Flag of Chicago

Use| Civil flag
Proportion| 2:3
Adopted| Original, 1917; additional stars added, 1933 and 1939.
Design| Argent four mullets of six points gules in fess between two bars bleu de ciel.
Designed by| Wallace Rice

The flag of Chicago consists of two light blue horizontal bars, or stripes, on a field of white, each bar one-sixth the height of the full flag, and placed slightly less than one-sixth of the way from the top and bottom. Four bright red stars, with six sharp points each, are set side by side, close together, in the middle third of the flag's surface.[1]

## Symbolism

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### Bars

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The three white background areas of the flag represent, from top to bottom, the North, West, and South sides of the city. The top blue bar represents Lake Michigan and the North Branch of the Chicago River. The bottom blue bar represents the South Branch of the river and the "Great Canal", over the Chicago Portage.[2] The light blue of the flag's two bars is variously called sky blue[3] or pale blue;[4] in a 1917 article of a speech by designer Wallace Rice, it was called "the color of water".[5][6]

### Stars

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Infographic displaying the history and meaning of the Chicago flag.

There are four red six-pointed stars on the center white bar. Six-pointed stars are used because five-pointed stars represent sovereign states and because the star as designed was found on no other known flags as of 1917.[7] From the hoist outwards, the stars represent:

* Original to the 1917 flag: This star stands for the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Its six points symbolize transportation, labor, commerce, finance, populousness, and salubrity (health). [1][2]
* Original to the 1917 flag: This star symbolizes the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Its six points represent the virtues of religion, education, aesthetics, justice, beneficence, and civic pride. [1][2]
* Added in 1933: This star represents the Century of Progress Exposition (1933–34). Its points refer to: Chicago's status as the United States' second largest city at the time of the star's addition (Chicago became third largest in a 1990 census when passed by Los Angeles); Chicago's Latin motto, Urbs in horto ("City in a garden"); Chicago's "I Will" motto; the Great Central Marketplace; Wonder City; and Convention City.[1][2]
* Added in 1939: Commemorates Fort Dearborn, and its six points stand for political entities the Chicago region has belonged to and the flags that have flown over the area: France, 1693; Great Britain, 1763; Virginia, 1778; the Northwest Territory, 1789; Indiana Territory, 1802; and Illinois (territory, 1809, and state, since 1818).[1][2]

Additional stars have been proposed, with varying degrees of seriousness. The following reasons have been suggested for possible additions of a fifth star:

#### Fifth Star

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Hypothetical version of the Chicago flag with a fifth star added

* A fifth star could represent Chicago's contribution to the nuclear age (see Metallurgical Laboratory), an idea first suggested in a 1940s letter published by the Chicago Tribune and later championed by Mayor Richard J. Daley in the 1960s.[8][9][10]
* In the 1980s, a star was proposed in honor of Harold Washington, the first African-American mayor of Chicago.[10][11]
* The 1992 Chicago flood was suggested as an additional natural disaster deserving of a star, in line with the existing star for the 1871 Great Chicago Fire.[citation needed] Another fifth star was in the works from a group of Chicago real estate professionals to represent Chicago's entrepreneurial spirit in the early 1990s.[citation needed]
* When Chicago was bidding to host the 2016 Summer Olympics, the Bid Committee proposed that a fifth star be added to the flag in commemoration,[10][12] but the bid was won instead by Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
* Anne Burke, Tim Shriver, and others have proposed adding a fifth star to commemorate the Special Olympics, which were founded in Chicago.[13][14]
* Other sports-related suggestions include recognizing the Chicago Bulls' dominance of the National Basketball Association in the 1990s and a proposal for a fifth star if the Chicago Cubs should ever win the World Series, which did not happen between their long drought of series wins in 1908, up to 2016.[6]
* The Chicago History Museum has an ongoing exhibition where the public is encouraged to vote for a potential fifth star.[15]
* Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot suggested that Chicago's response to the COVID-19 pandemic could warrant adding a fifth star to Chicago's flag.[16]

## Unlawful private use

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Per the Municipal Code of Chicago, it is unlawful to use the flag, or any imitation or design thereof, except for the usual and customary purposes of decoration or display. Causing to be displayed on the flag, any letter, word, legend, or device not provided for in the Code is also prohibited. Violators are subject to fines between $5.00 and $25.00 for each offense.[17] However, the United States Constitution, via its first and fourteenth amendments, prohibits this section from being enforced (Street v. New York).

## History

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### Chicago Tribune contest

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* Alfred Råvad's sketches for the flag from a contest from 1892.

* Unofficial flag until 1917

* Twenty-three other icons that were commissioned representing different city departments could be placed on the flag for that department.[6]

The issue of the city flag came into focus during the preparations for the Chicago World's Fair. In 1892, the Chicago Tribune offered a one-hundred-dollar prize for the best suggestion of a municipal color or combination of colors that would symbolize the city. 829 projects were submitted to the competition and the winner was a Danish architect who’d recently moved to Chicago, to design buildings for the World’s Fair, Alfred Råvad (who also used an Americanized spelling of his name, Roewad). Råvada's design proposed red and white as the city's colors and a symbol in the shape of a horizontal letter "Y", representing the Chicago River, whose branches create this branching pattern. The Råvada design became only an unofficial flag and was never confirmed by any relevant resolution, but ultimately became used in the municipal device.[6][18]

### Wallace Rice's design

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* 1917–1933

* Mayor William Thompson's proposed flag, 1928

* 1933–1939

* Distinctive Unit Insignia of the 318th Cavalry Regiment

In 1915, Mayor William Hale Thompson appointed a municipal flag commission chaired by Alderman James A. Kearns. Among the commission members were wealthy industrialist Charles Deering and impressionist painter Lawton S. Parker. Parker asked lecturer and poet Wallace Rice to develop the rules for an open public competition for the best flag design. Over a thousand entries were received.[citation needed]

The flag was adopted in 1917 after the design by Wallace Rice won a City Council sponsored competition. It initially had two stars until 1933, when a third was added. The four-star version has existed since 1939. The three sections of the white field and the two bars represent geographical features of the city, the stars symbolize historical events, and the points of the stars represent important virtues or concepts. The historic events represented by the stars are the establishment of Fort Dearborn, the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, and Century of Progress Exposition of 1933–34.

In 1928, Mayor William Hale Thompson proposed that the stars on Chicago's flag should be changed from six-pointed to five-pointed, as he felt five-pointed stars were more "American". Although the change was unanimously approved by City Council on February 15, 1928, the description of the new design never made it into the city's ordinance books. When the Council voted to add the third star to Chicago's flag in 1933, the vote ended any uncertainty on the shape of the stars by reconfirming them as six-pointed.[18]

The 318th Cavalry Regiment incorporated the flag into their insignia.[citation needed]

In a 2004 review by the North American Vexillological Association of 150 American city flags, the Chicago city flag was ranked second-best with a rating of 9.03 out of 10, behind only the flag of Washington, D.C.[19]

## Gallery

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* Allen & Ginter cigarette card with a drawing of a false flag, issued at a time when the city had no flag.

* Chicago flag of 1917 poster, with "I Will" motto.

* Kitty Kelly holding Flag of Chicago[6] from the Chicago Tribune, 1921. Note the two stars on the flag at the time.

* Unveiling of the flag of the Chicago Police Department, c. 1977

* Flag of Alliance Française de Chicago students

## See also

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* Flag of Cook County, Illinois
* Flag of Illinois

## References

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1. ^ a b c d e "1-8-030 Municipal flag – Design requirements". Municipal Code of Chicago (Municipal code). March 18, 2020 [Originally published 1990]. sec. 1-8-030. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020 - via American Legal Publishing's Code Library.
2. ^ a b c d e "Chicago Facts: Municipal Flag". Chicago Public Library. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
3. ^ Loerzel, Robert (August 22, 2013). "Chicago's Flag Is a Much Bigger Deal Than Any Other City's Flag". Chicago. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
4. ^ Stewart, Jude (July 18, 2012). "Flying Colors: The Best and Worst of Flag Design". Print. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
5. ^ "Association Sounds Chicago's Call . . ". Chicago Commerce. December 6, 1917. p. 6.
6. ^ a b c d e Rudmore, Kori (June 24, 2022). "Chicago's flag: The history of every star and every stripe". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 27, 2024.
7. ^ Rice, Wallace; T. E. Whalen (July 22, 2005). "Wallace Rice on Chicago Stars". introvert.net. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
8. ^ Heise, Kenan (August 15, 1976). "It's a grand old flag. But it could be grander". Chicago Tribune Magazine. p. 34. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
9. ^ Whalen, T.E. (January 3, 2006), The Municipal Flag of Chicago: References (PDF), p. 8
10. ^ a b c Konkol, Mark (June 30, 2015). "The Story of the Rare 5-Star Chicago Flag That Wasn't Supposed To Exist". My Chicago. DNAinfo. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
11. ^ "Please, A Moratorium On Memorials". Chicago Tribune. December 23, 1987. Retrieved January 18, 2013. "Ald. Raymond Figueroa and others want a fifth star added to the city's flag in memory of Mr. Washington."
12. ^ "Chicago Students Creatively Try to Bring Home the Bid" (Press release). Chicago 2016 Committee. December 14, 2006. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2024.
13. ^ Sneed, Michael (July 18, 2018). "Anne Burke wants fifth star on Chicago flag for Special Olympics". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
14. ^ Janssen, Kim (November 29, 2016). "Add a fifth star to Chicago flag, Justice Anne Burke tells Emanuel". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
15. ^ "The Fifth Star Challenge". Chicago History Museum.
16. ^ Cherone, Heather (May 8, 2020). "Lightfoot Outlines 5-Phase Plan to Reopen Chicago". WTTW News.
17. ^ "1-8-090 Private use of flags and emblems unlawful". Municipal Code of Chicago (Municipal code). March 18, 2020 [Originally published 1990.] sec. 1-8-090. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020 - via American Legal Publishing's Code Library.
18. ^ a b Loerzel, Robert (April 14, 2017). "The Story of Chicago's Four-Star City Flag". Medium. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
19. ^ "2004 American City Flags Survey". Archived 2017-08-09 at the Wayback Machine. (Press Release). North American Vexillological Association. October 2, 2004.

## Further reading

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* "Art and Architecture: How the Chicago Municipal Flag Came to be Chosen". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 17, 1921. p. 21.
* "City Gets New Flag Today with Third Star for 1933 Fair". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 9, 1933. p. 7.
* "Fort Dearborn Gets a Star on Chicago's Flag". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 22, 1939. p. 18.

## External links

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* NAVA city flag survey

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