Flag of France

French Republic

Tricolore
Use| National flag
Proportion| 2:3 (habitual)
Adopted| 15 February 1794; 231 years ago (1794-02-15)
(darker variant on 13 July 2020)[a]
Design| A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red
Designed by| Jacques-Louis David
Use| National flag
Proportion| 2:3 (habitual)
Adopted| 1976[1]
Design| An interchangeable variant of the national flag with lighter shades
(lighter variant on 28 February 2024)

The national flag of France (drapeau national de la France) is a tricolour featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red. The design was adopted after the French Revolution, whose revolutionaries were influenced by the horizontally striped red-white-blue flag of the Netherlands.[2][3] While not the first tricolour, it became one of the most influential flags in history[citation needed]. The tricolour scheme was later adopted by many other nations in Europe and elsewhere, and, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica has historically stood "in symbolic opposition to the autocratic and clericalist royal standards of the past".

Before the tricolour was adopted the royal government used many flags, the best known being a blue shield and gold fleurs-de-lis (the Royal Arms of France) on a white background, or state flag. Early in the French Revolution, the Paris militia, which played a prominent role in the storming of the Bastille, wore a cockade of blue and red,[4] the city's traditional colours. According to French general Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, white was the "ancient French colour" and was added to the militia cockade to form a tricolour, or national, cockade of France.[5]

This cockade became part of the uniform of the National Guard, which succeeded the militia and was commanded by Lafayette.[6] The colours and design of the cockade are the basis of the Tricolour flag, adopted in 1790,[7] originally with the red nearest to the flagpole and the blue farthest from it. A modified design by Jacques-Louis David was adopted in 1794. The royal white flag was used during the Bourbon Restoration from 1815 to 1830; the tricolour was brought back after the July Revolution and has been used since then, except for an interruption for a few days in 1848.[8] Since 1976, there have been two versions of the flag in varying levels of use by the state: the original (identifiable by its use of navy blue) and one with a lighter shade of blue. Since July 2020, France has used the older variant by default, including at the Élysée Palace.[9][10]

## Design

[edit]

Article 2 of the French constitution of 1958 states that "the national emblem is the tricolour flag, blue, white, red".[11] No law has specified the shades of these official colours.[12][13] In English blazon, the flag is described as tierced in pale azure, argent and gules.

The blue stripe has usually been a dark navy blue; a lighter blue (and lighter red) version was introduced in 1976[1] by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.[10][13] Both versions were used from then; town halls, public buildings and barracks usually fly the darker version of the flag, but the lighter version was sometimes used even on official State buildings.[9]

On 13 July 2020, President Emmanuel Macron reverted,[9] without any statement and with no orders for other institutions to use a specific version, to the darker hue for the presidential Élysée Palace, as a symbol of the French Revolution.[14] The move was met with comments both in favour of and against the change, but it was noted that both the darker and lighter flags have been in use for decades.[10]

A comparison of the lighter and darker versions of the flag Authority  | Scheme  | Blue  | White  | Red

|
|
|
|

Government of France[15] | Pantone | Blue 072 C  |  | 485 C
CMYK | 100.90.20.7  | 0.0.0.0  | 0.100.100.0
RGB | (0,0,145)  | (255,255,255)  | (225,0,15)
HEX | #000091  | #FFFFFF  | #E1000F
Ministry of Defense[16][17] | AFNOR
NFX 08002  | A 503  | A 665  | An 805
Embassy to Germany
(lighter colours)[18] | Pantone | Reflex blue  | Safe  | Red 032
CMYK | 100.80.0.0  | 0.0.0.0  | 0.100.100.0
RGB | (0,85,164)  | (255,255,255)  | (239,65,53)
HEX | #0055A4  | #FFFFFF  | #EF4135

Currently, the flag is one and a half times wider than its height (i.e. in the proportion 2:3) and, except in the French Navy, has stripes of equal width. Initially, the three stripes of the flag were not equally wide, being in the proportions 30 (blue), 33 (white) and 37 (red). Under Napoleon I, the proportions were changed to make the stripes' width equal, but by a regulation dated 17 May 1853, the navy went back to using the 30:33:37 proportions, which it now continues to use, as the flapping of the flag makes portions farther from the halyard seem smaller.

Flag used as a photographic backdrop

When the French president or prime minister is expected to be photographed at an official or televised event, a flag with a much narrower white stripe is often used as a backdrop to ensure that all three stripes are visible when the cameras are focused on them, as using a flag with equal stripes might show only the white stripe in frame.[19][20]

## Symbolism

[edit]

Blue and red are the traditional colours of Paris, used on the city's coat of arms. Blue is identified with Saint Martin, red with Saint Denis.[21] At the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the Paris militia wore blue and red cockades on their hats. White had long featured prominently on French flags and is described as the "ancient French colour" by Lafayette.[5] White was added to the "revolutionary" colours of the militia cockade to "nationalise" the design, thus forming the cockade of France.[5] Although Lafayette identified the white stripe with the nation, other accounts identify it with the monarchy.[22] Lafayette denied that the flag contains any reference to the red-and-white livery of the Duc d'Orléans. Despite this, Orléanists adopted the tricolour as their own.

Blue and red are associated with the Virgin Mary, the patroness of France, and were the colours of the oriflamme. The colours of the French flag may also represent the three main estates of the Ancien Régime (the clergy: white, the nobility: red and the bourgeoisie: blue). Blue, as the symbol of class, comes first and red, representing the nobility, comes last. Both extreme colours are situated on each side of white referring to a superior order.[23]

The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin was one of many world landmarks illuminated in the French flag colours after the November 2015 Paris attacks.

The cockade of France was adopted in July 1789, a moment of national unity that soon faded. Royalists began wearing white cockades and flying white flags, while the Jacobins, and later the Socialists, flew the red flag. The tricolour, which combines royalist white with republican red, came to be seen as a symbol of moderation and of a nationalism that transcended factionalism.

The French government website states that the white field was the colour of the king, while blue and red were the colours of Paris.

The three colours are occasionally taken to represent the three elements of the revolutionary motto, liberté (freedom: blue), égalité (equality: white), fraternité (brotherhood: red); this symbolism was referenced in Krzysztof Kieślowski's three colours film trilogy, for example.

In the aftermath of the November 2015 Paris attacks, many famous landmarks and stadiums around the world were illuminated in the flag colours to honour the victims.

## History

[edit]

### Kingdom of France

[edit]

Further information: Coat of arms of France § History

During the early Middle Ages, the oriflamme, the flag of Saint Denis, was used—red, with two, three, or five spikes. Originally, it was the royal banner under the Capetians. It was stored in Saint-Denis abbey, where it was taken when war broke out. French kings went forth into battle preceded either by Saint Martin's red cape, which was supposed to protect the monarch, or by the red banner of Saint Denis.

Later during the Middle Ages, these colours came to be associated with the reigning house of France. In 1328, the coat-of-arms of the House of Valois was blue with gold fleurs-de-lis bordered in red. From this time on, the kings of France were represented in vignettes and manuscripts wearing a red gown under a blue coat decorated with gold fleurs-de-lis. Charles V of France changed the design from an all-over scattering of fleurs-de-lis to a group of three in about 1376; these two coats are known in heraldic terminology as France Ancient and France Modern, respectively.

During the Hundred Years' War, England was recognised by a red cross; Burgundy, a red saltire; and France, a white cross. This cross could figure either on a blue or a red field. The blue field eventually became the common standard for French armies. The French regiments were later assigned the white cross as standard, with their proper colours in the cantons. The French flag of a white cross on a blue field is still seen on some flags derived from it, such as that of Quebec.

The flag of Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years' War is described in her own words, "I had a banner of which the field was sprinkled with lilies; the world was painted there, with an angel at each side; it was white of the white cloth called 'boccassin'; there was written above it, I believe, 'JHESUS MARIA'; it was fringed with silk."[24] Joan's standard led to the prominent use of white on later French flags.[24]

From the accession of the Bourbons to the throne of France, the green ensign of the navy became a plain white flag, the symbol of purity and royal authority. The merchant navy was assigned "the old flag of the nation of France", the white cross on a blue field.[25] There also was a red jack for the French galleys. A variant of the plain white Bourbon banner, a white field strewn with gold fleur de lis, was also sometimes seen.

* The Oriflamme, the banner of the Capetians

* Flag of France under the Capetian dynasty since the twelfth century

* Flag of France under the Capetian dynasty since the fourteenth century

* The Royal Banner of France[26] or "Bourbon Flag". The House of Bourbon ruled France from 1589 to 1792 and again from 1815 to 1848.

* The Royal Standard of France (1643 design)

* Variant royal standard of France (1643 design)

* Variant royal standard of France (1643 design)

### The Tricolore

[edit]

The national flag of France at the Arc de Triomphe The white flag of the monarchy transformed into the Tricolore as a result of the July Revolution. Scenes of July 1830, painting by Léon Cogniet (1830) Lamartine, before the Hôtel de Ville, Paris, rejects the Red Flag, 25 February 1848. By Henri Felix Emmanuel Philippoteaux

The horizontally striped red-white-blue flag of the Netherlands originally inspired the colour scheme used by the French revolutionaries after the French Revolution in 1789.[2][3] Consequently, the French tricolour flag is derived from the cockade of France used during the French Revolution. These were circular rosette-like emblems attached to the hat. Camille Desmoulins asked his followers to wear green cockades on 12 July 1789. The Paris militia, formed on 13 July, adopted a blue and red cockade. Blue and red are the traditional colours of Paris, and they are used on the city's coat of arms. The addition of white has been attributed to Lafayette, Mayor Jean Sylvain Bailly, and even Louis XVI himself.[27] This episode is supposed to have taken place on July 17, 1789, on the occasion of the king's visit to the Paris city hall. However, it is proven that the tricolor cockade began to be worn, by order of the city, from the 13th or 14th of July.[28] In any case, Louis XVI actually went to the Paris city hall where he received the tricolor cockade. On 27 July, a tricolour cockade was adopted as part of the uniform of the National Guard, the national police force that succeeded the militia.[29]

A drapeau tricolore with vertical red, white and blue stripes was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 24 October 1790. Simplified designs were used to illustrate how the revolution had broken with the past. The order was reversed to blue-white-red, the current design, by a resolution passed on 15 February 1794.

When the Bourbon dynasty was restored following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the tricolore—with its revolutionary connotations—was replaced by a white flag, the pre-revolutionary naval flag. However, following the July Revolution of 1830, the "citizen-king", Louis-Philippe, restored the tricolore, and it has remained France's national flag since that time.

Following the overthrow of Napoleon III, voters elected a royalist majority to the National Assembly of the new Third Republic. This parliament then offered the throne to the Bourbon pretender, Henri, Comte de Chambord. However, he insisted that he would accept the throne only on the condition that the tricolour be replaced by the white flag.[30] As the tricolour had become a cherished national symbol, this demand proved impossible to accommodate. Plans to restore the monarchy were adjourned and ultimately dropped, and France has remained a republic, with the tricolour flag, ever since.

The Vichy régime, which dropped the word "republic" in favour of "the French state", maintained the use of the tricolore, but Philippe Pétain used as his personal standard a version of the flag with, in the white stripe, an axe made with a star-studded marshal's baton. This axe is called the "Francisque" in reference to the ancient Frankish throwing axe. During this same period, the Free French Forces used a tricolore with, in the white stripe, a red Cross of Lorraine.

The constitutions of 1946 and 1958 instituted the "blue, white, and red" flag as the national emblem of the Republic.

The colours of the national flag are occasionally said to represent different flowers; blue represents cornflowers, white represents marguerites, and red represents poppies.[31]

* The flag of Paris, source of the tricolour's blue and red stripes

* The cockade of France, designed in July 1789. White was added to "nationalise" an earlier blue and red design.

* The flag of France used from 1790 until 1794

* The flag of France used from 1794 (interrupted in 1815–1830 and in 1848)

* The French Second Republic adopted a variant of the tricolour for a few days between 24 February and 5 March 1848.[8]

* The French tricolore with the royal crown and fleur-de-lys was possibly designed by the Henri, Count of Chambord, in his younger years as a compromise, but which was never made official, and which he himself rejected when offered the throne in 1870.[32]

* From 1912 onwards, the French Air Force originated the use of roundels on military aircraft shortly before World War I. Similar national cockades, with different ordering of colours, were later adopted as aircraft roundels by their allies.[33]

* Personal standard of Philippe Pétain, as Chief of the Vichy France.

* Flag used by the Free French Forces during World War II; in the centre is the Cross of Lorraine; later, the personal standard of President Charles de Gaulle, as Chief of the Free France.

* The flag of France, darker red and blue variant.

* The flag of France, lighter red and blue variant.

## Regimental flags

[edit]

* The French soldiers started to use white crosses, during the Hundred Years' War, to distinguish themselves from the English soldiers wearing red crosses.

* A white-crossed regimental flag during the Ancien Régime (here, Régiment d'Auvergne)

* La Sarre Regiment (Régiment de la Sarre)

* King's Regiment (Régiment du Roi)

* Queen's Regiment (Régiment de la Reine)

* General Lévis' Regiment Flag in North America. Now official flag of the city of Lévis, Quebec

* The pre-revolutionary regimental flags inspired the flag of Quebec (here, the Compagnies Franches de la Marine).

* Regimental flag of the 1st Regiment of Grenadiers of the French Imperial Guard (1812)

* Current regimental flags of the 1st and 2nd Regiments of the Légion étrangère

## Naval flags

[edit]

Main article: French ensigns

* Naval ensign prior to 1789 and 1814–1830

* The merchant flag of France (1689 design)

* The present ensign of France introduced on 17 May 1853

## Colonial flags

[edit]

Further information: French colonial flags and French Colonial Empire

Most French colonies either used the regular tricolour or a regional flag without the French flag. There were some exceptions:

* Flag of Tonkin (French protectorate) and Annam in French Indochina

* Flag of Laos in French Indochina

* Flag of the Sip Song Chau Tai, French Indochina (1948–1955)

* Flag of French Sudan (1958–1959), present-day Mali

* Flag of French Togoland (1916–1960), present-day Togo

* Flag of Gabon (1959–1960)

* Flag of Madagascar under French protection (1885–1895)

* Merchant flag of the French protectorate of Morocco (1912–1956)

* Flag used by some military units based in the French protectorate of Tunisia

* Briefly used flag of the French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon in 1920

* Flag of the State of Aleppo, in the French Mandate of Syria (1920–1924)

* Flag of the State of Damascus, in the French Mandate of Syria (1920–1924)

* Flag of the State of Syria, in the French Mandate of Syria (1924–1930)

* Flag of the State of Alawites, in the French Mandate of Syria

* Flag of Jabal ad-Druze, in the French Mandate of Syria

* Flag of the State of Greater Lebanon during the French mandate 1920–1943

* Flag of Republic of Independent Guyana (1886–1887)

* Unofficial flag of Saint Barthélemy

* Flag of New Hebrides (Vanuatu) under the Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission (1887–1906)

* Flag of the French Protectorate of Wallis and Futuna (Uvea) (1860–1886)

* Present unofficial flag of Wallis and Futuna

* Flag of the Kingdom of Tahiti under the Protectorate of France (1845–1880)

* Flag of the French protectorate of Rurutu in French Polynesia (1858–1889)

* Flag of French Polynesia

* Flag of the French protectorate of Saar (1947–1956)

* Flag of the French colonial governor

* Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

* Unofficial flag of Louisiana (1861)

## Other

[edit]

Many provinces and territories in Canada have French-speaking communities with flags represents:

See also: List of Canadian flags § Francophone peoples

* The Acadian flag used in Canada is based on the tricolour flag of France, but this flag was never used during French rule of Acadia. It was adopted in 1884. Acadians live mainly in Louisiana, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia.

* The current flag of Quebec. The use of blue and white is a characteristic of pre-revolutionary flags.

* Flag of Franco-Newfoundlanders

* Proposed flag of the French Congo (pre-1959)

Many areas in North America have substantial French-speaking and ancestral communities:

* Flag of Acadiana

* Flag of United Franco-Americans

* Flag of New England Franco-Americans

* Flag of Aroostook county Franco-Americans

* Flag of Androscoggin county Franco-Americans

* Flag of Illinois Country Franco-Americans

* Flag of Iowa

* Flag of New Orleans, Louisiana

* Flag of Mobile, Alabama

New Hebrides used several flags incorporating both the British Union Flag and the French flag.

* Flag attested as being used in the 1963 South Pacific Games[34]

* Flag attested as being used in the 1966 and 1971 South Pacific Games[34]

* Dark blue version attested at the time of the 1969 South Pacific Games[35]

In the Shanghai International Settlement, the flag of Shanghai Municipal Council has a shield incorporating the French tricolour.

* Flag of the Shanghai Municipal Council, Shanghai International Settlement

Two territories of Vietnam used flags based on the tricolour flag of France.

* Montagnard country (1946–1950)

* Tai Autonomous Territory (1946–1950)

## Gallery

[edit]

* French regimental flag, Paris, autochrome dated 1917

* Flag of France, color photography dated 1930

* Multiple French flags as commonly flown from public buildings

## See also

[edit]

* France portal

* List of French flags
* Flags of the regions of France
* National emblem of France
* Armorial of France
* Cockade of France
* Flag of Somoto, Nicaragua, similar design
* Flag of Haiti (based on French Republican flag)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Use has not been continuous: readopted in 1830 after a 15 year gap, last re-adopted on 5 March 1848 after a few days.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "À propos du bleu du drapeau tricolore -" [About the blue of the tricolour flag]. Société Française de Vexillologie (in French). n.d. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
2. ^ a b Eriksen, Thomas Hylland; Jenkins, Richard, eds. (2007). Flag, nation and symbolism in Europe and America. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-93496-8. OCLC 182759362.
3. ^ a b "Flags That Look Alike | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
4. ^ "Presa della Bastiglia, il 14 luglio e il rosso della first lady messicana Angelica" (in Italian). 14 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
5. ^ a b c Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier Lafayette (marquis de), Memoirs, correspondence and manuscripts of General Lafayette, vol. 2, p. 252.
6. ^ Gaines, James (September 2015). "Washington & Lafayette". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
7. ^ Curiat, Andrea (3 March 2011). "La storia del tricolore". Il Sole 24 ORE (in Italian). Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2019.Il+Sole+24+ORECategory:Articles+containing+Italian-language+text&rft.atitle=La+storia+del+tricolore&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.aulast=Curiat&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https://st.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2011-03-03/storia-tricolore-nostro-viaggio-105431.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Flag+of+France" class="Z3988">
8. ^ a b "Les couleurs du drapeau de 1848". Revue d'Histoire du Xixe Siècle - 1848. 28 (139): 237–238\. 1931. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
9. ^ a b c de Raguenel, Louis (14 November 2021). "Emmanuel Macron a changé la couleur du drapeau français" [Emmanuel Macron has changed the colour of the French flag]. Europe 1 (in French). Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021. "La décision de changer la couleur du drapeau français a été prise par le président de la République le 13 juillet 2020 (…)"
10. ^ a b c "Macron switches to using navy blue on France's flag - reports". BBC News. 14 November 2021. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
11. ^ "Article 2". Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 (in French). Légifrance (French government). Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
12. ^ "Discrètement, Emmanuel Macron a changé la tonalité du drapeau bleu-blanc-rouge" [Emmanuel Macron has discreetly changed the hue of the blue-white-red flag]. RMC (in French). 15 November 2021. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021. "La Constitution ne précise pas la tonalité des couleurs. Aucune loi non plus."
13. ^ a b "Drapeau Français". promo-drapeaux.fr. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021.
14. ^ Osborne, Samuel (15 November 2021). "Emmanuel Macron changed colour of French flag in 'very political' decision". Sky News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022. "But they also said the "very political" decision was made "to revive a symbol of the French Revolution"."
15. ^ "Les couleurs". info.gov.fr. 28 February 2024. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
16. ^ Couleurs de la défense nationale [Colours for the French ministry of defence] (PDF) (Technical report) (in French). République Française - Ministére de la Défense. March 2009. NORMDEF 0001, Édition 01.
17. ^ "France". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
18. ^ "Die Symbole der französischen Republik". Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2009.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
19. ^ de Boutiny, Arthur (18 November 2016). "Dix choses que vous ignoriez sûrement sur les drapeaux" [Ten things you surely don't know about flags]. L'Obs website (in French). Archived from the original on 1 January 2019.
20. ^ "Drapeau français à bande blanche étroite" [The French flag with a narrow white stripe] (in French). Drapeaux-SFV (former information blog of the French Society of Vexillology). 2010–2012. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
21. ^ "The three colours before the flag". Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
22. ^ "Le drapeau français" [The French flag]. Élysée (France) (in French). n.d. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012.
23. ^ "The French flag - Colours of the flag". users.skynet.be/lotus/flag/fra0-en.htm. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
24. ^ a b Whitney Smith, Flags through the ages and across the world, McGraw-Hill, England, 1975 ISBN 0-07-059093-1, pp. 66–67, The Standard of Joan of Arc, after quoting her from her trial transcript he states: "it was her influence which determined that white should serve as the principal French national colour from shortly after her death in 1431 until the French Revolution almost 350 years later."
25. ^
* "...the standard of France was white, sprinkled with golden fleur de lis..." (Ripley & Dana 1879, p. 250).
* On the reverse of this plate it says: "Le pavillon royal était véritablement le drapeau national au dix-huitième siecle...Vue du chateau d'arrière d'un vaisseau de guerre de haut rang portant le pavillon royal (blanc, avec les armes de France)" (Vinkhuijzen collection 2011).
* "The oriflamme and the Chape de St Martin were succeeded at the end of the 16th century, when Henry III., the last of the house of Valois, came to the throne, by the white standard powdered with fleurs-de-lis. This in turn gave place to the famous tricolour"(Chisholm 1911, p. 460).
26. ^ The Governor General of Canada (12 November 2020). "Royal Banner of France – Heritage Emblem". Confirmation of the blazon of a Flag. February 15, 2008 Vol. V, p. 202. The Office of the Secretary to the Governor General. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
27. ^ Pinoteau, Hervé (1992). "Les trois couleurs en 1789". Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France. 1990 (1): 42–44\. doi:10.3406/bsnaf.1992.9536. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
28. ^ "Cocarde tricolore ; les origines du drapeau français". www.contreculture.org. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
29. ^ Clifford, Dale, "Can the Uniform Make the Citizen? Paris, 1789–1791", Eighteenth-Century Studies, 2001, p. 369.
30. ^ Martin, Jacques (2022) [23 March 1978]. "The Humour of Pope Pius IX". L'Osservatore Romano (English weekly ed.). Baltimore, MD: The Cathedral Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2022 - via EWTN Global Catholic Network.
31. ^ "Côte-d'Or - Histoire. Cuisine de guerre : coquelicot et bleuet". www.bienpublic.com (in French). 30 November 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
32. ^ Whitney Smith. Flags through the ages and cross the world. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1975. p. 75.
33. ^ Royal Air Force Museum Archived 2 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
34. ^ a b "Historical Flags (Vanuatu)". Flags of the World. 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
35. ^ "postage stamp New Hebrides Condominium 1F featuring 3rd South Pacific Games Port Moresby 1969 dated 1969". Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2019.

## Sources

[edit]

* Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Flag" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 454–463.
* Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Flag". The American Cyclopædia. Vol. 8\. p. 250.
* "The Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms: France, 1750–1757". New York Public Library. 25 March 2011 [2004]. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Flags Through the Ages and Across the World, Smith, Whitney, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Ltd, England, 1975. ISBN 0-07-059093-1.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of France.

* France at Flags of the World
* French flag at Flags Corner Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine

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National symbols of France

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Flags of France

France|

* Flag of France (1794–1814, 1815, 1830–present)

Regions of France|

* Flag of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
* Flag of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
* Flag of Brittany
* Flag of Centre-Val de Loire
* Flag of Corsica
* Flag of Grand Est
* Flag of Hauts-de-France
* Flag of Île-de-France
* Flag of Normandy
* Flag of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
* Flag of Occitania
* Flag of Pays de la Loire
* Flag of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Banners|

* Presidential and Prime Minister Standard (1880–present)

Historic|

* Flag of the Kingdom of France (12th century–13th century)
* Flag of the Kingdom of France (14th century–16th century)
* Flag of the Kingdom of France (1365–1794)
* Flag of the Kingdom of France (1365–1794)
* Flag of the Kingdom of France and French First Republic (1790–1794)
* Flag of the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830)
* Royal Standard of the Kingdom of France (1365–1792)
* Imperial Standard of Napoleon I (1804–1815)
* Imperial Standard of Napoleon III (1870–1873)
* Imperial Standard of Napoleon IV (1870–1873)

Ensigns|

* Civil ensign and Naval ensign

* v
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Subnational flags of France

Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (list)|

* Ain
* Allier
* Ardèche
* Cantal
* Drôme
* Haute-Savoie
* Haute-Loire
* Isère
* Loire
* Lyon Metropolis
* Puy-de-Dôme
* Rhône
* Savoie

Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (list)|

* Territoire de Belfort
* Côte-d'Or
* Doubs
* Haute-Saône
* Jura
* Nièvre
* Saône-et-Loire
* Yonne

Brittany (list)|

* Côtes-d'Armor
* Finistère
* Ille-et-Vilaine
* Morbihan

Centre-Val de Loire (list)|

* Cher
* Eure-et-Loir
* Indre
* Indre-et-Loire
* Loir-et-Cher
* Loiret

Corsica (list)|

* Corse-du-Sud
* Haute-Corse

Grand Est (list)|

* Ardennes
* Aube
* Bas-Rhin
* Haut-Rhin
* Haute-Marne
* Marne
* Meurthe-et-Moselle
* Meuse
* Moselle
* Vosges

Hauts-de-France (list)|

* Aisne
* Nord
* Oise
* Pas-de-Calais
* Somme

Île-de-France (list)|

* Essonne
* Hauts-de-Seine
* Paris
* Seine-et-Marne
* Seine-Saint-Denis
* Val-de-Marne
* Val-d'Oise
* Yvelines

Normandy (list)|

* Calvados
* Eure
* Manche
* Orne
* Seine-Maritime

Nouvelle-Aquitaine (list)|

* Charente
* Charente-Maritime
* Corrèze
* Creuse
* Deux-Sèvres
* Dordogne
* Gironde
* Haute-Vienne
* Landes
* Lot-et-Garonne
* Pyrénées-Atlantiques
* Vienne

Occitanie (list)|

* Ariège
* Aude
* Aveyron
* Gard
* Gers
* Haute-Garonne
* Haute-Pyrénées
* Hérault
* Lot
* Lozère
* Pyrénées-Orientales
* Tarn
* Tarn-et-Garonne

Pays de la Loire (list)|

* Loire-Atlantique
* Maine-et-Loire
* Mayenne
* Sarthe
* Vendée

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (list)|

* Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
* Alpes-Maritimes
* Bouches-du-Rhône
* Hautes-Alpes
* Var
* Vaucluse

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French Revolution

* Causes
* Timeline
* Ancien Régime
* Revolution
* Constitutional monarchy
* Republic
* Directory
* Consulate
* Glossary
* Journals
* Museum

Significant civil and political events by year

1788|

* Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)
* Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)

1789|

* What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789)
* Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789)
* Convocation of the Estates General (5 May 1789)
* Death of the Dauphin (4 June 1789)
* National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
* Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789)
* National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
* Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789)
* Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
* Abolition of Feudalism (4–11 Aug 1789)
* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 Aug 1789)
* Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)
* Nationalization of the Church properties (2 Nov 1789)

1790|

* Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790)
* Avignon–Comtat Venaissin War (Jun 1790 – 1791)
* Abolition of the Nobility (23 Jun 1790)
* Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)
* Fête de la Fédération (14 Jul 1790)

1791|

* Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791)
* Champ de Mars massacre (17 Jul 1791)
* Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)
* The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)
* National Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)

1792|

* France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
* Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)
* Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)
* 10th of August (10 Aug 1792)
* September Massacres (Sep 1792)
* National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
* First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)

1793|

* Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
* Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
* Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
* Committee of Public Safety
* Committee of General Security
* Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
* Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)
* Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
* The Death of Marat (painting)
* Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
* Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
* Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)

1794|

* Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
* Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
* Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
* Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
* White Terror (Fall 1794)
* Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)

1795–6|

* Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III (1 Apr 1795)
* Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
* Directoire (1795–99)
* Council of Five Hundred
* Council of Ancients
* 13 Vendémiaire (5 Oct 1795)
* Conspiracy of the Equals (May 1796)

1797|

* Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)
* Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)

1798|

* Law of 22 Floréal Year VI (11 May 1798)

1799|

* Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799)
* Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)
* Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)
* Consulate

Revolutionary campaigns

1792|

* Verdun
* Thionville
* Valmy
* Royalist Revolts
* Chouannerie
* Vendée
* Dauphiné
* Lille
* Siege of Mainz
* Jemappes
* Namur

1793|

* First Coalition
* War in the Vendée
* Battle of Neerwinden
* Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)
* Expedition to Sardinia (21 Dec 1792 – 25 May 1793)
* Battle of Kaiserslautern
* Siege of Mainz
* Battle of Wattignies
* Battle of Hondschoote
* Siege of Bellegarde
* Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
* Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
* First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)
* Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
* Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)

1794|

* Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
* Second Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
* Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
* Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
* Glorious First of June (1 Jun 1794)
* Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
* Chouannerie
* Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)

1795|

* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)
* Peace of Basel

1796|

* Italian campaign (1796)
* Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Theiningen
* Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
* Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)
* First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
* Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)
* Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)
* Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
* Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796)
* Battle of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796)
* Ireland expedition (Dec 1796)

1797|

* Italian campaign (1797)
* Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)
* Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
* Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
* Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
* Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)
* Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)

1798|

* French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
* French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
* Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
* Quasi-War (1798–1800)
* Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)

1799|

* Second Coalition (1798–1802)
* Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
* Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
* Battle of Cassano (27–28 Apr 1799)
* First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Trebbia (17–20 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
* Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)

1800|

* Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
* Convention of Alessandria (15 Jun 1800)
* Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
* League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)

1801|

* Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
* Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
* Algeciras campaign (8 Jul 1801)

1802|

* Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
* Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802)

Military leaders

France|

| French Army|

* Eustache Charles d'Aoust
* Charles-Pierre Augereau
* Alexandre de Beauharnais
* Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Jean-Baptiste Bessières
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Guillaume Brune
* Jean François Carteaux
* Jean-Étienne Championnet
* Chapuis de Tourville
* Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
* Louis-Nicolas Davout
* Louis Desaix
* Jacques François Dugommier
* Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
* Charles François Dumouriez
* Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
* Louis-Charles de Flers
* Paul Grenier
* Emmanuel de Grouchy
* Jacques Maurice Hatry
* Lazare Hoche
* Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
* François Christophe de Kellermann
* Jean-Baptiste Kléber
* Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
* Jean Lannes
* Charles Leclerc
* Claude Lecourbe
* François Joseph Lefebvre
* Étienne Macdonald
* Jean-Antoine Marbot
* Marcellin Marbot
* François Séverin Marceau
* Auguste de Marmont
* André Masséna
* Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
* Jean Victor Marie Moreau
* Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
* Joachim Murat
* Michel Ney
* Pierre-Jacques Osten [fr]
* Nicolas Oudinot
* Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Józef Poniatowski
* Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
* Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
* Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
* Joseph Souham
* Jean-de-Dieu Soult
* Louis-Gabriel Suchet
* Belgrand de Vaubois
* Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno

|

French Navy|

* Charles-Alexandre Linois

Opposition|

|  Austria|

* József Alvinczi
* Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
* Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
* Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
* Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
* Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
* Pál Kray (Hungarian)
* Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
* Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
* Karl Mack von Leiberich
* Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
* Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
* Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
* Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
* Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
* Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
* Dagobert von Wurmser

|

Britain|

* Sir Ralph Abercromby
* James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
* Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

Netherlands|

* William V, Prince of Orange

Prussia|

* Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
* Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

Russia|

* Alexander Korsakov
* Alexander Suvorov
* Andrei Rosenberg

Spain|

* Luis Firmin de Carvajal
* Antonio Ricardos

Other significant figures and factions

Patriotic Society of 1789|

* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
* François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
* Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
* Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
* Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
* Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
* Nicolas de Condorcet

Feuillants
and monarchiens

* Grace Elliott
* Arnaud de La Porte
* Jean-Sifrein Maury
* François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
* Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
* Antoine Barnave
* Lafayette
* Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
* Charles Malo François Lameth
* André Chénier
* Jean-François Rewbell
* Camille Jordan
* Madame de Staël
* Boissy d'Anglas
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
* Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac

Girondins|

* Jacques Pierre Brissot
* Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
* Madame Roland
* Father Henri Grégoire
* Étienne Clavière
* Marquis de Condorcet
* Charlotte Corday
* Marie Jean Hérault
* Jean Baptiste Treilhard
* Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
* Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
* Jean Debry
* Olympe de Gouges
* Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
* Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux

The Plain|

* Abbé Sieyès
* de Cambacérès
* Charles-François Lebrun
* Pierre-Joseph Cambon
* Bertrand Barère
* Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
* Philippe Égalité
* Louis Philippe I
* Mirabeau
* Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
* Jean Joseph Mounier
* Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
* François de Neufchâteau

Montagnards|

* Maximilien Robespierre
* Georges Danton
* Jean-Paul Marat
* Camille Desmoulins
* Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
* Paul Barras
* Louis Philippe I
* Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
* Jacques-Louis David
* Marquis de Sade
* Georges Couthon
* Roger Ducos
* Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
* Jean-Henri Voulland
* Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
* Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
* Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
* Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
* Jean-Pierre-André Amar
* Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
* Prieur de la Marne
* Gilbert Romme
* Jean Bon Saint-André
* Jean-Lambert Tallien
* Pierre Louis Prieur
* Antoine Christophe Saliceti

Hébertists
and Enragés|

* Jacques Hébert
* Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
* Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Antoine-François Momoro
* François-Nicolas Vincent
* François Chabot
* Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
* Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
* François Hanriot
* Jacques Roux
* Stanislas-Marie Maillard
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Jean-François Varlet
* Theophile Leclerc
* Claire Lacombe
* Pauline Léon
* Gracchus Babeuf
* Sylvain Maréchal

Others|

| Figures|

* Charles X
* Louis XVI
* Louis XVII
* Louis XVIII
* Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
* Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
* Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
* Marie Antoinette
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Lucien Bonaparte
* Joseph Bonaparte
* Joseph Fesch
* Joséphine de Beauharnais
* Joachim Murat
* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
* Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
* Talleyrand
* Thérésa Tallien
* Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
* Catherine Théot
* Madame de Lamballe
* Madame du Barry
* Louis de Breteuil
* de Chateaubriand
* Jean Chouan
* Loménie de Brienne
* Charles Alexandre de Calonne
* Jacques Necker
* Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
* List of people associated with the French Revolution

|

Factions|

* Jacobins
* Cordeliers
* Panthéon Club
* Social Club

Influential thinkers

* Les Lumières
* Beaumarchais
* Edmund Burke
* Anacharsis Cloots
* Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
* Pierre Claude François Daunou
* Diderot
* Benjamin Franklin
* Thomas Jefferson
* Antoine Lavoisier
* Montesquieu
* Thomas Paine
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* Abbé Sieyès
* Voltaire
* Mary Wollstonecraft

Cultural impact

* La Marseillaise
* Cockade of France
* Flag of France
* Liberté, égalité, fraternité
* Marianne
* Muscadin
* Bastille Day
* Panthéon
* French Republican calendar
* Metric system
* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
* Cult of the Supreme Being
* Cult of Reason
* Temple of Reason
* Sans-culottes
* Phrygian cap
* Women in the French Revolution
* Incroyables and merveilleuses
* Symbolism in the French Revolution
* Historiography of the French Revolution
* Influence of the French Revolution
* Films

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National flags and coats of arms

National flags|

* Sovereign states
* Dependent territories
* Timeline

National coats of arms|

* Sovereign states
* Dependent territories

Heraldry portal

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Flags of Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
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* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
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* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
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* Iceland
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*   * Italy
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* Slovenia
* Spain
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States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

Other entities|

* European Union
* Sovereign Military Order of Malta

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"Six flags over Texas"

* French Texas
* Spanish Texas
* Mexican Texas
* Republic of Texas
* Confederate States
* United States

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