Flag of Algeria

Algeria

Use| National flag, civil and state ensign
Proportion| 2:3
Adopted| 3 July 1962; 63 years ago (1962-07-03)
Design| A vertical bicolor of green and white, with the red crescent encircling the red five-pointed star centered along the dividing line.
Use| Presidential standard
Proportion| 2:3
Use| Naval ensign
Proportion| 2:3
Adopted| 27 June 1963 (amended in 1995)
Design| As above, with white crossed fouled anchors in the canton.
Use| Naval jack
Design| The national flag in the canton on a light blue field.

The national flag of Algeria (علم الجزائر) consists of two equal vertical bars, green and white, charged in the center with a red star and crescent, a symbol of Islam as the nation's prominent faith. The flag was adopted on 3 July 1962. A similar version was used by the Algerian government in exile from 1958 to 1962. The Western blazon is per pale vert and argent; a crescent and star gules.

## Description

[edit]

Algerian ships fly it as their ensign, except for ships of the Algerian National Navy, which use one charged with two white crossed anchors in the canton as the naval ensign. Formerly, the two crossed anchors in the canton were red.

According to algeria-un.org, cited in 1999, the features of the flag are set down precisely, being described as:

> The green must be a composition of equal yellow and blue having, according to the diagram of contrasts of Rood, a wavelength of 5,411 [ångströms] and the position 600 on the normal spectrum. The red must be pure, of primary non-decomposable colour, and exempt of blue and yellow having, according to the above-indicated diagram, a wavelength of 6,562 [ångströms] and the position 285 on the normal spectrum.[1]

Colours scheme | Red | Green | White

|
|
|

RGB | 210-16-52 | 0-102-51 | 255-255-255
Hexadecimal | #D21034 | #006633 | #FFFFFF
CMYK | 0, 92, 75, 18 | 100, 0, 50, 60 | 0, 0, 0, 0
Pantone | 186 C | 356 C | White

### Construction Sheet

[edit]

## Symbolism

[edit]

The flag aims to highlight Algeria's cultural heritage, but there are different interpretations of its elements. According to Malek Chebel, green represents Islam and white represents purity.[2] For Pierre Lux-Wurm, green and white bring to mind the ancient banners of Islam from the time of the Prophet Muhammad, while the crescent and star can be seen as symbols of light.[3] According to Khaled Merzouk, the green stripe represents the earth and agriculture, the white stripe represents peace and the crescent and star are symbols of Islam.[4] The star represents the five pillars of Islam.[5] Benjamin Stora suggests that the three colors of the flag originally represented the three countries of the Maghreb and the ideas of union.[6]

## History

[edit]

### Middle Ages

[edit]

Main article: Islamic flag

Main article: Flag of Kingdom of Tlemcen

During the Middle Ages, various Islamic dynasties governed regions that are now part of modern-day Algeria, each controlling different territories over time. Unlike today, national flags in the modern sense did not exist. Instead, dynastic banners were used, and their colors often reflected political and religious affiliations. Black banners were commonly associated with Sunni Abbasid suzerainty and were used by the Aghlabids,[7] Zirids,[8] and Almoravids.[9][10] In contrast, white banners symbolized caliphal authority and were favored by the Umayyads, Fatimids,[11] and their earlier Zirid vassals,[8] as well as the Almohads,[12] and their successor states—the Hafsids,[13] Zayyanids, and Marinids.[14]

It is possible to distinguish, using various sources, certain constants, such as the presence of a crescent with variable orientation and the presence of the colors red, blue and white.[15]

* Flag of Kingdom of Tlemcen according to the Portolan chart.

* Flag of Kingdom of Tlemcen on Pietro Vescontes' map.

* Flag of Béjaïa according to the Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms and Catalan Atlas.

### Regency of Algiers

[edit]

#### Red, yellow and green flags

[edit]

“2 to 4. Algerian flags from the capture of Algiers (July 5, 1830). 24.Three horizontal bands, yellow, green and red.” (first one on the right), from the Army Museum in 1907, Paris.[16]

According to the historian ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Jilali, Aruj Barbarossa liberated Algiers from Spanish control in 1516 and consolidated his rule by raising a symbolic flag composed of green, yellow, and red colors.[17][18] This early flag signaled a rupture from the Christian power of Spain and laid the foundation for a new Islamic polity.[19] Al-Jilali emphasizes that while Hayreddin Barbarossa was engaged in campaigns elsewhere, Aruj secured the city and adopted this tricolor as a mark of his authority. Historians Ahmed Tewfik El Madani and Othman Kaak add that Aruj became the sole authority in Algiers and “raised his banners of three colors above its walls and castles,” further noting the symbolic assertion of rule by minting coins bearing his emblem and the inscription “Minted in Algiers.”[20][21] Similarly, the historians Nadir Assari and Mouloud Gaïd confirm that during the Turkish period, the flag consisted of three horizontal silk bands in these colors.[22]

The flag’s presence was not limited to the battlefield or palace gates. It also appeared in art and cartography. Tarek Kahlaoui reports that a 1551 Ottoman atlas by Al-Sharafi depicts Algiers under a flag with horizontal red, yellow, and green stripes—a rare early example of Algerian symbolism in Islamic cartography.[23] The red-yellow-green tricolor, though locally adopted by the Barbarossa brothers, likely held layered meanings. As Historian Jeanette M. Fregulia observes, the flag's resemblance to those found in other Ottoman administrative centers suggests a dual identity: an expression of local autonomy within a broader Ottoman imperial context. The flag may have marked the seat of the Pasha, the Sultan’s representative in Algiers, while simultaneously asserting the military and political authority of the Regency itself.[24] One variant was considered a war flag according to Bertrand Dubreuil.[25]

Foreign travelers and chroniclers also observed the flag. American prisoner in Algiers in the late 18th century James Leander Cathcart describes the flagstaff on the Dey’s palace, topped with a gilt crescent and used to fly both "the national banners and those of the Ottoman Sultan and the Prophet Muhammad" on Fridays and festivals.[26] 19th century French historian Léon Galibert, cited by Historian Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem, describes the "great national flag of Algiers" as consisting of three bands of silk—red, green, and yellow—displayed majestically above the Bab-Azoun gate.[27][28]

According to 19th century French authors, this flag flew from prominent locations across the city throughout the 16th and 17th centuries: over gates like Bab Azoun, atop the Djennina Palace, and across terraces overlooking the sea. The Fondation de la régence d'Alger, a chronicle based on 16th-century Arabic sources, confirms that the standard of red, yellow, and green floated over the Djenina palace—a visual assertion of power visible from land and sea.[29] In his 1887 work L'Algérie qui s'en va, Marius Bernard gives further specificity: the flag’s arrangement featured red at the top, green in the middle, and yellow at the bottom, flown on a long pole “on which the insolent flag of the Regency flew for so long.”[30]

* Simple tricolor of the Regency of Algiers.

* Colours of Algiers.[31][32]

* Flag of Algiers (Al-Sharafīʼs Ottoman atlas of 1551)

#### Dey-Pasha flags

[edit]

Multiple historical sources affirm the prominence of an all-red flag as the primary emblem of the Algerian state. Achour Cheurfi notes that “in 1830, when the French invaded the country, Hussein Dey’s army flew an all-red flag.”[33] Similarly, Historian Moulay Belhamissi describes a large, plain red flag raised above the Dey’s belvedere, mounted on a mast topped with a copper ball. This flag, according to Belhamissi, was hoisted on holidays across ports, while on the Kasbah, a green standard embroidered with gold was sometimes raised for ceremonial occasions.[34]

Red flags of Algiers displayed as war trophies in the cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Paris.

Historian Abd al-Rahman al-Jilali, writing in Arabic, adds a critical dimension to the flag’s political symbolism: it was “devoid of any symbol, a deliberate departure from the Ottoman imperial flags, which bore crescents and stars.” According to him, this absence represented the regency’s assertion of de facto independence. While the Dey maintained formal recognition of Ottoman authority, the distinct red banner underscored local power.[35] Occasionally, a crescent alone was added, and other flags with various emblems were used to distinguish sea vessels.[35] Historian Dane A. Morrison similarly references the lowering of a "federal flag of the United States" and the hoisting of "the red pennant of Algiers" highlighting its symbolic humiliation inflicted to U.S. Captain William Bainbridge prior to the start of the First Barbary War.[36]

The red banner’s placement atop the Kasbah was particularly meaningful. Older authors such as Camille Rousset recounts a moment during Dey Ali Khodja's rule, when the people of Algiers were surprised to find the red flag—typically flown over the Djennina palace—now at the summit of the Kasbah citadel, signaling the Dey's new seat of power.[37] During the bombardment of Algiers, a Royal Navy officer onboard HMS Queen Charlotte recalled seeing an enormous crimson flag "waving slowly and majestically" over the Dey’s palace. It was rumored to be made of silk and decorated with silver stars and crescents,[38] though the officer admitted they could not clearly discern these elements.[39] The flag was reported to have been taken by the French army from atop the Kabah citadel during the invasion of Algiers in 1830.[40]

* Flag of the Beylerbey-Pasha-Dey of Algiers

* Flag of the Dey of Algiers according to the album by John Beaumont (1705).[41]

* Plain red and head flags as beylerbey ensigns in Kurtoğlu, Fevzi (1987). Türk bayrağı ve ay yıldız (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu.

#### Janissary flags

[edit]

* Algerian Land forces Flag (Odjak of Algiers), during the conquest, the French captured about 100 with varying numbers of red and yellow stripes. [42][43]

* Regimental Flag of Algiers from "The maritime flags of all nations" (1832), by Richard Holmes Laurie (1777–1858)

* Plain red and yellow-red stripped flags in an old Dutch engraving. "De Stad Haven En Mouillie Van Algiers Neven Desselfs Kasteelen" (the city, the port and the pier of Algiers) circa 1690

#### Naval flags

[edit]

* Pavilion of the Regency of Algiers (17th-18th centuries).[44]

* Pavilion of the regency of Algiers.[45]

* Flag of the official in charge of the fleet.[46][47]

* Pavilion of the Regency of Algiers.[47]

A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs by Laureys a Castro, c. 1681. Note the various flags with crescents used by the pirates.

Laureys a Castro: The Battle of Lepanto (Barbary corsair fleet on the right).

The Barbary corsairs of Ottoman Algeria between the 15th and 17th century widely used flags that were emblazoned with one or more crescents. These could however vary greatly in color, with dark red, black, green and white being in use. Besides these, Algerian corsairs also used various flags in plain color, such as plain black ones signalling death. Less often, Algerian flags of this time also carried other motifs, such as suns, stars and crossed swords.[48] American historian John Baptist Wolf indicates that the corsairs of Algiers flew the star spangled green banner.[49] This account was also mentionned by the French historian Michel Pierre [fr], who also noted that the corsairs used the plain red flag more often by the late period of the Regency.[50]

#### Merchant flags

[edit]

* One of the types of merchant flags of Regency of Algiers.[41][47]

* Merchant flag of the regency of Algiers[51]

* Merchant flag of Algiers in Turkish Military Naval Magazine On Algeria History Piracy Flags 1930, by ALİ HAYDAR EMİR

### French Algeria

[edit]

* Merchant flag of French Algeria

* Flag used by France in Algeria when as a colony and later a part of France

French Algeria was the period of Algerian history when the country was a colony and later a part of France, for this reason the official flag was the flag of France. The French invasion began at a time when France used a solid white flag, but during the campaign, as a result of the July Revolution in metropolitan France, the tricolor was adopted, which remained in use until the independence of the Republic of Algeria in 1962. In the 19th century there was a merchant flag used on ships coming from Algeria and it was adopted after 1848, when the territories in Algeria were integrated with Metropolitan France, creates the multicolored motifs of the striped flags of the regency. The exact rules and years of use of the striped flag are unknown. The misrepresentation of the merchant flag as the main flag of French Algeria has been happening since the 19th century.[52]

### Emirate of Abdelkader

[edit]

* Flag of the Emirate of Abdelkader (1832–1847)

* Regimental flag

* Flag captured by the French

The Emirate of Abdelkader or Emirate of Mascara was a sovereign country founded by Abdelkader al-Jazairi with the allegiance of the people of Algeria to resist the French conquest of Algeria with its first capital at Mascara then Tagdemt after it was taken by France.[53] Many flags were used in the emirate, but the most important is the green and white one used at Abdelkader's tent.[clarification needed] In the white center was a raised hand of Fatima drawn surrounded by the words in gold "victory from Allah and the reconquest is near, and the victory by Emir Abdelkader". Copies of this flag, although different in proportions, are kept in the Emir Abdelkader Museum in Miliana[54]

### History of the current flag

[edit]

* One of the flags used in Sétif revolt (1945)

* Flag of Algerian nationalists from Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto.

* One of many variants of the flag used by Algierian nationalists before gaining independence.

* One of many variants of the flag used by Algierian nationalists before gaining independence.

* One of many variants before it was standardized in 1963.

* One of many variants before it was standardized in 1963.

* One of many variants before it was standardized in 1963.

* Flag proposed during ceasefire talks between FLN and OAS representatives in Algiers during Summer 1962.[55]

The North African Star (ENA) Association was preserved in 1926, with Messali Hadj as its chairman, and one of its members was the grandson of the Emir Abdelkader, Khalid ibn Hashim. Since 1926, this organization has used a green flag with the words "Algeria our country, Arabic our language and Islam our religion".[56]

While there is some dispute over who exactly designed the green and white with red star and crescent symbol,[57] Émilie Busquant, wife of the Algerian nationalist leader Messali Hadj, is generally credited as having sewed the first version of the flag in 1934.[58]

Historian Benjamin Stora explains that it was during a meeting of the ENA, in 1934, that the colors of the flag were chosen, after which Émilie Busquant was tasked with sewing it.[59] However, René Gallissot and Anissa Bouayed affirm that this is not the first appearance of the Algerian flag, as Algerian trade union demonstrators displayed this same flag (green and white with a red star and crescent) during the May Day parades in 1919 and 1920, in France and Algeria.[60][61]

Bouzid Saâla's example of the flag was made by PPA activists and is currently kept in the museum in Sétif.

Research by historian Mohamed Ghnanèche shows that in 1940, another flag was adopted with a red star and a white crescent placed above the center. It was then transformed by the Algerian People's Party (PPA) to its current form in 1943. According to Achour Cheurfi, the design of the current flag comes from PPA independence activists who, around 1944, commissioned a limited group to select the flag, it will be raised for the first time during demonstration in Sétif.[62] During these events, this is carried, among others, by Bouzid Saâl, a student who will later be killed by the French police.[63]

The green and white flag marked with a star and a red crescent was adopted by the National Liberation Front (FLN), which led the fight against France and was subsequently adopted in 1958 by the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic. It was raised at the Monrovia Conference in August 1959, where it was officially recognized by several African countries. It is then formalized and standardized by the law of April 25, 1963.[64]

## Unicode

[edit]

The flag of Algeria is represented as the Unicode emoji sequence U+1F1E9 🇩 REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER D and U+1F1FF 🇿 REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Z, making "🇩🇿".[65]

## See also

[edit]

* Emblem of Algeria
* List of Algerian flags

## References

[edit]

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3. ^ Lux-Wurm 2001, p. 38
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5. ^ Merzouk 2008, p. 253
6. ^ Stora, Benjamin (1985). Dictionnaire biographique de militants nationalistes algériens (in French). p. 74.
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8. ^ a b Brett, Michael (2017). Fatimid Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 184\. ISBN 978-1-4744-2152-2.
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10. ^ El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021). The Abbasid Caliphate: A History. Cambridge University Press. p. 218\. ISBN 978-1-107-18324-7.
11. ^ Jiwa, Shainool (2017). The Fatimids: 1 - The Rise of a Muslim Empire. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 108\. ISBN 978-1-78672-174-7.
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13. ^ Julien, Charles André (1970). History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, from the Arab Conquest to 1830. Routledge & K. Paul. p. 155\. ISBN 978-0-7100-6614-5.
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22. ^ Gaïd, Mouloud (1975). L'Algérie sous les Turcs [Algeria under the Turks] (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition. p. 58\. "The great flag of Algiers, formed of three bands of silk in red, green and yellow, majestically deployed over the gate"
23. ^ Tarek Kahlaoui (2018). Creating the Mediterranean Maps and the Islamic Imagination. Brill. p. 216\. ISBN 9789004347380. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
24. ^ Fregulia, Jeanette M. (2025). Windows into the Medieval Mediterranean. Taylor & Francis. pp. 137–138\. ISBN 978-0-429-82021-2.
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26. ^ Cathcart, James L. (James Leander); Newkirk, Jane Bancker Cathcart (1899). The captives. University of California Libraries. La Porte, Ind. : Herald Print. p. 92.
27. ^ Galibert, Léon (1844). L'Algérie ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers établissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader [Ancient and modern Algeria from the first settlements of the Carthaginians to the capture of the Smalah of Abd-el-Kader] (in French). Furne. p. 181\. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
28. ^ Naît Belkacem, Mouloud Kacem (1985). شخصية الجزائر الدولية وهيبتها العالم العالمية قبل سنة ١٨٣٠, Volume 1 [Algeria's International Character and Global Prestige Before 1830, Volume 1] (in Arabic). دار البعث. p. 142\. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
29. ^ Fondation de la régence d'Alger : histoire des Barberousse, chronique arabe du XVIe siècle, publié sur un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque royale, avec un appendice et des notes... Tome 1. Paul-Charles-Alexandre-Léonard (1793-1844) Editeur scientifique Rang Des Adrets, Ferdinand Jean Denis. J. Angé (Paris). 1837. p. 193.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: others (link)
30. ^ Marius Bernard (1887). L'Algérie qui s'en va (in French). Plon, Nourrit. p. 39.
31. ^ National Geographic Society (U.S.); Society (U.S.), National Geographic (1917). The National geographic magazine. Vol. v.32:no.1-6 (1917). Washington: National Geographic Society. p. 371.
32. ^ B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11
33. ^ Cheurfi 2004, p. 144
34. ^ Belhamissi, Moulay (1996). Marine et marins d'Alger, 1518-1830. Alger: Bibliothèque nationale d'Algérie. p. 110\. ISBN 978-9961-901-04-5.
35. ^ a b Al-Jilali 1994, p. 31.
36. ^ Morrison, Dane Anthony (2021). Eastward of Good Hope: early America in a dangerous world. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 61\. ISBN 978-1-4214-4237-2.
37. ^ Rousset, Camille (2016). La Conquête d'Alger. Collection XIX. Paris: BnF-P. ISBN 978-2-346-06990-3.
38. ^ Greening, Michael (2006). A Family Story: The Greenings and Some of Their Relatives (including the Elgars). Troubador Publishing Ltd. pp. 89–90\. ISBN 978-1-905237-45-6.
39. ^ Museum of Foreign Literature, Science and Art. E. Littell. 1836. p. 264.
40. ^ Abassi, Chaouch (1996). العلم الوطني الجزائري المعاصر تطوره الشكلي وتحليل لمضمونه الإيديولوجي والسياسي 1518 – 1945 [The contemporary Algerian national flag: its formal development and an analysis of its ideological and political content 1518-1945] (in Arabic). Algiers: موفم للنشر. p. 48.
41. ^ a b Pierre Lux-Wurm (2001). Les drapeaux de l'islam. Buchet-Chastel. ISBN 978-2-283-01813-2.
42. ^ Flag Bulletin. Flag Research Center. 1986. p. 166\. Archived from the original on 2024-04-17. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
43. ^ "Algeria: Miscellaneous flag reports, late 18th - early 19th century". Archived from the original on 2023-12-10. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
44. ^ B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11.
45. ^ B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11.
46. ^ "AL DJAZAIR Algeria". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2015-01-23..
47. ^ a b c d Carington Bowles (1783). Bowles's universal display of the naval flags of all nations in the world. Londres. Archived from the original on 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
48. ^ Konstam (2016), pp. 34–37, 40, 43, 52, 56, 57 61.
49. ^ Wolf, John B. (John Baptiste) (1979). The Barbary Coast : Algiers under the Turks, 1500 to 1830. Internet Archive. New York : Norton. p. 114\. ISBN 978-0-393-01205-7.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
50. ^ Pierre, Michel (2023). Histoire de l'Algérie: Des origines à nos jours (in French). Tallandier. p. 156\. ISBN 979-10-210-6453-9.
51. ^ B. Dubreuil, Les pavillons des États musulmans, Publications de la Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines de Rabat, 1965, p. 11.
52. ^ "Cigarette Cards: Flag Girls (1908)". www.listal.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
53. ^ Sedgwick, Mark (2016-10-18). Western Sufism: From the Abbasids to the New Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-997766-6.
54. ^ "Le sel de la terre: Passage à la manufacture d'armes de l'Emir Abdelkader à Miliana". 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
55. ^ Carréras, Fernand (1967). L'accord FLN-OAS, des négociations secrètes au cessez-le-feu (in French). p. 102.
56. ^ Sadouni, Brahim (1990). Le drapeau: écrit d'un harki. L'Harmattan. p. 68.
57. ^ Houda, B. (20 August 1997). "Le vert, le blanc, l'étoile et le croissant Qui a conçu le drapeau algérien ?". El Watan. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
58. ^ Kessous, Mustapha. "Emilie Busquant la plus algerienne des francaises". Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
59. ^ Stora, Benjamin (1987). Nationalistes algériens et révolutionnaires français au temps du Front populaire (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-85802-890-0.
60. ^ René Gallissot; Anissa Bouayed (2006). Algérie. Engagements sociaux et question nationale : de la colonisation à l'indépendance de 1830 à 1962. Éditions de l'Atelier. p. 176.
61. ^ Gallissot, René (December 30, 2004). "Deux notices du Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier-Algérie". Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales. 25–26 (25–26): 143–158\. doi:10.4000/insaniyat.6325. ISSN 1111-2050. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.25–26&rft.pages=143-158&rft.date=2004-12-30&rft_id=info:doi/10.4000/insaniyat.6325&rft.issn=1111-2050&rft.aulast=Gallissot&rft.aufirst=René&rft_id=https://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/6325&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Flag+of+Algeria" class="Z3988">
62. ^ Cheurfi 2004, p. 144
63. ^ Cheurfi 2004, p. 495
64. ^ "Repères chronologiques de la guerre d'Algérie". Archived from the original on 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
65. ^ "🇩🇿 Flag for Algeria Emoji". Retrieved 19 December 2024.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Chebel, Malek (2001). Dictionnaire des symboles musulmans. Éditions Albin Michel.
* Cheurfi, Achour (2004). La révolution algérienne (1954-1962): Dictionnaire biographique (in French). Casbah éditions. ISBN 978-9961-64-478-2.
* Konstam, Angus (2016). The Barbary Pirates. 15th–17th Centuries. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1543-9.
* Lux-Wurm, Pierre (2001). Les drapeaux de l'islam (in French). Buchet-Chastel. ISBN 978-2-283-01813-2.
* Merzouk, Khaled (2008). Messali Hadj et ses compagnons a Tlemecen : récits et anecdotes de son époque, 1898-1974 (in French). El Dar El Othmania.
* الجيلالي [Al-Jilali], عبد الرحمن [Abdul Rahman] (1994). تاريخ الجزائر العام للعلامة عبد الرحمن الجيلالي الجزء الثالث: الخاص بالفترة بين 1514 إلى 1830م [The General History of Algeria by Abd al-Rahman al-Jilali, Part Three: Concerning the period between 1514 and 1830 AD] (in Arabic). Algiers: الشركة الوطنية للنشر والتوزيع [National Publishing and Distribution Company]. ISBN 978-9961-67-222-8.

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