Flag of Greece

Hellenic Republic

Other names| Η Γαλανόλευκη, Η Κυανόλευκη
Use| National flag and ensign
Proportion| 2:3
Adopted| 22 December 1978; 46 years ago (1978-12-22) (Naval Ensign 1822–present, National Flag 1969–70; 1978–present)[dubious - discuss]
Design| Nine horizontal stripes, in turn blue and white; a white Greek cross throughout a blue canton

The national flag of Greece, popularly referred to as the Blue-and-White (Γαλανόλευκη, Galanólefki) or the Cyan-and-White (Κυανόλευκη, Kyanólefki), is officially recognised by Greece as one of its national symbols and has 5 equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white. There is a blue canton in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross symbolises Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The blazon of the flag is azure, four bars argent; on a canton of the field a Greek cross throughout of the second. The official flag ratio is 2:3.[1] The shade of blue used in the flag has varied throughout its history, from light blue to dark blue, the latter being increasingly used since the late 1960s. It was officially adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus on 13 January 1822.

While the nine stripes do not have any official meaning, the most popular interpretation says that they represent the syllables of the phrase Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος ('Freedom or Death'): the five blue stripes for the syllables in Ελευθερία, the four white for those of ή Θάνατος. White and blue symbolize the colours of the Greek sky and sea.[2]

## Historical background

[edit]

See also: List of Greek flags

Greek Orthodox Christian Merchant Flag (1453–1793)

It has been suggested by historians that the current flag derived from an older design, the virtually identical flag of the powerful Cretan Kallergis family. This flag was based on their coat of arms, whose pattern is supposed to be derived from the standards of their claimed ancestor, Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas (963–969 AD). This pattern (according to not easily verifiable descriptions) included nine stripes of alternating blue and white, as well as a cross, assumed to be placed on the upper left.[3] Although the use of alternating blue and white – or silver – stripes on (several centuries-old) Kallergis' coats of arms is well documented, no depiction of the above described pattern (with the nine stripes and the cross) survives.[4]

### Antiquity and the Byzantine Empire

[edit]

This design, from the 14th century during the Palaiologan dynasty, is the only attested flag of the Byzantine Empire.

The Byzantines, like the Romans before them, used a variety of flags and banners, primarily to denote different military units. These were generally square or rectangular, with a number of streamers attached.[5] Most prominent among the early Byzantine flags was the labarum. In the surviving pictorial sources of the middle and later Empire, primarily the illustrated Skylitzes Chronicle, the predominating colours are red and blue in horizontal stripes, with a cross often placed in the centre of the flag. Other common symbols, prominently featuring on seals, were depictions of Christ, the Virgin Mary and saints, but these represent personal rather than family or state symbols. Western European-style heraldry was largely unknown until the last centuries of the Empire.[6]

There is no mention of any "state" flag until the mid-14th century, when a Spanish atlas, the Conosçimiento de todos los reynos depicts the flag of "the Empire of Constantinople" combining the red-on-white Cross of St George with the "tetragrammatic cross" of the ruling house of the Palaiologoi, featuring the four betas or pyrekvola ("fire-steels") on the flag quarters representing the imperial motto Βασιλεύς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων ("King of Kings Reigning over those who Rule").[7] The tetragrammatic cross flag, as it appears in quarters II and III in this design, is well documented. In the same Spanish atlas this "plain" tetragrammatic cross flag is presented as (among other places in the Empire) "the Flag of Salonika" and "the real Greece and Empire of the Greeks (la vera Grecia e el imperio de los griegos)". The (quartered) arrangement that includes the Cross of St. George is documented only in the Spanish atlas, and most probably combines the arms of Genoa (which had occupied Galata) with those of the Byzantine Empire, and was most probably flown only in Constantinople.[8] Pseudo-Kodinos records the use of the "tetragrammatic cross" on the banner (phlamoulon) borne by imperial naval vessels, while the megas doux displayed an image of the emperor on horseback.[9]

### Ottoman period

[edit]

The merchant vessel Panagia tis Hydras, built 1793, flying the Graeco-Ottoman flag Agios Nikolaos (1797) and Poseidon (1815), belonging to the Anargyros brothers from Spetses, flying variants of the Russian flag

During the Ottoman rule several unofficial flags were used by Greeks, usually employing the Byzantine double-headed eagle (see below), the cross, depictions of saints and various mottoes.[8]

A military leader, Yiannis Stathas, used a flag with white cross on blue on his ship since 1800. The first flag featuring the design eventually adopted was created and hoisted in the Evangelistria monastery in Skiathos in 1807. Several prominent military leaders (including Theodoros Kolokotronis and Andreas Miaoulis) had gathered there for consultation concerning an uprising, and they were sworn to this flag by the local bishop.[10]

* Flag used by the Greek sipahis of the Ottoman army between 1431 and 1619

* Civil ensign for merchant ships owned by Ottoman subjects belonging to the Greek Orthodox (Rum) millet

* Civil flag and ensign of the Principality of Samos (1835–1912)

* Flag of the Septinsular Republic (1800–1807), the first autonomous modern Greek state

* National flag and ensign of the Cretan State

* Flag of the Free State of Icaria

### War of Independence

[edit]

* Proposed flag of Greece as drawn by Rigas Feraios in his manuscripts

* Bishop Germanos of Patras blessing the flag of the Greek revolutionaries at the Monastery of Agia Lavra, part of a popular legend regarding the start of the revolution of 1821, although it never actually happened

* Flag used by revolutionaries from 1769 to the early stages of the War of Independence

### Revolutionary flags

[edit]

Flags used by various admirals of the Revolutionary Navy, from an 1823 manuscript

* The flag of Greece, as proposed by Rigas Feraios in 1797

* Flag of the Sacred Band with phoenix and motto "from my ashes I'm reborn"

* Flag of Alexander Ypsilantis

* Flag of the Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece

* The flag of Andreas Londos

* The flag of Krokodeilos Kladas

* Flag of the Filiki Eteria with initials of the motto "Freedom or Death"

* Flag of the Greeks of Thrace

* Flag of the Maniots

* Used in Thessaly, created by Anthimos Gazis

* Flag of Hydra island

* Flag of Spetses island

* Flag of Kastellorizo island

* Flag of Athanasios Diakos

* Flag of the Military-Political System of Samos

### Adoption

[edit]

The old land flag, still flying over the Old Parliament House in Athens Greek Teachers and Graduates of the Evangelical School of Smyrna with the Greek flag (1878)

European monarchies, aligned in the so-called "Concert of Europe", were suspicious towards national or social revolutionary movements such as the Etaireia. The First Greek National Assembly, convening in January 1822, thus took steps to disassociate itself from the Etaireia's legacy and portray nascent Greece as a "conventional", ordered nation-state.[10] As such, not only were the regional councils abolished in favour of a central administration, but it was decided to abolish all revolutionary flags and adopt a universal national flag. The reasons why the particular arrangement (white cross on blue) was selected, instead of the more popular blue cross on a white field, remain unknown.[10]

On 15 March 1822, the Provisional Government, by Decree Nr. 540, laid down the exact pattern: white cross on blue (plain) for the land flag; nine alternate-coloured stripes with the white cross on a blue field in the canton for the naval ensign; and blue with a blue cross on a white field in the canton for the civil ensign (merchant flag).[1][10] On 30 June 1828, by decree of the Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias, the civil ensign was discontinued, and the cross-and-stripes naval ensign became the national ensign, worn by both naval and merchant ships.[10]

On 7 February 1828 the Greek flag was internationally recognised for the first time by receiving an official salutation from British, French, and Russian forces in Nafplio, then the capital of Greece.[11]

* Greek flag on land, 1822–1969 and 1975–78 as adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus

* National flag for use abroad and as the civil ensign, since 1978 the sole national flag of Greece

* Civil ensign used from 1822 to 1828

* A darker variant of the national flag

### Historical evolution

[edit]

The first official specifications for the war flag or naval ensign (published 3 June 1833)

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece in 1832, the new king, Otto, added the royal coat of arms (a shield in his ancestral Bavarian pattern topped by a crown) in the centre of the cross for military flags (both land and sea versions).[1] The decree dated 4 (16) April 1833 provided for various maritime flags such as the war flag or naval ensign (set at 18:25), pennant, royal standard (set at 7:10) and civil ensign (i.e. the naval ensign without coat of arms).[12]

Administrative flags of Greece (1934)

In 1863, the 17-year old Danish prince William was selected as Greece's new king, taking on the name George I. A royal decree dated 28 December 1863 introduced crowns into the various flags in place of the coat of arms.[13] Similar arrangements were made for the royal flags, which featured the coat of arms of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg on a square version of the national flag. A square version of the land flag with St. George in the centre was adopted on 9 April 1864 as the Army's colours.[10][14] The exact shape and usage of the flags was determined by Royal Decree on 26 September 1867.[10][15] By a new Royal Decree, on 31 May 1914, the various flags of Greece and its military were further regulated. By this decree, the flag with the crown was adopted for use as a state flag by ministries, embassies and civil services, while the sea flag (without the crown) was allowed for use by private citizens.[10]

On 25 March 1924, with the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic, the crowns were removed from all flags.[10] On 20 February 1930, the national flag's proportions were established at a 2:3 ratio, with the arms of the cross being "one fifth of the flag's width". The land version of the national flag was to be used by ministries, embassies, and in general by all civil and military services, while the sea flag was to be used by naval and merchant vessels, consulates and private citizens. On 10 October 1935, Georgios Kondylis declared that the monarchy had been restored. By decree of 7 November 1935, the 31 May 1914 decree was restored.[16]

The Greek flag was a forbidden symbol, especially during the triple Axis occupation of Greece, German, Italian and Bulgarian, in the period 1941-1944. It was a symbol of National Resistance and struggle against the occupying forces. In September 1944 in Prosotsani, and while the wider Eastern Macedonia was under the occupation of Bulgarians, the public school teacher Konstantinos Kazanas together with Asterios Asteriadis lowered the Bulgarian flag and raised the Greek one, in the central square of the town, despite the terrorism and threats of the occupiers. The event is unique for the entire conquered Europe as it involved the lowering of the conqueror's flag in broad daylight and the raising of the national flag.[17][18][19][20]

#### Military dictatorship (1967–1974)

[edit]

The legal provisions went unaltered for a relatively long period of time. In 1967, a new Compulsory Law (198) regulated the declaration of regional flag days, but did not alter the flag. However, on August 18, 1969, the sea flag was established as the sole national flag[21] and on August 18, 1970, the flag ratio was changed to 7:12 from 2:3.[10] Flags flying in ministries, embassies and public buildings had the crown in the centre of the cross until the official abolition of the monarchy on 1 June 1973 and the use of the crown was officially discontinued on July 16.[22]

After the restoration of democracy, Law 48/1975 and Presidential Decree 515/1975, which entered into effect on 7 June 1975, reversed the situation and designated the former "land flag" as the sole flag of Greece, to be used even at sea. The situation was once again reversed in 1978, when the sea flag once again became the sole flag of Greece and all previous provisions were abolished.[10]

* Naval ensign (1833–1858)
Proportions: 18:25

* Naval ensign (1858–1862)
Proportions: 2:3

* State flag (1863–1924 and 1935–73)

* Naval ensign (1863–1924 and 1935–73)

* Sole national flag (1969–1970) Proportions: 2:3

* Sole national flag (1970–1975) Proportions: 7:12

### Theories regarding the blue and white colours

[edit]

Several Greek researchers[3][23][24] have attempted to establish a continuity of usage and significance of the blue and white colours, throughout Greek history.

Usages cited include the pattern of blue and white formations included on the shield of Achilles,[23][8] the apparent connection of blue with goddess Athena, some of Alexander the Great's army banners,[3] possible blue and white flags used during Byzantine times,[23][8] supposed coats of arms of imperial dynasties and noble families, uniforms, emperors' clothes, patriarchs' thrones etc.,[3][24] 15th century versions of the Byzantine Imperial Emblems [8] and, of course, cases of usage during the Ottoman rule and the Greek revolution.

A number of sources describe, since at least 1810 and through the revolution, a flag consisting of eight horizontal alternating blue and white stripes used by Greeks as a sea flag, suggesting a connection with the original naval flag.[8]

On the other hand, the Great Greek Encyclopedia notes in its 1934 entry on the Greek flag that "very many things have been said for the causes which lead to this specification for the Greek flag, but without historical merit".[11]

## Current flag of Greece

[edit]

Construction sheet of the national flag

Correct vertical display

Incorrect vertical display

In 1978, the sea flag was adopted as the sole national flag, with a 2:3 ratio.[25]

### Protocol

[edit]

The flag as used in parades

The use of the Greek flag is regulated by Law 851.[26] More specifically, the law states that:

* When displayed at the Presidential Palace, the Hellenic Parliament, the ministries, embassies and consulates of Greece, schools, military camps, and public and private ships as well as the navy, the flag must:

1. Fly from 8am until sunset,
2. Be displayed on a white mast topped with a white cross on top of a white sphere,
3. Not be torn or damaged in any way. If the flag is damaged, it should be burned in a respectful manner.

* The flag can be displayed by civilians on days specified by the ministry of internal affairs, as well as in sporting events and other occasions of the sort.
* When displayed vertically, the canton must be on the left side of the flag from the point of view of the spectator.
* The flag should never be:

1. Defaced by means of writing or superimposing any kind of image or symbol upon it,
2. Used to cover a statue. In that case, cloth in the national colours must be used,
3. Hung from windows or balconies without the use of a mast,
4. Used for commercial purposes,
5. Used as a logo for any corporation or organization, even at different proportions.

* When placed on top of a coffin, the canton must always be on the right of the person's head.

### Colours

[edit]

The Government of Greece has never specified exactly which shade of blue should be used for the flag, and as such flags with many varying shades exist. In the most recent legislation regarding the national flag, the colours mentioned are:

> The National Flag of Greece is cyan and white, it is made up of nine (9) stripes equal in width, of which five (5) are cyan and four (4) are white so that the upper and lower stripes are cyan and the others in between are white.

Law 851/1978, Regarding the National Flag, Article 1, Clause 1

Because of the use of the word "cyan" (Greek: κυανός, cyanós), which can also mean "blue" in Greek, the exact shade of blue remains ambiguous. Although it implies the use of a light shade of blue, such as on the flag of the United Nations, the colours of the Greek flag tend to be a relatively dark blue, especially since the Regime of the Colonels (though during the reign of Otto I a very light shade of cyan was commonly used). Consequently, the shade of blue is largely left to the flagmakers to decide.

In a 2010 document, the specific shade of blue used in the coat of arms of Greece was given as Pantone 280 U/C/M or CMYK 100/70/0/20. Though web colors specifications are not given, HEX #014488 is used consistently throughout the document.[27]

* Pantone 280 U/C/M (CMYK 100/70/0/20)
* HEX #014488, used in digital displays

### Flag days

[edit]

Ohi Day decorations in Poros

Law 851/1978 sets the general outline for when the specific days on which the flag should be raised.[26] For national holidays, this applies country-wide, but on local ones it only applies to those areas where the said holiday is being celebrated.[26] Additionally, the flag may also be flown on days of national mourning, half-mast. The Minister of the Interior has the authority to proclaim flag days if they are not already proclaimed, and proclaiming regional flag days is vested with the elected head of each regional unit (formerly prefectures).[26]

National flag days in Greece  Date  | Name  | Reason

|
|

25 March  | 25th of March | Anniversary of the traditional start date for the Greek War of Independence.[28]
28 October  | Ochi Day (No Day) | Anniversary of the refusal to accept the Italian ultimatum in 1940.[28]
17 November  | Polytechnic Day | Anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising against the military junta (school holiday).[29]

Although 17 November is not an official national holiday, Presidential Decree 201/1998 states that respects are to be paid to the flag on that particular day.[29]

### Usage in the Republic of Cyprus

[edit]

According to the Constitution of Cyprus, the community authorities and their institutions have the right to hoist the Greek flag (as well as the Turkish flag) alongside the flag of Cyprus during the holidays. Any citizen may, without any restriction, fly the Greek or Turkish flag, or both, next to the flag of Cyprus.[30]

## Military flags

[edit]

### Army and Air Force War flag

[edit]

The war flag (equivalent to regimental colours) of the Army and the Air Force is of square shape, with a white cross on blue background. On the centre of the cross the image of Saint George is shown on Army war flags and the image of archangel Michael is shown on Air Force war flags.[1]

In the Army war flags are normally carried by infantry, tank and special forces regiments and battalions, by the Evelpidon Military Academy, the Non-Commissioned Officers Academy and the Presidential Guard when in battle or in parade.[31]

* Army regimental war flag

* Air Force and civil air ensign, 1973–1978

### Naval and civil ensigns

[edit]

The current naval and civil ensigns are identical to the national flag.

The simple white cross on blue field pattern is also used as the Navy's jack and as the base pattern for naval rank flags. These flags are described in Chapter 21 (articles 2101–30) of the Naval Regulations. A jack is also flown by larger vessels of the Hellenic Coast Guard.

Units of Naval or Coast Guard personnel in parade fly the war ensign in place of the war flag.[32]

* Naval jack of Greece

* Naval rank flag of the prime minister of Greece

* Naval rank flag for a full admiral

* Coast Guard ensign (1973–1980)

### Other uniformed services

[edit]

In the past a war flag was assigned to the former semi-military Hellenic Gendarmerie, which was later merged with Cities Police to form the current Hellenic Police. The flag was similar to the Army war flag but showing Saint Irene in place of Saint George.[32]

Since the Fire Service and the Hellenic Police are considered civilian agencies, they are not assigned war flags. They use the National Flag instead.[33] Identical rules were applied to the former Cities Police. However, recently the Police Academy has been assigned a war flag, and they paraded for the first time with this flag on Independence Day, March 25, 2011. The flag is similar to the Army war flag, with the image of St George replaced with that of Artemius of Antioch.[34]

## Flag of the head of state

[edit]

The president's flag is currently prescribed by Presidential Decree 274/1979.[35]

* Flag with the monogram of King Otto of Greece (1833–1862)

* The Royal Standard of Greece (1833–1858)

* The Royal Standard of Greece (1858–1862)

* The Royal Standard of Greece (1863–1913)

* Flag of King George I of Greece (1863–1913)

* Flag of King Constantine I of Greece in his capacity as a Field Marshal (1914–1917 and 1920–1922)

* Flag of the president of Greece (1924–1935)

* Flag of the king of Greece (1936–1973)

* Flag of the president of Greece (1973–1974)

* Flag of the president of Greece (1979–present)

## Use of double-headed eagle

[edit]

The double-headed eagle was the symbol of the Palaiologoi dynasty.

One of the most recognisable and beloved Greek symbols, the double-headed eagle, is not a part of the modern Greek flag or coat of arms (although it is officially used by the Greek Army, the Church of Greece, the Cypriot National Guard and the Church of Cyprus, and was incorporated in the Greek coat of arms in 1926[8]).

* Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church

* Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus

* Flag of the Hellenic Army General Staff

## See also

[edit]

* Heraldry portal
* Greece portal

* Greece
* Coat of arms of Greece
* Hymn to Liberty
* Byzantine heraldry
* History of Greece
* List of Greek flags

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d "Σημαία", from the site of the Presidency of the Hellenic Republic.
2. ^ The Flag Bulletin, Volumes 14–17, Flag Research Center, 1976, p. 63: "Greeks wanted this color for their flag because they have always looked at the blue sky and the blue ocean."
3. ^ a b c d N. Zapheiriou, Η Ελληνική Σημαία από τους αρχαίους χρόνους μέχρι σήμερα (The Greek Flag from Antiquity to Present), Eleftheri Skepsis, Athens 1995 (reprint of original 1947 publication) ISBN 960-7199-60-X.
4. ^ "ΟΙ ΚΑΛΛΕΡΓΗΔΕΣ". Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
5. ^ Emperor Maurice, Strategikon, II.14.
6. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 472, 999. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
7. ^ "Byzantine Heraldry, from Heraldica.org". Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
8. ^ a b c d e f g L. S. Skartsis, Origin and Evolution of the Greek Flag Archived 3 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Athens 2017 ISBN 978-960-571-242-6.
9. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 472–473\. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra: Η καθιέρωση της ελληνικής σημαίας ("The adoption of the Greek flag"), Hellenic Army General Staff, 2003.
11. ^ a b Μεγάλη Ἐλληνικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεῖα [Greece - Hellenism] (in Greek). Vol. 10\. Athens: Pyrsos Co. Ltd. 1934. p. 242\. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
12. ^ Government of Greece (3 June 1833). "Περὶ τῆς πολεμικῆς καὶ ἐμπορικῆς σημαίας τοῦ Βασιλείου" [Regarding the Naval and Commercial Flag of the Kingdom]. Government Gazette. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
13. ^ royal decree dated 28 December 1863. Gazette 5/1864, 3-2-1864, pages 16-17
14. ^ "Gazette 16/1864, 25-4-1864, p. 85". Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
15. ^ "Gazette 61/1867, 19-10-1867, pages 700-701". Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
16. ^ "ΦΕΚ 541/1935, dated 12.11.1935, page 2656". Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
17. ^ Βουλτσιάδης, Γεώργιος (1995). Η Προσοτσάνη μέσα από την Ιστορία. Θεσσαλονίκη. p. 319\. ISBN 9780007814404.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
18. ^ Ο Μικρασιάτης δημοδιδάσκαλος και αντιστασιακός Κώστας Καζάνας, ergasia-press.gr, 27/12/2020
19. ^ Πρωινός Τύπος, σελ. 4, 31/07/2020
20. ^ Papayiannou, A. (2020). Women in the National Resistance and the Civil War: The example of Larisa [Master’s thesis, University of Western Macedonia]. OpenArchives. https://www.openarchives.gr/aggregator-openarchives/edm/uowm/000126-1966
21. ^ "Nomothetikón Diátagma yp' arith. 254 Perí tís Ethnikís kaí tón Polemikón Simaión" Νομοθετικὸν Διάταγμα ὑπ’ ἀριθ. 254 Περὶ τῆς Ἐθνικῆς καὶ τῶν Πολεμικῶν Σημαιῶν [Legislative Decree No. 254 About the National and Military Flags]. Government Gazette of the Kingdom of Greece (in Greek). A (159). Athens: National Printing Office. 18 August 1969. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
22. ^ Legislative Decree 53/1973 On the amendment of certain provisions of the L.D. 254/69 "Regarding the National Flag and War Flags" (Government Gazette Issue A 144/1973)
23. ^ a b c V. Tzouras, Η Ελληνική Σημαία, Μελέτη Πρωτότυπος Ιστορική (The Greek Flag, Original Historic Study), A. Lantzas, Kerkyra 1909
24. ^ a b E. Kokkoni and G. Tsiveriotis, Ελληνικές Σημαίες, Σήματα-Εμβλήματα (Greek Flags, Signs and Emblems), Athens 1997 ISBN 960-7795-01-6
25. ^ Law 851/21-12-1978 On the national Flag, War Flags and the Distinguishing Flag of the President of the Republic, Gazette issue A-233/1978.
26. ^ a b c d Law 851 (in Greek) Archived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine
27. ^ Οδηγός επικοινωνίας και σχεδιασμού – Εφαρμογών εθνόσημου και υπουργείων [Communication and design guide – Applications for the national emblem and ministries] (PDF) (in Greek), Athens: Ministry of Culture and Sports, November 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2019, retrieved 3 February 2019
28. ^ a b "Procedural time limits - Greece". Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
29. ^ a b "Presidential Decree 201/1998" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
30. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus" (PDF). "2\. The authorities of the Republic and any public corporation or public utility body created by or under the laws of the Republic shall fly the flag of the Republic and they shall have the right to fly on holidays together with the flag of the Republic both the Greek and the Turkish flags at the same time.
3\. The Communal authorities and institutions shall have the right to fly on holidays together with the flag of the Republic either the Greek or the Turkish flag at the same time.
4\. Any citizen of the Republic or any body, corporate or unincorporate other than public, whose members are citizens of the Republic, shall have the right to fly on their premises the flag of the Republic or the Greek or the Turkish flag without any restriction."
31. ^ O. Zotiadis (January 2001). "Decorations of War Flags (Greek: Τιμητικές διακρίσεις πολεμικών σημαιών)". Military Review. Hellenic Army General Staff.Τιμητικές+διακρίσεις+πολεμικών+σημαιώνCategory:Articles+containing+Greek-language+text)&rft.date=2001-01&rft.au=O.+Zotiadis&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Flag+of+Greece" class="Z3988">
32. ^ a b Presidential Decree 348 /17-4-1980, On the war flags of the Armed Forces and the Gendarmerie Corps, Gazette issue A-98/1980 Archived 29 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
33. ^ Presidential Decree 991/7-10-1980, Specification of the size of the National Flag born by the Coast Guard, Cities Police and Fire Service and the length of its staff, Gazette issue A-247/1980.
34. ^ "Σχολή Αξιωματικών Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας". Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
35. ^ published in Gazette A, 78, dated 17.04.1979, p.726

## Further reading

[edit]

* Mazarakis-Ainian, Ioannis. Η Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Σημαίας. Nicosia, Cyprus: Cultural Foundation of the Bank of Cyprus. 1996. (In Greek).
* I. Nouchakis, Η Σημαία μας (Our Flag), Athens 1908.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to National flag of Greece at Wikimedia Commons
* Flags of Greece at Flags of the World
* Article on the Greek Flag from the website of the Hellenic Army (in Greek)
* Older article on the Greek Flag from the website of the Hellenic Army (in Greek)
* Greek flags during the Ottoman era (in Greek)
* Decrees specifying the design of the flag:
* Regarding the Naval and Commercial Flag of the Kingdom (3 June 1833) – contains official drawings
* Regarding the Naval and Commercial Flag (13 September 1858)
* Regarding the Flags of the Kingdom of Greece and other distinctive ensigns (31 May 1914) – contains numerous official drawings
* Regarding the flag of Greece and other distinctive ensigns (25 February 1930)
* Regarding the National and War Flags (18 August 1969) – changed the proportions to 7:12 and abolished the state flag
* Regarding amendments to provisions subject to Legislative Decree 254/69 (29 January 1971) – removed the royal crowns from all flags
* Law 48 Regarding the National Flag of Greece, the Emblem of the Hellenic Republic, etc (7 June 1975) – restored the old proportions and the state flag
* Law 851 Regarding the National Flag, the War Flags and the Emblem of the President of the Republic (22 December 1978) – current flag design

* v
* t
* e

Symbols of Greece

National symbols|

* Flag
* Coat of arms

Anthem
Hymn to Liberty
Motto
Elefthería í Thánatos
National personifications
Greece by Delacroix
Grateful Hellas by Vryzakis
National holidays
25 March (1821)
28 October (1940)
Colours
Blue and white

Other symbols|

| Historical symbols|

* Double-headed eagle
* Phoenix
* Drachma
* Meander

|

Other official symbols|

* Vergina Sun

Natural|

* Dolphin
* Owl
* Mount Olympus
* Olive Tree
* Bay Laurel

Monuments|

* Acropolis of Athens
* Delphi
* Delos
* Epidaurus
* Knossos
* Meteora
* Mount Athos
* Mycenae
* Olympia
* Vergina

Music|

* Aulos
* Lyre
* Tambourine
* Laouto
* Bouzouki
* Folk
* Rebetiko

National poets|

* Ancient: Homer
* Modern: Dionysios Solomos, Kostis Palamas

National epics|

* Ancient: Iliad, Odyssey
* Modern: Digenes Akritas, Erotokritos

Cuisine|

* Taverna
* Wine
* Souvlaki
* Feta
* Greek salad
* Pita
* Olive oil
* Retsina
* Ouzo

Patron Saints/Religion|

* Theotokos (Our Lady of Tinos)
* Saint Andrew
* Saint George
* Saint Nicholas
* Greek Orthodox Church

Former national symbols|

* Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greece
* Greek crown jewels

* Category
* Portal

* v
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Flags of Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

Other entities|

* European Union
* Sovereign Military Order of Malta

* v
* t
* e

National flags and coats of arms

National flags|

* Sovereign states
* Dependent territories
* Timeline

National coats of arms|

* Sovereign states
* Dependent territories

Heraldry portal

* v
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* e

Greece topics

* Basic topics
* Alphabetical index of topics

History

| Prehistory (pre-1100 BC)|

* Neolithic Age
* Bronze Age
* Pelasgians
* Cycladic civilization
* Minoan civilization
* Helladic period
* Mycenaean period
* Bronze Age collapse

|

Antiquity (1100 BC-330 AD)|

* Greek Dark Ages
* Iron Age migrations
* Archaic period
* Greco-Persian Wars
* Classical period
* Delian and Peloponnesian League
* Peloponnesian War
* League of Corinth
* Wars of Alexander the Great
* Hellenistic period
* Wars of the Diadochi
* Roman–Greek wars
* Roman era
* Foundation of Constantinople

Middle Ages (330–1453)|

* Byzantine period
* Persecution of paganism
* Migration period
* Plague of Justinian
* Arab–Byzantine wars
* Iconoclasm
* Macedonian Renaissance
* East–West Schism
* Fourth Crusade
* Frankokratia
* Empire of Nicaea, Despotate of Epirus and Despotate of the Morea
* Fall of Constantinople

Early modern
and Modern era (post-1453)|

* Stato da Màr (Venetian Ionian islands, Kingdom of Candia)
* Ottoman Greece
* Modern Greek Enlightenment
* Septinsular Republic
* War of Independence
* First Republic
* Kingdom
* Balkan Wars
* World War I
* National Schism
* Greco-Turkish War
* History of Greece (1923–1940)
* Second Republic
* 4th of August Regime
* World War II
* Civil war
* Military junta
* Democratization
* Third Republic

By topic|

* Ancient regions and tribes
* Byzantine and Ottoman Greeks
* Christianization
* Colonization
* Coups d'état
* Demographic (Modern)
* Economic
* Geographical name changes
* Greek countries and regions
* Greek Muslims
* Renaissance scholars
* Hellenic languages and Proto-Greek
* Inventions and discoveries
* Language question
* Military
* Monarchy (Kings and royal family)
* Phanariotes
* Polis
* Population exchange of 1923

Geography

| Overview|

* Borders
* Cities (capital and co-capital)
* Extreme points
* Place names

|

Regions|

* Central Greece (Aetolia-Acarnania (Aetolia, Acarnania), Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, Evrytania, Phocis, Phthiotis, Saronic Islands)
* Crete (Chania, Heraklion, Rethymno, Lasithi)
* Cyclades (Andros, Delos, Kea, Kythnos, Milos, Mykonos, Naxos, Paros, Santorini, Syros, Tinos)
* Dodecanese (Agathonisi, Astypalaia, Chalki, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kos, Leipsoi, Leros, Nisyros, Patmos, Rhodes, Symi, Tilos, Kastellorizo)
* Epirus (Arta, Ioannina, Preveza, Thesprotia)
* Ionian Islands (Corfu, Ithaca, Kefalonia, Kythira, Lefkada, Paxi, Zakynthos)
* Macedonia (Chalkidiki, Drama, Florina, Grevena, Imathia, Kastoria, Kavala, Kilkis, Kozani, Pella, Pieria, Serres, Thasos, Thessaloniki)
* North Aegean islands (Chios, Ikaria, Lemnos, Lesbos, Samos)
* Peloponnese (Arcadia, Argolis, Corinthia, Laconia, Messenia, Achaea, Elis)
* Thessaly (Karditsa, Larissa, Magnesia, Trikala, Sporades)
* Thrace (Evros, Rhodope, Xanthi)

Terrain|

* Canyons and gorges
* Caves
* Geology
* Islands (Aegean, Ionian, Crete)
* Mountains (Olympus, Pindus, Rhodopes)
* Peninsulas
* Plains
* Volcanoes

Water|

* Coasts
* Lakes
* Rivers
* Mediterranean Sea
* Aegean Sea (Sea of Crete, Icarian Sea, Myrtoan Sea, Thracian Sea)
* Ionian Sea
* Libyan Sea

Environment|

* Climate
* Natural disasters (earthquakes)
* Ecoregions
* Environmental issues
* Forests
* Mammals and birds
* National Parks
* Protected areas

Politics

| Constitution|

* Constitutional amendments (1986, 2001, 2008, 2019)
* Constitutions (1822, 1827, 1844, 1864, 1911)
* Supreme Special Court

|

Executive|

* Cabinet
* Government (Government Gazette)
* President (Presidential Mansion)
* Prime Minister (Maximos Mansion)

Legislature|

* Conference of Presidents
* Hellenic Parliament (Speaker)
* Parliamentary Committees
* Presidium

Elections|

* Nationality law
* Parataxis
* Parliamentary constituencies
* Pasokification
* Political parties

Judicial system|

* Council of State
* Court of Audit
* Supreme Court

Security|

* Police
* Capital punishment
* Corruption
* Crime (Greek mafia)
* Life imprisonment
* Terrorism
* Coast Guard

Foreign relations|

* Aegean dispute
* Cyprus dispute
* Council of Europe
* European Union
* Macedonia naming dispute (Language naming dispute)
* NATO
* Passport
* Treaties
* United Nations

Military|

* Air Force
* Alliances
* Army
* Conscription
* Military ranks
* Navy
* Evzones (Presidential Guard)
* National Guard
* Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

Social issues|

* Abortion
* Cannabis
* Education (universities)
* Healthcare (hospitals, obesity, smoking)
* Human rights
* Human rights abuses
* LGBT rights
* Prostitution
* Political scandals
* Racism

Ideologies|

* Conservatism (Monarchism)
* Fascism (Metaxism)
* Liberalism (Republicanism, Venizelism)
* Nationalism (Hellenocentrism, Megali Idea, Enosis)
* New Social Movements (Environmentalism, Feminism, Pacifism)
* Socialism (Laocracy, Trotskyism)
* Anarchism

Administrative divisions|

* Municipalities and communities
* Administrative regions
* Regional units
* Decentralized administrations

Economy

* Agriculture
* Airports
* Athens Stock Exchange (companies)
* Banking (Central bank)
* Central bank
* Brands
* Companies (electric power)
* Debt crisis (Grexit)
* Drachma
* Energy (renewable, nuclear)
* Euro coins
* Greece and the International Monetary Fund
* Greek economic miracle
* Highways
* Laiki agora
* Ports
* Public pensions
* Railways (history)
* Rankings
* Science and technology
* Shipping (Merchant Marine)
* Space Agency
* Subdivisions by GDP
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Thessaloniki International Fair
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transportation (Rio–Antirrio bridge, Athens Metro, Thessaloniki Metro)
* Water supply and sanitation

Society

| Demographics|

* Diaspora
* Greeks (names of Greece and the Greeks)
* Immigration
* Minorities (Muslim minority, Jews, Arvanites, Aromanians (Aromanian question), Megleno-Romanians, Slavophones, Roma)
* Women
* Life expectancy

|

Culture|

* Anastenaria
* Caryatid
* Clean Monday
* Concept of kingship
* Dress (Chiton, Chlamys, Exomis, Fustanella, Himation, Mariner's cap, Peplos, Perizoma, Tsarouchi, Vraka)
* Eastern Party
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Greek East and Latin West
* Greektown
* Hellenization
* Hospitality
* Carols (Christmas, New Year's, Theophany's)
* Mangas
* Mountza
* Naming customs
* Paideia
* Philhellenism and Hellenophobia
* Plate smashing
* Philosophy
* Public holidays (Independence Day, Ohi Day)
* Rouketopolemos
* Souliotic songs
* Theophany
* Tsiknopempti
* Units of measurement
* Worry beads

Art|

* Architecture (Castles)
* Cretan and Heptanese school
* Modern art (19th century)
* Theatre (Ancient)
* Religious art

Cuisine|

* Breads (Daktyla, Kritsini, Lagana, Paximadi, Tsoureki)
* Desserts (Diples, Halva, Koulourakia, Kourabiedes, Loukoumades, Melomakarona, Pasteli, Spoon sweets, Vasilopita)
* List of dishes
* Drinks (Mastika, Metaxa, Ouzo, Rakomelo, Sideritis, Tentura, Tsipouro, Tsikoudia, Frappé coffee)
* Cheeses (Anthotyros, Feta, Graviera, Kasseri, Kefalotyri, Ladotyri, Manouri, Metsovone, Mizithra)
* Filo (Amygdalopita, Bougatsa, Galaktoboureko, Karydopita, Spanakopita, Tiropita)
* Greek salad (Dakos)
* Meze
* Pasta (Gogges, Flomaria, Hilopites)
* Restaurants (Kafenio, Ouzeri, Taverna)
* Sauces (Skordalia, Taramosalata, Tirokafteri, Tzatziki)
* Souvlaki
* Varieties (Heptanesean, Cretan, Epirote, Macedonian)
* Wine (Agiorgitiko, Aidini, Assyrtiko, Athiri, Kotsifali, Lesbian, Limnio, Mavrodafni, Mandilaria, Malagousia, Malvasia, Moschofilero, Retsina, Robola, Savatiano, Vilana, Xinomavro)

Languages|

* Greek alphabet (History, Orthography, Diacritics, Braille, Cyrillization, Romanization (Greeklish) and numerals
* Greek language (Demotic, Katharevousa) and dialects (Cappadocian, Cretan, Cypriot, Greco-Australian, Maniot, Pontic, Tsakonian, Yevanic)
* Greek Sign Language
* History (Mycenaean Greek, Ancient Greek, Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, Modern Greek)
* Literature (Ancient, Medieval, Modern)
* Minority languages (Albanian language (Arvanitika), Aromanian, Balkan Romani, Bulgarian, Ladino, Macedonian, Megleno-Romanian, Turkish)
* Proverbs
* Words for love

Media|

* Cinema
* Internet
* Newspapers
* Television
* Media freedom
* Corruption

Music|

* Church music
* Dances (Ai Georgis, Angaliastos, Antikristos, Ballos, Dionysiakos, Fisounis, Gaitanaki, Geranos, Hasapiko, Ikariotikos, Kalamatianos, Kangeli, Kastorianos, Kerkiraikos, Koftos, Pidikhtos, Leventikos, Maniatikos, Metsovitikos, Ntames, Palamakia, Partalos, Pentozali, Proskinitos, Pyrrhichios, Rougatsiarikos, Sirtaki, Sousta, Syrtos, Trata, Tsakonikos, Tsamikos, Zeibekiko, Zervos)
* Éntekhno
* Folk music (Cretan, Epirote, Heptanesian, Macedonian, Nisiotika, Peloponnesian, Pontic, Thessalian, Thracian)
* Hip Hop
* Ionian School
* Laïko (Skyladiko)
* Musical instruments (Askomandoura, Aulos, Bouzouki, Byzantine lyra (Cretan, Macedonian, Politiki, Pontic), Crotala, Floghera, Gaida, Harp, Laouto, Lyre, Organo, Pan flute, Phorminx, Psaltery, Salpinx, Santouri, Souravli, Tambouras, Tambourine, Trigono, Tsampouna, Tympano, Zilia)
* Rebetiko
* Rock (Punk)

Religion and lore|

* Ancient religion (Origins, Modern Revival)
* Aerico
* Buddhism
* Catholicism
* Drosoulites
* Eastern Orthodox Church (Timeline: Antiquity, Early Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages, Early Modern Era, 19th century, Early 20th century, Late 20th century, Contemporary)
* Fairy tales
* Gello
* Greek Orthodox Church (Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Church of Greece, Flag)
* Greek Old Calendarists
* Hinduism
* Hypertimos
* Islam
* Judaism (History)
* Kallikantzaros
* Lamia
* Mormo
* Mount Athos
* Mythology (Primordial deities, Titans, Twelve Olympians, Heracles, Odysseus, Jason, Oedipus, Perseus, Daedalus, Orpheus, Theseus, Bellerephon, Satyr, Centaur)
* Nymph
* Protestantism
* Psychai
* Sikhism
* Thymiaterion
* Name days
* Vrykolakas
* Wayside shrine

Sport|

* Ancient Olympics
* Baseball
* Basketball
* Cricket
* Football
* Hockey
* Ice hockey
* Modern Olympics (1896, 1906, 2004)
* Rugby league

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Flag and national colours
* Flags
* Motto
* Orders and decorations
* World Heritage Sites

* Category
* Portal

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