Foreign relations of Canada

Diplomatic missions of Canada[1]

Countries that host a Canadian Embassy or High Commission

Interests section and other representations

Countries that do not host Canadian diplomatic missions

Canada

The foreign relations of Canada are Canada's relations with other governments and nations. Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in global affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions.[2][3][4] Canada is known for its promotions of peace and security, as well as being a mediator in conflicts,[5] and for providing aid to developing countries.[6][7] The "golden age of Canadian diplomacy" refers to a period in Canadian history, typically considered to be the mid-20th century, when Canada experienced a high level of success in its foreign relations and diplomatic efforts.[8]

Canada's peacekeeping role during the 20th century has played a major role in its positive global image.[9][10] Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations.[11] Since the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined.[12] The large decrease was a result of Canada directing its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO, rather than directly through the UN.[13] Canada has faced controversy over its involvement in some foreign countries, notably the 1993 Somalia affair.[14] Canada's military currently has over 3000 personnel deployed overseas in multiple operations.[15]

Canada and the United States have a long, complex, and intertwined relationship;[16][17] they are close allies, co-operating regularly on military campaigns and humanitarian efforts.[18][19] Canada also maintains historic and traditional ties to the United Kingdom and to France,[20] along with both countries' former colonies through its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.[21] Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.[22] Canada has diplomatic and consular offices in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries.[1]

Canada promotes its domestically shared values through participating in multiple international organizations.[23][24] Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and formed the North American Aerospace Defense Command together with the United States in 1958.[25] The country has membership in the World Trade Organization, the Five Eyes, the G7 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[2] Canada acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1976.[26] The country joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 ,[27] and seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).[28] As of 2023, Canada is a signatory to 15 free trade agreements with 51 different countries.[29]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Canadian foreign relations

The foreign policies of Canada and its predecessor colonies were under British control until the 20th century. This included wars with the United States in 1775-1783 and 1812–1815. Economic ties with the U.S. were always close. Political tensions arose in the 19th century from anti-British sentiment in the U.S. in the 1860s. Boundary issues caused diplomatic disputes resolved in the 1840s over the Maine boundary and in the early 20th century over the Alaska boundary. There is ongoing discussion regarding the Arctic. Canada-US relations have been friendly in the 20th and 21st centuries.[30]

Canada participated in Britain's wars, especially the Boer war, World War I and World War II. However, there was a bitter dispute between Francophone and Anglophone Canada during the First World War. Canada had its own seat in the League of Nations but played a small role in world affairs until the 1940s. Since then it has been active in NATO, the United Nations, and in promoting its middle-power status into an active role in world affairs.[31]

## Administration

[edit]

In 1982, responsibility for trade was added with the creation of the Department of External Affairs and International Trade. In 1995, the name was changed to Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.

Canada has often carried out its foreign policy through coalitions and international organizations, and through the work of numerous federal institutions (e.g.: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police International Peace Operations Branch [32] or deployments of personnel by the Correctional Service of Canada[33]). Under the aegis of Canadian foreign policy, various departments and agencies conduct their own international relations and outreach activities. For example, the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence conduct defence diplomacy in support of national interests, including through the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés,[34] participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g., the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation,[35] and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.

There are two major elements of Canadian foreign relations, Canada-US relations and multilateralism.

Greg Donaghy, of Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs, argues:

Since taking power in 2006, Prime Minister Harper's government has clearly abandoned the liberal internationalism that had so often characterized Ottawa's approach to world affairs, replacing it with a new emphasis on realist notions of national interest, enhanced capabilities, and Western democratic values.[36][relevant?]

Canada's international relations are the responsibility of the Department of Global Affairs, which is run by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Traditionally the Prime Minister has played a prominent role in foreign affairs decisions. Foreign aid, formerly delivered through the Canadian International Development Agency, has been administered by DFATD since March 2013.[37]

## Foreign aid

[edit]

Former Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the Haiti Ministerial Preparatory Conference addressing earthquake relief in Montreal, 25 January 2010

Canada's foreign aid was administered by the Canadian International Development Agency, which provided aid and assistance to other countries around the world through various methods. In March 2013 CIDA ceased to exist when it was folded into DFAIT, creating DFATD.[37] The strategy of the Canadian government's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Millennium Development Goals, while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises. However a growing focus on development, defence, and diplomacy in recent decades has produced a concentration of foreign aid funding to countries determined to be security risks to Canadian policy. For example, in 2004–2005 the largest recipients of Canada's official developmental assistance were Afghanistan and Iraq, two nations in conflict with the United States of America and its allies at the time. The structural emphasis on security and industry development has contributed to a fixed foreign policy that generally fails to consider global health and international social and economic inequalities.[38] According to the OECD, 2019 official development assistance from Canada increased 0.5% to US$4.7 billion.[39][failed verification][38]

## Federalism and foreign relations

[edit]

The provinces have a high level of freedom to operate internationally, dating to 1886 and Quebec's first representative to France, Hector Fabre. Alberta has had representatives abroad, starting with Alberta House in London (37 Hill Street), since 1948, and British Columbia around 25 years before that.[40] By 1984, Quebec had offices in ten countries including eight in the United States and three in other Canadian provinces while Ontario had thirteen delegations in seven countries.[41]

## Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Canada maintains diplomatic relations with:

#  | Country  | Date[42]
1  |  United Kingdom | 1 July 1926[citation needed]
2  |  United States | 18 February 1927[43]
3  |  France | 31 January 1928
4  |  Japan | 31 January 1928
5  |  Belgium | 3 January 1939
6  |  Netherlands | 3 January 1939
7  |  Ireland | 11 September 1939
8  |  New Zealand | 11 September 1939
9  |  South Africa | 11 September 1939
10  |  Australia | 2 November 1939
11  |  Argentina | 14 November 1940
12  |  Brazil | 14 November 1940
13  |  Chile | 9 October 1941
14  |  Serbia | 9 February 1942
15  |  Norway | 9 February 1942
16  |  Poland | 9 February 1942
17  |  Russia | 12 June 1942
18  |  Czech Republic | 5 November 1942
19  |  Greece | 5 November 1942
20  |  Sweden | 2 July 1943[44]
21  |  Mexico | 30 January 1944
22  |  Peru | 30 January 1944
23  |  Turkey | 4 August 1944
24  |  Luxembourg | 3 January 1945
25  |  Cuba | 16 March 1945
26  |  India | 6 April 1945
27  |   Switzerland | 24 June 1945[45]
28  |  Denmark | 5 December 1945
29  |  Iceland | 6 June 1947[46]
30  |  Italy | 13 August 1947
31  |  Finland | 21 November 1947[47]
32  |  Philippines | 4 December 1949
33  |  Pakistan | 8 December 1949
34  |  Uruguay | 27 February 1951
35  |  Germany | 8 November 1951[48]
36  |  Portugal | 18 January 1952
37  |  Austria | 9 August 1952
38  |  Indonesia | 9 October 1952[49]
39  |  Colombia | 6 November 1952
40  |  Venezuela | 22 November 1952
41  |  Spain | 21 February 1953
42  |  Sri Lanka | 20 August 1953
43  |  Dominican Republic | 22 April 1954
44  |  Haiti | 12 May 1954
45  |  Egypt | 28 July 1954
46  |  Israel | 28 July 1954
47  |  Lebanon | 26 August 1954
—  |  Iran (suspended)  | 9 January 1955[50]
48  |  Tunisia | 9 September 1957
49  |  Ghana | 30 October 1957
50  |  Malaysia | 29 March 1958
51  |  Myanmar | 9 August 1958
52  |  Nigeria | 1 October 1960
53  |  Costa Rica | 20 January 1961
54  |  Paraguay | 5 February 1961
55  |  Ecuador | March 1961
56  |  Sierra Leone | 27 April 1961
57  |  Sudan | 29 May 1961
58  |  Bolivia | May 1961
59  |  Iraq | 27 June 1961
60  |  Honduras | June 1961
61  |  Nicaragua | June 1961
62  |  Panama | 11 August 1961[51]
63  |  Cyprus | 14 August 1961
64  |  Guatemala | 16 September 1961
65  |  Thailand | 8 November 1961
66  |  Cameroon | 7 December 1961
67  |  Tanzania | 9 December 1961
68  |  El Salvador | 29 December 1961
69  |  Chad | 12 February 1962
70  |  Republic of the Congo | February 1962
71  |  Gabon | February 1962
72  |  Guinea | 28 March 1962
73  |  Benin | 27 April 1962
74  |  Burkina Faso | 27 April 1962
75  |  Ivory Coast | 27 April 1962
76  |  Niger | 27 April 1962
77  |  Morocco | 17 May 1962
78  |  Senegal | 1 June 1962
79  |  Togo | 7 June 1962
80  |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | 12 June 1962
81  |  Central African Republic | 13 June 1962
82  |  Jamaica | 2 August 1962[52]
83  |  Uganda | 9 October 1962
84  |  Mali | 7 January 1963
85  |  South Korea | 14 January 1963
86  |  Trinidad and Tobago | 28 February 1963
87  |  Malawi | November 1963
88  |  Kenya | 5 May 1964
89  |  Hungary | 11 June 1964
90  |  Zambia | 24 October 1964
91  |  Jordan | 23 December 1964
92  |  Malta | 23 December 1964
93  |  Madagascar | 7 January 1965
94  |    Nepal | 18 January 1965
95  |  Kuwait | 27 April 1965
96  |  Syria | 20 May 1965
97  |  Ethiopia | 13 October 1965
98  |  Algeria | 12 November 1965
99  |  Rwanda | 23 November 1965[53]
100  |  Singapore | 7 March 1966
101  |  Guyana | 26 May 1966
102  |  Bulgaria | 4 July 1966
103  |  Gambia | 24 August 1966
104  |  Barbados | 30 November 1966
105  |  Romania | 4 April 1967
106  |  Lesotho | 27 April 1967
107  |  Mauritius | 27 August 1967
108  |  Somalia | 23 June 1968
109  |  Afghanistan | 17 July 1968
110  |  Libya | 26 October 1968
111  |  Eswatini | 29 October 1968[54]
112  |  Mauritania | 12 December 1968
113  |  Botswana | 19 December 1968
114  |  Burundi | 27 March 1969[55]
—  |  Holy See | 15 October 1969
115  |  Fiji | 10 October 1970[56]
116  |  China | 13 October 1970
117  |  Liberia | 24 February 1971
118  |  Tonga | 11 June 1971
119  |  Samoa | 11 June 1971
120  |  Bangladesh | 14 February 1972
121  |  Bahamas | 23 November 1972
122  |  Bahrain | 2 February 1973[57]
123  |  Saudi Arabia | 8 May 1973
124  |  Vietnam | 21 August 1973
125  |  Mongolia | 30 November 1973
126  |  Oman | 2 February 1974
127  |  Qatar | 2 February 1974
128  |  United Arab Emirates | 2 February 1974
129  |  Grenada | 7 February 1974
130  |  Laos | 15 June 1974
131  |  Mozambique | 25 June 1975
132  |  Papua New Guinea | 16 September 1975
133  |  Yemen | 30 December 1975
134  |  Guinea-Bissau | 26 March 1976
135  |  Seychelles | 29 June 1976[58]
136  |  Cape Verde | 20 July 1976
137  |  Suriname | 2 November 1976[59]
138  |  Comoros | 16 June 1977
139  |  Angola | 3 February 1978
140  |  Djibouti | 13 June 1978
141  |  Solomon Islands | 7 July 1978
142  |  São Tomé and Príncipe | 13 December 1978
143  |  Dominica | 21 December 1978
144  |  Saint Lucia | 22 February 1979
145  |  Kiribati | 12 July 1979
146  |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 19 September 1979
147  |  Zimbabwe | 19 April 1980
148  |  Vanuatu | 30 July 1980
149  |  Equatorial Guinea | 20 August 1980
150  |  Tuvalu | 23 September 1980
151  |  Antigua and Barbuda | 1 November 1981
152  |  Belize | 24 November 1981[60]
153  |  Maldives | 14 December 1981
154  |  Saint Kitts and Nevis | 11 October 1983[61]
155  |  Brunei | 7 May 1984[62]
156  |  Albania | 10 September 1987
157  |  Namibia | 21 March 1990
158  |  Estonia | 26 August 1991
159  |  Latvia | 26 August 1991
160  |  Lithuania | 26 August 1991
161  |  Cambodia | 25 November 1991[63]
162  |  Slovenia | 7 January 1992[64]
163  |  Ukraine | 27 January 1992
164  |  Armenia | 31 January 1992
165  |  Kyrgyzstan | 17 February 1992
166  |  Moldova | 20 February 1992
167  |  Tajikistan | 28 March 1992[65]
168  |  Belarus | 21 May 1992
169  |  Kazakhstan | 21 May 1992
170  |  Turkmenistan | 21 May 1992
171  |  Uzbekistan | 21 May 1992
172  |  Azerbaijan | 10 July 1992[66]
173  |  Georgia | 23 July 1992
174  |  Slovakia | 1 January 1993[67]
175  |  Croatia | 14 April 1993
176  |  Eritrea | 28 October 1993[68]
177  |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 14 December 1995[69]
178  |  Andorra | 14 February 1996
179  |  Liechtenstein | 12 March 1996
180  |  North Macedonia | 4 July 1996[70]
181  |  Marshall Islands | 14 August 1997
182  |  Palau | 27 August 1997
183  |  Nauru | 11 September 1997[71]
184  |  San Marino | 24 November 1997[72]
185  |  Federated States of Micronesia | 3 March 1998
—  |  North Korea (suspended)  | 6 February 2001[73]
186  |  Timor-Leste | May 2002[74]
187  |  Bhutan | 25 June 2003[75]
188  |  Montenegro | 5 September 2006[76]
189  |  Monaco | 13 March 2008[77]
—  |  Kosovo | 7 April 2009[78]
190  |  South Sudan | 22 December 2011[79]
—  |  Cook Islands | 20 May 2023[80]
—  |  Niue | 12 September 2023[81][82]

## Bilateral relations

[edit]

### Africa

[edit]

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

Algeria | 1962 |

Main article: Algeria-Canada relations

Algeria is Canada's top trading partner in Africa.[citation needed]

* Algeria has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
* Canada has an embassy in Algiers.
* See also Embassy of Algeria in Ottawa, List of ambassadors of Canada to Algeria

Angola | 1978 |

* Angola had an embassy in Ottawa, which closed in 2018.[83]
* Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
* See also List of ambassadors of Canada to Angola

Burundi | 1969 |

* Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1969.[84]
* Both countries are full members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.

Cameroon | December 7, 1961 |

Cameroon and Canada have established diplomatic ties on 7 December 1961[85] with three agreements and four protocoles signed in 1965. Both countries share the use of English and French as the two official languages as well as memberships in the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and The Commonwealth.

* Cameroon has a high commission in Ottawa.[86]
* Canada has a high commission in Yaoundé.[87]

Cape Verde | 1976 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1976.[88]

* Canada is accredited to Cape Verde from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal.
* Cape Verde is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

Comoros | 1977 |

* Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1977.[89]
* Canada is accredited to the Comoros from its high commission in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
* Comoros is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
* Both countries are full members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.

Côte d'Ivoire | 1962 |

Main article: Canada–Ivory Coast relations

* Canada has an embassy in Abidjan.
* Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Ottawa.

Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1960 |

Main article: Canada–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

* Canada has an embassy in Kinshasa.
* DR Congo has an embassy in Ottawa.

Egypt | 1954 |

Main article: Canada–Egypt relations

Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954.

* Canada has had an embassy in Cairo.
* Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.

Equatorial Guinea | 1968 |

* Canada is accredited to Equatorial Guinea from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.[90]
* Equatorial Guinea is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.

Eswatini | 1968 |

* Canada is accredited to Eswatini from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique.[91]
* Eswatini is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[91]
* Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.

Ethiopia | 1956 |

Main article: Canada–Ethiopia relations

* Canada has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
* Ethiopia has an embassy in Ottawa.

Kenya | 1965 |

Main article: Canada–Kenya relations

* Canada has a High Commission in Nairobi.
* Kenya has a high commission in Ottawa.

Lesotho | 1966 |

Main article: Canada–Lesotho relations

* Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.[92]
* Canada accredited to Lesotho from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[92]
* Lesotho has a high commission in Ottawa[92]
* Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.

Madagascar | 1965 |

Main article: Canada–Madagascar relations

* Canada is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[93]
* Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa.[94]

Malawi | 1973 |

* Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1973.[95]
* Canada is accredited to Malawi from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique.
* Malawi is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
* Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Mali | 1978 |

Main article: Canada–Mali relations

* Canada has an embassy in Bamako.
* Mali has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Canada has donated one billion dollars (US$, 2007) in bilateral development aid to Mali between 1962 and 2007, ranking it Mali's fifth-largest bilateral donor. Canada's development work in Mali has been chiefly in the railways, telecommunications and hydroelectricity sectors, in the management of government decentralization, in education and health.
* Canada has contributed 9% towards the cost of the regional peace-keeping school, École de maintien de la paix Alioune Blondin Beye de Bamako, and has provided Canadian trainers to the school.
* Two industrial, open-pit gold mines in Mali, Sadiola and Yatela, are partly owned by Canadian mining company IAMGOLD Corporation, and financed in part by Canada's public pension funds. Together, they contributed to one-half of Mali's industrial gold production during 1996–2007.
* In 2005, there were 73 Canadian-owned mining properties in Mali. At least thirteen junior Canadian mining companies held exploration licences in Mali in 2009.
* Over the period 2001–2005, Canadian mining assets in Mali represented 31% of Mali's total stock of foreign direct investment.
* Malian-Canadian immigrants made up 0.0027% of the Canadian population in 2006.

Morocco | 1956 |

Main article: Canada–Morocco relations

* Canada has an embassy in Rabat.[96]
* Morocco has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.[97]
* Both countries are full members of the Francophonie.
* There are 100,000 people of Moroccan descent living in Canada.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Morocco

Mozambique | 1975 |

Main article: Canada–Mozambique relations

* Canada has a high commission in Maputo.
* Mozambique is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

Namibia | 1977 |

Main article: Canada–Namibia relations

* Canada is accredited to Namibia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
* Namibia is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

Nigeria | October 1, 1960 |

* Canada has a high commission in Abuja and a deputy high commission on Lagos.[98]
* Nigeria has a high commission in Ottawa.[99]
* Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Nigeria

Senegal | 1962 |

Main article: Canada–Senegal relations

* Canada has an embassy in Dakar.[100]
* Senegal has an embassy in Ottawa.[101]

South Africa | 1939 |

Main article: Canada–South Africa relations

Canada established diplomatic relations with numerous countries, including South Africa, as World War II broke out.

* Canada has a high commission in Pretoria.
* South Africa has a high commission in Ottawa.

Tunisia | 1957 |

* Since May 1966, Canada has an embassy in Tunis.
* Since September 1969, Tunisia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Montreal.
* Both countries are full members of the Francophonie.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Tunisia
* Tunisian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada (in French only)[permanent dead link]

Zambia | 1964 |

* Canada has an office of the high commission in Lusaka.
* Zambia has a high commission in Ottawa.

Canada currently has a development assistance program in Zambia, which is focused on the health sector to provide Zambians with equal access to quality health care. Canada and Zambia are currently in the process of negotiating a Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement.[102]

### Americas

[edit]

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

Argentina | April 1940 | See Argentina–Canada relations

Canada's first ambassador to Buenos Aires, began his assignment in 1945. In 2011 Canada's largest imports were decorative items gold, wines and Iron and steel pipes.[103] Canada's largest exports to Argentina were Energy-related products; telephones sets, and fertilizers.[103] Bilateral trade in 2014 was $2.19 billion.[104] Both countries are members of the Organization of American States and the Cairns Group.

* Argentina has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Canada has an embassy in Buenos Aires.

Antigua and Barbuda | 1981 |

Antigua & Barbuda and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1967.[105][106]

* Antigua and Barbuda is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and has a consulate-general in Toronto.
* The Canadian High Commission in Bridgetown, Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda.[107]

The Bahamas | 1973 | The Commonwealth of The Bahamas and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

* The Canadian High Commission in Kingston, Jamaica is accredited to The Bahamas. Canada has an honorary consul in Nassau.
* The Bahamas is represented by their High Commission in Ottawa.[108]
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with The Bahamas

Barbados | November 30, 1966 |

Main article: Barbados–Canada relations

Barbados and Canada are both members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

In 1907, the Government of Canada opened a Trade Commissioner Service to the Caribbean region located in Bridgetown, Barbados. Following Barbadian independence from the United Kingdom in November 1966, the Canadian High Commission was established in Bridgetown, Barbados in September 1973. There is a Barbadian High Commission in Ottawa and a Barbadian Consulate in Toronto. The relationship between both nations today partly falls within the larger context of Canada–Caribbean relations.

Belize | September 21, 1981 |

The nations of Belize and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

* Belize is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
* Canada is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala, City, Guatemala.

Brazil | May 1941 |

Main article: Brazil–Canada relations

* Brazil has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Canada has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
* See also Embassy of Brazil in Ottawa, List of Brazilian ambassadors to Canada

Chile | 1941 |

Main article: Canada–Chile relations

Canada and Chile are both members of: the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

Since 1997 Canada and Chile's trade relations have been governed by the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement, Chile's first full free trade agreement and Canada's first with a Latin American nation.[109]

* Canada has an embassy in Santiago.
* Chile has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

Colombia | January 1953 |

Main article: Canada–Colombia relations

* Canada has an embassy in Bogotá.
* Colombia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto.
* Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States.

Cuba | 1945 |

Main article: Canada–Cuba relations

Canada has maintained consistently cordial relations with Cuba, in spite of considerable pressure from the United States, and the island is also one of the most popular travel destinations for Canadian citizens. Canada-Cuba relations can be traced back to the 18th century, when vessels from the Atlantic provinces of Canada traded codfish and beer for rum and sugar. Cuba was the first country in the Caribbean selected by Canada for a diplomatic mission. Official diplomatic relations were established in 1945, when Emile Vaillancourt, a noted writer and historian, was designated Canada's representative in Cuba. Canada and Mexico were the only two countries in the hemisphere to maintain uninterrupted diplomatic relations with Cuba following the Cuban Revolution in 1959.

* Canada has an embassy in Havana and honorary consuls in Varadero and Guardalavaca.
* Cuba has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates in Montreal and Toronto.

Dominica | 1979 |

Canada and the Commonwealth of Dominica are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the United Nations.

* Canada is accredited to Dominica from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
* Dominica is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

El Salvador | December 29, 1961 |

Main article: Canada–El Salvador relations

* Canada has an embassy in San Salvador.
* El Salvador has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

Greenland |  |

Further information: Canada-Denmark relations

Greenland (within the Kingdom of Denmark), and Canada are connected through indigenous culture and language, which is shared by the Inuit across Arctic Canada and also Alaska.[110] Both nations maintain cooperation and good relations through the Arctic Council and under the auspices of the Arctic Coastal States. In addition, both act as close partners at: Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC), Nordic Council, Nordic Atlantic Cooperation, and the West Nordic Foundation. Through the expansion of self-government in Greenland since 1979 both nations, but especially the administration at Nuuk have attached strategic importance to their bilateral relations with Canada in the areas of the politics, economic and trade relations and in the fields of education, science and culture.[111]

* Canada maintains an embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark, and a consulate in capital city Nuuk.
* Greenland maintains a non-resident office in Washington, D.C., with a Head of Representation.

Grenada | February 7, 1974 |

Main article: [[:Grenada–Canada relations]]

Canada and Grenada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

* Canada is accredited to Grenada from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
* Grenada is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

Guyana | 1964 |

Main article: Canada–Guyana relations

Canada and the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

* In 1964 Canada opened the Commission of Canada in Georgetown, Guyana. In 1966 it became a Canadian High Commission.
* There is a Guyanese High Commission in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto.
* Canada and Guyana have strong ties through the Commonwealth of Nations.
* The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Guyanese police work closely to help with drug, and human smuggling.[112][113]

Haiti | 1954 |

Main article: Canada–Haiti relations

Canada and Haiti are both members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

* Canada has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
* Haiti has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.

Honduras | 1961 |

* Canada has an embassy in Tegucigalpa.
* Honduras has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.

Jamaica | 1962 |

Main article: Canada–Jamaica relations

Canada and Jamaica are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

* Since 4 March 1963, Canada has a high commission in Kingston.
* Jamaica has a high commission in Ottawa.

Mexico | January 1944 |

Main article: Canada–Mexico relations

Despite the fact that historic ties between the two nations have been coldly dormant, relations between Canada and Mexico have positively changed in recent years; seeing as both countries brokered the North American Free Trade Agreement. Although on different sides of the Cold War spectrum (Canada was a member of NATO while Mexico was in the Non-Aligned Movement, the two countries were still allies in World War II.)

* Canada has an embassy in Mexico City, a consulate-general in Monterrey and a consulate in Guadalajara, plus consular agency offices in seven resort communities.[114]
* Mexico has an embassy in Ottawa, with consulates general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, and consulates in Calgary and Leamington.[115]
* Both countries are members of USMCA, APEC, OECD and the G20.
* See also Embassy of Mexico in Ottawa, List of ambassadors of Canada to Mexico

Panama | 1961 |

Main article: Canada–Panama relations

* Canada has an embassy in Panama City.[116]
* Panama has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general in Montreal and Toronto.[117]
* Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Panama

Paraguay | 1961 |

* Canada is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and maintains an honorary consul in Asunción.
* Paraguay has an embassy in Ottawa.[118]
* Both countries are full members of the Cairns Group and the Organization of American States.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Paraguay
* Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Canada

Peru | October 21, 1944 |

Main article: Canada–Peru relations

* Canada has an embassy in Lima.[119]
* Peru has an embassy in Ottawa and three consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, of the Cairns Group and of the Organization of American States.
* The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Peru to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid. This list includes 18 countries and the West Bank and Caribbean.[120]
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Peru
* Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about the relation with Canada (in Spanish only)

Trinidad and Tobago | August 31, 1962 |

Main article: Canada–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Canada and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

* Canada has a high commission in Port of Spain.
* Trinidad and Tobago has a high commission in Ottawa.

United States | February 18, 1927 |

Main article: Canada–United States relations

Relations between Canada and the United States span more than two centuries, marked by a shared British colonial heritage, conflict during the early years of the U.S., and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world. The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and, apart from minor raids, has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during the World Wars and continued throughout the Cold War, despite Canadian doubts about certain American policies. A high volume of trade and migration between the U.S. and Canada has generated closer ties, despite continued Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbour, which is ten times larger in population, wealth and debt.[121]

Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners, share the world's longest shared border,[122] and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere.

* See also Embassy of the United States in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Washington, United States Ambassador to Canada, List of ambassadors of Canada to the United States

Uruguay | January 1953 |

Main article: Canada–Uruguay relations

* Canada has an embassy in Montevideo.
* Uruguay has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general in Montreal and Toronto, and an honorary consul in Vancouver.

Venezuela | January 1953 |

Main article: Canada–Venezuela relations

In February 1948 there was a Canadian consulate-general in Caracas and a Venezuelan consulate-general in Montreal. In that year the Venezuelan Consul General, on behalf of the government of Venezuela, made a rapprochement with Canada in order to open direct diplomatic representations between the two countries;[123] but the Canadian government delayed the opening of a diplomatic mission in Venezuela because of the lack of enough suitable personnel to staff a Canadian mission in Venezuela and the impossibility of Canada beginning a representation in Venezuela in that year without considering a policy of expansion of Canadian representation abroad.[124]

In the interest of protecting Canadian trade with Venezuela and considering the difficulties for business in being without a Canadian representation in Caracas, Canada was pushed to accept the Venezuelan offer of exchanging diplomatic missions.[125] Finally Canada elevated the former office of the Canadian Consulate General in Caracas to the category of embassy in 1953.[126]

Venezuela established an embassy in Canada in 1952.[127] Since then there have been good commercial relations between the two countries, especially in technology, oil and gas industry, telecommunications and others. In June 2019, Canada closed its embassy in Caracas due to diplomatic visas unable to be renewed under President Maduro's government.[128]

* Venezuela has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

### Asia

[edit]

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

Afghanistan | 1960s
1968 (officially) | See Afghanistan–Canada relations

The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Afghanistan to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid.[120]

* Afghanistan has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Canada had an embassy in Kabul.

See also: War in Afghanistan, Embassy of Canada in Kabul, List of ambassadors of Canada to Afghanistan

Armenia | 1992  | See Armenia–Canada relations

* Armenia has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Canada has an embassy in Yerevan.[129]

Azerbaijan | 1992  | See Azerbaijan–Canada relations

* Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Canada is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.

Bangladesh | 1972  | See Bangladesh–Canada relations

* Bangladesh has a high commission in Ottawa.
* Canada has a high commission in Dhaka.

Brunei | 1984-05-07 | See Brunei–Canada relations

* Brunei has its high commission in Ottawa.
* Canada has its high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.
* Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations

China | 1970-10-13 | See Canada–China relations

Since 2003, China has emerged as Canada's second largest trading partner, passing Britain and Japan. China now accounts for approximately six percent of Canada's total world trade. According to a recent study by the Fraser Institute, China replaced Japan as Canada's third-largest export market in 2007, with CA$9.3 billion flowing into China in 2007. Between 1998 and 2007, exports to China grew by 272 percent, but only represented about 1.1 per cent of China's total imports. In 2007, Canadian imports of Chinese products totalled C$38.3 billion. Between 1998 and 2007, imports from China grew by almost 400 percent.[130] Leading commodities in the trade between Canada and China include chemicals, metals, industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, wood products, and fish products.[131]

Trade tariffs and other incidents in 2019, including the arrest of top Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou[132] have frozen relations between the two countries.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Canada, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang internment camps.[133]

* Canada has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chongqing, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.
* China has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* See also Embassy of China in Ottawa, List of ambassadors of Canada to China

Georgia | 1992-07-23  | See Canada–Georgia relations

* Canada is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey and maintains an honorary consul in Tbilisi.
* Georgia has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relations with Georgia
* Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relations with Canada

India | 1947-08-15 | See Canada–India relations

In 2004, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about C$2.45 billion.[134] However, India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the Colombo Plan.[135] Although Jean Chrétien and Roméo LeBlanc both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted after the Pokhran-II tests.[135] In 2023, Justin Trudeau accused the Indian government of involvement in the killing of a Sikh-Canadian leader, Hardeep Singh Nijjar on Canadian soil. “Any involvement of a foreign government in the killing of a Canadian citizen on Canadian soil is an unacceptable violation of our sovereignty,” the Prime Minister stated to the House of Commons.[136]

* Canada has a high commission in New Delhi and has a consulate-general in Mumbai.
* India has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.

Indonesia | 1952 | See Canada–Indonesia relations

* Canada has an embassy in Jakarta.[137]
* Indonesia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.[138]
* Both countries are full members of the G-20 major economies, of the Cairns Group and of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Indonesia

Iran | 1955 ended 2012 | See Canada–Iran relations

Canadian-Iranian relations date back to 1955, up to which point the Canadian Consular and Commercial Affairs in Iran was handled by the British Embassy. A Canadian diplomatic mission was constructed in Tehran in 1959 and raised to embassy status in 1961. Due to rocky relations after the Iranian Revolution, Iran did not establish an embassy in Canada until 1991 when its staff, which had been living in a building on Roosevelt Avenue in Ottawa's west end, moved into 245 Metcalfe Street in the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa which was upgraded to embassy status, however in 2012, Canada severed all diplomatic ties with Iran in regard to Iran's treatment of human rights and belligerant foreign policy. The CRGI is designated a terrorist organization in 2024.

* Canada has an interest section in Tehran.
* Iran has an interest section in Ottawa.

Iraq | 1961-02 to 1991–12
2005–06  | See Canada–Iraq relations, Canada and the Iraq War

* Canada has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Erbil.
* Iraq has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Mississauga.

Israel | 1950 | See Canada–Israel relations

At the United Nations in 1947, Canada was one of the thirty-three countries that voted in favour of the creation of a Jewish homeland. Canada delayed granting de facto recognition to Israel until December 1948, and finally gave full de jure recognition to the new nation on 11 May 1949, only after it was admitted into the United Nations (UN). A week later, Avraham Harman became Israel's first consul general in Canada. In September 1953, the Canadian Embassy opened in Tel Aviv and Israeli Ambassador to Canada, Michael Comay, was appointed, although a non-resident Canadian Ambassador to Israel was not appointed until 1958.

* Canada has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
* Israel has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto.
* See also: Embassy of Israel in Ottawa, List of ambassadors of Canada to Israel

Japan | 1928-12 | See Canada–Japan relations

The two countries enjoy an amicable companionship in many areas; diplomatic relations between both countries officially began in 1950 with the opening of the Japanese consulate in Ottawa. In 1929, Canada opened its Tokyo legation, the first in Asia;[139] and in that same year, Japan its Ottawa consulate to legation form.[140]

* Canada has an embassy in Tokyo and a consulate-general in Nagoya.
* Japan has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* See also: Embassy of Japan in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Tokyo, List of ambassadors of Canada to Japan

Kazakhstan | 1992 | See Canada–Kazakhstan relations

* Canada has an embassy in Astana and a consulate in Almaty.
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto.
* Canada has designated Kazakhstan as a priority emerging market for bilateral trade.[141]

Kyrgyzstan | 1992 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.[142]

* Canada is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
* Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

Lebanon | 1954 | See Canada–Lebanon relations

Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first ambassador. The embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Ottawa in 1946. A consulate-general replaced the consulate in 1949, and it was upgraded to full embassy status in 1958.

* Canada has an embassy in Beirut.[143]
* Lebanon has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.[144]

Malaysia | 1957-08-31[145] | See Canada–Malaysia relations

* Canada has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur
* Malaysia has a High Commission in Ottawa.
* Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
* Canada's trade relationship with Malaysia includes commerce across several sectors.[146]

Mongolia | 1973-11-30 | See Canada–Mongolia relations

* Canada is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Ulaanbaatar.
* Mongolia has an embassy in Ottawa.

Though Canada and Mongolia established diplomatic ties in 1973, ad hoc linkages and minor activities occurred between the two countries mainly through the Canada-Mongolia Society, which disbanded in 1980. When Mongolia formed a democratic government in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Canada began to support Mongolia with donor activities through the International Development Research Centre, Canadian International Development Agency and several non-governmental organizations.[147]

North Korea | 2001-02-06 to 2010-03-26 | See Canada–North Korea relations

Canada and North Korea share very little trade due to the destabilizing element North Korea has caused in the Asia Pacific region. Canada is represented by the Canadian Ambassador resident in Seoul, and North Korea is represented through its office at the UN in New York City.

Pakistan | 1947-08-15 | See Canada–Pakistan relations

* Canada has a high commission in Islamabad and consulate in Karachi.
* Pakistan has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
* The value of the bilateral trade relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694 million in 2007.[148]
* There are an estimated 300,000 Pakistanis living in Canada.[149]

See also Pakistani Canadian, High Commission of Pakistan in Ottawa

Philippines | 1949 | See Canada–Philippines relations

* Canada has an embassy in Manila and an honorary consul in Cebu City.[150]
* Philippines has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates general in Toronto and Vancouver, and honorary consuls (from west to east) in Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Charlottetown, Halifax and St. John's.[151]
* Both countries are full members of the Cairns Group and of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
* There are 411,000 people of Filipino descent living in Canada.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Philippines

Qatar |  | See Canada–Qatar relations

* Canada has an embassy in Doha.[152]
* Qatar has an embassy in Ottawa.[153]

Saudi Arabia | 1973-05 | See Canada–Saudi Arabia relations

Saudi Arabia is Canada's second largest trade partner among the seven countries of the Arabian Peninsula,[154] totalling more than $2 billion in trade in 2005,[155] nearly double its value in 2002, trade totalled $3.8 in 2014.[156] Canada chiefly imports petroleum, and oil from Saudi Arabia, while The largest exporting good are such as cereals, railway/tramway equipment; machinery equipment and paper in 2010.[157]

* Canada has an embassy in Riyadh.
* Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ottawa.
* See also Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ottawa

Singapore | 1965-12-15  | See Canada–Singapore relations

* Canada has a high commission in Singapore.[158]
* Singapore is represented in Canada through its embassy to the United Nations in New York City and through a consulate-general in Vancouver.
* Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and of the Commonwealth of Nations.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Singapore

South Korea | 1963-01-14[159] | See Canada–South Korea relations

* Canadian soldiers participated in the defence of South Korea during the Korean War.
* Canada has an embassy in Seoul.
* South Korea has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Both countries are full members of the APEC, the OECD and the G20.

Taiwan | 1949–1970 official
1991-quasi-official  |

* See Canada–Taiwan relations
* The Government of Canada has a representative office in Taipei dealing with quasi-official affairs.[160]
* Taiwan has an Economic and Cultural Office in Canada in Ottawa,[161] consulate offices in Toronto[162] and Vancouver.[163] Taiwan External Trade Development Council also has offices in Toronto and Vancouver.[164]
* Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

Tajikistan | 1992  |

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.

* Canada is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
* Tajikistan is accredited to Canada from it embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

Thailand | 1947  | See Canada-Thailand relations

* Canada has an embassy in Bangkok and a consulate in Chiang Mai.[165]
* Thailand has an embassy in Ottawa, consulates general in Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Montreal, and Thai Trade Centre Offices in Vancouver and Toronto.[166]
* Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and Canada is a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum.
* Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Thailand

Turkey | 1943[167] | See Canada–Turkey relations

* Canada has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
* Turkey has an embassy in Ottawa and Consulate Generals in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO.
* There are direct flights from Istanbul to Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (starting in December 2020).[167]
* Around 65,000 people of Turkish origin live in Canada.[167]
* Trade volume between the two countries was US$2.46 billion in 2019.[167]

United Arab Emirates |  | See Canada–United Arab Emirates relations

* Canada has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
* United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.

Vietnam | 1973-08-21  | See Canada–Vietnam relations

* Since 1994, Canada has an embassy in Hanoi and since 1997 a general consulate in Ho Chi Minh City.[168]
* Vietnam has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Both countries are full members of the Francophonie and of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
* There are 152,000 people of people of Vietnamese descent living in Canada.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Vietnam
* Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

Yemen | 1975-12 (North Yemen)
1976-05 (South Yemen)
1989-09 (united Yemen)  |

* Canada is represented in Yemen by its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
* Yemen has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Yemen

### Europe

[edit]

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

Albania | 1987-09-10  | See Albania–Canada relations

* The Canadian embassy in Rome is accredited to Albania. Canada has an honorary consul in Tirana.
* Albania is represented by their embassy in Ottawa.[169]
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Albania

Belarus | 15 April 1992[170] |

* Belarus had an embassy in Ottawa but was closed as of September 1, 2021, as a result of Canada's condemnation of the forced grounding of Ryanair Flight 4978[171][172]
* Canada is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.

Belgium | 1939-01 | See Belgium–Canada relations

* Belgium has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates (in Montreal and Toronto), and four honorary consuls (in Edmonton, Halifax, Vancouver and Winnipeg) located in Canada. Belgium's three regions (Wallonia, Flanders and Brussels) each have their own offices in the Montreal consulate. Wallonia also has a second office in the Toronto consulate, which also represents Flanders and Brussels.
* Canada has an embassy in Brussels. Canada also has an honorary consulate in Antwerp, and Quebec maintains its own separate delegation in Brussels. The Canadian delegations to the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are located in Belgium, as Belgium houses the headquarters of each. Luxembourg is often dealt with in tandem to Belgium.
* Belgium and Canada are member states of a variety of international organizations. They include: the United Nations, NATO, La Francophonie, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[173]

Bulgaria |  |

* Bulgaria has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.[174][175]
* Canada has an honorary consul in Sofia, and is represented through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania) for diplomatic matters. Both countries are members of NATO.
* Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about the relations with Bulgaria

Croatia | 1993-04-14  |

* Canada has an embassy in Zagreb.[176]
* Croatia has an embassy in Ottawa, a consulate general (in Mississauga, Ontario) and an honorary consul (in Montreal).[177]
* In September 1993 Canadian peacekeepers in the Balkans encountered Croatian forces engaged in campaign against Serbs in Croatia called Operation Medak Pocket, and claim to have engaged them in a firefight. This version of events is disputed by Croatian media outlets.
* See also Embassy of Croatia in Ottawa, Canadians of Croatian ancestry
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relations with Croatia
* Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Canada

Cyprus | 1960-08-16 | See Canada–Cyprus relations

Canadian bilateral political relations with Cyprus stemmed initially from Cypriot Commonwealth membership at independence in 1960 (that had followed a guerrilla struggle with Britain). These relations quickly expanded in 1964 when Canada became a major troop contributor to UNFICYP. The participation lasted for the next 29 years, during which 50,000 Canadian soldiers served and 28 were killed. In large measure Canadian relations with Cyprus continue to revolve around support for the ongoing efforts of the UN, G8 and others to resolve the island's divided status.

* Canada has an honorary consul in Nicosia.
* Cyprus has a high commission in Ottawa.

Czech Republic | 1993 | See Canada–Czech Republic relations

* Canada has an embassy in Prague.
* Czech Republic has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Vancouver and Winnipeg).

Denmark | 1949-10-14 | See Canada–Denmark relations

* Canada has an embassy in Copenhagen.[178]
* Denmark has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Toronto.[179]
* Both countries are full members of NATO and of the Arctic Council.
* There are more than 200,000 Canadians with Danish ancestry.
* Recent issues between Canada and Denmark involve the claim of Hans Island.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Denmark

Estonia | 1922  | Office of the Embassy of Canada to Estonia in Riga

* Canada recognised Estonia in 1922 and re-recognised Estonia on 26 August 1991.
* Canada is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Riga (Latvia) and an honorary consul in Tallinn.
* Estonia has an embassy in Ottawa and four honorary consuls (in Montreal, Vancouver, and two in Toronto).[180]
* There are around 22,000 Canadians of Estonian descent.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Estonia
* Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

Finland | 1947-11-21 | See Canada–Finland relations Office of the Embassy of Canada to Finland in Helsinki

* Canada has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Ottawa and 13 honorary consuls (from west to east) in Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Regina, Winnipeg, Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Timmins, Sudbury, Toronto, Montreal, Quebec City and Halifax.
* With their 13 consulates across Canada, Finland is the most represented foreign country in Canada.
* Both countries are full members of NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Arctic Council.
* Canada fully supported Finland's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 4 April 2023.
* There are around 143,645 Finnish Canadians.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Finland
* Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about relations with Canada Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine

France | 1882 | See Canada–France relations

Canada and the Republic of France are members of: the Canada-France Inter-Parliamentary Association, the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), the G8, the G20, NATO, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the United Nations. In the 2007 and 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy,[181] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and Quebec Premier Jean Charest[182] all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement. In October 2008, Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec. In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism, but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada. He said that, to France, Canada was a friend, and Quebec was family.[181]

* Canada has an embassy in Paris.
* France has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Moncton, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto and Vancouver.
* See also: Embassy of France in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Paris, List of French ambassadors to Canada, List of ambassadors of Canada to France

Germany |  | See Canada–Germany relations

* Until 2005 Canada's embassy was in Bonn, but in April 2005 a new embassy opened in Berlin. Canada also operates consulates in Munich, Düsseldorf and Hamburg.
* The provinces of Ontario and Alberta have representatives in Germany, co-located in the consulates. Quebec runs a stand-alone bureau in Munich, with an "antenne culturelle" office in Berlin.
* In addition to its embassy in Ottawa, Germany maintains consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from Washington.
* See also: Embassy of Canada in Berlin, Embassy of Germany in Ottawa

Greece | 1937 | See also Canada–Greece relations

* The nations first exchanged ambassadors in 1942.
* Both countries are members of the United Nations, the Human Security Network, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and NATO.
* Greece has an embassy in Ottawa, as well as consulates general in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver.[183]
* Canada has an embassy in Athens and an honorary consul in Thessaloniki.[184]
* See also: Embassy of Greece in Ottawa
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Greece
* Greek Ministry of Foreign Affaires about relations with Canada Archived 12 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine

Holy See | 1969 | See Canada–Holy See relations

Although the Roman Catholic Church has been territoriality established in Canada since the founding of New France in the early 17th century, Holy See–Canada relations were only officially established under the papacy of Paul VI in the 1960s.

* Canada has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
* Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Ottawa.

Hungary | 1964  | See Canada–Hungary relations

* Canada has an embassy in Budapest.[185]
* Hungary has an embassy in Ottawa, a consulate general in Toronto and six honorary consuls (from west to east) in Vancouver (two), Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg and Montreal.[186][187][188]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Hungary

Iceland | 1942  | See Canada–Iceland relations

* Iceland's first honorary consulate was established in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1942. In May 2001, Iceland opened an embassy in Ottawa and upgrade its Winnipeg mission to an official consulate.[189][190]
* In November 2001, Canada opened an embassy in Reykjavík, before then it was represented by their embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consul in Reykjavík.[191]
* Both countries are full members of NATO and of the Arctic Council.
* Canada Foreign Affairs and International Trade Ministry about relations with Iceland

Ireland | 1929-12-28 | See Canada–Ireland relations

Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Roughly 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.

* Canada has an embassy in Dublin.
* Ireland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.
* See also: Embassy of Ireland in Ottawa, List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Canada to Ireland

Italy | 1947  | See Canada–Italy relations

* Canada has an embassy in Rome, and honorary consuls (in Milan and Udine).[192]
* Italy has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).[193][194][195]
* Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the G8, and NATO. There are around 1,500,000 people of Italian descent living in Canada.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relation with Italy

Kosovo | 2009-04-07  | See also International reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

Canada recognized Kosovo on 18 March 2008.[196]

* Canada is accredited to Kosovo from its embassy in Zagreb, Croatia.
* Kosovo has an embassy in Ottawa.

Latvia | 1921 | See Canada–Latvia relations

* Canada re-recognized Latvia's independence on 26 August 1991. Restored relations on 3 September 1991.
* Canada has an embassy in Riga.
* Latvia has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls in Quebec City and Toronto.

Lithuania | 1921  |

* Canada has an embassy office in Vilnius, but that reports to the embassy in Riga (Latvia).[197]
* Lithuania has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls in Montreal and Vancouver.[198]
* Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of NATO.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Lithuania
* Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list bilateral treaties with Canada in Lithuanian only Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine

Luxembourg |  |

* Canada is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium)and an honorary consul in Luxembourg City.[199]
* Luxembourg is represented in Canada through its embassy in Washington, D.C. (US), and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver).[200]
* Canada's Luxembourg relations are conducted through Canada's embassy in Belgium.[201]
* Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of NATO.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Luxembourg

Malta | 1964  |

* Canada is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consul in Valletta.
* Malta is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. The Ambassador of Malta to the United States also serves as High Commissioner of Malta to Canada.
* Malta has a consulate general in Toronto and four honorary consuls in (from west to east) Vancouver, Edmonton, Laval and St. John's.[202]
* Canada hosts a large Maltese immigrant community.
* Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Malta

Netherlands | 1939-01 | See Canada–Netherlands relations

* Canada has an embassy in The Hague.
* The Netherlands has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.

North Macedonia | 1995  |

* North Macedonia and Canada established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1996.
* Canada is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.
* North Macedonia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.

Norway | 1942 | See Canada–Norway relations

* Canada has an embassy in Oslo.
* Norway has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Both countries are full members of the Arctic Council, of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, of NATO and of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Poland | 1935 | See Canada–Poland relations

* The Canada-Poland diplomatic relationship goes back from the first bilateral agreement, a Convention on Merchant Shipping, which was signed in 1935.
* Canada has an embassy in Warsaw.
* Poland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).
* There are over 800,000 Polish-Canadians living in Canada.
* Both countries are full members of NATO and OECD.

Portugal | January 1952 | See Canada–Portugal relations

* Canada has an embassy in Lisbon.
* Portugal has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

Romania | 1967-04-03  | See Canada–Romania relations

* Canada sent its first resident ambassador in December 1976, and has an embassy in Bucharest.[203]
* Romania has an embassy in Ottawa, opened in 1967, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver).[204]
* Both countries are members of NATO.
* See also: Canadians of Romanian descent, Embassy of Canada in Bucharest, Embassy of Romania in Ottawa
* Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about relations with Romania
* Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

Russia | 1942-06-12 | See Canada–Russia relations

Canada and Russia benefit from extensive cooperation on trade and investment, energy, democratic development and governance, security and counter-terrorism, northern issues, and cultural and academic exchanges.

* Canada has an embassy in Moscow.
* Russia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto

Serbia |  | See Canada–Serbia relations

* Canada has an embassy in Belgrade.[205]
* Serbia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Toronto and honorary consuls (in Montreal and Vancouver).[206][207]
* There are around 150,000 people of Serbian descent living in Canada.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Serbia
* Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

Slovakia | 1993-01-01  |

* Canada is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.[208]
* Slovakia has an embassy in Ottawa.[209]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.
* There are around 100,000 people of Slovak descent living in Canada.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign affairs and Trade about the relation with Slovakia

Slovenia |  |

* Canada recognized Slovenian independence in January 1992, and established diplomatic relations a year later.
* Canada is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary, and through an honorary consul in Ljubljana.
* Slovenia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
* Both countries are full members of NATO.[210]
* There are more than 35,000 Slovenes who live in Canada.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Slovenia

Spain | 1935 | See Canada–Spain relations

* Canada has an embassy in Madrid and consulates in Barcelona and Málaga.[211]
* Spain has an embassy in Ottawa[212] and consulates-general in Montreal[213] and Toronto.[214]
* Both countries are full members of NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
* There are 213,000 people of Spanish descent living in Canada.
* In 1995, a fishing dispute between the two countries broke out after Canadian Officials boarded a Spanish vessel in international waters.
* Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Spain
* Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation about relations with Canada (in Spanish only)

Sweden |  | See Canada–Sweden relations

Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights.[dubious – discuss] In additional, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.[215]

* Canada has an embassy in Stockholm and honorary consulates in Gothenburg and Malmö.
* Sweden has an embassy in Ottawa and ten honorary consulates in Calgary, Edmonton, Fredericton, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Regina, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg.
* Both countries are full members of NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of the Arctic Council.
* Canada fully supported Sweden's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 7 March 2024.

Switzerland | 1945  | See Canada–Switzerland relations

* The first Swiss consulate opened in Montreal in 1875.
* Canada has an embassy in Bern and a United Nations mission in Geneva.[216]
* Switzerland has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver) and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Halifax, Quebec City and Winnipeg).[217]
* Both countries are full members of the Francophonie.
* Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Department about relations with Switzerland
* Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

Ukraine | 1992 | See Canada–Ukraine relations, Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa

Diplomatic relations were established between Canada and Ukraine on 27 January 1992.[218] Canada opened its embassy in Kyiv[219] In April 1992, and the Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa opened in October of that same year,[220] paid for mostly by donations from the Ukrainian-Canadian community. Ukraine opened a consulate general in Toronto in 1993[220][221] and announced plans to open another in Edmonton in 2008.[222]

The main bilateral agreement signed between the two governments is the joint declaration of the "Special Partnership" between the two countries signed in 1994 and renewed in 2001.[220]

* Canada has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate in Lviv.
* Ukraine has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.

United Kingdom | 1926  | See Canada–United Kingdom relations Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney with British Prime minister Keir Starmer in London, March 2025.

Canada established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 July 1926.[citation needed] Both countries are Commonwealth Realms.

* Canada maintains a high commission in London.[223]
* The United Kingdom is accredited to Canada through its high commission in Ottawa, and consulate generals in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver.[224]

The UK governed Canada from 1783 to 1931, when Canada achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[225] Commonwealth, CPTPP, Five Eyes, the G7, the G20, the International Criminal Court, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, UKUSA Agreement, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[226] and a Trade Continuity Agreement.[227]

### Oceania

[edit]

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

Australia | 1939-09-12 | See Australia–Canada relations

The Commonwealth of Australia and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the G20, and the United Nations.

* Australia has a high commission in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto and a consulate in Vancouver
* Canada has a high commission in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
* See also High Commission of Australia in Ottawa, High Commission of Canada in Australia, List of high commissioners of Australia to Canada, List of high commissioners of Canada to Australia

New Zealand | 1942 | See Canada–New Zealand relations

Canada and New Zealand are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the G20, and the United Nations. New Zealand and Canada have a longstanding relationship that has been fostered by both countries' shared history and culture, by their membership the Commonwealth of Nations and links between residents of both countries. The two countries have a common Head of State, currently King Charles III. New Zealand and Canada also have links through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth and mutual treaty agreements. New Zealand-Canada relations are important to both countries.

* Canada has a high commission in Wellington and a consulate in Auckland.
* New Zealand has a high commission in Ottawa and a trade office in Vancouver.
* See also List of high commissioners of New Zealand to Canada, List of high commissioners of Canada to New Zealand

Solomon Islands | 7 July 1978 |

Canada and the Solomon Islands are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.

* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1978.[228]
* Canada is accredited to the Solomon Islands from its high commission in Wellington, New Zealand.
* Solomon Islands is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, New York.
* Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

## Other bilateral and plurilateral relations

[edit]

One important difference between Canadian and American foreign policy has been in relations with communist governments. Canada established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (13 October 1970) long before the Americans did (1 January 1979). It also has maintained trade and diplomatic relations with communist Cuba, despite pressures from the United States.

### Arms Control

[edit]

Main article: Canadian Arms trade

Countries on the Canadian Automatic Firearms Country Control List

Canadian Government guidance for export controls on weapons systems is published by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.[229][230] Automatic Firearms Country Control List, comprises a list of approved export nations which include as of 2014; (Albania, Australia, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States).

### Selected dates of diplomatic representation abroad

[edit]

* Australia – 1939 – first high commissioner Charles Burchell
* Belgium – January 1939 – first ambassador Jean Désy
* China – 1943 – first ambassador General Victor Odlum
* France – 1882 – agent without diplomatic status Hector Fabre
* France – 1928 – first minister Philippe Roy
* France – 1944 – first ambassador George Philias Vanier
* International Criminal Court – 2003 – first Judge-President Philippe Kirsch
* Japan – May 1929 – first minister Sir Herbert Marler
* Mexico – January 1944 – first ambassador William Ferdinand Alphonse Turgeon
* Netherlands – January 1939 – first ambassador Jean Désy
* Newfoundland – 1941 – first high commissioner Charles Burchell
* United Kingdom – 1880 – first high commissioner Sir Alexander Galt
* United Nations – first ambassador General Andrew McNaughton
* United States of America – 1926 – first minister Vincent Massey

## Multilateralism

[edit]

Further information: Canadian peacekeeping

Constable Lorant Haged, Royal Canadian Mounted Police and instructor at the leadership and management course, looks at a target after the Afghan National Police (ANP) ceased fire at a 9mm familirization range 3 Dec.. The ANP are attending a six-month Leadership and Management course where they will also take a criminal Investigation course, leadership and management classes and Rule of Law. The intent of the school is teach the ANP officers and leaders at an advanced level of training that will help them become more effective in running police sub-stations.

Canada is and has been a strong supporter of multilateralism. The country is one of the world's leading peacekeepers, sending soldiers under the U.N. authority around the world.[231] Canadian former Minister of Foreign Affairs and subsequent Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, is credited for his contributions to modern international peacekeeping, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957.[232] Canada is committed to disarmament, and is especially noted for its leadership in the 1997 Convention in Ottawa on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines.[233]

In the last century Canada has made efforts to reach out to the rest of the world and promoting itself as a "middle power" able to work with large and small nations alike. This was demonstrated during the Suez Crisis when Lester B. Pearson mollified the tension by proposing peacekeeping efforts and the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force. In that spirit, Canada developed and has tried to maintain a leading role in UN peacekeeping efforts.[234]

Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations, such as the Vietnam War or the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, but does join in sanctioned operations such as the first Gulf War, Afghanistan and Libya. It participated with its NATO and OAS allies in the Kosovo Conflict and in Haiti respectively.

Despite Canada's track record as a liberal democracy that has embraced the values of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Canada has not been involved in any major plan for Reform of the United Nations Security Council; although the Canadian government does support UN reform, in order to strengthen UN efficiency and effectiveness.[235]

Canada hosted the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City.

Canada is working on setting up military bases around the world, while reducing aid and diplomatic efforts.[236][237] In the late 90s, Canada actively promoted the notion of human security as an alternative to business-as-usual approaches to foreign aid. However, by invoking the "three Ds" (defense, diplomacy, and development) as the fundamental basis for Canadian foreign policy, and then implementing this in a manner that conforms more to military security and trade interests, Canada has successfully distanced itself from the humanitarian objectives of foreign aid, with the human security goal far from being achieved. [238] Under the Harper government, emphasis on promoting Canada's military presence internationally has included an effort to rebrand Canada historically as a "warrior nation", in large measure to counter the image of only supporting peacekeeping and multilateralism.[239]

### Canada’s relations within the Americas

[edit]

Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and has been an active member, hosting the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000.

#### Canada–Caribbean relations

[edit]

Main article: Canada–Caribbean relations

Many Caribbean Community countries turn to Canada as a valued partner.[240] Canadians, particularly Canadian banks and utility companies play an important economic role in the development of former British West Indies colonies. Efforts to improve trade have included the idea of concluding a free trade agreement to replace the 1986 bilateral CARIBCAN agreement. At various times, several Caribbean countries have also considered joining Canadian Confederation as new provinces or territories, although no Caribbean nation has implemented such a proposal. Note that many Caribbean countries are also involved in the Commonwealth of Nations, below.

### Canada–Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

Main articles: Canada–United Kingdom relations, Canada–New Zealand relations, and Australia–Canada relations

Canada maintains close links to the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, with which Canada has strong historic ties and shares a monarch. It also remains a member of the Commonwealth.

### Canada–Europe and Canada–European Union relations

[edit]

Main articles: Canada–European Union relations and Transatlantic relations

Canada is an active participant in discussions stemming from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

Two overseas territories of EU members, Greenland (Denmark) and Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) lie adjacent to Canadian territorial waters.

### International organizations

[edit]

Former Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper at 2015 G7 summit with Shinzō Abe, Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, François Hollande, David Cameron, and Matteo Renzi in Bavaria, Germany

Canada is a member of the following organizations:[241]

* Asian Development Bank (ADB) (nonregional member)
* African Development Bank (AfDB) (nonregional member)
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Arctic Council
* ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
* Association of Caribbean States (ACS) (observer and partner)
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (dialogue partner)
* Australia Group
* Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
* Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) (nonregional member)
* Caribbean Postal Union (CPU)
* Commonwealth of Nations
* Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)
* European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
* Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
* Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
* Group of Seven (G7) –
* Group of Eight (G8)
* Group of Ten (G-10)
* Group of Twenty (G-20)
* Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
* International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
* International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (also known as the World Bank)
* International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
* International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
* International Criminal Court (ICCt)
* International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)
* International Development Association (IDA)
* International Energy Agency (IEA)
* International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
* International Finance Corporation (IFC)
* International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
* International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
* International Labour Organization (ILO)
* International Monetary Fund (IMF)
* International Maritime Organization (IMO)
* International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
* Interpol (organization) (Interpol)
* International Olympic Committee (IOC)
* International Organization for Migration (IOM)
* Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
* International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
* International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
* International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
* Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
* MINUSTAH (United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti)
* MONUSCO (United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)
* North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
* Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
* Organization of American States (OAS)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, International Organisation of La Francophonie (OIF)
* Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
* Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
* Paris Club
* ParlAmericas
* Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
* Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) (partner)
* Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal
* Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) (observer)
* United Nations (UN)
* United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)
* United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
* United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
* United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
* United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
* United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
* United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS)
* United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
* United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
* World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
* Universal Postal Union (UPU)
* World Customs Organization (WCO)
* World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
* World Health Organization (WHO)
* World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
* World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
* World Trade Organization (WTO)
* Zangger Committee

### Relations with international groups

[edit]

Organization  | Main article  | Mission of Canada  | Heads of mission from Canada

|
|
|

North Atlantic Treaty Organization | Canada–NATO relations | Mission of Canada to the North Atlantic Council (Brussels)  | List of permanent representatives of Canada to NATO
Organization of American States | Canada–Latin America relations | Mission of Canada to the Organization of American States (Washington, D.C.)  | List of permanent representatives and observers of Canada to the Organization of American States
United Nations | Canada and the United Nations | Mission of Canada to: the UN in New York, the UN in Geneva, the UN in Nairobi,
UNESCO in Paris, the FAO in Rome, the ICAO in Montreal  | List of ambassadors of Canada to the United Nations

#### Organizations with headquarters in Canada

[edit]

* International Air Transport Association
* International Civil Aviation Organization
* Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization
* North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission
* United Nations Association in Canada

### Major treaties signed in Canada

[edit]

* Ottawa Treaty or Mine Ban Treaty (1997)
* Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
* Great Peace of Montreal (1701)

## Territorial and boundary disputes

[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Further information: Former colonies and territories in Canada

Secretary Kerry Chats With Arctic Council Chairman Leona Aglukkaq, Nunavut Territory Premier Peter Taptuna, and Northwest Territory Premier Robert McLeod in Iqaluit, Canada

Canada and the United States have negotiated the boundary between the countries over many years, with the last significant agreement having taken place in 1984 when the International Court of Justice ruled on the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine. Likewise, Canada and France had previously contested the maritime boundary surrounding the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, but accepted a 1992 International Court of Arbitration ruling.

Remaining disputes include managed maritime boundary disputes with the US (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Machias Seal Island).

### Arctic disputes

[edit]

Northwest Passage routes

A long-simmering dispute between Canada and the U.S. involves the issue of Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Passage (the sea passages through the Arctic Archipelago). Canada's assertion that the Northwest Passage represents internal (territorial) waters has been challenged by other countries, especially the U.S., which argue that these waters constitute an international strait (international waters). Canadians were incensed when Americans drove the reinforced oil tanker Manhattan through the Northwest Passage in 1969, followed by the icebreaker Polar Sea in 1985, both without asking for Canadian permission.[242][243] In 1970, the Canadian government enacted the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, which asserts Canadian regulatory control over pollution within a 100-nautical-mile (190 km) zone. In response, the Americans in 1970 stated, "We cannot accept the assertion of a Canadian claim that the Arctic waters are internal waters of Canada.... Such acceptance would jeopardize the freedom of navigation essential for United States naval activities worldwide." A compromise was reached in 1988, by an agreement on "Arctic Cooperation," which pledges that voyages of American icebreakers "will be undertaken with the consent of the Government of Canada." However the agreement did not alter either country's basic legal position. Essentially, the Americans agreed to ask for the consent of the Government of Canada without conceding that they were obliged to. In January 2006, David Wilkins, the American ambassador to Canada, said his government opposes Stephen Harper's proposed plan to deploy military icebreakers in the Arctic to detect interlopers and assert Canadian sovereignty over those waters.[244]

Along with other nations in the Arctic Council, Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Denmark and Russia, the maritime boundaries in the far north will be decided after countries have completed their submissions, due in 2012. Russia has made an extensive claim based on the Russian position that everything that is an extension of the Lomonosov Ridge should be assigned to Russia.[245][246] Their submission had been rejected when first submitted by the United Nations in 2001.[247]

In June 2019, the U.S. State Department spokesperson Morgan Ortagus said the US "view Canada’s claim that the waters of the Northwest Passage are internal waters of Canada as inconsistent with international law."[248]

In December 2024, Canada outlined plans to address growing global interest in the Arctic, driven by climate change and geopolitical tensions, including Russia’s actions in Ukraine. Recognizing climate change as the central threat, Canada committed to strengthening regional alliances, particularly with the U.S., while enhancing military defenses and asserting sovereignty over the Northwest Passage. It also aimed to resolve territorial disputes with the U.S. and Denmark, revive the Arctic ambassador role, and expand diplomatic ties in Alaska and Greenland. Indigenous leaders, though supportive, stressed the urgent need for better infrastructure in Arctic communities to bolster sovereignty and resilience.[249]

## See also

[edit]

* Canada portal
* Politics portal

* List of diplomatic missions in Canada
* List of diplomatic missions of Canada
* List of state and official visits by Canada

## References

[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

Further information: Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government and Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government

* Murray, Robert W. and Paul Gecelovsky, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) online
* Bernstein, Alan (June 2013). "Science Diplomacy as a Defining Role for Canada in the Twenty-First Century". Science & Diplomacy. 2 (2).
* Bothwell, Robert. Canada and the United States (1992) online
* Bothwell, Robert. The big chill: Canada and the Cold War (1998) online
* Bothwell, Robert. Alliance and illusion : Canada and the world, 1945-1984 (2007) online
* Bothwell, Robert and Jean Daudelin eds. Canada Among Nations: 100 Years of Canadian Foreign Policy (2009)
* Boucher, Jean-Christophe. "Yearning for a progressive research program in Canadian foreign policy." International Journal 69.2 (2014): 213–228. online commentary H-DIPLO
* Bouka, Yolande, et al. "Is Canada's Foreign Policy Really Feminist? Analysis and Recommendations." Policy 13 (2021). online
* Bow, Brian, and Andrea Lane, eds. Canadian Foreign Policy: Reflections on a Field in Transition (2020) excerpt
* Bow, Brian J.; Patrick Lennox (2008). An independent foreign policy for Canada?: challenges and choices for the future. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9634-0.
* Bugailiskis, Alex, and Andrés Rozental, eds. Canada Among Nations, 2011-2012: Canada and Mexico's Unfinished Agenda (2012) further details
* Carnaghan, Matthew, Allison Goody, "Canadian Arctic Sovereignty" (Library of Parliament: Political and Social Affairs Division, 26 January 2006)
* Chapnick, Adam, and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds. The Harper Era in Canadian Foreign Policy: Parliament, Politics, and Canada’s Global Posture (UBC Press, 2016).
* Collins, Jeffrey F. "Defence Procurement and Canadian Foreign Policy." in The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 275–295.
* Congressional Research Service. Canada-U.S. Relations (Congressional Research Service, 2021) 2021 Report, by an agency of the U.S. government; not copyright; Updated February 10, 2021.
* Currie, Philip J., 'Canada and Ireland: A Political and Diplomatic History [Vancouver: UBC Press, 2020]
* Eayrs, James. In Defence of Canada. (5 vols. University of Toronto Press, 1964–1983) the standard history
* Fox, Annette Baker. Canada in World Affairs (Michigan State University Press, 1996)
* Froese, Marc D (2010), Canada at the WTO: Trade Litigation and the Future of Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-4426-0138-3
* Glazov, Jamie. Canadian Policy Toward Khrushchev's Soviet Union (2003).
* Granatstein, J. L., ed. Canadian foreign policy : historical readings (1986), excerpts from primary sources and scholars online free
* Holloway, Steven Kendall (2006). Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 1-55111-816-5.
* Hampson, Fen Osler, and James A. Baker. Master of Persuasion: Brian Mulroney's Global Legacy (2018)
* Hawes, Michael K., and Christopher John Kirkey, eds. Canadian Foreign Policy in a Unipolar World (Oxford UP, 2017).
* Hillmer, Norman and Philippe Lagassé. Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy: Canada Among Nations 2017 (2018)
* Holmes John W. The Shaping of Peace: Canada and the Search for World Order. (2 vols. University of Toronto Press, 1979, 1982)
* Irwin, Rosalind (2001). Ethics and security in Canadian foreign policy. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0863-7.
* James, Patrick, Nelson Michaud, and Marc O'Reilly, eds. Handbook of Canadian foreign policy (Lexington Books, 2006), essays by experts; 610pp excerpt
* James, Patrick. Canada and Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2012) H-DIPLO online reviews June 2014
* Kirk, John M. and Peter McKenna; Canada-Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy UP of Florida (1997).
* Kirton, John and Don Munton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Since World War II (1992) 24 episodes discussed by experts
* Kukucha, Christopher J. "Neither adapting nor innovating: the limited transformation of Canadian foreign trade policy since 1984." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (2018): 1–15.
* McCormick, James M. "Pivoting toward Asia: Comparing the Canadian and American Policy Shifts." American Review of Canadian Studies 46.4 (2016): 474–495.
* McCullough, Colin, and Robert Teigrob, eds. Canada and the United Nations: Legacies, Limits, Prospects (2017).
* Melnyk, George. Canada and the New American Empire: War and Anti-War University of Calgary Press, 2004, highly critical
* Michaud, Nelson. "Balancing Interests and Constraints: The Role of Provinces in the Shaping of Canadian Foreign Policy." in Political Turmoil in a Tumultuous World (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 77–104.
* Miller, Ronnie. Following the Americans to the Persian Gulf: Canada, Australia, and the Development of the New World Order (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994)
* Molot, Maureen Appel. "Where Do We, Should We, Or Can We Sit? A Review of the Canadian Foreign Policy Literature", International Journal of Canadian Studies (Spring-Fall 1990) 1#2 pp 77–96.
* Nossal, Kim Richard et al. International Policy and Politics in Canada (2010), university textbook; online 1989 edition
* Paris, Roland. "Are Canadians still liberal internationalists? Foreign policy and public opinion in the Harper era." International Journal 69.3 (2014): 274–307. online
* Rochlin, James. Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America (University of British Columbia Press, 1994)
* Sarty, Keigh. “The Fragile Authoritarians: China, Russia and Canadian Foreign Policy.” International Journal 75:4 (December 2020): 614–628. DOI: The fragile authoritarians: China, Russia, and Canadian foreign policy. online review
* Stacey, C. P.  Canada and the Age of Conflict: Volume 1: 1867–1921 (1979), a standard scholarly history
* Stacey, C. P. Canada and the Age of Conflict, 1921–1948. Vol. 2. (University of Toronto Press, 1981), a standard scholarly history; online
* Stairs Denis, and Gilbert R. Winham, eds. The Politics of Canada's Economic Relationship with the United States (University of Toronto Press, 1985)
* Stevenson, Brian J. R. Canada, Latin America, and the New Internationalism: A Foreign Policy Analysis, 1968–1990 (2000)
* Thompson, John Herd; Randall, Stephen J (2008). Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-2403-6.
* Tiessen, Rebecca, and Heather A. Smith. "Canada’s ‘Feminist’ Foreign Policy Under the Harper Conservatives (2006–2015) and Trudeau Liberals (2015–2019) in Global Perspective." in The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 117-139.
* Wildeman, Jeremy. "Assessing Canada’s foreign policy approach to the Palestinians and Israeli-Palestinian peacebuilding, 1979–2019." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 27.1 (2021): 62-80. online
* Wildeman, Jeremy. "The Middle East in Canadian foreign policy and national identity formation." International Journal 76.3 (2021): 359-383. online
* Wilson, Robert R. and David R. Deener; Canada-United States Treaty Relations (Duke University Press, 1963)

### Primary Sources

[edit]

* Arthur E. Blanchette (1994). Canadian foreign policy, 1977-1992: selected speeches and documents. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. ISBN 978-0-88629-243-0.
* Arthur E. Blanchette (2000). Canadian foreign policy, 1945-2000: major documents and speeches. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-919614-89-5.
* Riddell, Walter A. ed. Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, 1917–1939 Oxford University Press, 1962 806 pages of documents

## External links

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Members|

| Members|

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National/regional members|

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Suspended members|

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Pacific Alliance

Members|

| Member states|

* Chile
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* Peru

|

Associate members|

* Australia
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World Trade Organization

System|

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Issues|

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Ministerial
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People|

* Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (Director-General)
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Members|

* Afghanistan
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| European Union|

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|

1. Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".
2. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.

World portal

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states|

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