Point
* Octopus Hole
* Pope's Eye
* Portsea Hole
* Second Valley
* Sund Rock
* St Abbs
* Stingray City, Grand Cayman
* Wolf Rock

| Artificial reefs|

* Edithburgh jetty
* Gibraltar Artificial Reef
* Merkanti Reef
* Port Hughes jetty
* Port Noarlunga jetty
* Rapid Bay jetty
* Shark River Reef
* South Channel Fort
* Osborne Reef

|

Underwater artworks|

* Cancún Underwater Museum
* Christ of the Abyss
* Circle of Heroes
* Kristu tal-Baħħara
* Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park

Snorkelling sites|

* Fungus Rock

Wreck diving regions

* Bullhead Point Historical and Archeological District
* Calve Island
* Chuuk Lagoon
* Coron Bay
* Edmonds Underwater Park
* Shipwrecks of Isle Royale
* Loch Long
* Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan
* Michigan Underwater Preserves
* Pearl and Hermes Atoll
* Porteau Cove Provincial Park
* Robben Island Marine Protected Area
* Scapa Flow
* Shipwrecks of Cape Town
* Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
* Tulagi
* Tulamben
* Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
* List of shipwrecks in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
* Ve Skerries
* Wardang Island
* Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly
* Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve
* Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary
* List of shipwrecks in the Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary
* Wreck Alley, San Diego

Wreck dive sites

* 115 (barge)

| A|

* HMS A1
* HMS A3
* USS Aaron Ward
* Abessinia
* USS Accokeek
* HMAS Adelaide
* Admiral Sampson
* Adolphus Busch
* Aeolian Sky
* USS Aeolus
* Agat World War II Amtrac
* Ajax
* Akka
* Albert C. Field
* USS Algol
* Algoma
* Al Munassir
* Amaryllis
* America
* USS Anderson
* Andrea Doria
* Antilla
* Antilles
* USS Apogon
* Appomattox
* Aquila
* Aratama Maru
* Arctic
* USS Arkansas
* Arratoon Apcar
* USS Arthur W. Radford
* Atlanta
* USS Atlanta
* Australasia

|

* Bärenfels
* HMAS Bayonet
* Ben Doran
* Benwood
* Bianca C.
* USCGC Bibb
* Binnendijk
* USS Blenny
* HMS Boadicea
* Booya
* HMSAS Bloemfontein
* Breda
* Brian Davis
* HMAS Brisbane
* HMHS Britannic
* Bud Bar
* Bungsberg
* Byron

* HMAS Canberra
* HMCS Cape Breton
* USCGC Cape Henlopen
* Captain Keith Tibbetts
* Carl D. Bradley
* USS Carlisle
* Carnatic
* Carthaginian II
* Cayuga
* Cedarville
* Chaudière
* Christina Nilsson
* ROCS Chen Hai
* Chester A. Congdon
* City of Bangor
* City of Everett
* City of Launceston
* Clan Ranald
* Clifton
* USCGC Comanche
* Comet
* Constandis
* HMAS Coogee
* SMS Cormoran
* Cornelia B. Windiate
* HMS Coronation
* Crusader
* Cuba
* Cumberland
* USS Curb
* USCGC Cuyahoga

* Dania
* Daniel Lyons
* David Tucker
* SMS Dresden
* D.R. Hanna
* USCGC Duane
* Dunraven
* Dwight L. Moody

* Eagle
* Eastfield
* Eber Ward
* Edgar E. Clark
* HMT Elk
* Ellengowan
* USS Emmons
* SS Emperor
* RMS Empress of Ireland
* Erie L. Hackley
* Espagne
* Etruria

* HMS Falmouth
* Fifi
* Fleetwing
* SS Francisco Morazan
* Francis Hinton
* Frank O'Connor
* F. T. Barney
* Fujikawa Maru
* Fumizuki

* Gallinipper
* SATS General Botha
* USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg
* George A. Marsh
* George Dewey
* George M. Cox
* Georg Thiele
* HMS Ghurka
* USS Gilliam
* Glenlyon
* Glen Strathallan
* SAS Good Hope
* HMAS Goorangai
* Gothenburg
* Grace A. Channon
* Grecian
* Green Bay
* Gregory Poole
* Gunilda

* MT Haven
* SS Henry Chisholm
* MT Hephaestus
* Hermann Künne
* HMS Hermes
* Herzogin Cecilie
* SS Hesper
* Hilma Hooker
* Hispania
* Home
* HMS Hood
* HMAS Hobart

* Igara
* USS Indra
* SS Ironsides
* SS Isaac M. Scott
* Island City

* HMAS J1
* HMAS J2
* HMAS J4
* HMAS J5
* James Eagan Layne
* J.S. Seaverns
* SS John B. Cowle
* John M. Osborn
* SS John Mitchell
* Jura

* SS Kamloops
* Kashi Maru
* PS Keystone State
* King Cruiser
* USS Kittiwake
* Kizugawa Maru
* SMS Kronprinz
* Kyarra
* Kyle Spangler

* PS Lady Elgin
* Lady Thetis
* HMS Laforey
* SS Lakeland
* USS Lamson
* USAT Liberty
* SS Louisiana
* Louis Sheid
* SS L.R. Doty
* USS LST-507
* Lumberman

* HMS M2
* HMCS Mackenzie
* Madeira
* SMS Markgraf
* SS Marquette
* Mayflower (scow)
* Mikhail Lermontov
* Maine
* Maloja
* HMS Maori
* SS Maori
* SS Margaret Olwill
* Marguerite
* SS Mauna Loa
* USAT Meigs
* Mendi
* MV Mercedes I
* USCGC Mesquite
* Metamora
* SS Midland City
* USS Mindanao
* Minnedosa
* SS Miowera
* SS Milwaukee
* USS Mizpah
* Miztec
* USCGC Mohawk
* Mohegan
* RMS Moldavia
* SS Monarch
* SS Monrovia
* HMS Montagu
* SS M.M. Drake
* MV RMS Mulheim
* USS Muliphen
* SS Myron

* Nagato
* Niagara
* Niagara (tug)
* HMCS Nipigon
* SS Norman
* Northerner

* Oceana
* SS Onoko
* USS Oriskany
* Oslofjord
* Ozone

* P29
* P31
* SS Panay
* SS Papoose
* Pedernales
* Persier
* HMAS Perth
* SS Pewabic
* SAS Pietermaritzburg
* USS Pilotfish
* Piłsudski
* SS Pioneer
* USCGC Point Swift
* Pool Fisher
* SS Port Kembla
* HMS Port Napier
* Preußen
* President Coolidge
* HMS Prince of Wales

* Queen Victoria

* R.P. Resor
* Radaas
* USS Rankin
* Rainbow Warrior
* Regina
* HMS Repulse
* RMS Rhone
* Riva Palacio
* Robert C. Pringle
* Robert Wallace
* USS Rochester
* Rondo
* Rosehill
* Rosinco
* Rotorua
* Rouse Simmons
* Royal Adelaide
* Royal Charter
* Rozi
* Russia

* HMS Safari
* Sagamore
* HMCS Saguenay
* Sakawa
* Salem Express
* Samuel Mather
* Samuel P. Ely
* Sanko Harvest
* USS Saratoga
* HMCS Saskatchewan
* S.C. Baldwin
* USS Schurz
* USS Scuffle
* USS Scrimmage
* HMS Scylla
* Selah Chamberlain
* HMS Sidon
* USCGC Spar
* South Australian
* USS Spiegel Grove
* Sport
* Stanegarth
* Stanwood
* Stella
* Stepas Darius
* HMS St Lawrence
* Superior City
* HMAS Swan
* Sweepstakes

* Tahoe
* USCGC Tamaroa
* USS Tarpon
* Thesis
* Thistlegorm
* Thomas Friant
* Thomas Wilson
* Thunderbolt
* Toa Maru
* HMAS Tobruk
* Tokai Maru
* Torrey Canyon
* SAS Transvaal
* Treasure
* HMNZS Tui

* U-40
* U-352
* U-1195
* Um El Faroud

* V 1605 Mosel
* Varvassi
* USS Vermilion
* Vernon
* Vienna

* HMNZS Waikato
* Walter L M Russ
* HMS Warrior
* Washingtonian
* Waubuno
* HMNZS Wellington
* Wexford
* William C. Moreland
* Wisconsin
* USS Wilkes-Barre

* USS Yancey
* YO-257
* Yongala
* HMCS Yukon

* Zenobia
* Zealandia
* Zingara

Cave dive sites

Cave diving regions of the world

Cave dive sites:

* Blauhöhle
* Blue hole
* Blue Hole (Red Sea)
* Great Blue Hole
* Blue Hole (Guam)
* Boesmansgat
* Cenote
* Dzibilchaltun
* Chinhoyi Caves
* Cocklebiddy, Western Australia
* Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
* Engelbrecht Cave
* Fossil Cave
* Hranice Abyss
* Jordbrugrotta
* Kilsby sinkhole
* Molnár János Cave
* Nereo Cave
* Piccaninnie Ponds
* Pluragrotta
* Pollatoomary
* Ricks Spring
* The Shaft
* Sistema Dos Ojos
* Sistema Huautla
* Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich
* Sistema Ox Bel Ha
* Sistema Sac Actun
* Uamh an Claonaite
* Vortex Spring
* Wakulla Springs
* Wondergat
* Zacatón

Freshwater dive sites

* Blue Hole (New Mexico)
* Blue Lake (Utah)
* Dinorwic quarry
* Dorothea quarry
* Dutch Springs
* Ewens Ponds
* Homestead caldera
* Little Blue Lake
* Logue Brook Dam
* Ponce de Leon Spring
* Rum Jungle
* Silfra
* Vortex Spring
* Wast Water
* Wazee Lake

Training sites

* Blue Abyss
* Capernwray Dive Centre
* Deep Dive Dubai
* Deepspot
* Eccleston Quarry
* Hotel Terme Millepini
* National Diving and Activity Centre
* Nemo 33
* Seacrest Cove 2
* Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall
* Stoney Cove
* Swanage Pier

Related topics

* Black-water diving
* Blue-water diving
* Low impact diving
* Recreational diving
* Scuba diving
* Scuba diving tourism
* Underwater archaeology
* Underwater diving
* Wall diving

* Outline of recreational dive sites
* Category: Underwater diving sites
* Index of recreational dive sites
* Portal:Underwater diving

Portals:

* Scotland
* Scottish islands
* Oceans
* Geography
* Ecology
* Environment
* Underwater diving

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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