Foreign relations of Oman

Politics of Oman

Member State of the Arab League

* * *

Basic Statute

* Human rights

Monarchy

* Sultan

Haitham bin Tariq
* Crown Prince

Theyazin bin Haitham

Cabinet

Council

* Council of State

Chairman
* Consultative Assembly

Chairman

Elections

* Recent elections

* General: 2015
* 2019
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Administrative divisions

* Governorates (محافظات)
* Provinces (ولايات)

Foreign relations

* Foreign Ministry

Minister: Badr bin Hamad Al Busaidi

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Oman

* * *

* Nationality law
* Passport
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

Related topics

* National symbols

* Flag
* National emblem
* Anthem

* Military
* Geography
* History

Oman portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

When Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said assumed power in 1970, Oman had limited contacts with the outside world, including neighbouring Arab states. A special treaty relationship permitted the United Kingdom close involvement in Oman's civil and military affairs. Ties with the United Kingdom remained very close throughout Sultan Qaboos' reign, along with strong ties to the United States.

The Sultanate of Oman is the oldest independent state in the Arab World. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia on the western side, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the northwest and Yemen in the southwest. Oman has two enclaves (Madha and the Musandam peninsula) within the land borders of the UAE. Oman also has maritime borders with Iran and Pakistan. The Arabian Sea lies to Oman's southeast and the Gulf of Oman to the northeast. Although partially under Portuguese occupation during the 16th to mid-17th century, Oman had its own empire in East Africa from the early 18th to the mid-19th century. Oman has a population of 4.2 million (2018). Foreign expatriates are estimated to make up to 45 per cent of the population. Administratively, Oman is divided into six regions. Its national day, 18 November, is the birthday of the former Sultan, HM Qaboos bin Said Al-Said. Oman's capital is Muscat on the northern coast.

## Political overview

[edit]

Since 1969, Oman has pursued a moderate foreign policy and expanded its diplomatic relations dramatically. It supported the 1979 Camp David accords and was one of three Arab League states, along with Somalia and Sudan, which did not break relations with Egypt after the signing of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty in 1979.[1] During the Persian Gulf crisis[which?], Oman assisted the United Nations coalition effort. Oman has developed close ties to its neighbours; it joined the six-member Gulf Cooperation Council when it was established in 1980.

Oman has traditionally supported Middle East peace initiatives, as it did those in 1983. In April 1994, Oman hosted the plenary meeting of the Water Working Group of the peace process, the first Persian Gulf state to do so.

The Sixth International Conference in support of the Palestinian Intifada, Tehran, 21 February 2017

During the Cold War period, Oman avoided relations with communist countries because of the communist support for the insurgency in Dhofar. In recent years, Oman has undertaken diplomatic initiatives in the Central Asian republics, particularly in Kazakhstan, where it is involved in a joint oil pipeline project. In addition, Oman maintains good relations with Iran, its north-eastern neighbor across the Gulf of Oman, and the two countries regularly exchange delegations. Oman is an active member in international and regional organizations, notably the Arab League and the Gulf Cooperation Council. Its foreign policy is overseen by its Foreign Ministry.

In 2023, Oman established foreign relations with the Holy See, with a signing ceremony taking place at the headquarters of the Sultanate's Permanent Mission to the UN in New York City.[2]

## International disputes

[edit]

See also: Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf

The northern boundary with the United Arab Emirates has not been bilaterally defined; the northern section in the Musandam Peninsula is an administrative boundary.

## Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Oman maintains diplomatic relations with:

#  | Country  | Date[3][4]
1  |  United Kingdom | 2 May 1971
2  |  India | 25 July 1971[5]
3  |  Iran | 26 August 1971[6]
4  |  Pakistan | 15 October 1971[7]
5  |  Saudi Arabia | 14 December 1971[8]
6  |  Tunisia | December 1971
7  |  Kuwait | 1 January 1972
8  |  Netherlands | 1 January 1972
9  |  France | 5 January 1972[9]
10  |  Italy | 26 January 1972[10]
11  |  Egypt | 20 March 1972[11]
12  |  United States | 17 April 1972[12]
13  |  Japan | 8 May 1972[13]
14  |  Germany | 16 May 1972[14]
15  |  Jordan | 11 June 1972[15]
16  |  Bahrain | 13 June 1972
17  |  Qatar | 27 June 1972[16]
18  |  Spain | 10 November 1972[17]
19  |  Lebanon | 2 January 1973[18]
20  |  Morocco | 10 March 1973[19]
21  |  Finland | 1 April 1973[20]
22  |  United Arab Emirates | 1 April 1973[21]
23  |  Turkey | 18 June 1973[22]
24  |   Switzerland | 12 September 1973[23]
25  |  Greece | 1 October 1973[24]
26  |  Austria | 18 December 1973[25]
27  |  Algeria | 1973[26]
28  |  Canada | 2 February 1974[27]
29  |  Sweden | 15 March 1974[28]
30  |  South Korea | 28 March 1974
31  |  Romania | 1 May 1974
32  |  Serbia | 4 May 1974[29]
33  |  Yemen | 12 May 1974
34  |  Belgium | 22 May 1974[30]
35  |  Argentina | 18 June 1974[31]
36  |  Brazil | 3 July 1974[32]
37  |  Malta | 4 November 1974[33]
38  |  Bangladesh | 18 December 1974[34]
39  |  Burundi | 28 February 1975
40  |  Mexico | 31 July 1975[35]
41  |  Senegal | 25 December 1975[36]
42  |  Iraq | 7 January 1976
43  |  Chile | 23 February 1976[37]
44  |  Kenya | 4 March 1976[37]
45  |    Nepal | 21 January 1977
46  |  Sudan | 17 March 1977[38]
47  |  Djibouti | 16 November 1977[39]
48  |  Indonesia | 5 December 1977
49  |  Mauritania | 1977
50  |  China | 25 May 1978
51  |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1978
52  |  Cyprus | 1978
53  |  Mali | 2 March 1979
54  |  Denmark | 9 July 1979[40]
55  |  Portugal | 26 October 1979[41]
56  |  Gambia | 4 February 1980
57  |  Norway | 15 April 1980
58  |  Thailand | 30 July 1980[42]
59  |  Niger | 3 September 1980[43]
60  |  Luxembourg | 15 September 1980
61  |  Philippines | 6 October 1980
62  |  Somalia | 1980
63  |  Comoros | 9 January 1981
64  |  Tanzania | 9 January 1981[44]
65  |  Nigeria | 18 January 1981
66  |  Australia | 8 February 1981[45]
67  |  Sri Lanka | 17 February 1981
68  |  Guinea | 17 February 1981
69  |  Maldives | 20 February 1981
70  |  Gabon | 30 March 1981[46]
71  |  Burkina Faso | 5 October 1981[47]
72  |  Malaysia | 15 January 1982
73  |  Zambia | 1 June 1982
74  |  Zimbabwe | 15 June 1982[48]
75  |  Ecuador | 9 July 1982
76  |  Sierra Leone | 10 December 1982[49]
77  |  Seychelles | 13 April 1983[50]
78  |  Brunei | 24 March 1984
79  |  Saint Lucia | 28 March 1984
80  |  Singapore | 21 February 1985[51]
81  |  Colombia | 25 July 1985
82  |  New Zealand | 5 September 1985[52]
83  |  Russia | 26 September 1985
84  |  Peru | 14 May 1986
85  |  Jamaica | 27 May 1986
86  |  Venezuela | 29 September 1986[53]
87  |  Bolivia | 16 December 1986
88  |  Uruguay | 6 April 1987
89  |  Ireland | 8 July 1987
90  |  Syria | 19 December 1987
91  |  Uganda | 1987
92  |  Chad | 21 January 1989
93  |  Ghana | 1 March 1989
—  |  State of Palestine | 23 January 1989
94  |  Poland | 24 January 1990
95  |  Bulgaria | 17 June 1990
96  |  Hungary | 19 June 1990
97  |  Ivory Coast | 28 January 1991
98  |  Mauritius | 31 January 1991
99  |  Nicaragua | 26 September 1991[54]
100  |  Iceland | 26 February 1992[55]
101  |  Uzbekistan | 22 April 1992
102  |  Mongolia | 27 April 1992
103  |  Kazakhstan | 27 April 1992
104  |  Kyrgyzstan | 18 May 1992
105  |  Ukraine | 19 May 1992
106  |  North Korea | 20 May 1992[56]
107  |  Turkmenistan | 29 May 1992
108  |  Vietnam | 9 June 1992
109  |  Moldova | 25 June 1992
110  |  Armenia | 7 July 1992
111  |  Azerbaijan | 13 July 1992
112  |  Belarus | 23 July 1992
113  |  Guinea-Bissau | 5 August 1992
114  |  Lithuania | 22 September 1992
115  |  Estonia | 23 September 1992
116  |  Albania | 7 December 1992
117  |  Latvia | 5 February 1993
118  |  Czech Republic | 1 March 1993
119  |  Slovakia | 3 March 1993
120  |  Mozambique | 4 May 1993
121  |  Guatemala | 13 October 1993
122  |  Panama | 25 February 1994
123  |  Eritrea | 30 April 1994[57]
124  |  Cuba | 23 May 1994
125  |  Ethiopia | 7 February 1995
126  |  South Africa | 4 October 1995[58]
127  |  Slovenia | 13 December 1995[59]
128  |  North Macedonia | 28 December 1995
129  |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 January 1996[60]
130  |  Guyana | 17 January 1996
131  |  Croatia | 30 June 1997
132  |  São Tomé and Príncipe | 15 September 1997
133  |  Rwanda | March 1998[61]
134  |  Cameroon | 30 November 1998
135  |  Suriname | 13 July 1999
136  |  Laos | 9 March 2005
137  |  Afghanistan | 25 March 2005[62]
138  |  Paraguay | 15 November 2005
139  |  Angola | 12 December 2005[63]
140  |  Belize | 3 March 2006
141  |  Cape Verde | 22 May 2006
142  |  Antigua and Barbuda | 5 October 2006
143  |  Montenegro | 11 April 2007
144  |  Tajikistan | 15 November 2007
145  |  Costa Rica | 19 December 2007
146  |  Andorra | 10 March 2008
147  |  El Salvador | 14 April 2008
148  |  Georgia | 16 April 2008
149  |  Cambodia | 16 November 2009
150  |  Dominican Republic | 17 March 2010
151  |  Fiji | 12 July 2010
152  |  Myanmar | 14 December 2010
—  |  Kosovo | 4 February 2011[64]
153  |  Monaco | 20 February 2013
154  |  Bhutan | 15 March 2013
155  |  Eswatini | 18 March 2013
156  |  South Sudan | 11 June 2013
157  |  Madagascar | 29 June 2016
158  |  Malawi | 7 December 2016
159  |  Togo | 5 June 2017
160  |  Namibia | 27 February 2018
161  |  Benin | 16 November 2018
162  |  San Marino | 26 November 2018
163  |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1 April 2019
164  |  Timor-Leste | 30 March 2022
165  |  Bahamas | 10 January 2023
—  |  Holy See | 23 February 2023
166  |  Trinidad and Tobago | 27 March 2023
167  |  Solomon Islands | 19 September 2023
168  |  Vanuatu | 18 November 2023[65]
169  |  Liechtenstein | 4 March 2024[66]
170  |  Tonga | 14 March 2024
171  |  Equatorial Guinea | 1 April 2024
172  |  Kiribati | 2 July 2024
173  |  Nauru | 15 May 2025
174  |  Libya | Unknown

## Bilateral relations

[edit]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

Azerbaijan | 13 July 1992  |

* The Sultanate of Oman recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan from the Soviet Union on 30 December 1991.[67]
* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1992[68]

Brunei | 24 March 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1984[69]

See Brunei–Oman relations

Brunei has an embassy in Muscat, and Oman has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[70] Relations have been established since 24 March 1984. Both countries are former protectorates of European powers (the British for Brunei and first the Portuguese and later the British for Oman), and both are now governed by an Islamic absolute monarchy.[70][71][72]

Canada | 2 February 1974 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1974[27]

In September 2016, Oman played an important role in securing the release of Homa Hoodfar, an Iranian-Canadian citizen and professor at Concordia University. She had been held prisoner in Iran's Evin Prison since 6 June 2016. This happened soon after a secretive meeting between Canada's prime minister, Justin Trudeau, and Oman's Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs, Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah.[73]

China | 25 May 1978 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1978[74]

* China has an embassy in Muscat.
* Oman has an embassy in Beijing.

In June 2020, Oman was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[75]

Egypt | 27 November 1972 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 November 1972[76]

Oman was the only Arab state besides Sudan under Jaafar Nimeiry to maintain good relations with Anwar al Sadat after Egypt recognized Israel. An NGO which launched a probe into foreign funding of organizations in Egypt found that Oman, along with the United Arab Emirates, donated $14.1 million to the Mohamed Alaa Mubarak institute, which was named after Hosni Mubarak's grandson.[77]

Germany | 16 May 1972  | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1972[14]

See Germany–Oman relations

* Germany has an embassy in Muscat.
* Oman has an embassy in Berlin.

India | 25 July 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1971, when Level of Indian representation raised to Embassy[5]

See India-Oman relations India has an embassy in Muscat, Oman. The Indian consulate was opened in Muscat in February 1955, and five years later it was upgraded to a consulate general and later developed into a full-fledged embassy in 1971. The first ambassador of India arrived in Muscat in 1973. Oman established its embassy in New Delhi in 1972 and a consulate general in Mumbai in 1976.

India has been considering the construction of a 1,100-km-long underwater gas pipeline from Oman for transporting natural gas. Called the South Asia Gas Enterprise (SAGE), it will act as an alternative to the Iran–Pakistan–India pipeline. The proposed sub-sea pipeline will meet the additional gas requirement of the UAE, Oman, and India, besides easing gas transportation issues of producing countries like Turkmenistan, Iran and Qatar. The project has been slow in materialising although it was first mooted in 1985.[78][79][80][81]

$5.6 bn Oman-India energy pipeline plans progressing: Fox Petroleum Group envisions a roughly five-year timeframe for the execution of the pipeline project.[82]

Ajay Kumar, the chairman and managing director of Fox Petroleum, based in New Delhi, which is an associate company of Fox Petroleum FZC in the UAE, said that Mr Modi had "fired the best weapon of economic development and growth". "He has given a red carpet for global players to invest in India," Mr Kumar added. "It will boost all sectors of industry – especially for small-scale manufacturing units and heavy industries too. Ajay Kumar, chairman and managing director of Fox Petroleum, said, “In the last few years, deepsea gas pipeline technology has matured. Since India has serious security concerns with regard to pipeline projects over land, a deepsea pipeline is probably the most promising option. This 1,600-kilometer OIMPP project intends to transport 8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas to India over a period of 20 years. The pipeline is planned to be about 1,300 kilometers long in Phase I, and 300 kilometers more to connect Mumbai, laid at a depth of 3,400 meters below the seabed. It will connect the Middle East Compression Station near Oman with the receiving terminal near Gujarat.”

A week prior to the Iran-P5+1 Framework Agreement, Fox Petroleum issued a proposal for the construction of the Oman-India Multi-Purpose Pipeline (OIMPP), a deep water pipeline system to transport Iranian natural gas via Oman to a receiving terminal on the coast of India's Gujarat state. Costing an estimated $5.6 billion, the 1,600 km pipeline would transport 8 trillion cubic meters over a 20-year period. Citing recent advances in deep-sea pipeline technology, Fox Petroleum's chairman asserted that gas imports to India via OIMPP would be less expensive than India's LNG imports by $1.5–2 per million BTU. The same pipeline system could also be used to transport natural gas from Qatar to India, thereby creating a nexus of Persian Gulf natural gas suppliers oriented toward supplying the world's fast growing major economy. And, as Modi intimated in Ashgabat the potential would even exist for Turkmenistan to export its gas to India across Iran and via the undersea pipeline.

Source: [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87]

Iran | 26 August 1971  | See Iran–Oman relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1971[6]

Kenya | 4 March 1976 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1976[37]

See Kenya–Oman relations

* Kenya has an embassy in Muscat.
* Oman has an embassy in Nairobi.

Malaysia | 15 January 1982 | See Malaysia–Oman relations

Malaysia and Oman established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1982.[88] Since that, bilateral trade between Malaysia and Oman stood at nearly RM500 million during January–October 2010, with Malaysia's main exports to Oman being edible oil, machinery, appliances and parts, wood products, electrical and electronic products.

Mexico | 31 July 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 July 1975[35]

See Mexico–Oman relations

* Mexico is accredited to Oman from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and maintains an honorary consulate in Muscat.[89]
* Oman is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[90]

Pakistan | 15 October 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1971, when Pakistani Consulate-General in Muscat upgraded to Embassy[7]

See Oman–Pakistan relations

The relationship between Islamabad and Muscat is warm, because it is the nearest Arab country to Pakistan and the fact that some 30% of Omanis are of Balochi origin from Pakistan's Balochistan province, having settled in Oman over a hundred years ago. In 1958 Gwadar was part of Oman but was transferred to Pakistan in that year.

Qatar | 27 June 1972 | See Oman–Qatar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1972[16]

* Oman has an embassy in Doha.
* Qatar has an embassy in Muscat.

Russia | 26 September 1985 | See Oman–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1985[91]

* Oman has an embassy Moscow.
* Russia has an embassy in Muscat.

Saudi Arabia | 14 December 1971 | See Oman–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1971[8]

* Oman has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah.
* Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Muscat.

South Korea | 28 March 1974 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1974[92]

The Republic of Korea-Oman Agreement on the mutual waiver of visa requirements for holders of diplomatic, official, special and service passports came into effect on 11 April 2015. The agreement allowed citizens of the two countries with valid diplomatic, official, special, or service passports to stay in each other's territories without visa for up to 90 days. The agreement was made to help promote inter-governmental and people-to-people exchanges as well as substantive cooperation between the two countries.[93]

United Arab Emirates | 1 April 1973 | See Oman–United Arab Emirates relations

Both countries established full diplomatic relations on 1 April 1973[21]

In December 2010, Oman discovered a spy network operated by the United Arab Emirates which collected information on Oman's military and government. They were reportedly interested in who would replace Qaboos as his heir and about Oman's relations with Iran.[94][95] Kuwait mediated in the dispute.[96]

United Kingdom | 28 June 1971 | See Oman–United Kingdom relations Omani Sultanate Haitham bin Tariq with British Prime Minister Keir Starmer in 10 Downing Street, August 2024.

Oman established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 21 May 1971.

* Oman maintains an embassy in London.[97]
* The United Kingdom is accredited to Oman through its embassy in Muscat.[98]

The UK governed Oman from 1891 until 1951, when Oman achieved full independence.[99]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Comprehensive Agreement on Enduring Friendship and Bilateral Cooperation,[100] a Double Taxation Agreement,[101] an Investment Agreement,[102] and a Mutual Defence Agreement.[103] Both countries are negotiating a Free Trade Agreement.[104]

United States | 17 April 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1972[12]

See Oman–United States relations

In 1974 and April 1983, Sultan Qaboos of Oman made state visits to the United States. Vice President George H. Bush visited Oman in 1984 and 1986, and President Bill Clinton visited briefly in March 2000. Vice President Dick Cheney visited Oman in 2002, 2005, 2006, and 2008. In March 2005, the U.S. and Oman launched negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement that were successfully concluded in October 2005. The FTA was signed on 19 January 2006, and is pending implementation.

* Oman has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
* United States has an embassy in Muscat.

## See also

[edit]

* Oman portal

* Iran-Arab Relations (Oman)
* List of diplomatic missions in Oman
* List of diplomatic missions of Oman
* Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf
* Foreign Ministry (Oman)

## References

[edit]

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