Foreign relations of Iceland

Politics of Iceland

Government

* Constitution of Iceland

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* * *

* Constitutional reform

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* Althing

* Speaker Þórunn Sveinbjarnardóttir (S)

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* * *

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* President of Iceland

* Halla Tómasdóttir (I)

* Prime Minister of Iceland

* Kristrún Frostadóttir (S)

* * *

* Cabinet

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* Supreme Court of Iceland

* President Benedikt Bogason

* Justices of the Court

Elections

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* * *

* 2012 referendum

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* List of political parties

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Iceland portal

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Iceland took control of its foreign affairs in 1918 when it became a sovereign country, the Kingdom of Iceland, in a personal union with the King of Denmark. As a fully independent state, Iceland could have joined the League of Nations in 1920, but chose not to do so for cost reasons. It negotiated with Denmark to initially carry out most of its foreign relations, while maintaining full control. Denmark appointed a diplomatic envoy (Ambassador) to Iceland in 1919 and Iceland reciprocated in 1920, opening an embassy in Copenhagen. Iceland established its own Foreign Service in April 1940[1] when Denmark became occupied by Nazi Germany and ties between the two countries were severed. The Republic of Iceland was founded in 1944. The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. Iceland's closest relations are with the Nordic states, the European Union and the United States.[2] Iceland has been a member of the United Nations since 1946.[1] Iceland was a founding member of the World Bank in 1946 and NATO in 1949.[1] In terms of European integration, Iceland was a founding member of the OEEC (now OECD) in 1948 and the Nordic Council in 1952, it joined EFTA in 1970, was a founding member of the CSCE (now OSCE) in 1973 and the EEA in 1992 and joined Schengen in 1996.[3]

From 1951 to 2006, there was an American military base and troop presence in Iceland.[4] During the Cold War, Iceland had a close but contentious relationship with the United States, leading some scholars to describe Iceland as a "rebellious ally" and "reluctant ally."[2] Iceland repeatedly threatened to leave NATO or cancel the US defence agreement during the Cold War.[2] As a consequence, the United States provided Iceland with extensive economic assistance and diplomatic support.[2] Iceland hosted the historic 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev summit in Reykjavík, which set the stage for the end of the Cold War.

## Fishing rights

[edit]

Iceland's principal historical international disputes involved disagreements over fishing rights. Conflict with the United Kingdom led to the so-called Cod Wars in 1952–56 because of the extension of the fishing zone from 3 to 4 nautical miles (6 to 7 km), 1958–61 because of extending the fishing zone to 12 nautical miles (22 km) in 1972–73 because of its further extension to 50 nautical miles (93 km) and in 1975–76 because of its extension to 200 nautical miles (370 km).[5][6] Disagreements with Norway and Russia over fishing rights in the Barents Sea were successfully resolved in 2000.

## Whaling

[edit]

Certain environmentalists are concerned that Iceland left the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in June 1992 in protest of an IWC decision to refuse to lift the ban on whaling, after the IWC Scientific Committee had determined that the taking of certain species could safely be resumed. That year, Iceland established a separate commission – along with Norway, Greenland and the Faroe Islands – for the conservation, management, and study of marine mammals. Since then, Iceland has resumed whaling for scientific purpose and has rejoined the IWC (in October 2002). The Icelandic Fisheries Ministry issued a permit to hunt 39 whales for commercial purposes on 17 October 2006.[7] 25 states delivered a formal diplomatic protest to the Icelandic government on 1 November concerning resumed commercial whaling. The protest was led by the United Kingdom and supported by others such as Finland and Sweden.[8]

## Recognition of post-Soviet states

[edit]

Iceland was the first country to recognize the regained independence of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan from the USSR in 1990–1991. Similarly, it was the first country to recognize Montenegro's independence from its former union with Serbia.[9] Iceland was also the first country to recognize Croatia, having done so on 19 December 1991.[10] Significantly, Iceland was also the first Western state to recognise Palestine when it did so in 2011.[11] Iceland also is the greatest Nordic contributor per capita to NATO-led troops in Bosnia and Kosovo, to the police in Bosnia and to Bosnian/Kosovan reconstruction, resettlement and relief efforts.[citation needed]

## Membership in international organizations

[edit]

Iceland is a member of the following organisations: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe; International Criminal Court; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Development Association; International Finance Corporation; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; European Economic Area; European Free Trade Association; Council of Europe; International Criminal Police Organization; and the United Nations, since 19 November 1946, and most of its specialized agencies, including the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Labour Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Universal Postal Union, World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization and the International Whaling Commission.

Iceland was given the opportunity to join the League of Nations in 1920, but opted not to, primarily due to limited administrative resources.[12] Iceland joined the UN in 1945 but took until 1965 to establish a permanent mission.[13]

In the IMF, Iceland is in the Nordic-Baltic constituency of the 24-member executive board of the IMF, along with Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.[14]

## International disputes

[edit]

### Rockall

[edit]

Main article: Rockall

Iceland has an ongoing dispute with Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) on the one hand and with the UK and Ireland on the other hand, concerning claims to the continental shelf in the Hatton–Rockall area of the North Atlantic under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).[15] Iceland's claim covers virtually the entire area claimed by the other three countries, except for a small portion in the south-east corner of the Irish claim,[16] while the Faroes claim most of the area claimed by the UK and Ireland.[17] Negotiations continue between the four countries in the hope of making a joint proposal to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf by May 2009.[citation needed]

### Deposit insurance

[edit]

Main article: Icesave dispute

Following the collapse of Icesave sparking the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis, the U.K. and the Netherlands offered to insure the deposits of the bank's customers. They then sought repayment from Iceland, which held a referendum on the issue in 2010 and 2011, both of which failed. The two governments then said they would take the issue to European courts to seek redress they alleged is owed to them. In January 2013 the EFTA court cleared Iceland of all charges.

## European Union application

[edit]

Main articles: Iceland–European Union relations and Enlargement of the European Union

Iceland's reluctance to join the EU's Common Fisheries Policy is a major stumbling bloc to accession

Iceland has had a close relationship with the European Union (EU) throughout its development, but has remained outside (instead, joining the European Free Trade Area or EFTA). In 1972, the two sides signed a free trade agreement and in 1994 Iceland joined the European Economic Area which let itself and other non-EU states have access to the EU's internal market in exchange for Iceland contributing funds and applying EU law in relevant areas. The EU is Iceland's most important trading partner with a strong trade surplus in 2008/9 in terms of goods, services and foreign direct investment. Iceland also participates in the Schengen Area (as well as relevant police and judicial cooperation) and has non-voting representation in some EU agencies.[18][19]

However, after Iceland's financial crash in 2008, it has sought membership of the EU and the euro. Iceland applied on 16 July 2009 and negotiations formally began 17 June 2011.[20] After an agreement is concluded, the accession treaty must be ratified by every EU state and be subject to a national referendum in Iceland.[21] Since the application was submitted, popular support has declined and contentious issues around Icelandic fisheries may derail negotiations. However the Icelandic government is confident an agreement can be reached based on the flexibility shown by the EU in its previous negotiations with Norway.[22]

In 2014, Iceland froze their application to join the European Union.[23]

## Agreed Minute

[edit]

Main article: Agreed Minute

The Agreed Minute was a statute governing the nature of the U.S. military presence in Iceland. The Agreed Minute was last renegotiated in 2001. At the time, the U.S. Air Force committed itself to maintaining four to six interceptors at the Keflavík base, supported by a helicopter rescue squad. The Air Force, in order to cut costs, announced plans to remove the four remaining jets in 2003. The removal was then delayed to address Icelandic demands for continued presence of the jets. After an unfruitful series of negotiations and two reshuffles of the Icelandic government the issue lay dormant until early 2006 when the U.S. Air Force issued an official statement that withdrawal of the aircraft was already being prepared. U.S. officials have since then argued that Iceland is in no need of a military presence.

NATO allies since then conduct air policing after the U.S. Air Force withdrawal.

## Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Iceland maintains diplomatic relations with:

#  | Country  | Date[24]
1  |  Denmark | 1 December 1918
2  |  United Kingdom | 8 May 1940
3  |  Sweden | 27 July 1940
4  |  Norway | 29 August 1940
5  |  United States | 1 July 1941
6  |  Russia | 4 October 1943
7  |  Italy | 15 August 1945
8  |  Belgium | 9 November 1945
9  |  France | 18 November 1945
10  |  Netherlands | 9 January 1946
11  |  Czech Republic | 27 February 1946
12  |  Poland | 14 November 1946
13  |  Canada | 6 June 1947
14  |   Switzerland | 15 July 1947
15  |  Finland | 15 August 1947
16  |  Portugal | 23 January 1948
17  |  Ireland | 11 March 1948
18  |  Iran | 15 March 1948
19  |  Spain | 20 September 1949
20  |  Israel | 10 August 1951[25]
21  |  Argentina | 21 April 1952[26]
22  |  Brazil | 28 April 1952[27]
23  |  Germany | 10 July 1952
24  |  Serbia | 27 February 1953
25  |  Hungary | 17 July 1955
26  |  Cuba | 26 January 1956[28]
27  |  Romania | 18 May 1956
28  |  Japan | 8 December 1956
29  |  Turkey | 25 November 1957
30  |  Greece | 6 June 1958
31  |  Luxembourg | 30 July 1962
32  |  South Korea | 10 October 1962
33  |  Chile | 6 November 1963
34  |  Bulgaria | 19 November 1963
35  |  Mexico | 24 March 1964
36  |  Austria | 20 July 1964
37  |  Peru | 14 November 1967
38  |  Egypt | 20 May 1968
39  |  Ethiopia | 20 May 1968
40  |  Niger | 26 January 1970
41  |  Tunisia | 14 May 1970
42  |  Nigeria | 3 November 1970
43  |  China | 14 December 1971
44  |  India | 11 May 1972
45  |  Lebanon | 28 March 1973
46  |  North Korea | 27 July 1973
47  |  Vietnam | 5 August 1973
48  |  Kenya | 30 October 1973
49  |  Mongolia | 4 June 1974
50  |  Bahamas | 18 March 1975
51  |  Thailand | 18 June 1975
52  |  Albania | 9 April 1976
–  |  Holy See | 12 October 1976
53  |  Pakistan | 7 December 1976[29]
54  |  Cape Verde | 20 July 1977
55  |  Ghana | 11 October 1977[30]
56  |  Tanzania | 17 November 1977[31]
57  |  Iraq | 20 April 1978[31]
58  |  Bangladesh | 23 November 1978[31]
59  |  Bahrain | 20 May 1978
60  |  San Marino | 29 September 1978
61  |  Barbados | 9 April 1979
62  |  Cyprus | 4 September 1979
63  |  Venezuela | 15 January 1981
64  |    Nepal | 25 May 1981
65  |  Colombia | 15 September 1981
66  |  Saudi Arabia | 15 January 1982
67  |  Nicaragua | 16 December 1982
68  |  Grenada | 14 January 1983
69  |  Algeria | 17 May 1983
70  |  Indonesia | 13 June 1983
71  |  Yemen | 20 July 1983
72  |  Lesotho | 24 August 1983
73  |  Australia | 12 February 1984
74  |  Somalia | 20 March 1985
75  |  Morocco | 24 September 1985
76  |  Angola | 2 November 1988[30]
77  |  New Zealand | 21 October 1988
78  |  Maldives | 30 January 1990
79  |  Botswana | 5 April 1990[30]
80  |  Seychelles | 8 November 1990
81  |  Jordan | 5 December 1990[32]
82  |  Namibia | 10 December 1990
83  |  Uruguay | 18 June 1991
84  |  Estonia | 26 August 1991
85  |  Latvia | 26 August 1991
86  |  Lithuania | 26 August 1991
87  |  Slovenia | 24 February 1992
88  |  Oman | 26 February 1992
89  |  Ukraine | 30 March 1992
90  |  Liechtenstein | 26 June 1992[31]
91  |  Croatia | 30 June 1992
92  |  Georgia | 21 September 1992
93  |  Slovakia | 1 January 1993[33]
94  |  Marshall Islands | 25 January 1993
95  |  Guatemala | 5 August 1993
96  |  Eswatini | 3 December 1993
97  |  North Macedonia | 29 December 1993
98  |  South Africa | 31 May 1994
99  |  Moldova | 1 June 1994
100  |  Andorra | 3 August 1995
101  |  Kuwait | 26 April 1996
102  |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 8 May 1996
103  |  Costa Rica | 10 January 1997
104  |  Turkmenistan | 13 February 1997
105  |  Mozambique | 5 March 1997
106  |  Armenia | 15 May 1997
107  |  Uzbekistan | 25 September 1997
108  |  Azerbaijan | 27 February 1998
109  |  Malta | 3 July 1998
110  |  Malawi | 14 August 1998
111  |  Sri Lanka | 23 December 1998
112  |  Philippines | 24 February 1999
113  |  Singapore | 4 May 1999
114  |  Panama | 4 June 1999
115  |  Malaysia | 4 April 2000[34]
116  |  Jamaica | 24 May 2000
117  |  El Salvador | 25 October 2000
118  |  Kyrgyzstan | 2 April 2001[35]
119  |  Belarus | 25 May 2001
120  |  Burkina Faso | 23 October 2001
121  |  Qatar | 24 January 2002
122  |  Sudan | 13 June 2003
123  |  Cambodia | 19 June 2003
124  |  Dominican Republic | 23 June 2003
125  |  United Arab Emirates | 17 September 2003
126  |  Timor-Leste | 4 December 2003
127  |  Ecuador | 11 December 2003
128  |  Mauritius | 15 December 2003
129  |  Nauru | 17 February 2004
130  |  Antigua and Barbuda | 11 March 2004
131  |  Libya | 15 March 2004
132  |  Afghanistan | 17 March 2004
133  |  Paraguay | 17 March 2004
134  |  Senegal | 7 April 2004
135  |  Chad | 14 April 2004
136  |  Saint Kitts and Nevis | 5 May 2004
137  |  Syria | 6 May 2004
138  |  Gambia | 11 May 2004
139  |  Rwanda | 12 May 2004
140  |  Guinea | 14 May 2004
141  |  Kazakhstan | 14 May 2004
142  |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 27 May 2004
143  |  Uganda | 22 June 2004[36][37]
144  |  Dominica | 29 June 2004
145  |  Belize | 7 July 2004
146  |  Mali | 23 July 2004
147  |  Zambia | 23 July 2004
148  |  Papua New Guinea | 12 August 2004
149  |  Laos | 2 September 2004
150  |  Equatorial Guinea | 10 September 2004
151  |  Honduras | 15 September 2004
152  |  Bolivia | 17 September 2004
153  |  Guinea-Bissau | 24 September 2004
154  |  Federated States of Micronesia | 27 September 2004
155  |  Vanuatu | 27 September 2004
156  |  Eritrea | 6 October 2004
157  |  Mauritania | 6 October 2004
158  |  Palau | 6 October 2004
159  |  Samoa | 15 October 2004
160  |  Comoros | 29 October 2004
161  |  Suriname | 9 November 2004
162  |  Togo | 19 November 2004
163  |  Republic of the Congo | 15 December 2004
164  |  Benin | 23 February 2005
165  |  Guyana | 10 March 2005
166  |  Gabon | 27 May 2005
167  |  Djibouti | 19 July 2005
168  |  Tuvalu | 26 July 2005
169  |  Kiribati | 15 September 2005
170  |  Ivory Coast | 14 October 2005
171  |  Haiti | 18 November 2005
172  |  Tajikistan | 14 February 2006
173  |  Brunei | 27 April 2006
174  |  Saint Lucia | 7 May 2006
175  |  Madagascar | 21 September 2006
176  |  Montenegro | 26 September 2006
177  |  Sierra Leone | 13 November 2006
178  |  Liberia | 28 November 2006
179  |  Burundi | 14 December 2006
180  |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | 23 February 2007[38]
181  |  Solomon Islands | 20 April 2007
182  |  Cameroon | 19 September 2007
183  |  São Tomé and Príncipe | 24 September 2007
184  |  Tonga | 14 December 2007
185  |  Fiji | 8 February 2008
186  |  South Sudan | 29 September 2011
–  |  Kosovo | 14 November 2011
–  |  State of Palestine | 15 December 2011
187  |  Myanmar | 19 December 2012
188  |  Trinidad and Tobago | 8 May 2013
189  |  Monaco | 5 May 2014
–  |  Cook Islands | 13 October 2017

## Bilateral relations

[edit]

Iceland's first embassy was established in Copenhagen in 1920. The second and third embassies were opened in London and Sweden in 1940. That same year, a consulate-general was installed in New York (a year later, an embassy was opened in Washington D.C.). The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly (both in terms of missions and staff) in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. The Icelandic foreign service is vastly smaller than those of its Nordic neighbors.[13]

### Africa

[edit]

No formal diplomatic relations

Country  | Diplomatic Relations Established  | Notes

|
|

Burkina Faso | 2001 |

* Burkina Faso is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.[39]

Kenya | 2001  |

* Kenya is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Kampala, Uganda

Malawi | 1989  |

* Iceland has an embassy in Lilongwe[40]
* Iceland is represented in Malawi through its High Commission in London[41]

Mauritania | 2004 |

* Mauritania is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[39]
* Iceland is represented in Mauritania by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík.[42]

Sierra Leone | 2006  |

* Iceland has an embassy in Freetown[43]

Uganda | 2004  |

* Iceland has an embassy in Kampala[44]

### Americas

[edit]

Country  | Diplomatic Relations Established  | Notes

|
|

Canada | 1947 | See Canada–Iceland relations

* Canada has an embassy in Reykjavík.[45]
* Iceland has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Winnipeg.[46]

Dominica | 2004 |

* Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2004.[47]
* Iceland is represented in Dominica through its embassy in New York City, United States. Both countries have an agreement on cooperation on geothermal energy.[48]

Mexico | 24 March 1964 | See Iceland–Mexico relations

* Iceland is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington D.C., United States and maintains honorary consulates in Campeche City and in Mexico City.[49]
* Mexico is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[50]

Paraguay | 2004 |

* Iceland is represented in Paraguay by its embassy in Washington, United States.[51]
* Paraguay is represented in Iceland by its embassy in London, United Kingdom.[52]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 27 May 2004 |

* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 2004.[53]
* Iceland is represented in Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.[54]

Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2004 |

Iceland is represented in Saint Kitts and Nevis by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.[54]

United States | 1 July 1941 | See Iceland–United States relations

Iceland and the U.S. are NATO allies. The United States prides itself on being the first country to recognize the regained independence of Iceland.

* Iceland has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulate-general in New York City.[49]
* United States has an embassy in Reykjavík.[55]

### Asia

[edit]

No formal diplomatic relations

Country  | Diplomatic Relations Established  | Notes

|
|

China | 1971 | See China–Iceland relations

* In May 1972, China assigned the first resident ambassador to Iceland.
* In January 1995, Iceland set up its embassy in Beijing and assigned its first resident ambassador to China.
* In December 1995, China resumed the practice of sending resident ambassadors to Iceland (between 1983 and 1995, the Chinese ambassador to Copenhagen, Denmark was also accredited to Iceland).
* In April 2013 Iceland entered into a free trade agreement with China.[56]
* Iceland has an honorary consulate in Hong Kong. The honorary consulate is also accredited to Macao.[57]

India | 1972 | See Iceland–India relations

* India has an embassy in Reykjavík.
* Iceland has an embassy in New Delhi and two consulates in Mumbai and Chennai.

Iran | 1948 |

* Iceland is accredited to Iran from its embassy in Oslo.[58]
* Iran is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo.[59]

Israel | May 1948 | See Iceland–Israel relations

* Iceland is accredited to Israel directly from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and maintains an honorary consulate in Tel Aviv.[60]
* Israel is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[61]

Japan | 8 December 1956  | See Iceland–Japan relations

* Both countries find common interest on the matter of whaling.
* Iceland has an embassy in Tokyo and 3 honorary consulates in Kyoto, Nagano-shi, Tokyo.[62]
* Japan has an embassy in Reykjavík.
* Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Iceland

Pakistan | 1976 |

Pakistan maintain cordinal diplomatic relations with Iceland.[63]

Palestine | 2011 | See Iceland–Palestine relations

On 29 November 2011, the parliament of Iceland passed a resolution that authorized the government to officially recognize the state of Palestine within the 1967 borders. Iceland was the first (and, until 2024, only) Western European country to recognise the independence of Palestine. Full diplomatic relations exist between the two states. Iceland's representative to Palestine is a non-resident based at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík, while Palestine's ambassador to Iceland is also a non-resident based in Oslo, Norway.[64]

Philippines | 24 February 1999 |

Main article: Iceland–Philippines relations

Iceland has its representation in the Philippines through its embassy in Tokyo, Japan, and the Philippines' ambassador in Oslo, Norway is also accredited to Iceland; although both countries established honorary consulates in Reykjavík[65] and Makati, Metro Manila,[66] respectively.

South Korea | 10 October 1962[67] | See Iceland–South Korea relations

* The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea began on 10 October 1962.
* The Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea relations are primarily based on cooperation over maritime issues such as whaling and bottom trawling and on bi-lateral trade in technology and fish products although there are various other ways in which the two countries interact.

Turkey | 1957 | See Iceland–Turkey relations

* Turkish Embassy in Oslo is accredited to Iceland, while the Icelandic Embassy in Copenhagen is accredited to Turkey.[68]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

### Europe

[edit]

Country  | Diplomatic Relations Established  | Notes

|
|

Albania | 1976 |

* Iceland is represented in Albania through its embassy in Stockholm and an honorary consulate in Tirana.[69]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Austria | 1928  |

* Iceland has an embassy in Vienna.[70]
* Iceland is accredited to Austria from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík.
* Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iceland (in German only)
* See also: Austrians in Iceland and Icelandics in Austria

Belgium | 1945 |

* Belgium is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[71]
* Iceland has an embassy in Brussels.[72]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Cyprus | 1979 |

* Cyprus is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.[73]
* Iceland is represented in Cyprus by its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[74]

Czech Republic | 1993-01-01 | See Czech Republic–Iceland relations

* The Czech Republic is represented in Iceland through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
* Iceland is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy in Vienna (Austria) and through an honorary consulate in Prague.
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Denmark | 1918 | See Denmark–Iceland relations

Iceland was a part of the Kingdom of Denmark from 1814 to 1918 and a separate kingdom in a personal union with Denmark until 1944, when Iceland declared independence.

* Denmark has an embassy in Reykjavík.[75]
* Iceland has an embassy in Copenhagen and consulates-general in the Danish territories of Nuuk, Greenland and in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.[76]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Finland | 1947 | See Finland–Iceland relations

* Finland has an embassy in Reykjavík.[77]
* Iceland has an embassy in Helsinki.[78]
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.

France | 1945 | See France–Iceland relations

* France has an embassy in Reykjavík.[79]
* Iceland has an embassy in Paris.[80]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Germany | 1952 | See Germany–Iceland relations

* Iceland has an embassy in Berlin.[81]
* Germany has an embassy in Reykjavík.[82]
* Both countries are NATO members.
* See also: Germans in Iceland and Icelandics in Germany

Greece | 1958 | See Greece–Iceland relations

* Greece is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is represented in Greece through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Athens.
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Hungary | 1955  |

Hungary is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.[83]

* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Ireland | 11 March 1948  | See Iceland–Ireland relations

* Iceland is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and through an honorary consulate in Dublin.[84]
* Ireland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark) and through an honorary consulate in Garðabær.[85]
* Both countries are full members of Council of Europe.

Italy | 1945  |

* Iceland is accredited to Italy from its embassy in Paris.[86]
* Italy is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[87]
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of NATO and of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Latvia | 1991-08-22 | See Iceland–Latvia relations

* Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Latvia in August 1991.
* Iceland is represented in Latvia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland).
* Latvia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Lithuania | 1991-08-05  |

* Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Lithuania in February 1991.[88]
* Iceland is represented in Lithuania through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland).[89]
* Lithuania is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark) and 2 honorary consulates (in Mosfellsbær and Reykjavík).[90]
* Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of NATO, and of the Council of Europe. There was 1.652 Lithuanians living in Iceland 2015.[91]
* Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iceland (in Lithuanian only) Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine

Netherlands | 1946 |

* Iceland is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.[92]
* The Netherlands is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[93]
* See also: Dutchs in Iceland and Icelandics in the Netherlands
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

North Macedonia | 1993 |

* Iceland is represented in North Macedonia through its embassy in Vienna, Austria.[94]
* North Macedonia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in London, England,[95] and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[96]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Norway | 1940 | See Iceland–Norway relations

* Iceland has an embassy in Oslo.[97]
* Norway has an embassy in Reykjavík.[98]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Poland | January 1946 | See Iceland–Poland relations

* Iceland has an embassy in Warsaw.[99]
* Poland has an embassy in Reykjavík.[100]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Russia | 1943 | See Iceland–Russia relations

* Iceland has an embassy in Moscow.[101]
* Russia has an embassy in Reykjavík.[102]
* Both countries have close ties in financing, which has strengthened the relations between the two.[103] Iceland also called Russia as its "new friend" after having been turned down by its traditional allies for an emergency loan to boost the balance sheet of its second largest commercial bank.[104]
* On August 1, 2023, Iceland suspended its embassy operations in Moscow.[105]

Serbia | 2000 |

* Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000.[106]
* A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[107]

Spain | 1949 | See Iceland–Spain relations

* Iceland is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
* Spain is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Sweden | 1940 | See Iceland–Sweden relations

* The governments of Iceland and Sweden signed on 23 March 1921 a joint declaration for the protection of trade marks.[108]
* Iceland has an embassy in Stockholm.[109]
* Sweden has an embassy in Reykjavík.[110]
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.

Switzerland | 1947 |

* Iceland has an embassy in Geneva (which is accredited to Switzerland and to the United Nations).
* Switzerland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík
* Both countries are members of Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association.
* See also: Swisses in Iceland and Icelandics in Switzerland

Ukraine | 1992  | See Iceland–Ukraine relations

* Iceland is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Warsaw (Poland).[111]
* Ukraine is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[112]
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.

United Kingdom | 1940 | See Iceland–United Kingdom relations

Iceland established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 May 1940.[24]

* Iceland maintains an embassy in London.[113]
* The United Kingdom is accredited to Iceland through its embassy in Reykjavík.[114]

The UK occupied Iceland from 10 May 1940 until July 1941, when the United States assumed responsibility of the country.[115]

The two countries have a sovereignty dispute over the Rockall Bank.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[116] Council of Europe, Joint Expeditionary Force, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a free trade agreement.[117]

### Oceania

[edit]

Country  | Diplomatic Relations Established  | Notes

|
|

New Zealand | 1988  |

* Iceland is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Beijing, China and maintains honorary consulates in Auckland and Nelson.[118]
* New Zealand is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.

## See also

[edit]

* List of diplomatic missions in Iceland
* List of diplomatic missions of Iceland
* Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Iceland)
* Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations

## References

[edit]

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118. ^ Embassies New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade

## Further reading

[edit]

* Baldur Thorhallson (ed.). 2018. Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs. Routledge.
* Baldur Thorhallsson (ed.). 2004. Iceland and European Integration: On the Edge. Routledge.
* Pétur J. Thorsteinsson. 1992. Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: Sögulegt Yfirlit. Rekjavík: Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag.
* Valur Ingimundarson. 2011. The Rebellious Ally: Iceland, the United States, and the Politics of Empire 1945–2006. Dordrecht Publishing.
* Valur Ingimundarson. 2002. Uppgjör við umheiminn. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.
* Valur Ingimundarson. 1996. Í eldlínu kalda stríðsins. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.

## External links

[edit]

* Icelandic Foreign Service Iceland's embassies and missions abroad
* (in Icelandic) Historical overview by Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* European Commission > The EU's relations with Iceland
* (in Icelandic) The Icelandic European Movement (favours Icelandic EU membership)
* (in Icelandic) Heimssýn, the cross-political organisation of Icelandic eurosceptics Archived 3 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine

Foreign representations in Iceland

* Canadian Embassy in Iceland
* United States Embassy in Reykjavík Archived 19 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine

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