Flag of California

U.S. state flag

"Bear flag" redirects here. For other uses, see Bear flag (disambiguation).

Bear Flag
Flag of California

The Bear Flag
Use| Civil and state flag, state ensign
Proportion| 2:3
Adopted| February 3, 1911; 114 years ago (1911-02-03) (original version)
June 14, 1953; 71 years ago (1953-06-14)[1] (standardized version)
Design| A single red star in the canton, a red stripe along the bottom, and a California grizzly bear atop a mound of green grass defacing a white field.
Designed by| Donald Graeme Kelley, based on flag flown during the Bear Flag Revolt

The Bear Flag is the official flag of the U.S. state of California.[2] The precursor of the flag was first flown during the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt and was also known as the Bear Flag. A predecessor, called the Lone Star Flag, was used in an 1836 independence movement;[3] the red star element from that flag appears in the Bear Flag of today.[4]

## Current Flag

[edit]

The flag on display at the California State Capitol.

### Law and protocol

[edit]

The 1911 statute stated:

> The bear flag is hereby selected and adopted as the state flag of California. ... The said bear flag shall consist of a flag of a length equal to one and one-half the width thereof; the upper five-sixths of the width thereof to be a white field, and the lower sixth of the width thereof to be a red stripe; there shall appear in the white field in the upper left-hand corner a single red star, and at the bottom of the white field the words 'California Republic,' and in the center of the white field a California grizzly bear upon a grass plat, in the position of walking toward the left of the said field; said bear shall be dark brown in color and in length, equal to one-third of the length of said flag.

In 1953, the design and specifications for the state flag were standardized in a bill signed by Governor Earl Warren and illustrated by Donald Graeme Kelley of Marin County, California.[5] The Californian state flag is often called the "Bear Flag" and in fact, the present statute adopting the flag, California Government Code § 420, states: "The Bear Flag is the State Flag of California."

Pursuant to Section 439 of the California Government Code, the regulations and protocols for the proper display of the flag of California is controlled by the California Adjutant General:

> The Adjutant General shall, by regulation, prescribe rules regarding the times, places, and the manner in which the State Flag may be displayed. He shall, periodically, compile the laws and regulations regarding the State Flag. Copies of the compilation shall be printed and made available to the public at cost by the Department of General Services.

When the flag is displayed vertically, it is rotated 90 degrees clockwise such that the bear and star face upward and red stripe is on the left.[6]

The flag is also used as the state ensign.[7][8]

### Design

[edit]

The first official version of the Bear Flag was adopted by the California State Legislature and signed into law by Governor Hiram Johnson in 1911 as the official state flag.[9]

The contemporary state flag is white with a wide red strip along the bottom. There is a red star in the upper left corner and a grizzly bear facing left (toward the hoist) in the center, walking on a patch of green grass. The size of the bear is ⅔ the size of the hoist width and has a ratio of 2 by 1. The grass plot has a ratio of 11 to 1.[2] The five-point star is taken from the California Lone Star Flag of 1836.[6] The hoist of the flag is two-thirds the fly.[10]

The bear on one 1911 version of the flag is claimed to have been modeled on the last California grizzly bear in captivity.[11] The bear, named "Monarch", was captured in 1889 by newspaper reporter Allan Kelly, at the behest of William Randolph Hearst.[12] The bear was subsequently moved to Woodwards Gardens in San Francisco, and then to the zoo at Golden Gate Park. After the bear's death in 1911, it was mounted and preserved at the Academy of Sciences at Golden Gate Park.[13]

While the bear flag was adopted in 1911, until 1953 the image of the bear varied depending on the flag manufacturer. In 1953 the bear image was standardized by Donald Greame Kelley,[14] he based it off the 1855 watercolor by Charles Christian Nahl.[15][16] The 1953 law includes an official black and white rendering of the bear as well as the plot of grass and brown tufts. This drawing and other specifications that define the flag's colors and dimensions are identified as "54-J-03".[1]

The Californian flag is one of two U.S. state flags to depict a bear, along with Missouri.

In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U.S. state, U.S. territorial, and Canadian provincial flags and ranked the flag of California 13th out of 50 U.S. states, and the best flag that contains words, specifically the state's name.[17]

* Metrics for the flag of California

* The accepted official rendering of the bear

* "Monarch" the bear

### Colors

[edit]

Vertical display

The 1953 legislation defined the exact shades of the California flag with a total of five colors (including the white field) relative to the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card of America (now called the Standard Color Reference of America).[1] It is one of only four US state flags not to include the color blue, along with Alabama, Maryland, and New Mexico.

Color  | Cable no.[1] | Pantone[6] | Web color[18] | RGB values

|
|
|
|

White  | 75001  | Safe  | `#FFFFFF` | (255,255,255)
Old Glory Red  | 70180  | 200  | `#B71234` | (183,18,52)
Maple Sugar  | 70129  | 729C  | `#BD8A5E` | (189,138,94)
Seal  | 70108  | 462C  | `#584528` | (88,69,40)
Irish Green  | 70168  | 348  | `#008542` | (0,133,66)

* Seal is used for the dark shading of the bear, the 12 darker tufts in the plot of grass, the border of the plot and the lettering "CALIFORNIA REPUBLIC".
* Maple Sugar is the base color for the bear.
* Old Glory Red is used for the star, the bear's tongue and the red stripe at the bottom of the flag.
* Irish Green is used for the grass plot.
* The bear's claws are also accented with white. The left front and rear paws have four white claws while the right rear claw displays three. The front right paw does not contain highlighting.

## History

[edit]

### Lone Star of California

[edit]

The lone star of the 1836 California Lone Star Flag inspired the red star in the flag of the Bear Flag Revolt

Last known California Lone Star flag, now held at the Gene Autry Western Museum in Los Angeles

In 1836, a coup led by Juan Alvarado declared Alta California's independence from Mexico. Declaring himself governor, Alvarado recruited U.S. frontiersmen, led by Isaac Graham, to support him. The rebels easily captured the capital Monterey, but were unable to convince southern leaders such as Juan Bandini and Carlos Antonio Carrillo to join the rebellion. Faced with a civil war, Alvarado and the other Californios negotiated a compromise with the central government wherein California's leaders accepted its status as a "department" under the "Siete Leyes" Mexican constitution of 1836, in return for more local control. Alvarado was appointed governor the next year.

The Lone Star Flag of California, associated with Alvarado's rebellion, contained a single red star on a white background.[6] One last original flag is archived at the Autry National Center.[19]

### Original Bear Flag

[edit]

The original 1846 Bear Flag with its designer, Peter Storm, c. 1870

Bear Flag monument on the Sonoma Plaza

The original grizzly bear flag was created by Peter Storm. A version of this bear flag, designed by William L. Todd, was raised in Sonoma, California, in June 1846 on a date between the 14th and the 17th,[20] by the men who became known as the "Bear Flaggers", including William B. Ide.[21] The exact creation date is at least somewhat unclear. However, U.S. Naval Lieutenant John Missroon reported the flag's existence as of June 17, 1846.[22]

William L. Todd was a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln.[23] According to the book Flags Over California, published by the California Military Department, the star on the flag recalled the 1836 California Lone Star Flag. Todd, in an 1878 letter to the Los Angeles Express, states that the star was drawn using blackberry juice and in recognition of the California Lone Star Flag. The bear was designed to be a symbol of strength and unyielding resistance.[6]

According to the Sonoma State Historic Park, the construction of the flag was described as such:

> At a company meeting it was determined that we should raise a flag and that it should be a bear en passant [a heraldry term signifying that the bear is walking toward the viewer's left], with one star. One of the ladies at the garrison gave us a piece of brown domestic, and Mrs. Captain John Sears gave us some strips of red flannel about 4 inches wide. The domestic was new, but the flannel was said to have been part of a petticoat worn by Mrs. Sears across the mountains...I took a pen, and with ink drew the outline of the bear and star upon the white cloth. Linseed oil and Venetian red were found in the garrison, and I painted the bear and star...Underneath the bear and star were printed with a pen the words 'California Republic' in Roman letters. In painting the words I first lined out the letters with a pen, leaving out the letter 'i' and putting 'c' where 'i' should have been, and afterwards the 'i' over the 'c'. It was made with ink, and we had nothing to remove the marks.[24]

The original Bear Flag and the republic it symbolized had a brief career, from about June 14 until July 9.[25] On July 7, 1846, Commodore John Drake Sloat of the United States Navy's Pacific Squadron first raised the 28-star American flag at Monterey, the capital of Alta California, and claimed the territory for the United States.[25]

Two days later, on July 9, 1846, Navy Lieutenant Joseph Warren Revere arrived in Sonoma and hauled down the Bear Flag, running up in its place the Stars and Stripes. The Bear Flag was given to young John E. Montgomery (son of Commander John B. Montgomery of USS Portsmouth), who would later write in a letter to his mother "Cuffy came down growling"--"Cuffy" being his nickname for the bear on the flag.

The Bear Flag given to young Montgomery returned with USS Portsmouth to the east coast of the U.S. in 1848, but in 1855 was returned to California.[26] The flag was given to California's two senators, John B. Weller and William M. Gwin. This flag was donated to the Society of California Pioneers on September 8, 1855, and was preserved at the Society's Pioneer Halls in San Francisco until it was destroyed on April 18, 1906, in the fires that followed the great San Francisco earthquake.[26] Today, a replica hangs on display in the Sonoma Barracks, or El Presidio de Sonoma. There is also a statue in the plaza at Sonoma, California, commemorating the raising of the flag, the Bear Flag Monument.

### Other Bear Flags

[edit]

There are many accounts of other bear flags being made during the revolt.[6][27] Each flag has a different design, most with a bear as the central figure either in brown or black. Some having a standing bear while others had it on all fours.[28] Most of the accounts were made years afters the revolt.

> I have no doubt that within the next ten days [from June 14, 1846] there were a dozen Bear Flags made and floated. Every one who had a boat, store, or public place, desired them, and many of them made Bear Flags.

> — George W. Williams[27]

* Digital reconstruction of a early Republic flag[29]

* Etching of another Bear flag flown in Sonoma in 1846[30]

* The Bear Flag Guidon, it was carried by the California Battalion[31][32]

* Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag described by Hubert Howe Bancroft[33]

* Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag described by the Sacramento Daily Union[34]

* Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag described by the Sacramento Transcript[35]

* Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag from Porterfield's account[36]

* Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag from Lindsay's account[37]

* Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag from Alexander Todd's account[38]

* Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag from Bradshaw's account. It was the biggest Bear Flag made during the revolt, measuring around 6 feet wide and 13 feet long[39]

Etching of the Lone Star American flag flown on Jul 4, 1847[40]

A year after the revolt American settlers in Sacramento Valley wanted to celebrate the 4th of July by raising a national flag.[41] The party did not have one, so they started gathering material to make an improvised American flag. It was described as: "...small square of heavy cloth, light blue in color, upon which is pasted a white paper star of eight points, while a piece of paper is pasted along the top bar with the following motto written upon it: " California is ours as long as the stars remain."[40]

### 1850s

[edit]

On September 9, 1850, San Franciscans celebrated California's admission to the union with a parade. From the flagpole in Portsmouth Square they flew an American flag with one large star that represented the state.[42] Another flag flown to celebrated California's statehood was the first state flag. The flag contained the state seal in the center of its field, with it being painted by William Henry Powell. The whole thing Measuring at 8 feet wide and 12 feet long.[43][44]

From 1850-1858 people across the country started flying the American flags with their 31 stars arranged in the "Grand Luminary" pattern.[45] This is when the stars in the canton are arranged to make one big star.[45]

During the 1856 presidential election supporters of Republican nominee Fremont raised a Bear Flag in San Francisco,[46] also one raised in Marysville but with the names: "Fremont and Dayton," on it.[47]

* Digital remake of a 31 star American flag with a Grand Luminary star pattern[48]

* Digital reconstruction of a unique 31 star American flag with red & yellow stripes[49]

* Digital remake of the "Lone Star" flag flown on admission day in San Francisco[50]

* Digital remake of a American flag with a Grand Luminary star pattern and 14 stripes, it flew on admission day[51]

* Digital reconstruction of the "Lone Star" flag flown in Plumas County on July 4, 1852. It was described by Louise Clappe[52]

* Digital reconstruction of the flag carried by Californios in San Francisco during the admission day parade. Based on a written description[53][54]

### The Civil War period

[edit]

* Digital reconstruction of bear flag flown by secessionists In Los Angeles as described by newspapers.[55]

* Digital reconstruction of the pro-union bear flag that flew in Stockton, from a description by local newspapers.[56][57][58]

* Digital reconstruction of a newspaper's description of the 1861 state flag made for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.[59]

* Digital reconstruction of Palmetto flag flown by secessionists in Sacramento on February 22, 1861, as described by eyewitnesses.[60][61][62]

During the secession crisis and the early part of the American Civil War in 1861, California was divided between supporters of the union and supporters of southern secession. In the months leading up to the war, some opposed to the government in Los Angeles County and San Bernardino County showed support for secession by flying variants of the Bear Flag instead of the Stars and Stripes.[63]: 194–195 One version of the Bear Flag that was flown on May 29 in Los Angeles was described as "...a deep red flag with a black bear painted on it."[55][64] Duncan Beaumont raised a Pacific Republic flag from his boat in the Stockton to show his loyalty to secession. A party of men raised a banner containing a small American flag in the top corner and in the center a huge eagle with a grizzly bear below it.[65] It was cut down by a different group of loyal unionists later in the day.[56] The group thought it was a sign of disunion, but the day after they raised it in a different part of town to show their support for the Union.[57][58] Soon secessionist across the state started raising other flags to express their sympathy for the Confederacy. These include: Palmetto flags,[66][67] 7 stars flags,[68] Stars and Bars,[69] rattlesnake flags,[70][67] and 15-24 star US flags.[71][72][73] Not to be outdone, Unionists raised several flags to show support for the United States. The flags were the Stars and stripes[74] (Sometimes with patriotic mottos),[75][76] Union club flags,[77] Militia flags,[78][79] German flags,[80][81] and Irish flags.[82][83][84]

During the war, Union soldiers routinely took action against secessionists who ran up Confederate flags in many places, including above the California statehouse in Sacramento, then disappeared before they could be caught.[63] On July 4, 1861, during U.S. Independence Day celebrations in Sacramento, Democrat and veteran Maj. J. P. Gillis celebrated the independence of the United States from Great Britain and the secession of the Confederacy by unfurling a flag based on the first Confederate flag, the Stars and Bars, but containing seventeen stars rather than the Confederate banner's seven, and marching down the street to the cheers of pro-slavery individuals.[85] Unionist Jack Biderman denounced Gillis, tore the flag from his hands, and taunted secessionists to try to take the flag back. No one tried. Because Gillis' flag was seized by Jack Biderman, it is referred to either as the "Biderman Flag" or the "Gillis Flag."[69] The flag is preserved in the state capitol.

Digital reconstruction of the state flag flown in the Bay area in 1864 from newspaper accounts[86]

In June 1861, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors ordered three flags to be made by Norcross. One of them was based on the first state flag, with the "California Coat of arms" added to its field. It cost $50 ($1,791 adjusted for inflation) to make and was hung in the chamber of the board of supervisors with the other two flags.[59] A year later a banner of similar design was hung in the city, but the seal was encircled by small American flags.[87]

On July 14, 1864, a party under Gen. McDowell took a ship around the Bay Area to inspect the fortifications. The ship, called The Goliah, flew the flag of the United States and a state flag described as "...a body of red with a large circle in the centre, representing the great seal of the State."[86]

### 1870s-1910s

[edit]

In February 1870, a man name Joseph Neuman produced 2 unique American flags with golden stars. One was for the State Capitol and the other for the National Capitol.[88] The one for Washington was never given after the bill in the state house failed to raise money for the trip.[89] They were describe as:

Digital reconstruction of the American flag made by Joseph Neuman for the state capitol

> ...The value, intrinsically, of these two Flags, manufactured thus with extra care, as emblems for our own State and for our National Capitol, is Five Thousand Dollars, and we, as a citizen of California, feel proud, with thousands of others, that California will thus have floating over the Dome of our National Congress such a proud emblem of California...

> — California Farmer and Journal of Useful Sciences, 10 February 1870

Etching of the Bear Flag flown in San Jose, 1894 [90]

The Bear Flag flown through out the 1870s was usually a brown bear on a plain white field with no star or stripe.[91][92][93] The flag was used by the Native Sons of the Golden West[94] and other pioneer organizations.[95] Sometimes it was given as a trophy for boat races[96] or used as a commodore flag.[97] In 1885 the Bear Flag was first officially used to represent state during the Southern Exposition[98] and later in 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.[99] California's National Guard carried regimental flags with the state seal on them,[100][101] from the 1879 until 1907.[102][103]

Sonoma Barracks in 1896[104]

In 1890 the Admission Day Celebration was being held in San Francisco, with 3 unique flags flown to represent the state. The designs were: "...Two vaqueros lassoing a grizzly bear, the peaks of Mount Shasta showing in the distance....Great seal of California...The north star, with grizzly bear In foreground..."[105] Two years later a Bear Flag was hung in Los Angeles that was similar to the modern state flag.[106] On June 14, 1896 Sonoma was celebrating 50th Anniversary of the Bear Flag Revolt. The town decided to raised a duplicate of the original Bear Flag,[107] which is still in the Sonoma Barracks.

Flag carried during the Spanish-American War[108] State flag on the right and a banner containing the state seal on the left, New York City 1912

When Spanish-American War started California troops carried two regimental flags, one that contain the state seal and the name of the regiment below.[108][109] The other was an American flag[110] with name of the regiment in the stripes.[111]

In 1909 the USS California was given two flags, one was a Bear Flag and other had the state seal on it.[112] In 1912 the last state flag to contain the state seal was carried in a women suffrage parade in New York City.[113]

## Flag of the governor

[edit]

The flag of the governor of California

See also: Flags of governors of the U.S. states

The flag of the governor of California consists of the seal of California centered on a field of azure. Like many other U.S. governors' flags, there are four five-point stars at the corners of the field.

## In popular culture

[edit]

The flag of California serves as a basis for the flag of the fictional New California Republic in the popular post-apocalyptic Fallout franchise.[114]

## Gallery

[edit]

Some examples of Californian state flags from the early 20th century (before the design was officially standardized in 1953) display multiple if minor degrees of variation

Digital reproduction of the first Bear Flag

Digital reproduction of Todd's Bear Flag

Todd's original Bear Flag, fabricated and flown at the Sonoma revolt, photographed in 1890

Sailors waving the flag in San Diego.

The flag flying in front of San Francisco City Hall

The California state flag as depicted in the 1976 bicentennial postage stamp series.

## See also

[edit]

* Heraldry portal
* California portal

* List of California state symbols
* List of flags by design
* List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insignia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d "California State Flag Specifications" (PDF). bearflagmuseum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2019.
2. ^ a b "California State Library - History and Culture". California State Library. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
3. ^ Guinn, J.M. (1898). "El Estado Libre de Alta California: The Free State of Upper California". Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California and Pioneer Register, Los Angeles. 4 (2): 163–172\. doi:10.2307/41167714. JSTOR 41167714.
4. ^ "California's 'Red Star' Revolution". Santa Cruz Sentinel.
5. ^ "Bear in Mind". californiamuseum.org. November 18, 2015. Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
6. ^ a b c d e f "Flags Over California: A History Guide" (PDF). California State Military Museum. State of California, Military Department. 2002. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
7. ^ Sergeant Mark J. Denger. "Flags of California's Naval Forces". The California Military Museum. California State Military Department. Retrieved April 18, 2011. "Our state ensign, easily distinguishable, truly embodies the history of this state. The "Bear Flag," known from the annals of this state's history, dates from the days of those early California pioneers and commemorates the biggest bear known to science, the California grizzly, now extinct."
8. ^ Gregory, Tom (1912). Story of the Bear Flag - How the State Ensign Came Into Being. Journal of the Senate of the State of California. Vol. 2\. State Printing Office. pp. 327–329. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
9. ^ "9". The Statutes of California and Amendments to the Codes passed. Thirty-Ninth Session of the Legislature. 1911. p. 6.
10. ^ "State Flag and Emblems". California Law. California Legislative Information. Archived from the original on December 12, 2023.
11. ^ David T. Page (June 6, 2011). Explorer's Guide Yosemite & the Southern Sierra Nevada: Includes Mammoth Lakes, Sequoia, Kings Canyon & Death Valley: A Great Destination (Second Edition) (Explorer's Great Destinations). Countryman Press. p. 49\. ISBN 978-1-58157-880-5.
12. ^ "Monarch the Grizzly Bear". Retrieved June 14, 2010.
Katherine Girlich (June 17, 2009). San Francisco Zoo. Arcadia Publishing. p. 27\. ISBN 978-1-4396-3807-1.
13. ^ Laurel Braitman (June 10, 2014). Animal Madness: How Anxious Dogs, Compulsive Parrots, and Elephants in Recovery Help Us Understand Ourselves. Simon and Schuster. pp. 85–88\. ISBN 978-1-4516-2702-2.
14. ^ "Desert Sun 15 August 1985 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved February 22, 2025.
15. ^ "Flags Over California" (PDF). California State Military Museums Program. State of California, Military Department. p. 11. Retrieved January 21, 2023. "Various bear images appeared on the flag until the design was standardized in 1953 modeled after the 1855 watercolor by Charles Nahl... A copy of this painting, which is in the city of Monterey collection, can be seen in the Colton Hall Museum."
16. ^ Chamings, Andrew (July 7, 2020). "The bear on the California state flag lived in Golden Gate Park".
17. ^ Kaye, Ted (June 10, 2001). "New Mexico Tops State/Provincial Flags Survey, Georgia Loses by Wide Margin". NAVA.org. North American Vexillological Association. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011.
18. ^ "Pantone Color Chart". Pantone. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 30, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
19. ^ Masters, Nathan (October 20, 2011). "Where to Find California's Oldest Flag & Other Objects in SoCal's Archives". KCET. Burbank, California. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
20. ^ Ruiz, Augustine (June 4, 2008). "Sacramento Post Office Invites Community to Celebrate Release of 'Flags of our Nation' California Stamp". Postal News. United States Postal Service. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
21. ^ "William B. Ide Abode State Historic Park" (PDF). California State Parks. State of California. 2008. Retrieved July 19, 2011. "This rallied the settlers into action, and on June 14, 1846, a group of about thirty men—including Ide—marched on the town of Sonoma. The group became known as the Bear Flaggers"
22. ^ "CALIFORNIA IN TIME: From the War with Mexico to Statehood" (PDF). California State Parks. State of California. September 24, 2003. Retrieved July 19, 2011. "William Todd brings news of Sonoma to Capt. John Montgomery of the U.S.N. Portsmouth, who sends a reply with Lt. John Missroon."
23. ^ Hill, Kathleen Thompson; Hill, Gerald N. (2005). Insiders' Guide Napa Valley: Land Of Golden Vines. Globe Pequot. p. 293\. ISBN 9780762734436. Retrieved March 8, 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
Brown, Gary (1996). The Great Bear Almanac. Globe Pequot. p. 209\. ISBN 9781558214743. Retrieved March 8, 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
24. ^ "William Todd and the construction of the bear flag" (PDF). Sonoma State Historic Park. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
25. ^ a b Denger, Mark J. "The Acquisition of California". The California Military Museum. California Military Department. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
26. ^ a b "California Bear Flag: Symbol of Strength" (PDF). Department of Fish and Game. State of California. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
27. ^ a b "Bear Flag Creation | California Pioneer Heritage Foundation". Retrieved February 23, 2025.
28. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886). History of California. University of California Berkeley. San Francisco: History co.
29. ^ Bancroft. V. p.147
30. ^ "Wide West 1 January 1858 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
31. ^ "San Francisco Call 7 September 1890 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
32. ^ "Weekly Calistogian 23 January 1878 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
33. ^ Bancroft V. p.148
34. ^ "Sacramento Daily Union 24 August 1855 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
35. ^ "Sacramento Transcript 10 April 1851 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
36. ^ "Healdsburg Tribune, Enterprise and Scimitar 4 April 1901 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
37. ^ "San Francisco Call 7 September 1890 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
38. ^ "Union Democrat (Sonora, 1854) 29 August 1874 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2025.
39. ^ Los Angeles Star, 24 August 1861
40. ^ a b "San Francisco Call 7 September 1890 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
41. ^ "Weekly Colusa Sun 20 March 1886 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
42. ^ Society, California Historical (September 9, 2016). "This Day on September 9, 1850: California Joins the Union". California Historical Society. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
43. ^ "Los Angeles Herald 25 October 1910 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
44. ^ "Los Angeles Herald 27 October 1910 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
45. ^ a b "ZFC - 05. Grand Luminary Flags, 1796 - 1912". www.flagcollection.com. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
46. ^ "San Joaquin Republican 25 July 1856 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
47. ^ "Empire County Argus 30 August 1856 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
48. ^ "Rare Flags - Antique American Flags, Historic American Flags". rareflags.com. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
49. ^ "Sacramento Transcript 5 May 1851 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved February 14, 2025.
50. ^ Society, California Historical (September 9, 2016). "This Day on September 9, 1850: California Joins the Union". California Historical Society. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
51. ^ "ZFC Item Details - U.S. 31 Stars Flag, California joins the Union". www.flagcollection.com. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
52. ^ The Shirley letters from California mines in 1851-52, by Louise Clappe, "July 4th, 1852"
53. ^ A History of California and an Extended History of Los Angeles and Environs, by James Miller Guinn, p. 230
54. ^ "Daily Pacific News 30 October 1850 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
55. ^ a b Daily Alta California, 22 June 1861
56. ^ a b San Joaquin Republican, 18 January 1861
57. ^ a b Daily Alta California, 20 January 1861
58. ^ a b Sacramento Daily Union, 20 March 1861
59. ^ a b Daily Alta California, 25 June 1861
60. ^ "Sacramento Daily Union 22 February 1861 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
61. ^ San Joaquin Republican, 24 February 1861
62. ^ Mariposa Gazette, 5 March 1861
63. ^ a b Tinkham, George Henry (1915). California men and events: time 1769–1890 (revised 2nd ed.). Stockton, California: Record Publishing Company. hdl:2027/yale.39002006519285.
64. ^ Sacramento Daily Union, 24 June 1861
65. ^ History of San Joaquin County, California, by Tinkham, George H. p.181
66. ^ Daily Alta California, 20 February 1861
67. ^ a b Nevada Democrat, 20 June 1861
68. ^ Sacramento Daily Union, 12 June 1861
69. ^ a b "The Biderman Flag". MilitaryMuseum.org. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
70. ^ Sacramento Daily Union 3 May 1861
71. ^ San Joaquin Republican, 14 May 1861
72. ^ Daily Alta California, 22 October 1864
73. ^ "Los Angeles Star 1 June 1861 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. p. 2. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
74. ^ Marysville Daily Appeal, 19 June 1862
75. ^ Sacramento Daily Union, 2 May 1861
76. ^ Mountain Democrat, 6 July 1861
77. ^ Sacramento Daily Union, 25 June 1861
78. ^ "ZFC Item Details - U.S. 33 Star "Eagle Canton" Militia National Color". www.flagcollection.com. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
79. ^ Daily Alta California, 22 February 1862
80. ^ Marysville Daily Appeal, 23 February 1864
81. ^ Daily Alta California, 11 March 1864
82. ^ Daily Alta California, 24 February 1861
83. ^ Marysville Daily Appeal, 18 March 1864
84. ^ Daily Alta California, 14 October 1864
85. ^ "California's Secessionist Impulse". CA State Parks. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
86. ^ a b "Daily Alta California 14 July 1864 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
87. ^ Daily Alta California, 15 September 1862
88. ^ "California Farmer and Journal of Useful Sciences 10 February 1870 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
89. ^ "Sacramento Daily Union 28 February 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
90. ^ "San Jose Mercury-news 9 September 1894 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
91. ^ "Sacramento Daily Union 10 June 1872 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
92. ^ "Marysville Daily Appeal 13 September 1884 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
93. ^ "Daily Alta California 19 December 1879 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
94. ^ "Sonoma Democrat 9 September 1885 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
95. ^ "The Associated Pioneers of the Territorial Days of California". oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
96. ^ "Daily Alta California 12 September 1877 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
97. ^ "Daily Alta California 13 April 1871 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
98. ^ "Napa County Reporter 21 August 1885 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
99. ^ "Expositor 2 May 1893 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
100. ^ "Stockton Mail 2 August 1886 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
101. ^ "Los Angeles Herald 22 January 1902 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
102. ^ "Morning Press 4 February 1879 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved March 2, 2025.
103. ^ "Hanford Sentinel 28 March 1907 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
104. ^ "Napa Register (Weekly) 19 June 1896 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
105. ^ "Daily Alta California 11 July 1890 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
106. ^ "Los Angeles Herald 27 April 1892 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
107. ^ "Sonoma Democrat 20 June 1896 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
108. ^ a b "Los Angeles Herald 15 May 1898 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
109. ^ "San Francisco Call 21 July 1898 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
110. ^ "San Francisco Call 3 November 1898 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
111. ^ "San Diego Union and Daily Bee 24 May 1898 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
112. ^ "San Francisco Call 5 September 1909 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
113. ^ "San Francisco Call 15 May 1912 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
114. ^ Wallace, Michael (April 26, 2024). "The History of FALLOUT's New California Republic". Nerdist. Retrieved July 18, 2024.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Smilie, Robert A. (1975). The Sonoma Mission, San Francisco Solano de Sonoma: The Founding, Ruin and Restoration of California's 21st Mission. Valley Publishers, Fresno, CA. ISBN 0-913548-24-3.
* California. Legislature. Senate (1912). Journal of the Senate of the State of California, Volume 2. State Printing Office. p. 327.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of California.

* Hubert H. Bancroft's History of California,Vol. V. 1846-1848
* Creation of the Bear Flag. Archived July 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
* Flags of the World: California
* The Bear Flag Museum
* William Todd Quote on Bear Flag construction
* Ide, Simeon (1880). "A Sketch of the Life of William B. Ide". Archived from the original on May 4, 2009.

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