Foreign relations of Turkmenistan

Politics of Turkmenistan

* Constitution
* People's Council

Chairman: Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
* President

Serdar Berdimuhamedow

* Cabinet
* Assembly

Speaker: Dünýägözel Gulmanowa
* State Security Council
* Political parties

Agrarian Party
Democratic Party

Party of Industrialists and
Entrepreneurs

* Recent elections

* Presidential: 2012
* 2017
* 2022

* Parliamentary: 2018
* 2021
* 2023

* Administrative divisions

* Region
* Districts
* Cities

* Foreign relations

Visa policy
* Human rights
* Ruhnama

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

Turkmenistan's declaration of "permanent neutrality" was formally recognized by the United Nations in 1995. Former President Niyazov stated that the neutrality would prevent Turkmenistan from participating in multi-national defense organizations, but allows military assistance. Its neutral foreign policy has an important place in the country's constitution. Although the Government of Turkmenistan claims to favour trade with and export to the United States, and Turkey, its single largest commercial partner is China, which buys the vast bulk of Turkmen natural gas via the Central Asia–China gas pipeline. Turkmenistan has significant commercial relationships with Russia and Iran and growing cross-border trade with Afghanistan. The Government of Turkmenistan often appears to use the conflicting interests of these regional powers as a means to extract concessions, especially on energy issues.

## International disputes

[edit]

Signing of the Caspian Sea convention in 2018 brought only partial resolution of boundary disputes in the Caspian. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan have disputes over water-sharing. Turkmenistan shares a long border with Afghanistan, a principal producer of heroin and opium. As a result, a large volume of narcotics are trafficked through Turkmenistan on their way to lucrative markets in Europe and Russia.[1]

## Natural resources

[edit]

Main article: Economy of Turkmenistan § Natural gas

Turkmenistan is rich in natural gas, and currently sells most of its gas to China. Turkmenistan unilaterally cut off exports of pipeline natural gas to Iran in 2017 over a payment arrears dispute. Russia ceased buying gas from Turkmenistan in 2016, but resumed small purchases of pipeline gas in 2019. Afghanistan buys liquid petroleum gas, shipped by rail to Ymamnazar and Torghundi for onward delivery by truck. Pakistan provides Turkmenistan warm water as well as Iran and Russia.

Turkmenistan is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.[2]

## Organisations

[edit]

Turkmenistan is a member of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Islamic Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the International Organization of Turkic Culture.

Turkmenistan maintains permanent representatives to the United Nations offices in New York City, Vienna, and Geneva.

The United Nations maintains a permanent representation staffed by a resident coordinator along with representatives of some UN agencies in Ashgabat. The Asian Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and European Union have missions in Ashgabat, as well.

## Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Turkmenistan maintains diplomatic relations with:

#  | Country  | Date[3]
1  |  China | 6 January 1992
2  |  North Korea | 10 January 1992
3  |  Denmark | 21 January 1992
4  |  United Kingdom | 23 January 1992
5  |  South Korea | 7 February 1992
6  |  Iran | 18 February 1992
7  |  Afghanistan | 21 February 1992
8  |  Saudi Arabia | 22 February 1992
9  |  Bangladesh | 28 February 1992
10  |  Turkey | 29 February 1992
11  |  France | 6 March 1992
12  |  Germany | 6 March 1992
13  |  Spain | 19 March 1992
14  |  Cuba | 23 March 1992
15  |  Syria | 26 March 1992
16  |  Mexico | 27 March 1992
17  |  Russia | 8 April 1992
18  |  Sweden | 10 April 1992
19  |  United States | 10 April 1992
20  |  Canada | 17 April 1992
—  |  State of Palestine | 17 April 1992
21  |  India | 20 April 1992
22  |  Japan | 22 April 1992
23  |  Mongolia | 23 April 1992
24  |  Pakistan | 9 May 1992
25  |  Hungary | 11 May 1992
26  |  South Africa | 11 May 1992
27  |  Australia | 14 May 1992
28  |  Malaysia | 17 May 1992
29  |  Bulgaria | 20 May 1992
30  |  Netherlands | 20 May 1992
31  |  Oman | 29 May 1992
32  |  Norway | 8 June 1992
33  |  Azerbaijan | 9 June 1992
34  |  Italy | 9 June 1992
35  |  Finland | 10 June 1992
36  |  Greece | 10 June 1992
37  |  Thailand | 6 July 1992
38  |  Switzerland | 13 July 1992
39  |  Georgia | 16 July 1992
40  |  Lithuania | 21 July 1992
41  |  Romania | 21 July 1992
42  |  Vietnam | 29 July 1992
43  |  Portugal | 13 August 1992
44  |  New Zealand | 8 September 1992
45  |  Ghana | 17 September 1992
46  |  Argentina | 24 September 1992
47  |  Maldives | 25 September 1992
48  |  Morocco | 25 September 1992
49  |  Poland | 29 September 1992
50  |  Luxembourg | 2 October 1992
51  |  Kazakhstan | 5 October 1992
52  |  Kyrgyzstan | 5 October 1992
53  |  Moldova | 5 October 1992
54  |  Armenia | 9 October 1992
55  |  Ukraine | 10 October 1992
56  |  Austria | 16 October 1992
57  |  Mali | 16 November 1992
58  |  Tunisia | 30 November 1992
59  |  Equatorial Guinea | 8 December 1992
60  |  Libya | 8 December 1992
61  |  Indonesia | 10 December 1992
62  |  Slovakia | 1 January 1993
63  |  Latvia | 13 January 1993
64  |  Belarus | 21 January 1993
65  |  Tajikistan | 27 January 1993
66  |  Czech Republic | 31 January 1993
67  |  Belgium | 1 February 1993
68  |  Egypt | 3 February 1993
69  |  Uzbekistan | 7 February 1993
70  |  Jordan | 18 February 1993
71  |  Malta | 25 February 1993
72  |  Lebanon | 6 May 1993
73  |  Philippines | 23 July 1993
74  |  Israel | 8 October 1993
75  |  Slovenia | 11 November 1993
76  |  Zambia | 2 December 1993
77  |  Laos | 4 February 1994
78  |  Albania | 24 March 1994
79  |  Chile | 27 July 1994
80  |  Estonia | 26 August 1994
81  |  Algeria | 21 September 1994
82  |  Chad | 4 October 1994
83  |  Kuwait | 13 January 1995
84  |  Yemen | 27 February 1995
85  |  Cambodia | 6 April 1995
86  |  United Arab Emirates | 10 October 1995
87  |  Madagascar | 1 December 1995
88  |  Bahrain | 15 December 1995
89  |  Brazil | 3 April 1996
90  |  Sri Lanka | 18 April 1996
91  |  Venezuela | 30 April 1996
92  |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 17 June 1996
93  |  North Macedonia | 21 June 1996
94  |  Croatia | 2 July 1996
95  |  Bolivia | 9 July 1996
—  |  Holy See | 10 July 1996
96  |  Jamaica | 16 July 1996
97  |  Uruguay | 16 July 1996
98  |  Guatemala | 22 August 1996
99  |  Serbia | 26 August 1996
100  |  Colombia | 27 August 1996
101  |  Nicaragua | 29 August 1996
102  |  Belize | 11 September 1996
103  |  Singapore | 12 September 1996
104  |  Marshall Islands | 8 October 1996
105  |  Mozambique | 22 November 1996
106  |  Qatar | 22 November 1996
107  |  Iceland | 13 February 1997
108  |  Peru | 7 May 1997
109  |  Ecuador | 11 June 1997
110  |  Guyana | 11 June 1997
111  |  Angola | 18 June 1997
112  |  Mauritius | 2 July 1997
113  |  Haiti | 26 September 1997[4]
114  |  Malawi | 20 February 1998
115  |  Brunei | 22 February 1999
116  |  Zimbabwe | 22 March 1999
117  |  El Salvador | 20 May 1999
118  |  Suriname | 25 June 1999
119  |  Uganda | 5 August 1999
120  |  Myanmar | 26 August 1999
121  |  Nepal | 17 October 2005
122  |  Ireland | 16 October 2007
—  |  Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 30 October 2007
123  |  Cyprus | 13 November 2007
124  |  Andorra | 17 April 2008
125  |  Montenegro | 26 November 2008
126  |  Dominican Republic | 9 February 2009
127  |  Iraq | 31 July 2009
128  |  Gambia | 9 August 2012[4]
129  |  South Sudan | 17 August 2012
130  |  Fiji | 2 May 2014
131  |  Senegal | 25 September 2014
132  |  Togo | 25 September 2014
133  |  Panama | 24 July 2015
134  |  Sudan | 17 August 2015
135  |  Monaco | 27 August 2015
136  |  Ethiopia | 11 November 2015
137  |  Burundi | 12 December 2015
138  |  Burkina Faso | 12 March 2016
139  |  Bahamas | 7 October 2016
140  |  Dominica | 13 October 2016
141  |  Saint Kitts and Nevis | 31 May 2017
142  |  Djibouti | 4 July 2017
143  |  Paraguay | 28 July 2017
144  |  Benin | 26 July 2018
145  |  Somalia | 4 November 2019
146  |  Grenada | 13 February 2020
147  |  Sierra Leone | 15 June 2020
148  |  Republic of the Congo | 21 May 2021
149  |  Niger | 22 June 2021
150  |  Kenya | 14 March 2023
151  |  Trinidad and Tobago | 21 June 2023
152  |  Seychelles | 13 August 2024
153  |  Liechtenstein | 1 November 2024
154  |  Honduras | 12 June 2025
155  |  Rwanda | 14 July 2025
156  |  Eswatini | 5 August 2025[5]

## Bilateral relations

[edit]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

Afghanistan | 21 February 1992 |

See Afghanistan–Turkmenistan relations

Afghanistan has an embassy in Ashgabat and a consulate in Mary. Turkmenistan has an embassy in Kabul plus consulates in Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif.[6][7] The rise of India as an economic giant and its increasing energy needs make Turkmenistan and Central Asia energy markets of choice for that country and also China. The Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline (TAPI) has been one of the most important regional initiatives to be undertaken by these countries. The agreement to build the pipeline to transport Turkmen gas to Afghanistan and Pakistan and beyond to India was signed in 2010. In addition, Afghanistan depends on Turkmenistan for meeting a large part of the country's electricity needs. At present, Afghanistan imports more than 320 million kilowatt hours of electricity every year from Turkmenistan.

In 2011, Turkmenistan agreed to build a 150-km extension to a railway line to connect the rail line to Serhetabat to Andkhoy in Faryab province, Afghanistan. In February 2018, the existing rail line between Serhetabat and Torghundi in Afghanistan was restored to service.[8][9] This line is planned to be extended to Herat, where it could potentially connect to a rail line under construction from Khaf, Iran.[10] The line to Andkhoy went into service in January 2021.

In 2013, work began on a link from Kerki via Ymamnazar on the Turkmen-Afghan border to Aqina in Andkhoy District. This link was opened in November 2016.[11] It was extended 38 km to Andkhoy in January 2021,[12] and is intended eventually to become part of a railway corridor through northern Afghanistan, linking it via Sherkhan Bandar, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kunduz to Tajikistan.

As of 1 April 2011, there were 44 enterprises with Afghan assets in Turkmenistan.

Though Turkmenistan has not recognized the Taliban's state, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, it has facilitated the Taliban's appointment of diplomats to the Afghan Embassy in Ashgabat. The current chargé d'affaires is Fazal Muhammad Sabir, appointed in March 2022.[13][14][15]

Albania | 24 March 1994 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 24, 1994.[16]

Armenia | 9 October 1992 | See Armenia–Turkmenistan relations

* Formal relations were established in 1992
* Armenia has an embassy in Ashgabat.
* Turkmenistan has an embassy in Yerevan.
* Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
* There are between 30,000 and 44,000 people of Armenian descent living in Turkmenistan.

Austria | 16 October 1992 | See Austria–Turkmenistan relations

Turkmenistan has an embassy in Vienna, which doubles as the permanent mission to United Nations agencies in Vienna.

Azerbaijan | 9 June 1992 | See Azerbaijan–Turkmenistan relations

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals. Despite close linguistic affinities (Turkmen and Azerbaijani are about 65 percent mutually intelligible), Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan suffer from a strained relationship, in part because Turkmenistan is majority Sunni and Azerbaijan is majority Shi'a. Nonetheless the two countries have begun to cooperate more in commercial spheres, most notably with signing of a memorandum in 2020 on joint exploitation of the cross-boundary Serdar oil field in the Caspian.

Belarus | 21 January 1993 | See Belarus–Turkmenistan relations

* Formal relations were established in 1993
* Belarus has an embassy in Ashgabat.
* Turkmenistan has an embassy in Minsk.

Roughly 12,000 to 13,000 Turkmen university students are matriculated annually in Belarusian institutions of higher education.

Belize | 11 September 1996 |

The countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1996.[17]

Bulgaria |  |

* Bulgaria is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
* Turkmenistan is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.

Cambodia | 6 April 1995 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1995.

China | 6 January 1992 | See China-Turkmenistan relations

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals. The relationship is dominated by China's position as the largest importer by far of natural gas from Turkmenistan, making China Turkmenistan's largest source of foreign exchange earnings. China offers free higher education to several hundred Turkmen students each year.

Croatia | 2 July 1996 | See Croatia–Turkmenistan relations[17]

* Croatia is represented in Turkmenistan through its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
* Turkmenistan is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.

Djibouti | 4 July 2017 |

The countries established diplomatic relations on July 4, 2017.[16]

Dominica | 13 October 2016 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on October 13, 2016.[18]

France | 6 March 1992 | See France–Turkmenistan relations

Diplomatic relations were established with the March 6, 1992 signing of the Protocol. The French construction company Bouygues, the second-largest in Turkmenistan, has signed many construction contracts. The French company Thales Alenia Space constructed the first space satellite TürkmenÄlem 52°E / MonacoSAT.

* France has an embassy in Ashgabat.
* Turkmenistan has an embassy in Paris.

Georgia | 8 July 1992 |

Georgia has an embassy in Ashgabat, and Turkmenistan has an embassy in Tbilisi.[7][6][19]

Germany | 6 March 1992 |

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals. Turkmenistan have a consulate in Frankfurt am Main. Two German banks, Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank, have offices in Ashgabat, since much of Turkmenistan's foreign exchange accounts are held in those two German banks. Such German firms as Siemens and Claas have made significant sales of medical and agricultural equipment, respectively, to Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan Air offers scheduled service to Frankfurt am Main.

Guyana | 11 June 1997 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on June 11, 1997.[16]

Holy See | 10 July 1996 |

The Vatican maintains a nunciature in Ashgabat, although the nuncio is resident in Ankara. The Turkmen ambassador in Rome is multiple-accredited, including to the Holy See.

Iceland | 13 February 1997 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on February 13, 1997.[16]

India | 20 April 1992 | See India-Turkmenistan relations

India and Turkmenistan have embassies in each other's capitals. Turkmenistan Airlines used to operate flights between Ashgabat and both New Delhi and Amritsar, which connect in Ashgabat to flights to London and Birmingham. India is a destination for medical tourism by middle-class Turkmen. To some degree the relationship is framed by Turkmenistan's desire to export natural gas to India via the Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline.

Iran | 18 February 1992 | See Iran–Turkmenistan relations

Iran and Turkmenistan have had relations since Turkmenistan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Iran has an embassy in Ashgabat and a consulate in Mary. Turkmenistan has an embassy in Teheran and a consulate in Mashhad.[7] Iran was the second nation to recognize Turkmenistan as an independent nation.[6] Since then, the two countries have cooperated in the economic, infrastructure, and energy sectors. The $139 million Korpeje-Kurt Kui gas pipeline in western Turkmenistan and the $167 million Dostluk ("friendship" in Turkmen) Dam in the south of the country were built through a joint venture. The Caspian Sea territorial boundaries are a cause of tension between the two. Iran's Islamic theocracy and Turkmenistan's secular dictatorship also prevent the development of a closer friendship.

Israel | 8 October 1993 |

Israel has an embassy in Ashgabat.

Italy | 9 June 1992 |

Italy and Turkmenistan have embassies in each other's capitals. The Turkmen ambassador in Rome is also accredited to the United Nations agencies there, and to the Holy See. The relationship is dominated by the presence of Italian petroleum firm Eni, which operates oil wells in the Caspian Sea under a production sharing agreement.

Japan | 22 April 1992 |

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Turkmenistan were established in April 1992. Japan opened an embassy at Ashgabat in January 2005, and Turkmenistan opened an embassy in Tokyo in May 2013.[20] Japan is heavily involved in operation of the Oguz Han Engineering Technology University in Ashgabat. The Japan Bank for International Cooperation has financed several major industrial projects in Turkmenistan, including plants constructed with participation of Kawasaki and Sumitomo.

Kazakhstan | 5 October 1992 | See Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan relations

* Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ashgabat and a consulate in Turkmenbashy.
* Turkmenistan has an embassy in Astana and a consulate in Aktau.
* During a meeting in October 2023, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan released a statement affirming their strategic partnership and cooperation. Kazakh Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Murat Nurtleu and Turkmen Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Rashid Meredov issued the statement during a meeting in Ashgabat on 30 October 2023.[21]

Kyrgyzstan | 5 October 1992 | See Kyrgyzstan–Turkmenistan relations

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals.

Libya | 8 December 1992 |

Libya maintains an economic and commercial office rather than an embassy in Ashgabat.

Malaysia | 17 May 1992 | See Malaysia-Turkmenistan relations

Turkmen-Malaysian relations mainly revolve around the work of the Malaysian state petroleum corporation, Petronas, which extracts petroleum condensate in the Caspian Sea. Turkmenistan Airlines offers scheduled service between Ashgabat and Kuala Lumpur.

Mexico | 27 March 1992 |

* Mexico is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
* Turkmenistan is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

Netherlands |  |

* Netherlands is represented in Turkmenistan through its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
* Turkmenistan is represented in Netherlands through its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.

North Macedonia | 21 June 1996 |

The countries established diplomatic relations on June 21, 1996.[16]

Pakistan | 10 May 1992 | See Pakistan–Turkmenistan relations

* Formal relations were established on May 10, 1992. The countries have embassies in each other's capitals.
* To celebrate the 10th anniversary of Turkmenistan's independence in 2001 Pakistan issued stamps bearing the flag of Turkmenistan.[22]

Palestine | 17 April 1992 |

* Palestine has an embassy in Ashgabat.

Poland | 29 September 1992 | See Poland–Turkmenistan relations

* Poland is represented in Turkmenistan through its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan.
* Turkmenistan is represented in Poland through its embassy in Berlin, Germany.

Qatar | 22 November 1996 |

Qatar has an embassy in Ashgabat. Turkmenistan has no permanent diplomatic representation in Doha

Romania | 21 July 1992 |

The two countries have embassies in each other's capitals. Romania's primary interest is development of the Lapis Lazuli corridor, which would use Romanian seaports on the Black Sea.

Russia | 8 April 1992 | See Russia–Turkmenistan relations

* Russia has an embassy in Ashgabat and a consular office in Türkmenbaşy.[23][6]
* Turkmenistan has an embassy in Moscow and consulates in Astrakhan and Kazan.[24][7]

Saudi Arabia | 22 February 1992[17] |

Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ashgabat, and Turkmenistan has an embassy in Riyadh.

Slovakia |  |

* Slovakia is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
* Turkmenistan is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.

South Korea | 7 February 1992 | See South Korea–Turkmenistan relations

Diplomatic relations were established on February 7, 1992. The countries have embassies in each other's capitals.[6][7] South Korean firms such as Hyundai and LG have won major contracts for building industrial plants.

Spain | 19 March 1992 |

* Spain is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
* Turkmenistan is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.

Suriname | 25 June 1999 |

The countries established diplomatic relations on June 25, 1999.[17]

Sweden | 10 April 1992[17] | Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 10, 1992.
Switzerland | 13 July 1992 |

Turkmenistan maintains a diplomatic mission in Geneva, which doubles as its embassy to Switzerland and is permanent representative to United Nations agencies in Geneva as well as to the World Trade Organization. The Swiss ambassador in Baku is accredited to Turkmenistan.

Tajikistan | 27 January 1993[17] |

* Tajikistan has an embassy in Ashgabat.
* Turkmenistan has an embassy in Dushanbe.

Turkey | 29 February 1992[25][17] | See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations

* Turkey was the first state to recognize Turkmenistan on October 27, 1991.[25][17]
* Turkmenistan has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate in Istanbul
* Turkey has an embassy in Ashgabat.
* Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture and OIC.
* Trade volume between the two countries was 1.35 billion USD in 2019 (Turkmen exports/imports: 601/745 million USD.[26] Turkish firms Çalık Holding, Polimeks, Rönesans, GAP Inşaat and Tepe Inşaat have garnered billions of dollars of construction contracts since 1992.

Ukraine | 10 October 1992 |

Ukraine and Turkmenistan have embassies in each other's capitals.[6][7] Ukrainian companies have been involved in major construction projects, including the rail and automobile bridges across the Amu Darya at Türkmenabat.

United Arab Emirates | 10 October 1995 |

The countries have embassies in each other's capitals. In addition, Turkmenistan has a consulate in Dubai. The Emirates are a major entrepot for imports of foodstuffs and consumer items into Turkmenistan. In addition, one of three oil-drilling concessions in the Caspian Sea is held by Dragon Oil, which is wholly owned by the Emirates National Oil Company. The international office of Turkmenistan's TAPI Pipeline Company is in Dubai.

United Kingdom | 23 January 1992 | See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 23 January 1992.

* Turkmenistan maintains an embassy in London.
* The UK is accredited to Turkmenistan through its embassy in Ashgabat.[27]

Both countries share common membership of the OSCE. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[28] and an Investment Agreement.[29]

United States | 10 April 1992 | See Turkmenistan–United States relations

The United States and Turkmenistan continue to disagree about the latter country's path toward democratic and economic reform. The United States has publicly advocated industrial and agricultural privatization, market liberalization, and fiscal reform, as well as legal and regulatory reforms to open up the economy to foreign trade and investment, as the best way to achieve prosperity and true independence and sovereignty.

* Turkmenistan has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a mission to the United Nations in New York City. The Turkmen ambassador is accredited to Canada and Mexico, as well.
* A United States embassy, including a USAID country office, is located in Ashgabat.

Uzbekistan | 7 February 1993 | See Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan relations

* Turkmenistan has an embassy in Tashkent.
* Uzbekistan has an embassy in Ashgabat.

Venezuela | 30 April 1996[17] |

* Venezuela briefly opened an embassy in Ashgabat following a state visit by Hugo Chávez, but the staff returned to Teheran after six months. A chancery is located in Ashgabat, but the bilateral relationship is managed by the Venezuelan embassy in Iran.

Zimbabwe | 22 March 1999 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 22, 1999.[16]

## See also

[edit]

* List of diplomatic missions in Turkmenistan
* List of diplomatic missions of Turkmenistan

## References

[edit]

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14. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (19 March 2022). "Appointed by IEA MFA, Mr. Mohammad Fazel Saber was introduced in a ceremony as chargé d'affaires to his colleagues at the Afghan Embassy in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, yesterday". Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
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18. ^ "Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations with the Commonwealth of Dominica". Archived from the original on 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
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21. ^ Ualikhanova, A. (31 October 2023), "Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan Affirm Commitment to Strengthen Strategic Partnership", Astana Times, retrieved 3 May 2024
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24. ^ Turkmenistan Embassy in Russia Archived 2015-03-30 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
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26. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Turkmenistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
27. ^ "British Embassy Ashgabat". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
28. ^ Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (17 July 2023). "Country and regional development partnership summaries". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
29. ^ "Turkmenistan - United Kingdom BIT (1995)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2024.

## External links

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* "Potential gas customers line up to welcome new Turkmen leader", Eurasia Daily Monitor
* China's ambassador to Turkmenistan, Lu Guisheng, comments on bilateral cooperation
* Turkmenistan Foreign Policy in Nations Encyclopedia

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