Foreign relations of Panama

Politics of Panama

Constitution

* Abortion law
* LGBT rights

Executive

* President

José Raúl Mulino
* Vice President

Vacant

Legislature

* National Assembly

President: Dana Castañeda

Administrative divisions

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Elections

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* General: 2014
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2006 Canal referendum
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* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Javier Martínez-Acha

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Panama

* * *

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* * *

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* Other countries

* v
* t
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Panama's foreign relations are conventional in outlook, with Panama being especially aligned with United States since the 1989 US invasion to topple the regime of General Manuel Noriega. The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies.

## Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Panama maintains diplomatic relations with:[1][2]

# | Country | Date
1 |  United States | 13 November 1903
2 |  France | 18 November 1903
3 |  Russia | 21 November 1903
4 |  Costa Rica | 29 December 1903
5 |  Italy | 15 January 1904
— |  Venezuela (suspended)[3] | 3 February 1904
6 |  Cuba | 7 April 1904
7 |  Netherlands | 10 April 1904
8 |  Switzerland | 6 May 1904
9 |  Spain | 10 May 1904
10 |  Portugal | 21 May 1904
11 |  Japan | 7 January 1904
12 |  Uruguay | 28 October 1904
13 |  Honduras | 18 September 1907
14 |  Belgium | 15 February 1908
15 |  Chile | 1 March 1908
16 |  Peru | 2 March 1908
17 |  Brazil | 3 March 1908
18 |  United Kingdom | 9 April 1908
19 |  Ecuador | 1 September 1908[4]
20 |  El Salvador | 9 March 1909
21 |  Argentina | 5 November 1920
22 |  Mexico | 29 May 1923
– |  Holy See | 21 September 1923
23 |  Colombia | 9 July 1924
24 |  Czech Republic | 25 March 1929[5]
25 |  Guatemala | 25 January 1937
26 |  Dominican Republic | 17 March 1937
27 |  Sweden | 3 July 1937
28 |  Denmark | 30 July 1937
29 |  Norway | 31 July 1937
30 |  Nicaragua | 13 December 1938
31 |  Bolivia | 28 August 1942
32 |  Paraguay | 31 October 1942
33 |  Haiti | 11 October 1945
34 |  Lebanon | 30 April 1946
– |  Sovereign Order of Malta | 2 August 1948
35 |  Turkey | 14 April 1950
36 |  Germany | 17 December 1951
37 |  Serbia | 26 March 1953
38 |  Austria | 18 October 1955
39 |  Greece | 17 May 1956
40 |  Egypt | 21 February 1958
41 |  Madagascar | 20 September 1960[6]
42 |  Canada | 11 August 1961
43 |  India | 1 July 1962
44 |  South Korea | 30 September 1962
45 |  Jamaica | 18 August 1966
46 |  Ethiopia | 17 August 1967
47 |  Pakistan | 7 November 1967
48 |  Cyprus | 1 April 1971
49 |  Romania | 5 October 1971
50 |  Bangladesh | 5 June 1972
51 |  Algeria | 9 February 1973
52 |  Guyana | 16 March 1973
53 |  Bulgaria | 29 March 1973
54 |  Libya | 29 March 1973
55 |  Guinea | 29 March 1973
56 |  Poland | 15 August 1973
57 |  Philippines | 28 September 1973
58 |  Guinea-Bissau | 16 October 1973
59 |  Australia | 20 February 1974
60 |  Grenada | 18 November 1974
61 |  Iran | 7 January 1975
62 |  Bahrain | 27 February 1975
63 |  Hungary | 5 August 1975
64 |  Vietnam | 28 August 1975
65 |  Syria | 17 February 1976
66 |  Finland | 19 February 1976
67 |  Malta | 19 February 1976
68 |  Sri Lanka | 8 March 1976
69 |  Kuwait | 23 March 1976
70 |  Iraq | 8 June 1976
71 |  Israel | 18 June 1976
72 |  Morocco | 15 February 1977
73 |  Albania | 20 August 1978
74 |  Indonesia | 27 March 1979
75 |  Suriname | 1 May 1979
– |  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | 1 June 1979
76 |  Equatorial Guinea | 13 May 1981
77 |  Belize | 1 December 1981
78 |  Myanmar | 15 July 1982
79 |  Singapore | 6 August 1982
80 |  Thailand | 20 August 1982
81 |  Barbados | 3 March 1983
82 |  Nepal | 15 February 1984
83 |  Luxembourg | 12 November 1985
84 |  Senegal | 27 August 1987
85 |  Sudan | 13 September 1988
86 |  Angola | 16 February 1989
87 |  Maldives | 19 February 1989
88 |  Ghana | 24 February 1989
89 |  Bahamas | 1 May 1991
90 |  Lithuania | 19 November 1992
91 |  Saint Kitts and Nevis | 19 November 1992
92 |  Moldova | 15 February 1993
93 |  Slovakia | 15 February 1993
94 |  United Arab Emirates | 9 March 1993
95 |  New Zealand | 22 March 1993
96 |  Seychelles | 21 May 1993
97 |  Ukraine | 21 May 1993
98 |  Malaysia | 24 July 1993
99 |  Jordan | 7 February 1994
100 |  Oman | 25 February 1994
101 |  Latvia | 22 March 1994
102 |  Trinidad and Tobago | 24 May 1994
103 |  South Africa | 10 January 1995
104 |  Estonia | 13 January 1995
105 |  Azerbaijan | 6 April 1995
106 |  Slovenia | 10 May 1995
107 |  Saint Lucia | 10 July 1995
108 |  Kazakhstan | 28 July 1995
109 |  Cambodia | 15 February 1996
110 |  Papua New Guinea | 5 March 1996
111 |  Brunei | 28 March 1996
112 |  Croatia | 12 July 1996
113 |  Andorra | 16 July 1996
114 |  Antigua and Barbuda | 27 September 1996
115 |  Armenia | 7 August 1998
116 |  Belarus | 22 October 1998
117 |  Georgia | 18 November 1998
118 |  Iceland | 4 June 1999
119 |  Nigeria | 12 February 2001
120 |  Ireland | 14 February 2001
121 |  Qatar | 8 February 2002
122 |  North Macedonia | 18 April 2002
123 |  Namibia | April 2002[7]
124 |  Afghanistan | 3 May 2002
125 |  San Marino | 22 January 2004
126 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 31 March 2004
127 |  Benin | 20 September 2005
128 |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 17 July 2006
129 |  Tunisia | 15 June 2007
130 |  Montenegro | 29 May 2008
131 |  Burkina Faso | 29 July 2009
132 |  Botswana | 15 December 2009
133 |  Djibouti | 15 December 2009
134 |  Monaco | 22 November 2010
135 |  Cameroon | 14 August 2011
136 |  Liechtenstein | 3 January 2012
137 |  Mongolia | 17 January 2012
138 |  Dominica | 13 March 2012
139 |  Palau | 18 April 2012
140 |  Solomon Islands | 11 September 2012
141 |  Fiji | 9 November 2012
– |  Kosovo | 28 August 2013[8]
142 |  Saudi Arabia | 14 January 2015
143 |  Turkmenistan | 24 July 2015
144 |  Ivory Coast | 29 April 2016
145 |  China | 12 June 2017
146  |  Tajikistan | 26 May 2018[9]
147 |  Togo | 26 March 2019
148 |  Kenya | 26 September 2019
149 |  Cape Verde | 9 April 2021[10]
150 |  Laos | 9 September 2021
151 |  Kyrgyzstan | 24 September 2021
152  |  Uzbekistan | 30 November 2021
153 |  East Timor | 20 September 2022[11]
154  |  Federated States of Micronesia | 20 September 2022[12]
155  |  Mauritania | 22 September 2022
156  |  Rwanda | 18 September 2023
157  |  Uganda | 22 September 2023[13]
158  |  Vanuatu | 21 November 2023
159  |  Zimbabwe | 28 December 2023
160  |  Kiribati | 30 January 2024
—  |  Cook Islands | 8 March 2024[14]
161  |  Marshall Islands | 23 September 2024
162  |  Zambia | 24 September 2024

## Bilateral relations

[edit]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

Armenia | 7 August 1998 |
Canada | 11 August 1961[1] | See Canada–Panama relations

* Canada has an embassy in Panama City.[15]
* Panama has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.[16]

China | 2 January 1909[1] | See China–Panama relations

Panama established a diplomatic relationship with the Qing dynasty in 1909. After the Xinhai Revolution, Panama recognized the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC), and has retained diplomatic ties with the ROC. In 2009, after President Ricardo Martinelli took office, Panama wished to switch diplomatic relations from the ROC to the People's Republic of China (PRC), but this was rejected by the PRC government based on violation of PRC's viewpoint on the One-China policy. Martinelli reaffirmed its commitment to Taiwan in the diplomatic arena, clearing doubts he could establish official ties with PRC; he also thanked the Taiwanese for cooperation and expressed the hope that cooperation and investments would intensify. "Panama reaffirms its determination to strengthen diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan), as well as strengthening trade ties with the People's Republic of China (PRC)," said Foreign Minister Juan Carlos Varela, at a meeting in the Council of Taiwan Affairs.[17] On June 12, 2017, President Juan Carlos Varela announced that Panama has established a diplomatic relationship with People's Republic of China, and Panama has severed diplomatic relationship with the Republic of China (Taiwan).

* China has an embassy in Panama City.
* Panama has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shanghai.

Chile | 1 March 1908[1] |

* Chile has an embassy in Panama City.[18]
* Panama has an embassy in Santiago and a consulate-general in Valparaíso.[19]

Colombia | 9 July 1924 | See Colombia–Panama relations

* Colombia has an embassy in Panama City and consulates in Colón, Jaqué and Puerto Obaldía.
* Panama has an embassy in Bogotá and a consulate-general in Barranquilla.

Costa Rica | 29 December 1903 | See Costa Rica–Panama relations

* Panama has an embassy in San José.
* Costa Rica has an embassy in Panama City and a consulate in David.

India | 1 June 1962[1] | See India–Panama relations

Panama is the first country in Central America where India established a resident embassy in 1973. Bilateral commercial and trade relations are steadily growing between India and Panama, with Panama seen as the gateway for expansion into Latin America.[20]

* India has an embassy in Panama City.[21][22]
* Panama has an embassy in New Delhi[23] and a consulate-general in Mumbai.

Kosovo | 27 August 2013[24] |

Panama officially recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 16 January 2009.[25] Kosovo and Panama established diplomatic relations on 27 August 2013, following the establishment of diplomatic relations Kosovo announced it would be opening an embassy in Panama and that this embassy would be Kosovo's 'gateway to Latin America'.[26]

Kosovo has an embassy in Panama City.[27] Both countries enjoy excellent relationships.

Mexico | 29 May 1923[1] | See Mexico–Panama relations

* Mexico has an embassy in Panama City.[28]
* Panama has an embassy in Mexico City and a consulate-general in Veracruz City.[29]

Peru | 2 March 1908 |

Main article: Panama–Peru relations

* Panama has an embassy in Lima.
* Peru has an embassy in Panama City.

Russia | 21 November 1903[1] | See Panama–Russia relations

* Panama has an embassy in Moscow.[30]
* Russia has an embassy in Panama city.[31]

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | 1 June 1979[1] | See Panama–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Panama was the first Latin American country on recognizing the SADR in 1978, during the military rule of Omar Torrijos.[32] Panama also has the oldest Sahrawi embassy in Latin America. Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013 to 7 January 2016;.[33]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 2006[1] |

* Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 17, 2006.[34]
* Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States.

Serbia | 1953[1] |

* Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1953.[35]
* A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[36]

South Africa | 1995[1] |

* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1995.[1][37]
* Panama has an embassy Pretoria.
* South Africa is accredited to Panama from its embassy in Lima, Peru.[37]

South Korea | 30 September 1962[1] | See Panama–South Korea relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on Sep 30, 1962.

* Panama has an embassy in Seoul.[38]
* South Korea has an embassy in Panama City.[39][40][41]

Spain | 10 May 1904[1] | See Panama–Spain relations

* Panama has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in A Coruña, Barcelona, Las Palmas and Valencia.[42]
* Spain has an embassy in Panama City.[43]

Thailand | 20 August 1982 |

* Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1982.[1][37]
* Panama has an embassy in Bangkok.
* Thailand is accredited to Panama from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[37]

Turkey | April 14, 1950[44] | See Panama–Turkey relations

* Panama has an embassy in Ankara.[44]
* Turkey has an embassy in Panama.[44]
* Trade volume between the two countries was US$260.9 million in 2019 (Panamanian exports/imports: 12.1/248.8 million USD).[44]

United Kingdom | 9 April 1908 | See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 April 1908.

* Panama maintains an embassy in London.
* The United Kingdom is accredited to Panama from its embassy in Panama City.[45]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, as well as the Central America–UK Trade Continuity Agreement.[46] Bilaterally the two countries have an investment agreement.[47]

United States | 13 November 1903
3 April 1964[1] | See Panama–United States relations

The United States cooperates with the Panamanian government in promoting economic, political, security, and social development through U.S. and international agencies. Cultural ties between the two countries are strong, and many Panamanians go to the United States for higher education and advanced training. In 2007, the U.S. and Panama partnered to launch a regional health worker training center. The center provides training to community healthcare workers in Panama and throughout Central America. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality. There is also a rapidly growing enclave of American retirees in the Chiriqui Province in western Panama.

* Panama has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia and Tampa.[48]
* United States has an embassy in Panama City.[49]

Uruguay | 28 October 1904 | See Panama–Uruguay relations

* Panama has an embassy in Montevideo.
* Uruguay has an embassy in Panama City.

Venezuela | 1717  | See Panama–Venezuela relations

## Multilateral relations

[edit]

Panama is a member of the UN General Assembly (and most major UN agencies) and has served three terms in the UN Security Council. In November 2006, it was elected to serve a two-year term on the Security Council, beginning January 1, 2007. It maintains membership in several international financial institutions, including the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund.

Panama is a member of the Organization of American States and was a founding member of the Rio Group. Although it was suspended from the Latin American Economic System — known informally both as the Group of Eight and the Rio Group — in 1988 due to its internal political system under Manuel Noriega, Panama was readmitted in September, 1994 as an acknowledgment of its present democratic credentials.

Panama is also one of the founding members of the Union of Banana Exporting Countries and belongs to the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. Panama is a member of the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) as well as the Central American Integration System (SICA). Panama joined its six Central American neighbors at the 1994 Summit of the Americas in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA to promote sustainable economic development in the region.

Panama is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

## See also

[edit]

* List of diplomatic missions in Panama
* List of diplomatic missions of Panama

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
2. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Panama and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
3. ^ "Panama suspends diplomatic relations with Venezuela pending election review". 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
4. ^ "PANAMÁ BUSCA OTORGAR UN IMPULSO RENOVADO A LAS RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS CON ECUADOR". 6 February 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
5. ^ Las relaciones entre Checoslovaquia y América Latina 1945-1989. En los archivos de la República Checa (in Spanish). Karolinum Press. 2015. p. 267.
6. ^ "03. ANEXO" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2020.
7. ^ "Namibia muestra interés en fortalecer lazos con Panamá". mire.gob.pa (in Spanish). 1 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
8. ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
9. ^ "Panama establishes diplomatic relations with Tajikistan". 26 May 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
10. ^ "ENCUENTRO ENTRE LOS EMBAJADORES DE PANAMÁ Y CABO VERDE, ACREDITADOS EN LISBOA" (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
11. ^ "Together with Foreign Minister ErikaMouynes of Panama, I signed Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between TimorLeste & Panama in the margins on the 77th Session of the #NGA (20/09)". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
12. ^ "The Federated States of Micronesia Establishes Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of Panama & the Kingdom of Bahrain". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
13. ^ "En el marco de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, me reuní con mi homólogo de Uganda, Jeje Odongo, para el establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre nuestras naciones" (in Spanish). 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
14. ^ "THE COOK ISLANDS FORMALISE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH PANAMA". 8 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
15. ^ "Embassy of Canada in Panama City (in English, French and Spanish)". 27 May 2021.
16. ^ "Embassy of Panama in Ottawa (in English and Spanish)".
17. ^ "WikiLeaks: China rejects Panama's wish for ties". Fox News. 27 March 2015.
18. ^ Embassy of Chile in Panama City
19. ^ Embassy of Panama in Santiago de Chile
20. ^ "India-Panama Relations" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
21. ^ "Indian Embassy in Panama".
22. ^ "Indian mission in Panama".
23. ^ "Panama Embassy in India".
24. ^ "Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina" (in Spanish). 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
25. ^ Panama recognised independent state of Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2009-01-16
26. ^ Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Panamá, 2013-08-27 (in Spanish)
27. ^ Panama, Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme-Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në. "Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama". Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Panama. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
28. ^ "Embassy of Mexico in Panama City (in Spanish)".
29. ^ Embassy of Panama in Mexico City (in Spanish)
30. ^ "Embassy of Panama in Moscow (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
31. ^ "Embassy of Russia in Panama City (in Russian and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
32. ^ "Panamá y la república Saharaui". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
33. ^ "Algeria: Sahrawi Embassy in Panama Reopens". AllAfrica. 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2015-01-13.
34. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2016-07-17.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
35. ^ "Panama". Archived from the original on 2020-07-04. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
36. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-31.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
37. ^ a b c d "Panama (Republic of)".
38. ^ "주한파나마대사관" [Embassy of Panama in Korea]. naver.com (in Korean).
39. ^ "주 파나마 대한민국 대사관".
40. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Latin America and Caribbean". Archived from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
41. ^ "Korea-Panama Relations".
42. ^ "Embassy of Panama in Madrid (in Spanish)".
43. ^ "Embassy of Spain in Panama City (in Spanish)".
44. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Panama".
45. ^ "British Embassy Panama City". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
46. ^ "UK and Central America sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
47. ^ "Panama - United Kingdom BIT (1983)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
48. ^ Embassy of Panama in Washington, D.C.
49. ^ Embassy of the United States in Panama City

## Further reading

[edit]

Further information: Panama–United States relations

* Ealy, Lawrence O. The Republic of Panama in world affairs, 1903-1950 (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1951). online
* Farnsworth, David N., and James W. McKenney. US-Panama relations, 1903–1978: A study in linkage politics (Routledge, 2020).
* Major, John. "‘Pro mundi beneficio’? The Panama Canal as an international issue, 1943–8." Review of International Studies 9.1 (1983): 17–34.
* Williams Jr, Harold E. Panamanian-US Relations Towards 2000: An Opportunity for Partnership (Naval Postgraduate School, 1995) online.

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