Flounder

Group of flatfish species

This article is about the fish. For other uses, see Flounder (disambiguation).

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Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus Flowery flounder, Bothus mancus,
Bahía de la Chiva, at Hawaii

Flounders are a group of flatfish species. They are demersal fish, found at the bottom of oceans around the world; some species will also enter estuaries.

## Taxonomy

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The name "flounder" is used for several only distantly related species, though all are in the suborder Pleuronectoidei (families Achiropsettidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Paralichthyidae, and Samaridae). Some of the better known species that are important in fisheries are:

* Western Atlantic
* Gulf flounder – Paralichthys albigutta
* Southern flounder – Paralichthys lethostigma
* Summer flounder (also known as fluke) – Paralichthys dentatus
* Winter flounder – Pseudopleuronectes americanus
* European waters
* European flounder – Platichthys flesus
* Witch flounder – Glyptocephalus cynoglossus
* North Pacific
* Halibut – Hippoglossus stenolepis
* Olive flounder – Paralichthys olivaceus

## Eye migration

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An adult flounder with both eyes migrated to its right, upward-facing side

Larval flounder are born with one eye on each side of their head, but as they grow from the larval to juvenile stage through metamorphosis, one eye migrates to the other side of the body. As a result, both eyes are then on the side which faces up. The side to which the eyes migrate is dependent on the species type. As an adult, a flounder changes its habits and camouflages itself by lying on the bottom of the ocean floor as protection against predators.[1]

## Habitat

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Flounders ambush their prey, feeding at soft muddy areas of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks, and coral reefs.

A flounder's diet consists mainly of fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish. Flounder typically grow to a length of 22–60 centimeters (8+1⁄2–23+1⁄2 in), and as large as 95 centimeters (37 in). Their width is about half their length. Male Platichthys have been found up to 130 kilometres (70 nautical miles) off the coast of northern Sardinia, sometimes with heavy encrustations of various species of barnacle.

Fluke, a type of flounder, are being farm raised in open water by Mariculture Technologies in Greenport, New York.[2]

## Threats

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A flounder blending into its environment

World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish, including sole and flounder, were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial levels, largely due to overfishing. Most overfishing is due to the extensive activities of the fishing industry.[3][4][5][6] Current estimates suggest that approximately 30 million flounder (excluding sole) are alive in the world today.[when?][7] In the Gulf of Mexico, along the coast of Texas, research indicates the flounder population could be as low as 15 million due to heavy overfishing and industrial pollution.[8]

## References

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1. ^ Fairchild, E.A.; Howell, W.H (2004). "Factors affecting the post-release survival of cultured juvenile Pseudopleuronectes americanus". Journal of Fish Biology. 65 (Supplementary A): 69–87\. Bibcode:2004JFBio..65S..69F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.532.3120. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00529.x.
2. ^ Kreahling, Lorraine (17 November 1996). "Farming Fluke in Open Water". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
3. ^ Clover, Charles (2008). The End of the Line: How Overfishing is Changing the World and what We Eat. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25505-0. OCLC 67383509.
4. ^ Myers, R. A.; Worm, B. (2003). "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities". Nature. 423 (6937): 280–283\. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..280M. doi:10.1038/nature01610. PMID 12748640. S2CID 2392394.
5. ^ Dalton, Rex (2006). "Save the big fish: Targeting of larger fish makes populations prone to collapse". BioEd Online. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
6. ^ Hsieh, Chih-hao; Reiss, Christian S.; Hunter, John R.; Beddington, John R.; May, Robert M.; Sugihara, George (2006). "Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species". Nature. 443 (7113): 859–62\. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..859H. doi:10.1038/nature05232. PMID 17051218. S2CID 4398663.
7. ^ "flounder fish facts". a-z-animals.com.
8. ^ "The Flounder Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, United States: A Regional Management Plan" (PDF). Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. October 2000. Number 83.

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pleuronectidae.

Look up flounder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* Common names containing "flounder" at FishBase
* Video of a Fresh Water Flounder on YouTube

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Flatfish

Generally
larger
flatfish|

| Halibut|

| True (2 species)|

* Atlantic halibut
* Pacific halibut

|

Other|

* Arrowtooth halibut
* Shotted halibut
* Greenland halibut
* Spotted halibut
* California halibut
* Bastard halibut

Plaice|

| (4 species)|

* European plaice
* American plaice
* Alaska plaice
* Scale-eye plaice
* More...

|

Turbot|

| True (1 species)|

* Scophthalmus maximus
* More...

|

Spiny (3 species)|

* Psettodidae

Other|

* Diamond turbot
* Hornyhead turbot
* New Zealand turbot
* Ocellated turbot
* Spotted turbot

Generally
smaller
flatfish|

| Sole|

| True
(135 species)|

* Common (Dover) sole
* Finless sole
* Soleichthys heterorhinos
* Yellow sole
* More...

|

American
(28 species)|

* Achiridae
* More...

Tongue
(138 species)|

* Bengal tongue sole
* Canary tonguesole
* Carrot tonguesole
* Cynoglossus suyeni
* Durban tonguesole
* Fourline tonguesole
* Fourlined tonguesole
* Ghanaian tonguesole
* Hooked tonguesole
* Largescale tonguesole
* Natal tongue-fish
* Nigerian tonguesole
* Ripplefin tonguesole
* River tonguesole
* Roundhead tonguesole
* Sand tonguefish
* Sharpnose tonguesole
* Southern tongue sole
* Speckled tonguesole
* Symphurus thermophilus
* Three-lined tongue sole
* More...

Other|

* Butter sole
* Curlfin sole
* Deepsea sole
* Dusky sole
* English sole
* Flathead sole
* Lemon sole
* New Zealand sole
* Northern rock sole
* Pacific sand sole
* Petrale sole
* Rex sole
* Rock sole
* Roughscale sole
* Slender sole
* Southern lemon sole
* Speckled sole
* Yellowfin sole

Other
flounder|

| Lefteye
(158 species)|

* Crested flounder
* Flowery flounder
* Leopard flounder
* Plate fish
* Mediterranean scaldfish
* Twospot flounder
* Witch
* More...

|

Righteye
(101 species)|

* American smooth flounder
* Arctic flounder
* Arrowtooth flounder
* Banded-fin flounder
* Barfin flounder
* Black flounder
* Blackfin flounder
* Bering flounder
* Cleisthenes herzensteini
* Cleisthenes pinetorum
* Comb flounder
* Cresthead flounder
* Derwent flounder
* European flounder
* Far Eastern smooth flounder
* Flathead flounder
* Greenback flounder
* Hypsopsetta macrocephala
* Indonesian ocellated flounder
* Kamchatka flounder
* Large-scale righteye flounder
* Marbled flounder
* Marleyella maldivensis
* Microstomus shuntovi
* Narrow-body righteye flounder
* New Zealand flounder
* Peltorhamphus tenuis
* Peppered flounder
* Pseudopleuronectes obscurus
* Remo flounder
* Ridged-eye flounder
* Sakhalin sole
* Slime flounder
* Small-mouth righteye flounder
* Speckled flounder
* Starry flounder
* Stone flounder
* Willowy flounder
* Winter flounder
* Witch (righteye)
* Yellow striped flounder
* Yellowbelly flounder
* Yellowtail flounder
* More...

Large tooth
(115 species)|

* Anglefin whiff
* Bigmouth sanddab
* California halibut
* Cephalopsetta ventrocellatus
* Fine flounder
* Five-eyed flounder
* Five-rayed sanddab
* Fourspot flounder
* Gray flounder
* Gulf sanddab
* Horned whiff
* Longfin sanddab
* Mimic sanddab
* Olive flounder
* Pacific sanddab
* Peacock flounder
* Sand whiff
* Shrimp flounder
* Small sanddab
* Speckled sanddab
* Spotfin flounder
* Three-eye flounder
* Thysanopsetta naresi
* Veracruz whiff
* More...

Southern
(6 species)|

* Antarctic armless flounder
* Armless flounder
* Finless flounder
* Paralichthys lethostigma
* Southern flounder
* More...

Other|

* Citharidae
* Samaridae

Misc|

| |

* Common dab
* Chinese brill
* Deepwater dab
* Longhead dab
* New Zealand brill
* Scale-eye plaice
* Fluke

|

Related|

* Demersal fish
* Transitional fossils
* Amphistium
* Heteronectes
* As food
* Sole meunière
* Turbot War

* Predator
* billfish
* bonito
* mackerel
* salmon
* shark
* tuna
* Forage
* anchovy
* herring
* menhaden
* sardine
* shad
* sprat
* Demersal
* cod
* flatfish
* pollock
* ray

* v
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* e

Principal commercial fishery species groups

Wild|

| Large pelagic fish|

* Mackerel
* Salmon
* Shark
* Swordfish
* Tuna
* albacore
* bigeye
* Atlantic bluefin
* Pacific bluefin
* southern bluefin
* skipjack
* yellowfin

|

Forage fish|

* Anchovy
* Capelin
* Herring
* Ilish
* Menhaden
* Sardines
* Saury
* Shad
* Sprat
* european

Demersal fish|

* Catfish
* Cod
* Atlantic
* Pacific
* Alaska pollock
* Flatfish
* flounder
* halibut
* plaice
* sole
* turbot
* Haddock
* Mullet
* Orange roughy
* Pollock
* Rockfish
* Smelt-whitings
* Toothfish

Freshwater fish|

* Carp
* Sturgeon
* Tilapia
* Trout

Other wild fish|

* Eel
* Whitebait
* more...

Crustaceans|

* Crab
* Krill
* Lobster
* Shrimp
* Prawns
* more...

Molluscs|

* Abalone
* Mussels
* Octopus
* Oysters
* Scallops
* Squid
* more...

Echinoderms|

* Sea cucumbers
* Sea urchin
* more...

Fisheries|

* Cod fisheries
* Crab fisheries
* Krill fishery
* Lobster fishing
* Shrimp fishery

Farmed|

* Carp
* bighead
* common
* crucian
* grass
* silver
* Catfish
* Freshwater prawns
* Gilt-head bream
* Mussels
* Oysters
* Salmon
* Atlantic
* salmon trout
* coho
* chinook
* Scallops
* Seaweed
* Shrimp
* Tilapia

* Commercial fishing
* World fish production
* Commercial species
* Fishing topics
* Fisheries glossary

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