Former German nobility in the Nazi Party

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Wilhelm, German Crown Prince and son of Wilhelm II, with Adolf Hitler in March 1933

Beginning in 1925, some members of higher levels of the German nobility joined the Nazi Party, registered by their title, date of birth, NSDAP Party registration number, and date of joining the Nazi Party, from the registration of their first prince (Ernst) into NSDAP in 1928, until the end of World War II in 1945.[1]

Following Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication and the German Revolution, all German nobility as a legally defined class was abolished. On promulgation of the Weimar Constitution on 11 September 1919, all such Germans were declared equal before the law.[2] There were 22 heads of these former federal states, titled as the 4 Kings of Germany; Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, and Württemberg, there were also 6 Grand Dukes, 5 Dukes, and 7 Princes, who along with all of their heirs, successors and families, lost their titles and domains. In appeasement of such losses, Adolf Hitler, Hermann Goering, Heinrich Himmler, and other Nazi leaders, frequently appealed to these (former) princes, and especially to Wilhelm II and his families from the former Prussian kingdom, by expressing sympathy for a restoration of their abolished monarchies, and such lost inheritances.

From 1925, the newly formed Nazi Party began accepting these princes by their (abolished) former titles, and by their (abolished) princedoms, and registering these dukes, princes, and princesses as such, in the Nazi Party. There are two known Nazi Party lists of such princes and princedoms. Of the first list Historian Malinowski notes: "of 312 families of the old aristocracy 3,592 princes joined the Nazis (26.9%) before Hitler came to power in 1933." The second Berlin Federal archives list depicts 270 princely members of the Nazi Party (1928–1942), of which almost half joined the Nazis pre-Hitler. The Berlin list named 90 direct senior heirs, to their 22 abolished princedoms,[3] and also included claimants to the (former) Imperial Crown of Wilhelm II. After the proposed Prussian – "fourth Kaiser" died in the Wehrmacht in 1940, Hitler issued the Prinzenerlass, prohibiting German princes from the Wehrmacht, but not from the Nazi Party, SA or SS. Some German states provided a proportionally higher number of SS officers, including Hesse-Nassau and Lippe. Such German princes included SS–Obergruppenführer and Higher SS and Police Leader Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont.

## German Empire and Kingdom of Prussia

[edit]

(Abolished 9 November 1918)

Kingdom of Prussia Ex-Kaiser Wilhelm II with his five sons Crown Prince William, Reich President von Hindenburg, and von Mackensen, 19 January 1933. Field Marshal von Mackensen, a monarchist,[4] was a military tutor to Wilhelm II, and his son. His high-profile black Life Hussars uniform was adopted by the SS. Von Mackensen was made a Prussian state councillor by Göring in 1933.

Main article: List of German monarchs in 1918

Main article: Abdication of Wilhelm II

Wilhelm II, German Emperor issued his statement of abdication on 28 November 1918, from both the Kingdom of Prussia, and imperial thrones, thus formally ending the House of Hohenzollern's 400-year rule over Prussia. He also gave up his, and future succession rights to the throne of Prussia and to the German Imperial throne connected therewith.[5]

William, German Crown Prince was first son and heir of Prussia and the collective Kaiserreich of Kaiser Wilhelm II. The Crown Prince is known to have abdicated around the same time as his father in 1918. Prince William was a military commander, as second in command to his Commander in Chief father, with Generalfeldmarschall Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria and Generalfeldmarschall Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg, at German military headquarters throughout WWI, until the allied armistice of 11 November 1918. As such, Wilhelm II and Crown Prince William directly commanded their Chief of General Staff, General Paul von Hindenburg throughout WWI. In 1933, von Hindenburg appointed (Nazi Party Leader) Hitler as the new Chancellor of Germany. On Hindenburg's death, Hitler officially became Führer and Chancellor of the Realm/Reich. Previously in Germany (1871–1918), the Chancellor was only responsible to the Prussian Kaiser (as Leader of the reich). In 1933, the Nazi regime abolished the flag of the Weimar Republic, and officially restored the Imperial Prussian flag, alongside the Swastika.

An earlier meeting with a (later) senior Nazi figure occurred in 1916, when Crown Prince William invested Hermann Wilhelm Göring with his Iron Cross, first class, after Göring flew reconnaissance and bombing missions in a Feldflieger Abteilung 25 (FFA 25) – in Crown Prince William's Fifth Army.[6] Like many veterans, Göring believed the Stab-in-the-back legend, that the WWI German Army had not really lost the war, but was betrayed by Marxists, Jews, and especially Republicans, who had overthrown the German monarchy.[7] In 1933, with Hitler and the Nazi Party in power, Göring was appointed as Minister of the Interior for Prussia,[8] for which he established a Prussian police force called the Geheime Staatspolizei, or Gestapo.[9] The headquarters of Reich Security Main Office, SD, Gestapo and SS in Nazi Germany (1933–1945), was symbolically housed at Prinz Albrecht-Strasse, off Wilhelmstraße, in Berlin.

Prince August William in 1932

In the early 1930s, Wilhelm II apparently hoped the successes of the German Nazi Party would stimulate interest in a restoration of the monarchy, with Crown Prince William's son as the fourth Kaiser.[10] After Crown Prince Wilhelm joined the Stahlhelm which merged in 1931 into the Harzburg Front, Adolf Hitler visited the former Crown Prince at Cecilienhof three times, in 1926, in 1933 (on the "Day of Potsdam") and in 1935.[11] In May 1940, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, the son of Crown Prince William, nominated by Wilhelm as the fourth Kaiser, took part in the invasion of France. He was wounded during the fighting in Valenciennes and died on 26 May 1940. The service drew over 50,000 mourners.[12] His death and the ensuing sympathy of the German public toward a member of the former German royal house greatly bothered Hitler, and he began to see the Hohenzollerns as a threat to his power. In 1940, Hitler issued the Prinzenerlass, prohibiting princes from German royal houses from military service in the Wehrmacht.[12]

Gathering of high-ranking Nazi officials in Berlin in 1933. Left to right: Georg von Detten (NB) (chief of the Political Office of SA Supreme Command), Heinrich Sahm (Lord Mayor of Berlin), August Wilhelm of Prussia (SA-Group Leader), Hermann Göring (Minister President of Prussia), Julius Lippert (Berlin State Commissioner), Karl Ernst, (Commander of the Berlin SA) and Artur Görlitzer (Deputy Gauleiter of Berlin). NB: Hitler personally named von Detten with the Victims of the Night of the Long Knives.

Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia was the fourth son of Emperor Wilhelm II, by his first wife, Augusta Victoria. In 1933 August Wilhelm had a position in the Prussian state, and became a member of the German Reichstag. The former prince hoped "that Hitler would one day hoist him or his son Alexander up to the vacant throne of the Kaiser". In 1939 August Wilhelm was made an SA-Obergruppenführer, the second highest SA rank. Translated as "senior group leader",[13] Obergruppenführer was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank first created in 1932 as a rank of the SA, and adopted by the Schutzstaffel one year later. Until 1942, it was the highest commissioned SS rank, inferior only to Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler.

As listed, Prince August was given Nazi Party membership number 24, at number 12 was SS-Obergruppenführer Philipp Bouhler. He was a SS-Reichsleiter, (the same SS rank as Himmler and Goebbels), he was second only to the rank of the Führer in the Nazi Party. Philipp Bouhler, worked alongside Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse who was a close friend of Göring. Bouhler was head of Nazi Action T4 euthanasia program for children and the handicapped; (70,000 murders). Deputy Führer to Hitler, also ranked SS-Obergruppenführer, and also SS-Reichsleiter, Rudolf Hesse was number 16. Hesse and Hitler, like Göring, held a shared belief in the stab-in-the-back myth, that Germany's loss in WWI was caused by a conspiracy of Jews and Bolsheviks rather than a military defeat.[14][15]

After the death of Prince August's father, Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1941, more so after making derogatory remarks about Joseph Goebbels, Prince August was denounced in 1942, side-lined and also banned from making public speeches. In 1945, with former Crown Princess Cecilie, August Wilhelm fled the approaching Red Army to Kronberg to take refuge with his aunt Princess Margaret of Prussia.

Prince Alexander Ferdinand was the only son of Prince August Wilhelm and his wife Princess Alexandra Victoria.[citation needed] In 1939, Prince Alexander was a first lieutenant in the Air Force Signal Corps.[16][17] Like his father, Prince August hoped that Hitler "would one day hoist him, or his son, up to the vacant throne of the Kaiser". Prince Alexander's, and his father's, support for the Nazis caused disagreements among the Hohenzollerns, with Wilhelm II urging them both to leave the Nazi party.[18] In 1933, Prince Alexander quit the SA and became a private in the German regular army.[19] In 1934, Berlin leaked out that the prince quit the SA because Hitler had chosen 21-year-old Alexander Ferdinand to succeed him as "head man in Germany when he [Hitler] no longer can carry the torch".[19] The report said Joseph Goebbels was expected to oppose the prince's nomination.[19] Unlike many princes untrusted and removed from their commands by Hitler, Prince Alexander was the only Hohenzollern allowed to remain at his post.[20]

NSDAP
| Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Prussian Princes in the Nazi Party

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NSDAP – 24 | Joined: 1 April 1930 |

| Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia |  Prussia |  Born 29 January 1887. Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia was the fourth son of Wilhelm II, German Emperor by his first wife, Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. Prince August joined NSDAP on 1 April 1930, with the low membership number 24. In 1931, he was accepted into the SA with the rank of "Standartenführer", this rank later representing the SS-Standartenführer of the Waffen-SS. Prince August hoped "that Hitler would one day hoist him or his son Alexander up to the vacant throne of the Kaiser".
NSDAP – 534782 | Joined: 1 May 1931 |  | Prince Alexander Ferdinand of Prussia | Prussia |  Born 26 December 1912. Prince Alexander of Prussia was son of Prince August Wilhelm and Princess Alexandra Victoria. As of November 1939, Prince Alexander Ferdinand was a first lieutenant in the Air Force Signal Corps, stationed in Wiesbaden.[16][17][21] In 1933 Prince Alexander Ferdinand quit the SA and became a private in the German regular army.[19]
NSDAP – 2407422 | Joined: 1 May 1935 |  | Prince Karl Franz of Prussia | Prussia | Born 15 December 1916. Prince Karl Franz was the only child born to Prince Joachim of Prussia by his wife Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt. In World War II, Karl Franz served as a lieutenant in an armoured car division, and at one point was stationed on the Polish front.[22] He was awarded the Iron Cross.

## Kingdom of Bavaria

[edit]

(Abolished 13 November 1918)

House of Wittelsbach

Titles| King of Bavaria
King of Denmark
King of Sweden
King of Norway
King of Greece

King Ludwig III

King Ludwig III of Bavaria may have been Hitler's first association with the Kaiserreich nobility. At the outbreak of World War I, Ludwig III received a petition from Adolf Hitler, asking for permission to join the Royal Bavarian Army. The petition was granted and Hitler joined the Royal Bavarian Army, where he served the remainder of WWI.[23][24]

As the war drew to a close, the German Revolution broke out in Bavaria, and Ludwig III was the first Kaiserreich monarch to be deposed.
On 7 November 1918, King Ludwig fled from Munich with his family to Schloss Anif, near Salzburg. On 12 November 1918, King Ludwig gave Prime Minister Dandl the Anif declaration, releasing all government officials, soldiers and civil officers from their oath of loyalty to him. The republican government of Kurt Eisner declared the Wittelsbachs deposed, ending 700 years of Wittelsbacher rule over Bavaria.[25]

Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria – Ludwig's son and heir did not join the far right in Germany, despite Hitler's attempts to win him over through Ernst Röhm and promises of royal restoration.[citation needed] Rupprecht opposed Hitler and a plan to give Rupprecht dictatorial powers in Bavaria under the title of Staatskommissar [de], attracted support from a wide coalition of parties, even including the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Wilhelm Hoegner. However, the hesitancy of the Bavarian government under Minister-President Heinrich Held and Hitler's assumption of power in January 1933 ended all hopes for the idea.[26] Rupprecht continued to harbor the idea of the restoration of the Bavarian monarchy, in a possible union with Austria as an independent Southern Germany.[27][full citation needed]

In a memorandum in 1943, Prince Rupprecht even mentioned his ambition for the German crown, (of the Kaiserreich), which had been held by the House of Wittelsbach in the past.

## Kingdom of Saxony

[edit]

(Abolished 13 November 1918)

House of Wettin

Titles|

* King of Saxony
* King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania
* Duke of Warsaw
* Monarch of the United Kingdom and the British Empire
* Emperor of India
* King of Bulgaria
* Monarch of Portugal and the Algarves
* King of the Belgians

Prince Georg

King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony

Frederick Augustus III was the last King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin. He voluntarily abdicated as King on 13 November 1918. When the German Republic was proclaimed in 1918, he was asked by telephone whether he would abdicate willingly. He said: "Oh, well, I suppose I'd better."[28] Upon abdicating, he is supposed to have said "Nu da machd doch eiern Drägg alleene!" (Saxon for "Well then do your sh... by yourselves!"). When cheered by a crowd in a railroad station several years after his abdication, he stuck his head out of the train's window and shouted, "You're a fine lot of republicans, I'll say!"[28] After his father's abdication in 1919, Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony, the king's first-born son and heir, renounced his rights on the Saxon throne to become a Catholic priest. This was very controversial among people who hoped that the monarchy might one day be restored. He worked in Berlin where he was credited with protecting Jews from the Nazi regime[29] in notable contrast to his pro-Nazi brothers-in-law, Prince Frederich of Hohenzollern and Prince Franz Joseph of Hohenzolllern-Emden, who joined the SS. As a leading Roman Catholic nobleman and near relative of the Habsburg, Bourbon, and Saxon dynasties, Prince Franz Joseph did much to lend respectability to the Nazi party.[30][31]

## Kingdom of Württemberg

[edit]

(Abolished 30 November 1918)

Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, Heinrich Himmler, Rudolf Hess, Baldur von Schirach, and Artur Axmann. Hitler Youth Rally 13 February 1939.

King William II of Wurttemberg

King William II abdicated on 30 November 1918.[32] Princess Pauline was the elder daughter of William II of Württemberg. Princess Pauline was a first cousin of: Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, and Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, and senior Nazi Party members Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Princess Pauline was indicted by a United States Military Government court for "having concealed two prominent Nazis since October 1945." The princess admitted "having deliberately provided a haven" for Gertrud Scholtz-Klink and her husband, former Maj. General August Heissmayer of the SS. The Princess had acknowledged knowing that "Scholtz-Klink was known as the chief of all Nazi women's organizations," but she denied awareness of Heissmayer's SS position. Scholtz-Klink told the authorities that she did not know whether "Adolf Hitler was alive or dead," but "as long as he lives in the hearts of his followers, he cannot die."[33]

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Württemberg Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 3726902 | Joined: 1 April 1936 |  | Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg |  Hohenlohe-Langenburg | Born 13 June 1863. Ernst was the son, of Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and Princess Leopoldine of Baden, daughter of Prince William of Baden. He married Queen Victoria's granddaughter, Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh, daughter of The Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Edinburgh and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. Prince Ernst was the Regent of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha during the minority of his wife's cousin, Duke Charles Edward.
NSDAP – 4969451 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Hohenlohe-Langenburg |  Born 1 September 1878. Princess Sandra was the fourth child and third daughter of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. She was the wife of Ernst II.
NSDAP – 4023070 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg |  Hohenlohe-Langenburg | Born 24 March 1897. Gottfried was the son of Prince Ernst II. After 1918, Gottfried continued to serve as a leader of the European aristocracy.[16] He served in the German army in World War II, becoming severely injured at the Russian front. He was dismissed from the army after the abortive attempt on Adolf Hitler's life on 20 July 1944.[16] In 1931, Prince Gottfried married Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark, the sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in 1947 he became brother-in-law to Elizabeth II.
Unknown ? Württemberg nobility  NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Unknown ? Württemberg Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
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|
|

NSDAP – 1234146 | Joined: 1 August 1932 |  | Prince Albert Albrecht of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein |  Hohenlohe-Bartenstein | Born 9 March 1906. Prince Albert Albrecht of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein and Jagstberg, was born in Württemberg, son of Johannes, VIII and Archduchess Anna Maria Theresia of Austria. The husband of Countess Therese of Hohenlohe.
NSDAP – 1331054 | Joined: 1 September 1932 |  | Princess Lahmann Mariella of Hohenlohe-Oehringen |  Hohenlohe-Oehringen | Born 31 August 1900. Countess Maria-Gabrielle (Mariella) Hedwig von Faber-Castell. On 1 May 1935, she married Prince Max Hugo Paul Friedrich Karl Egon zu Hohenlohe-Oehringen (1893–1951).
NSDAP – 1359811 | Joined: 1 November 1932 |  | Prince Carl of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein |  Hohenlohe-Bartenstein | Born 20 October 1905. Carl, Prince of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, was husband of Clara, Baroness von Meyern-Hohenberg, married 7 November 1912.
NSDAP – 3587919 | Joined: 1 May 1933 |  | Princess Alexandra of Hohenlohe-Langenburg |  Hohenlohe-Langenburg | Born 22 April 1902. Daughter of Ernst II. Princess Alexandra of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (2 April 1901 – 26 October 1963).
NSDAP – 1891373 | Joined: 1 May 1933 |  | Prince Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein |  Hohenlohe-Bartenstein | Born 3 September 1910. Frederick, Prince of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein. Prince Friedrich Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, was the son of Prince Johannes Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (b.1863) of Württemberg, and Princess Anna Austria-Toscana (b.1879) in Bavaria. He was husband of Marie Claire Buet.
NSDAP – 2151756 | Joined: 1 May 1933 |  | Prince Max-Hugo of Hohenlohe-Öhringen |  Hohenlohe-Oehringen | Born 25 March 1893. Prince Max Hugo of Hohenlohe-Öhringen was the son of Max Anton Karl Prince of Hohenlohe-Öhringen and Helene Gräfin von Hatzfeldt. He married, firstly, Maria-Gabrielle Gräfin von Faber-Castell, daughter of Alexander Friedrich Lothar Graf von Faber-Castell and Sophie Ottilie Gräfin von Faber, divorced 1931. He married, secondly, Hella von Ramin in 1941. He and Hella divorced in 1942. He married, thirdly, Marianne Liselotte Diefenthal. He died on 17 October 1951 in Wurttemberg.
NSDAP – 3409977 | Joined: 1 May 1933 |  | (Prince) Grand Duke Karl Alexander of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach |  Hohenlohe-Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach | Born 31 July 1908. "According to His Royal Highest resolution. Highness graciously reigning Grand Duke Karl Alexander of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach from March 16, 1892 granted the rights of a legal personality".
NSDAP – 1787117 | Joined: 1 July 1933 |  | Prince Friedrich Karl Kraft | Hohenlohe | Born 16 March 1892. Prince Friedrich Karl KRAFT, born in Dresden (d. 2 September 1965), was a son of Prince Hans Heinrich Georg, Prince of Hohenlohe-Oehringen, Duke of Ujest and Princess Gertrud Auguste Mathilde Olga von Hohenlohe-Öhringen. Died with his wife Florence Nina Chischina (1898–1965), in Rome, of wounds received in a car wreck.
NSDAP – 3508258 | Joined: 1 January 1936 |  | Prince Rudolph of Hohenlohe | Hohenlohe | Born 1 December 1903.
NSDAP – 5637217 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Princess Hella of Hohenlohe |  Hohenlohe-Oehringen | Born 25 February 1883. Princess Hela was the wife of Prince Max-Hugo. Hella von Ramin was born on 25 February 1883. She was the daughter of Paul von Ramin and Gunhild von Ramin-Daber. She married, (third husband) Prince Max-Hugo in 1941. She and Max-Hugo divorced in 1942. She died on 7 January 1943.
NSDAP – 4453767 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Princess Irma of Hohenlohe-Langenburg |  Hohenlohe-Langenburg | Born 4 July 1902. Daughter of Ernst II. Princess Irma of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (4 July 1902 – 8 March 1986).
NSDAP – 5371558 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Prince Hugo Felix August zu Hohenlohe-Oehringen |  Hohenlohe-Oehringen | Born 28 April 1890. Prince Hugo Felix August zu Hohenlohe-Oehringen, was son of Prince Hans Heinrich Georg, Prince of Hohenlohe-Oehringen, Duke of Ujest and Princess Gertrud Auguste Mathilde Olga von Hohenlohe-Öhringen. He was husband of Valerie von Carstanjen and Ursula von Zedlitz. He was father of Princess Alexandra Olga Elsa zu Hohenlohe Ohringen, and Princess Dorothea Elisabeth zu Hohenlohe Ohringen, (d.28 August 1962).
NSDAP – 6294978 | Joined: 1 May 1938 |  | Prince Alfred of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst | Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst | Born 31 March 1889. Prince Alfred of Hohenlohe was born in Salzburg, Austria, the son of Konrad, Prinz zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst and Franzisca Countess of Schönborn-Buchheim. He was the husband of Catherine Britton. Father of Konrad zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst. Brother of Franziska Maria Anna von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst. He died on 21 October 1948 in Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.
NSDAP – 6580922 | Joined: 1 December 1938 |  | Prince Karl of Hohenlohe | Hohenlohe | Born 1 December 1903.
NSDAP – 6580933 | Joined: 1 December 1938 |  | Prince Gottfried Constantin of Hohenlohe-Langenburg |  Hohenlohe-Langenburg | Born 11 September 1893. Gottfried Constantin of Hohenlohe-Langenburg was the son of Kuk privy councilor Prince Gottfried Karl Joseph and Anna von Schönborn-Buchheim. In WWII, Constantin was adjutant of the Supreme Commander in Belgium. After June 1944, he was assigned as head of the military administration in Estonia. Captain Hohenlohe was later fired from the Wehrmacht.
NSDAP – 6510492 | Joined: 1 December 1938 |  | Princess Viktoria of Hohenlohe | Hohenlohe | Born 20 October 1914.

## Grand Duchy of Baden

[edit]

(Abolished 22 November 1918)

Prince Maximilian

Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden

Grand Duke Frederick II abdicated on 22 November 1918, during the German Revolution of 1918–19 which resulted in the abolition of the Grand Duchy. After his death in 1928, the headship of the house was transferred over to his great uncle's grandson, Prince Maximilian of Baden. His successor Prince Maximilian, was the Chancellor of Germany and Minister President of Prussia, and the chief negotiator of the Kaiserreich abdication. Prince Max was married to Princess Marie Louise of Hanover, eldest daughter of Ernest Augustus II and Thyra of Denmark. Prince Max's son Prince Berthold of Baden married Princess Theodora, daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. As such, Prince Berthold was brother-in-law to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and eventually Elizabeth II. In 1920, with Kurt Hahn, Prince Max established the Schule Schloss Salem school[34][35] attended by Prince Philip.[36] Kurt Hahn also founded Gordonstoun in Scotland attended by Philips heir, Prince Charles.

## Grand Duchy of Hesse

[edit]

(Abolished 9 November 1918)

House of Hesse

Titles| Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
King of Sweden
King of Finland
Cadet branches| Hesse-Kassel
Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld
Battenberg (Mountbatten)
Hanau-Schaumburg

Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse

Prince Frederick Charles was the brother-in-law of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. Frederick Charles was elected as the King of Finland by the Parliament of Finland on 9 October 1918. However, with the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany ending monarchies in Germany, Finland adopted a republican constitution. His first son Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse joined the Nazi Party in 1930, and the SA. Stormtroopers in 1932. In 1933, his three other brothers joined the (SS) and the SA. Prince Philipp of Hesse became a particularly close friend of Hermann Göring, the future head of the Luftwaffe. After Hindenburg's appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, Philipp was appointed Oberpräsident (Governor) of Hesse-Nassau, and a member of the Reichstag, and of the Prussian Staatsrat. Philipp played an important role in the consolidation of Nazi rule in Germany. He introduced other aristocrats to NSDAP officials and, as son-in-law of the King of Italy, was a frequent go-between for Hitler and Benito Mussolini. As Governor of Hesse-Kassel, Philipp was complicit in the T-4 Euthanasia Program. In February 1941, Philipp signed the contract placing the sanitarium of Hadamar Clinic at the disposal of the Reich Interior Ministry. Over 10,000 mentally ill people were murdered there. In 1946, Prince Philipp of Hesse was charged with murder, but the charges were later dropped.

Philip of Hesse, second from right in first row. Kassel, 1933

Prince Frederick's other son Prince Christoph of Hesse was a SS. Schutzstaffel officer. Prince Christophe was a director in the Ministry of Aviation, Commander of the Air Reserves, with a rank of Oberführer in the SS.[37] In 1943, he was killed in an airplane accident in a war zone near Italy.[citation needed] Prince Christoph was a great-grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha through their daughter Victoria, Princess Royal, wife of Frederick III, German Emperor. Christoph married Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark. Princess Sophie was the youngest daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg, and the sister of the future Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Prince Wilhelm of Hesse was heir to the Hesse-Philippsthal line. Prince Wilhelm was the eldest child of Prince Chlodwig of Hesse and Princess Caroline of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich. In 1932 he joined the Nazi Party and SS, rising to the rank SS-Hauptsturmführer.[38][39][page needed] Prince Wilhelm married Princess Marianne, the daughter of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia.[38] During WWII Prince Wilhelm refused to join an SS unit, instead switching to the regular German Army, where he became a captain of infantry.[38][40] He was killed in action during the fighting at Gor on the Eastern Front.

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Hesse Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
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|
|

NSDAP – 418991 | Joined: 1 October 1930 |  | Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse | Hesse |  Born 6 November 1896. Philipp was son of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse and Princess Margaret of Prussia, (sister of Wilhelm II). In 1932, he joined the (SA). In 1933 his brothers joined the (SS) and the (SA). He was a member of Reichstag and Prussian Staatsrat. Through his party membership, Philipp became a particularly close friend of Hermann Göring. He introduced aristocrats to NSDAP officials and, as son-in-law of the King of Italy, he was a go-between for Hitler and Benito Mussolini.
NSDAP – 696176 | Joined: 1 November 1931 |

| Prince Christoph of Hesse | Hesse |  Born 14 May 1901. Prince Christoph was a director in the Ministry of Aviation, and the Commander of the Air Reserves, and in 1933, held the rank of Oberführer in the SS.[citation needed] Oberführer was a rank of the Nazi Party dating back to 1921. Translated as “senior leader”, an Oberführer was a Nazi Party member in charge of a group of paramilitary units in a particular geographical region.
NSDAP – 1187621 | Joined: 1 May 1932 |

| Prince Wilhelm of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld | Hesse-Philippsthal | Born 1 May 1905. In 1932, Prince Wilhelm joined the Nazi party and the SS rising to the rank SS-Hauptsturmführer.[38][39][page needed] Prince Wilhelm married Princess Marianne of Prussia. During WWII Prince Wilhelm refused to join an SS unit, instead switching to the regular German Army, where he became a captain of infantry.[39][page needed][40] He was killed in action during the fighting at Gor on the Eastern Front.
NSDAP – 1794944 | Joined: 1 May 1932 |  | Prince Wolfgang of Hesse | Hesse-Kassel | Born 6 November 1896. Prince Wolfgang of Hesse-Kassel was the designated Hereditary Prince of the monarchy of Finland, (with a pretension to Estonia), and as such, called the Crown Prince of Finland officially until 14 December 1918, and also afterwards by some monarchists.
NSDAP – 7900128 | Joined: 1 January 1940 |  | Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden | Hesse-Hesse by Rhine |  Born 1 August 1902. Princess Marie was the wife of Prince Wolfgang of Hesse. She was daughter of Prince Maximilian of Baden (1867-1929) and Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland. Her paternal grandparents were Prince Wilhelm of Baden (1829-97) and Princess Maria of Leuchtenberg (1841-1914). Marie Alexandra's grandmother Thyra was a sister of Empress Maria Fedorovna and aunt of Nicholas II of Russia, the last Romanov tsar.
NSDAP – 4628851 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Princess Marianne of Prussia | Hesse-Philippsthal | Born 23 August 1913. Princess Marianne was the wife of Prince Wilhelm of Hesse. She was a descendant of King Frederick William III of Prussia and King William I of the Netherlands. She was named after her great-grandmother Princess Marianne of the Netherlands. She was a third cousin of William, German Crown Prince.
NSDAP – 4814689 | Joined: 1 May 1938 |  | Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse | Hesse |  Born 1 May 1868. In 1893, Frederick Charles married Princess Margaret of Prussia, youngest sister of Wilhelm II and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of Great Britain. They had six children, including two sets of twins.
NSDAP – 4814690 | Joined: 1 May 1938 |  | Princess Margaret of Prussia | Hesse |  Born 22 May 1872. Princess Margaret of Prussia was a daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor and Victoria, Princess Royal, and the younger sister of Wilhelm II and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. She married Prince Frederick Charles, the elected King of Finland, making her the would-be Queen of Finland. In 1926, they became Landgrave and Landgravine of Hesse.
Unknown ? Hessian nobility  NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Unknown ? Hesse Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 1184026 | Joined: 1 March 1932 |  | Prince Alexis of Hesse-Philippsthal | Hesse-Philippsthal | Born 8 June 1911. Prince Alexis Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld. Was the son of Landgrave Chlodwig Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, and Princess Karoline Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, b. 27 May 1877, d. 28 Nov 1958, Berlin, West Germany.
NSDAP – 1203662 | Joined: 1 August 1932 |  | Prince Richard of Hesse | Hesse | Born 14 May 1901. Prince Richard was the twin brother of Prince Christopher.
NSDAP – 3515493 | Joined: 1 May 1933 |  | Princess Victoria Cecile of Hesse-Philippsthal | Hesse-Philippsthal | Born 26 October 1914. Viktoria Cäcilie (1914–1998), Prince Wilhelm and Alexander Friedrich (1911–1939), were the children of Chlodwig, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, an officer in the Prussian Army and head of the Hesse-Philippsthal line of the House of Hesse. In the early 1930s three of Landgrave Chlodwig's children (Wilhelm, Alexander Friedrich and Viktoria Cäcilie) joined the Nazi party. His third son Prince Alexander Friedrich, who suffered from epilepsy, was sterilised by the Nazis on 27 September 1938, he died a year later.[41]

## Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine

[edit]

(Abolished 9 November 1918)

Hesse Family

Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse

During World War I, Grand Duke Ernest Louis served as an officer at Kaiser Wilhelm's headquarters. In July 1918, roughly sixteen months after the February Revolution, which forced his brother-in-law, Nicholas II from his throne, Ernst's two sisters in Russia, Elizabeth, who had become a nun following the assassination of her husband, Grand Duke Sergei, in 1905, and Alexandra, the former tsarina, were killed by the Bolsheviks. At the end of the war, he lost his throne during the revolution of 1918, after refusing to abdicate.[42] Ernst was the last Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 1892 until 1918.[43]

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Hesse and by Rhine Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 3766312 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse | Hesse | Born 8 November 1906. Hereditary Grand Duke George was husband of Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark.
NSDAP – 3766313 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark | Hesse | Born 22 January 1911. Princess Cecilie was a grandchild of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinova of Russia (a granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia). She was a great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Her brother Philip, later Duke of Edinburgh, was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II.
NSDAP – 5900506 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Louis, Prince of Hesse and by Rhine | Hesse by Rhine |  Born 20 November 1908. Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine, was the youngest son of Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse by his second wife, Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich. He succeeded his brother Georg Donatus as the titular Grand Duke of Hesse after his death. He married the Hon. Margaret Campbell-Geddes (1913–1997) daughter of Auckland Campbell-Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes in 1937, on the day after the Sabena OO-AUB Ostend crash. In 1964, he stood as godfather to Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.

## Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

[edit]

(Abolished 14 November 1918)

Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Following the 1918 suicide of Grand Duke Adolphus Frederick VI of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duke Frederick Francis took up the regency of Strelitz, after the heir presumptive Duke Charles Michael, who was serving in the Russian Army at the time and had indicated that he wished to renounce his succession rights. Friedrich Franz abdicated the grand ducal throne on 14 November 1918 following the German Empire's defeat in World War I; the regency ended at the same time.[44][full citation needed] His son Friedrich Franz joined the Schutzstaffel (SS), and by 1936 held rank of Hauptsturmführer (Captain).[45] He was posted to Denmark during WWII where he worked at the German embassy as a personal aide to Werner Best.[45] He spent 1944 serving with the Waffen-SS tank corps.[45] In May 1943, Friedrich Franz was passed over as heir in favour of his younger brother Duke Christian Louis.[46]

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Mecklenburg-Schwerin Grand Dukes in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 504973 | Joined: 1 May 1931 |

| Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
Mecklenburg | Born 22 April 1910. Duke Friedrich Franz was the heir apparent to the throne of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, which his father abdicated on 14 November 1918. He was the eldest son of the reigning Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Frederick Francis IV, and his wife Princess Alexandra of Hanover, a daughter of the Crown Prince of Hanover. Friedrich Franz joined the SS and promoted to Hauptsturmführer (Captain) by 1936.[45] During WWII he worked at the German embassy as a personal aide to Werner Best.[45] He spent 1944 serving with the Waffen-SS tank corps.[45]

## Grand Duchy of Oldenburg

[edit]

(Abolished 11 November 1918)

House of Oldenburg

Titles|

* Emperor of Russia
* King of Denmark
* King of Norway
* King of Sweden
* King of Greece
* King of Iceland
* Grand Duke of Oldenburg

Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg

Grand Duke Frederick was forced to abdicate his throne at the end of World War I, when the former Grand Duchy of the German Empire joined the post-war German Republic.[47] He and his family took up residence at Rastede Castle, where he took up farming and local industrial interests.[16] A year after his abdication, he asked the Oldenburg Diet for a yearly allowance of 150,000 marks, stating that his financial condition was "extremely precarious".[16] In 1931, Frederick died in Rastede.[47]

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Oldenburg Grand Dukes in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 4085803 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg |  Oldenburg | Born 10 August 1897. Grand Duke Nikolaus was the eldest son of Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg, last ruling Grand Duke of Oldenburg. As a first cousin of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, he was a guest at her 1937 wedding to fellow Nazi Party member, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld.[citation needed]

## Duchy of Anhalt

[edit]

(Abolished 12 November 1918)

Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt

Joachim Ernst succeeded his father as Duke of Anhalt on 13 September 1918, however due to his age his uncle Prince Aribert of Anhalt was appointed regent. His brief reign came to an end on 12 November 1918 with his uncle abdicating in his name following the German revolution. The duchy became the Free State of Anhalt.

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Anhalt Dukes, Duchesses and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 3452693 | Joined: 1 May 1934 |  | Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt | Anhalt | Born 10 June 1898. Princess Marie Auguste was the daughter of Eduard, Duke of Anhalt and Princess Louise Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg.[48]

Marie-Auguste married Prince Joachim of Prussia, the youngest son of German Emperor William II. The wedding was attended by Joachim's father Wilhelm II and mother Empress Augusta Viktoria, and the Duke and Duchess of Anhalt, etc. After Joachim committed suicide in 1920, in 1922, Marie-Auguste sued ex-Emperor Wilhelm for the financial support promised to her, in her and Joachim's marriage contract.[48]

Unknown ? Anhalt nobility  NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Unknown ? Anhalt Dukes, Duchesses and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 4843880 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Duchess Edda Charlotte of Anhalt | Anhalt | Born 20 August 1905
NSDAP – 7267717 | Joined: 1 November 1939 |  | Duke Joachim Ernst of Anhalt | Anhalt | Born 11 January 1901

## Duchy of Brunswick

[edit]

(Abolished 8 November 1918)

House of Hanover

Parent house|

* Este → Welf

Titles|

* Empress of India
* King of Great Britain
* King of France
* King of Ireland
* King of Hanover
* Duke of Brunswick

etc., etc., etc.

Prince Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale

Ernst August, Crown Prince of Hanover, was the only son of George V of Hanover and Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. Although he was the senior male-line great-grandson of George III, the Duke of Cumberland was deprived of his British peerages and honours for having sided with Germany in World War I.[49][50] Ernst August was the last Hanoverian prince to hold a British royal title. His successor Ernst Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Prince of Hanover, Prince of Great Britain and Ireland, was the youngest child of Crown Prince Ernest Augustus and Princess Thyra.[51] When Ernest's older brother Prince George died, the German Emperor sent a message of condolence to the Duke. In response the Duke sent his only surviving son, Ernst, to thank the Emperor. In Berlin, Ernst met Emperor William II's only daughter, Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia. Ernest and Victoria Louise married in 1913. The wedding was the last great gathering of European sovereigns; German Emperor and Empress, Duke and Duchess of Cumberland, George V and Queen Mary of the UK, and Tsar Nicholas II attended. On 8 November 1918, he was forced to abdicate his throne along with the other Kaiserreich nobility. The next year, his father's British dukedom was suspended under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. In 1947, his daughter Frederica became Queen of the Hellenes when her husband Prince Paul of Greece and Denmark succeeded as King. He died in 1953.

## Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg

[edit]

(Abolished 13 November 1918)

Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

Ernst II and family

When Germany lost the war, all the German princes lost their titles and states. Ernst was one of the first princes to realize major changes were coming for Germany, and quickly arrived at an amicable settlement with his subjects.[21] He was forced to abdicate the government of the duchy on 13 November 1918, and spent the rest of his life like a private citizen. On 1 May 1937, Ernst joined the Nazi party[52] Ernst became the only former reigning German prince who accepted German Democratic Republic citizenship after World War II, refusing an offer to leave his beloved Schloß Fröhliche Wiederkunft and relocate to the British occupation zone. The Schloß had been confiscated by the Soviet occupiers, but Ernst had been granted free use of it until his death. In March 1954, with the death of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, he became the last survivor of the German princes who had reigned until 1918. One year later, on 22 March 1955, he died at his Schloß.

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Saxe-Altenburg Princes in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 4868932 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg |  Saxe-Coburg Altenburg |  Born 31 August 1871. Prince Ernst II, was only son of Prince Moritz, the youngest son of Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg and Princess Augusta. Ernst married Princess Adelaide, a granddaughter of Prince George William. Prince Ernst became the only former reigning prince who accepted GDR citizenship after World War II, refusing to relocate to the British occupation zone. In 1954, on the death of Charles Edward, he became the last of the German princes who had reigned until 1918. (d. 22 November 1955).

## Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

[edit]

(Abolished 14 November 1918)

Ruler  | Title  | Arms – Flag  | House – State  | Location  | Spouse – Children

|
|
|
|
|

| Duke
Charles Edward
1884–1954  |
| House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1826–1918

Duchy of Saxe-Coburg Gotha
1826–1918  |  | Spouse:
(1) Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein

Children:
(1) Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,
(2) Princess Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten,
(3) Prince Hubertus, (4) Princess Caroline Mathilde, (5) Prince Friedrich Josias

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Parent house| House of Wettin
Titles| Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
(1826–1918)
King of the Belgians
(1831–present)
King of Portugal and the Algarves
(1837–1910)
Prince of Bulgaria
(1887–1908)
King of Great Britain and Ireland
(1901–1917)
Tsar of Bulgaria
(1908–1946)

Main article: Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Charles Edward, was the last reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and the head of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha until his death in 1954. A male-line grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he was also until 1919 a Prince of the United Kingdom as the Duke of Albany. The Duke was a controversial figure in the UK due to his status as Sovereign Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, part of the German Empire, during World War I. He was deprived of his British peerages, his title of Prince and Royal Highness and his British honours in 1919.[53] In 1918, he was forced to abdicate his ducal throne. In World War I Charles Edward held a commission as a general in the German Army. Consequently, George V ordered his name removed from the register of the Knights of the Garter in 1915. In July 1917, he and his children had the Royal Arms insignia removed from their (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) coats of arms, they also lost their titles of Prince and Princess of the United Kingdom and the styles Royal Highness and Highness. He retained the style Highness of a sovereign ducal house in Germany, until 18 November 1918 when a Workers' and Soldiers' Council of Gotha deposed him. On 23 November 1918, he signed a declaration relinquishing his rights to the throne.

In 1977, Ottfried Neubecker, Director of the German General Rolls of Arms and of the Board of the International Academy of Heraldry, with the cooperation of J.P. Brooke-Little from the College of Arms, published "A Little Brown Book," later reprinted in 1988/89/97 as " Heraldry. Sources, Symbols and Meaning". (ISBN 0-316-64141-3). On page 96, Neubecker stated that; "The reigning royal family in Great Britain goes back to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg, husband of Queen Victoria. Our summary of the family tree covers all those descended in the male line from Queen Victoria. As the princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha were excluded from the British royal family in 1893, the labels chosen independently by them were not recognized in England. (Also), on 17 July 1917 the name of Saxe-Coburg was changed to Windsor."[54] By warrant of Sep. 12, 1917 and subsequent Order in Council of 1919, George V removed the inescutcheon of Saxony from the arms of all descendants of the Prince Consort.[55] Of George's 29 first-cousins on his father's side, 19 were German, the rest half-German; while on his mother's side, of the 31 first-cousins, six were German and 25 half-German.[citation needed]

In 1919, most, if not all of these Saxe-Coburg Gotha princes lost their titles and royal status, in accordance with the Weimar Constitution, which abolished their German monarchy. Although according to Neubecker; the princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha were excluded from the British royal family in 1893[citation needed], the labels chosen independently by them were not recognized in England.[56][page needed] Following the successions to the British throne of two such (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) princes; as king Edward VII, and king George V, the 1893 (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) exclusions of the British branch were finally enacted in 1919, at the end of WWI, shortly prior to the Weimar exclusions.[citation needed]

Saxe Coburg-Gotha exclusions from the British monarchy in 1893, and 1919.[citation needed] Descendants of Prince Consort, Albert of Saxe Coburg-Gotha
who were excluded from the British Royal Family in 1919.

Image  | Title  | Saxe-
Coburg
Gotha[57] |  LABEL [56][page needed] [58][page needed]
| UK Arms  | Notes
| Charles Edward of Albany
(1884–1954)  |  |  |  |  |  | Charles used the arms of his father 1st Duke of Albany; the son of Prince Albert.
| Prince Arthur of Connaught
(1883–1938)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Third son of Prince Albert
| Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
(1850–1942)  |  |  |  |  |  | Arms of Edward Duke of Kent & Strathearn (1767–1820), son of George III, the father of Queen Victoria
| Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
(1846–1923) Later: Princess of Schleswig-Holstein.  |  |  |  |  |  | Arms of Elizabeth (1770–1840), daughter of George III
| Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
(1848–1939)  |  |  |  |  |  | Arms of Mary Duchess of Gloucester & Edinburgh (1776–1857), daughter of George III
| Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom
(1857–1944) Later: Countess of Battenberg |  |  |  |  |  | Arms of Sophia (1777–1848), daughter of George III
| Louise, Princess Royal
(1867–1931) Later: Duchess of Fife |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Daughter of King Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark, sister of George V
| Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom
(1868–1935)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Second daughter of Edward VII; the younger sister of George V.
| Maud of Wales
(1869–1938) Later: Queen of Norway  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Youngest daughter of Edward VII; younger sister of George V.
|  Marie of Romania
(of Edinburgh)
(1875–1938) Later: Queen of Romania |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Daughter of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
| Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
(of Edinburgh)
(1876–1936)
Later: Grand-duchess of Hesse, later Grand-duchess of Russia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Label currently used by Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, daughter of Prince George, Duke of Kent
| Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (of Edinburgh) (1878–1942)
Later: Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Daughter of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
| Princess Margaret of Connaught
(1882–1920) Later: Crown princess of Sweden |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Daughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia
| Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
(1883–1966)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Daughter of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, the youngest son of Prince Albert
| Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
(of Edinburgh)
(1884–1966) Later: Duchess of Galliera |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Daughter of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
| Princess Patricia of Connaught
(1886–1974) Later: Lady Ramsay  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Daughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia
| Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
(1897–1965)  |  |  |  |  |  | Arms of Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (1709–1759), (daughter of George II), the spouse of William IV, Prince of Orange,

In 1932, Charles Edward took part in the creation of the Harzburg Front, through which the German National People's Party became associated with the Nazi Party. Charles Edward was a member of the (NSDAP), and formally joined the Nazi Party in 1935, becoming a member of the SA (Brownshirts), rising to rank of Obergruppenführer. Obergruppenführer, was the highest commissioned SS rank, inferior only to Reichsführer-SS (Heinrich Himmler). Charles Edward held the same rank as Prince Josias of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Rudolf Hess, von Ribbentrop, Martin Bormann, and Reinhard Heydrich. Charles Edward was also a member of the Reichstag representing the Nazi Party. In 1936, Adolf Hitler sent Charles Edward to Britain as president of the Anglo-German Friendship Society. His mission was to improve Anglo-German relations and to explore the possibility of a pact between the two countries. He sent Hitler encouraging reports about the strength of pro-German sentiment among the British aristocracy. After the Abdication Crisis, he played host to the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, during their private tour of Germany in 1937.

Charles Edward between Hermann Göring and Joseph Goebbels, 26 February 1935 Charles Edward with Mussolini, 19 March 1938

Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, was a German aristocrat, and the Regent of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha during the minority of his wife's cousin, Duke Charles Edward, from 1900 to 1905. Ernst was the oldest of three children, and the only son, of Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and Princess Leopoldine of Baden. He married Queen Victoria's granddaughter, Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh, daughter of The Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Edinburgh and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Ernst joined his son Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe (who had already entered in 1931) in the Nazi Party.[59] Prince Gottfried, the son of Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe married Princess Margarita, who was one of the sisters of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the consort of Queen Elizabeth II.

Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Hohenlohe) joined the Nazi Party, in 1937, together with several of her children.[60]

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Dukes, Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 300354 | Joined: 1 September 1930 |  | Prince Rainer of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Saxe Coburg. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Born 4 May 1900. Prince Rainer was son of Prince August Leopold and his wife Archduchess Karoline Marie of Austria. At the time of his birth the House of Wettin ruled the Kingdom of Saxony and the Ernestine duchies in Germany, as well as the kingdoms of Belgium, Portugal, Bulgaria and the United Kingdom. In line of succession to the Coburg throne, he possessed one of the largest fortunes in Hungary, one of the constituent realms within the Habsburg Empire, whose reigns ended, along with that of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1918.
NSDAP – 1037966 | Joined: 1 April 1932 |  | Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Born 2 August 1906. Prince Johann Leopold was the eldest son of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
NSDAP – 2560843 | Joined: 1 May 1933 |

| Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |

Main article: Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Born 19 July 1884. Charles Edward formally joined the Nazi Party in 1933, and SA (Brownshirts), rising to the rank of Obergruppenführer. He also served as a member of the Reichstag representing the Nazi Party from 1937 to 1945. In 1936, Adolf Hitler sent Charles Edward to Britain as president of the Anglo-German Friendship Society. His mission was to improve Anglo-German relations and to explore the possibility of a pact between the two countries. his three sons served in the Wehrmacht.
NSDAP – 7213588 | Joined: 1 October 1939 |  | Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Born 24 August 1909. Prince Hubertus was the son of, Charles Edward, and a great-grandson of Queen Victoria. Hubertus, thus, was also a Prince of the United Kingdom, with the style His Highness. In 1917, George V passed letters patent removing the title of Prince and the style Highness from his relatives, depriving Hubertus of his British titles. Hubertus joined the German Army (Wehrmacht), and saw action in the Eastern Front during World War II. He was killed in action in 1943, in Ukraine.
Unknown ? Saxe-Coburg and Gotha nobility  NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House |  Unknown ? Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Dukes, Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 196633 | Joined: 15 May 1930 |  | Prince Ernst of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Born 25 February 1907. Prince Ernst was the son of Prince August Leopold (aka Prince of the Empire of Brazil) and Archduchess Karoline Marie of Austria. Prince Augusts' wife was the daughter of Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, and his wife Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Prince Ernst married morganatically to Irmgard Röll. This marriage was childless. (d. 9 June 1978).
NSDAP – 1037967 | Joined: 1 April 1932 |  | Hereditary Princess Foedora of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Born 7 July 1905. Princess Feodora Freiin von der Horst (1905–1991),[citation needed] was Prince Johann Leopold's first wife.
NSDAP – 1560711 | Joined: 1 March 1933 |  | Princess Irmgard of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |

Main article: Krupp

Born 27 January 1912. Princess Irmgard was the daughter of Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach and Bertha Krupp. Gustav Krupp was "a super Nazi". Krupp was an avowed monarchist, and was persuaded the NASDP could end the Republic and restore the Kaiser and the old elites for renewed German expansion. Bertha Krupp never liked Hitler and she pleaded illness when he came on an official tour in 1934. Her daughter Irmgard acted as hostess.[61] Krupp secretly built artillery in Sweden, and built submarine pens in the Netherlands. In the 1930s, it also manufactured tanks and other war materials for Hitler. Krupp was a member of the Prussian State Council from 1921 to 1933. Gustav Krupp was named as a war criminal at the 1945 Nuremberg Trials.
NSDAP – 1453322 | Joined: 7 March 1933 |  | Prince Leopoldine of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |  Sax-Coburg and Gotha | Born 13 May 1905. Prince Leopoldine Gonzaga, was son of Prince August Leopold. (d. 24 December 1978).

## Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen

[edit]

(Abolished 10 November 1918)

Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

Bernhard assumed the throne of the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen after the death of his father in 1914. When Germany lost the war, all the German princes lost their titles and states. Bernhard was forced to abdicate as duke on 10 November 1918, and spent the rest of his life in his former country as a private citizen. His wife Princess Charlotte of Prussia was the second child of Prince Frederick of Prussia and Princess Victoria. Charlotte was the eldest granddaughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. She was well loved by her paternal grandparents King Wilhelm I and Queen Augusta, and close to her brother Wilhelm II.

Georg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen was the head of the house of Saxe-Meiningen from 1941 until his death. A nephew of Kaiser Wilhelm II,[citation needed][62] Georg was the eldest son of Prince Frederick Johann of Saxe-Meiningen (1861–1914) and Countess Adelaide of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1870–1948). His uncle Bernhard III abdicated on 10 November 1918 following the German Revolution. In 1933, he joined the Nazi Party. Georg died in the Russian prisoner of war camp in Northern Russia. His heir was his second and only surviving son Prince Frederick Alfred who renounced the succession, being a monk in 1953, allowing it to pass to his uncle Bernhard.

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Saxe-Meiningen Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 898842 | Joined: 1 March 1932 |  | Bernhard, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen | Saxe-Coburg Meiningen | Born 30 June 1901. Prince Bernhard was the third son of Prince Frederick Johann and Countess Adelaide. Bernhard and his first wife were declared guilty of a Nazi conspiracy against Austria in 1933; he was sentenced to six weeks in prison. After intervention of the German envoy, he was released from prison and they escaped to Italy. Three weeks later, he was arrested while trying to return to his castle of Pitzelstaetten.[63][64] He died in 1984.
NSDAP – 2594794 | Joined: 1 May 1933 |  | Georg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen | Saxe-Coburg Meiningen |  Born 11 October 1892. Prince Georg the eldest son of Prince Frederick Johann of Saxe-Meiningen (1861–1914) and Countess Adelaide of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1870–1948). His father was a son of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. After the death of his uncle Ernst in 1941, Georg succeeded to the headship of the House of Saxe-Meiningen and assumed the title of Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and style Georg III. Prince Georg died in the Russian prisoner of war camp near Cherepovets in Northern Russia, in 1946.
Unknown ? Saxe-Meiningen nobility  NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Saxe-Meiningen Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 525333 | Joined: 1 March 1931 |  | Princess Clara of Saxe-Coburg Meiningen | Saxe-Coburg Meiningen | Born 31 May 1895
NSDAP – 898841 | Joined: 1 March 1932 |  | Princess B. Margot of Saxe-Coburg Meiningen |  Saxe-Coburg Meiningen | Born 22 November 1911

## Principality of Lippe

[edit]

(Abolished 12 November 1918)

Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe

Prince Leopold IV, was forced to renounce the throne on 12 November 1918. Following the end of his rule, Lippe became a Free state in the new Weimar Republic. All three of his sons by his first wife became members of the party. His eldest son Prince Ernst is reported to have been the first German prince to join the party when he signed up in May 1928.[65] When Leopold died in Detmold his three eldest sons were all disinherited and his youngest son Armin, Prince of Lippe became head of the house.[citation needed]

Darré at Reich Food, before 3000 Lower Saxony people, 13 December 1937.

Princess Marie Adelheid of Lippe was the daughter of Count Rudolph and Princess Luise of Ardeck. In 1920, Marie Adelheid married Prince Heinrich XXXII,[66] who had once been close to succeeding Queen Wilhelmina to the Dutch throne. They divorced in 1921.[66] Marie Adelheid married thirdly to Hanno Konopath, a Nazi government official in 1927.[66] This marriage created some important contacts for her in the German regime.[66]

Like the Hesse family, the Lippe dynasty joined the Nazi party in great numbers (ultimately eighteen members would eventually join).[67] Some German states provided a proportionally higher number of SS officers, including Hesse-Nassau and Lippe, Marie Adelheid's birthplace.[67] Marie Adelheid developed strong connections with the Nazi regime, and became a leading socialite during that time.[67] In 1921, Marie Adelheid became employed as an aide to the Nazi Minister of Food and Agriculture, Richard Walther Darré (a friend of her third husband's).[68] Her cousin Ernst, Prince of Lippe (son of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe) was also employed under Darré.[67] Marie Adelheid devoted her writing talent to promoting Nazi ideals, in particular those of Darré.[69] Darré's views suffered as new plans were produced by Himmler and Göring.[70] As Darré's influence declined, so did that of Marie Adelheid and her cousin.

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Lippe Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 88835 | Joined: 1 May 1928 |

| Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Lippe |

Lippe | Born 12 June 1902. Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Lippe (1902–1987) married first (1924) Charlotte Ricken (1900–1974). He married secondly (1937) Herta-Elise Weiland (1911–1970). Prince Ernst was the first son of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe, all three of his sons by his first wife became members of the party. His eldest son the Hereditary Prince Ernst is reported to have been the first German prince to join the party when he signed up in May 1928.[65]

In 1938 Prince Ernst worked with, and became second Adjutant to Walter Darré, the "Reich Peasant Leader", at the Nazi Minister of Agriculture. In 1939 he was one of three main aides to the Minister, in his functions as Reich Minister, and Reichsleiter of the Nazi Party. Prince Ernst actively supported Darré's activity as Reichsleiter of the NSDAP, whilst also being Darré's adjutant as Reich Farm Leader, Prince Ernst's official residence was in the Reich Office of Agricultural Policy. Prince Ernst's main task as a party aide, was to act as a liaison between the Reich Office, for country people in Munich and in Berlin. As an adjutant, Prince Ernst was a member of the SS (SS-Nr. 314 184), with the honorary rank of SS-Sturmbannführer. He is listed in the Race and Settlement Main Office. Prince Ernst testified at the Nuremberg Trials.

NSDAP – 2583009 | Joined: 1 March 1933 |  | Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld | Lippe |

Main article: Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld

Born 29 June 1911. Prince Bernhard (1911–2004), later Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, was the husband of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and father of the Queen of the Netherlands, Princess Beatrix. After WWI, Bernhard's family lost their German Principality. Prince Bernhard joined the Nazi Party, and the Sturmabteilung (SA), which he left in 1934.[71] The Prince later denied that he had belonged to SA, to the Reiter-SS (SS Cavalry Corps), and to the NSKK. During WWII, Prince Bernhard was part of the London-based Allied war planning councils and saw active service as a Wing Commander (RAF) flying both fighter and bomber planes into combat. He was a Dutch General and Supreme Commander of the Dutch Armed forces, involved in negotiating the terms of surrender of the German Army in the Netherlands. After the War he was made Honorary Air Marshal of the RAF by Queen Elizabeth II. In England, Prince Bernhard asked to work in British Intelligence but the War Admiralty, and later General Eisenhower's Allied Command offices, did not trust him enough to allow him access to intelligence information. On the recommendation of Bernhard's friend King George VI, after being personally screened by intelligence officer Ian Fleming at the behest of Churchill, he was later given work in the Allied War Planning Councils.
NSDAP – 5854038 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Prince Ernst-Aschwin of Lippe-Biesterfeld | Lippe-Biesterfeld | Born 13 June 1914. Prince Aschwin of Lippe-Biesterfeld was the younger brother of Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. When Adolf Hitler came to power, Aschwin openly supported the Nazis and become a Wehrmacht officer. Prince Bernhard is said to have cut off communications with Nazi supporters, including his brother.
Unknown ? Lippe nobility  NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Lippe Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 292948 | Joined: 1 March 1930 |  | Prince Kurt of Lippe | Lippe | Born 5 March 1855. Prince Kurt (1855–1934) married (I) Sophie von Klengel (1857–1945) married (II) Johanna Krischke (1894–1987) 1. Marie Sophie (1886–1946) 2. Karl Christian (1889–1942).
NSDAP – 461527 | Joined: 1 February 1931 |  | Prince Karl Christian Joachim of Lippe | Lippe | Born 21 October 1889.
NSDAP – 479952 | Joined: 1 March 1931 |  | Prince Ludwig of Lippe | Lippe | Born 27 September 1909.
NSDAP – 565619 | Joined: 1 June 1931 |  | Princess Sophie of Lippe | Lippe | Born 9 April 1857.
NSDAP – 621441 | Joined: 1 September 1931 |  | Princess Johanna of Lippe | Lippe | Born 15 June 1894.
NSDAP – 674238 | Joined: 1 October 1931 |  | Princess Hedwig-Maria of Lippe | Lippe | 29 December 1903.
NSDAP – 868756 | Joined: 1 January 1932 |  | Count Otto of Lippe | Lippe | Born 4 July 1904.
NSDAP – 891529 | Joined: 1 February 1932 |  | Prince Leopold Barnard of Lippe | Lippe | Born 19 May 1904. Prince Leopold Bernhard (1904–1965), was the second son of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe.
NSDAP – 1334759 | Joined: 1 October 1932 |  | Princess Elisabeth of Lippe | Lippe | Born 27 October 1900.
v 5164799 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Prince Christian of Lippe-Biesterfeld | Lippe-Biesterfeld
v 4533031 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Prince Ferdinand of Lippe-Weissenfeld | Lippe-Weissenfeld | Born 16 July 1903. Prince Carl Franz Ferdinand of Lippe-Weissenfeld was the son of Clemens Prince of Lippe-Weissenfeld and Friederike Baronin von Carolowitz. He married Dorothea Princess von Schönburg-Waldenburg. He died on 26 September 1939 at age 36 at near Lublin, Poland, killed in action.
NSDAP – 6153171 | Joined: 1 May 1938 |  | Princess Franziska of Lippe | Lippe | Born 14 December 1902.
NSDAP – 7218152 | Joined: 1 October 1939 |  | Prince Kurt-Bernhard of Lippe | Lippe-Biesterfeld | Born 4 July 1901.
NSDAP – 4320380 | Joined: withheld |  | Count Rolf of Lippe | Lippe | Born 4 January 1912.
NSDAP – 3723952 | Joined: withheld |  | Prince Walther of Lippe | Lippe | Born 7 April 1878.

## Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe

[edit]

(Abolished 15 November 1918)

Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

Adolph succeeded his father as Prince in 1911, until he was forced to abdicate on 15 November 1918. Following the German revolution: the Principality became the Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe. Adolf married Ellen Bischoff-Korthaus, they were both killed in a plane crash in Mexico in 1936, in a controlled flight into the side of a volcano. He was succeeded as head of the House of Schaumburg-Lippe by his brother Wolrad.

Main article: Prince Friedrich Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe

Prince Adolph's brother Prince Friedrich Christian, was son of Georg, the reigning Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, and Princess Marie Anne. Friedrich's brother Adolf II was the "last German prince forced to abdicate.[72] After WWI, Friedrich Christian was an ardent Nazi Party supporter, and worked vigorously to gain noble and royal support for it, and eventually became an upper privy councillor and adjutant to Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. In 1939, Friedrich Christian was asked to become King of Iceland by Icelanders sympathetic to the Nazi party, but refused due to the opposition of Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. Prince Friedrich felt disillusioned by the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II, and even more unhappy over the "cowardly abdications" of the German princes in 1918.[73][full citation needed] The prince wished for a restoration of the monarchy, he believed that Adolf Hitler was also in tandem with these views, writing in his diary, "Hitler was in principle for the monarchy, but not for the continuation of that which, in his opinion, had failed totally."[73] The prince "liked to think the "National Socialists as true heirs of the old nobility."[74][full citation needed]

The House of Schaumburg-Lippe had ten members in the Nazi party.[75] Hitler wanted these high-ranking members of society for propaganda reasons – the more who joined, the more socially acceptable his new regime would be.[1] Like Friedrich and his brother Prince Wolrad, Hitler appointed many of these new members to the Sturmabteilung as stormtroopers.[76] Hitler made various assurances to its members, leading them to believe he intended to restore the monarchy.[77][full citation needed] Friedrich Christian was a speaker for the Nazi Party in 1929, and worked vigorously to gain the support of other noble families behind Hitler.[73][77][full citation needed] He worked closely with Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.[78]> Goebbels gave him a position in the newly created Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda.[79] By April 1933, Friedrich Christian was both an upper privy councillor and Goebbels' adjutant.[79] That year, the prince arranged for the Minister's involvement in the Berlin University book burning.[79] As evident from photographs and diaries during that time, Hitler and Goebbels both held Friedrich Christian in high esteem.[73] As WWII continued with German military defeats, Hitler became more suspicious of royal and noble families, questioning their loyalties.[80] By 1943, he secretly ordered all Nazi bureaucracies to compile a record of members, and then personally decided if they were to be "retired" or allowed to stay.[81] Most of the princes were unwillingly booted out of the party as a result.[82] Goebbels went to Hitler to protect Friedrich Christian, who obtained a special waiver, for the prince's "future deployment in the Propaganda Ministry".

In 1947, four German princes Friedrich Christian, Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia, Prince Philipp of Hesse, and Hereditary Prince Ernst of Lippe, were brought under arrest to the war crimes jail at Nuremberg in order to appear as witnesses in a portion of the 16 trials of high-ranking Nazi criminals.[83] Viewed as an "old-line party member" who made propaganda excursions to many foreign countries on Goebbels' behalf, Friedrich Christian was the last of the four to testify.[83]

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Schaumburg-Lippe Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 95146 | Joined: 1 August 1928 |

| Prince Friedrich Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe |  Schaumburg-Lippe |

Main article: Prince Friedrich Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe

Friedrich was an ardent Nazi Party supporter, who worked to gain royal support for them, becoming an upper privy councillor and adjutant to Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. In 1939, Friedrich was asked to become King of Iceland by Icelanders sympathetic to the Nazi party, but refused due to the opposition of Joachim von Ribbentrop. SA-Standartenführer. (SA-Standard leader (regiment sized unit)).
NSDAP – 3681098 | Joined: 1 August 1935 |  | Wolrad, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe | Schaumburg-Lippe |  Wolrad married his second cousin Princess Bathildis of Schaumburg-Lippe (1903–1983). He was the brother of Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, Princes Friedrich Christian and Stephan, the four sons of Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe.
NSDAP – 3681097 | Joined: 1 October 1935 |  | Princess Bathildis of Schaumburg-Lippe |  Schaumburg-Lippe | Princess Bathildis (1903–1983), married Wolrad, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe. Bathildis was the only daughter of Prince Albert of Schaumburg-Lippe and Duchess Elsa of Württemberg.
Unknown ? Schaumburg-Lippe nobility  NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Unknown? Schaumburg-Lippe nobility

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 638702 | Joined: 1 May 1938 |  | Prince Albrecht of Schaumburg-Lippe | Schaumburg-Lippe |
NSDAP – 3018293 | Joined: 1 May 1933 |  | Prince Max of Schaumburg-Lippe | Schaumburg-Lippe | Prince Max of Schaumburg-Lippe (28 March 1898 – 4 February 1974), married in 1933 to Princess Helga-Lee of Schaumburg-Lippe, no issue.
NSDAP – 7965863 | Joined: 1 May 1938 |  | Prince Walburgis of Schaumburg-Lippe |  Schaumburg-Lippe | Prince Walbergis joined on the same day as Prince Franz Joseph.
NSDAP – 6189085 | Joined: 1 May 1938 |  | Franz Joseph Adolph Ernst of Schaumburg-Lippe | Schaumburg-Lippe | Prince Franz Josef of Schaumburg-Lippe (1 September 1899 – 7 July 1963), married in 1959 to Maria Theresia Peschel. His mother Duchess Elsa of Württemberg; (1876–1936) was a daughter of Duke Eugen of Württemberg and Grand Duchess Vera Constantinovna of Russia. She married Prince Albert of Schaumburg-Lippe (1869–1942). Her four children were Prince Franz Josef, Prince Max, Prince Alexander and Princess Bathildis.
NSDAP –144005 | Joined: 16 August 1929 |  | Princess Alexandra of Schaumburg-Lippe | Schaumburg-Lippe | D.o.b. withheld
NSDAP – 309345 | Joined: 1 October 1930 |  | Princess Ingerborg-Alice of Schaumburg-Lippe | Schaumburg-Lippe | D.o.b. withheld

## Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont

[edit]

(Abolished 13 November 1918)

Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (Friedrich Adolf Hermann Prinz zu Waldeck und Pyrmont; 20 January 1865 – 26 May 1946) was the last reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont from 12 May 1893 to 13 November 1918.

Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont was the heir apparent to Waldeck and Pyrmont. At the end of WWI, his family lost their Principality as Waldeck and Pyrmont became a Free State in the new Weimar Republic.

On 1 November 1929, Josias joined Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party, becoming a member of the SS in 1930. He was immediately appointed adjutant to Sepp Dietrich (a leading member of the SS), before becoming Heinrich Himmler's Adjutant and staff chief in September 1930.[84] Waldeck-Pyrmont was elected as the Reichstag member for Düsseldorf-West in 1933 and was promoted to the rank of SS Lieutenant General.[84] He was promoted again in 1939, to the Higher SS and Police Leader for Weimar. In this position he had supervisory authority over Buchenwald concentration camp.[85] After World War II, he was sentenced to life in prison at the Buchenwald Trial (later commuted to 20 years) for his part in the "common plan" to violate the Laws and Usages of War in connection with prisoners of war held at Buchenwald concentration camp, but was released after serving about three years in prison. He was the nephew of William II, King of Württemberg, and Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Queen Regent of the Netherlands. He was also a cousin of Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, and Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Prince Josias's and his wife, Duchess Altburg of Oldenburg were the parents of Wittekind, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler were his godfathers.[39][page needed] Wittekind, who served in the German Armed Forces as a Lieutenant Colonel, succeeded as head of the House of Waldeck and Pyrmont when his father died on 30 November 1967.[86]

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Waldeck-Pyrmont Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 160025 | Joined: 1 November 1929 |

| Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont |
Waldeck and Pyrmont |

Main article: Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

Born 13 May 1896. Prince Josias was the heir apparent to the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont. He joined the SS in 1930, as adjutant to Sepp Dietrich, then became Heinrich Himmler's Adjutant and staff chief.[84] Prince Josias was elected to the Reichstag in 1933, and promoted to SS Lieutenant General.[84] He was promoted again in 1939, to the Higher SS and Police Leader for Weimar, with supervisory authority over Buchenwald concentration camp.[87] Adolf Hitler appointed Josias to the Ordnungspolizei (uniformed police) in 1941. In 1942, he was High Commissioner of Police in German-occupied France.[88] He was then made a General in the Waffen-SS in 1944.[89] Josias was arrested in 1945, and sentenced to life imprisonment at the Buchenwald Trial in 1947. This was commuted to twenty years,[90] after three years he was released in 1950.[84] He was then granted an amnesty by the Minister President of Hesse in 1953.[67]
NSDAP – 161001 | Joined: 1 November 1929 |  | Duchess Altburg of Oldenburg | Waldeck and Pyrmont |  Born 19 May 1903. Duchess Altburg married Prince Josias, who was the eldest son of Prince Friedrich and Princess Bathildis. Duchess Altburg was a daughter of Grand Duke Frederick Augustus II by his second wife Duchess Elisabeth Alexandrine. Like her own parents, Josias' parents had lost their titles in 1918. Prince Josias and Duchess Altberg joined NSDAP on the same day in 1929. They were amongst the earliest (4th and 5th royals) as Nazi Party members, from the abolished Kaiserreich princedoms of 1918.
NSDAP – 8562493 | Joined: 1 September 1941 |  | Princess Margarethe of Waldeck and Pyrmont |  Waldeck and Pyrmont | Born 22 May 1923. Princess Margarethe was the eldest daughter of Prince Josias and Princess Altberg. Princess Margarethe of Waldeck and Pyrmont married Count Franz August zu Erbach-Erbach (b. 1925).

## Principality of Reuss-Gera (Younger Line)

[edit]

(Abolished 11 November 1918)

Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line[citation needed]

At the death of his father on 29 March 1913, Heinrich inherited the throne of the Principality, as well he continued the regency of Reuss Elder Line, because of a physical and mental disability of Prince Heinrich XXIV due to an accident in his childhood. Prince Heinrich XXVII abdicated in 1918 after the German Revolution of 1918–19, when all German monarchies were abolished. After the death of Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss Elder Line in 1927, the titles passed to Heinrich XXVII.

Heinrich XLV, Hereditary Prince Reuss Younger Line

Heinrich XLV was the head of the House of Reuss, and last male member of the Reuss-Schleiz branch of the Younger Line. Heinrich XLV was the only surviving son of Heinrich XXVII. During the 1930s Heinrich XLV became a Nazi sympathizer and member of the Nazi Party.[91] In 1945, he was arrested by the Soviet military and disappeared. In 1962, he was declared dead by a court in Büdingen.

NSDAP | Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Reuss Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 237533 | 1 May 1930 |  | Princess Marie Adelheid of Lippe-Biesterfeld | Reuss |

Main article: Princess Marie Adelheid of Lippe-Biesterfeld

Born 30 August 1895. Like the Hesse family, the Lippe dynasty joined the Nazi party in great numbers (ultimately eighteen members would eventually join).[87] Some German states provided a proportionally higher number of SS officers, including Hesse-Nassau and Lippe, Marie Adelheid's birthplace.[87] As an ardent believer of the party's views, Marie Adelheid developed strong connections to the emerging Nazi regime, and became a leading socialite during that time.[87]
NSDAP – 2199219 | Joined: 1 May 1933 |  | Heinrich XLV, Hereditary Prince Reuss Younger Line | Reuss |  Born 13 May 1895. Heinrich XLV became head of the House of Reuss after the Younger and Elder Lines merged in 1927. In 1935 he adopted Prince Heinrich I Reuss of Köstritz (1910–1982), who married his niece Duchess Woizlawa Feodora of Mecklenburg. In August 1945, he was arrested by the Soviet military and disappeared. In 1962, he was declared dead by a court in Büdingen. His entire fortune was confiscated in 1948 by the Soviet Military Administration, including three Castles in Gera. Heinrich XLV remained unmarried and childless.
NSDAP – 3603963 | Joined: 1 May 1935 |  | Prince Heinrich XXXIII Reuss of Köstritz | Reuss-Köstritz |  Born 1 August 1887. Prince Heinrich XXXIII Reuss was the son of the Prince Heinrich VII Reuss of Köstritz and Princess Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Through his mother, Prince Heinrich XXXIII was heir to the throne of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until the birth of Crown Princess Juliana, daughter of Queen Wilhelmina.
Unknown ? Reuss nobility  NSDAP
| Nazi Party | Military
Rank | Title and
Name | Royal
House | Unknown ? Reuss Princes and Princesses in the Nazi Party

|
|
|
|
|

NSDAP – 912977 | Joined: 1 February 1932 |  | Prince Heinrich of Reuss | Reuss | Born 28 March 1890. Heinrich Harry, Prince of Reuss, Graf von Plauen, was the son of Heinrich XXVI, Prince of Reuss (b. 15 December 1857) and Viktoria, Gräfin von Fürstenstein (b. 11 September 1863). He was the husband of Huberta Valeska Sascha Eva Anna Dorothea, Freiin von Tiele-Winckler. Prince Heinrich joined the Nazi Party at the same time as Princess Huberta.
NSDAP – 912978 | Joined: 1 February 1932 |  | Princess Huberta of Reuss | Reuss | Born 14 April 1889. Princess Edina-Huberta of Reuss, was the daughter of Heinrich Harry, Prince Reuss, Graf von Plauen (b. 28 March 1890) and Huberta Valeska Sascha Eva Anna Dorothea, Baroness von Tiele-Winckler (b. 14 April 1889).
NSDAP – 1190474 | Joined: 1 May 1932 |  | Prince Heinrich XXXVI | Reuss (Köstritz) | Born 10 August 1888. Heinrich XXXVI Prince Reuß zu Köstritz, was born in Stonsdorf, and died in Oberstdorf 10 May 1956.
NSDAP – 3018157 | Joined: 1 May 1933 |  | Prince Heinrich XXXV | Reuss | Born 10 August 1888. Brother of Heinrich XXXIII, and XXXII. Heinrich XXXV (1887–1936) married firstly in 1911 (divorced 1921) Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg (1888–1947), married secondly in 1921 (divorced 1923) Princess Marie Adelaide of Lippe (1895–1993).
NSDAP – 4418345 | Joined: 1 May 1937 |  | Prince Heinrich XXVII | Reuss | Born 13 December 1897.
NSDAP – 7089148 | Joined: 1 September 1939 |  | Prince Heinrich of Reuss | Reuss | Born 26 May 1921. Prince Heinrich V Reuss of Köstritz (d. 28 October 1980) was the son of Marie Adelheid and Heinrich XXXV Prinz Reuss zu Köstritz, her first husband's younger brother.

## See also

[edit]

* List of German monarchs in 1918
* Abdication of Wilhelm II
* List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
* Glossary of Nazi Germany

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Petropoulos 2006, pp. 5–6.
2. ^ Article 109 of the Weimar Constitution constitutes: Adelsbezeichnungen gelten nur als Teil des Namens und dürfen nicht mehr verliehen werden ("Noble names are only recognised as part of the surname and may no longer be granted").
3. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 380.
4. ^ Showalter, D. E., Tannenberg: Clash of Empires. Hamden: Archon, 1991. p. 177
5. ^ Hart, Albert Bushnell (1919). The American Year Book: A Record of Events and Progress. p. 153.
6. ^ Manvell 2011, pp. 28–29.
7. ^ Manvell 2011, p. 39.
8. ^ Manvell 2011, p. 92.
9. ^ Evans 2005, p. 54.
10. ^ Baron Clemens von Radowitz-Nei (3 July 1922). "Monarchy Will Return, But Not I, Says Ex-Kaiser; Ebert Capable, but Republic Is Only a Temporary Affair, Former Ruler Holds. Sees Nation Again a Power. Hopes for an Economic Union in Central Europe, but Disapproves Austrian Alliance. Assails the Soviet Treaty. Talks on Many Current Issues With Baron Clemens von Radowitz-Nei, One of a Group Of Callers at Doorn". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
11. ^ Müller, Heike; Berndt, Harald (2006). Schloss Cecilienhof und die Konferenz von Potsdam 1945 (German). Stiftung Preussische Schlösser und Gärten. ISBN 3-910068-16-2.
12. ^ a b "Wilhelm Prinz von Preussen (in German)" (in German). Preussen.de. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
13. ^ McNab 2009, p. 15.
14. ^ Nesbit & van Acker 2011, p. 15.
15. ^ Evans 2003, p. 177.
16. ^ a b c d e f "Family of Ex-Kaiser Sends Many to Front". The New York Times. 26 November 1939.
17. ^ a b Associated Press (26 November 1939). "Kaiser's Kin Serve Hitler In Nazi Army". The Washington Post.
18. ^ MacDonogh, Giles (2000). The Last Kaiser: The Life of Wilhelm II. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 449\. ISBN 9780312305574.
19. ^ a b c d "Prince Chosen by Hitler as Reich Regent" (PDF). Tonawanda Evening News. 2 January 1934.
20. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 243.
21. ^ a b "Prince's Wireless Plant". The New York Times. 7 April 1914.
22. ^ "Kaiser's Grandson is Killed in Action". The New York Times. 17 September 1939.
23. ^ See, e.g., Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 57–58\. ISBN 0-385-03724-4. ("Toland") and Large, David C. (1997). Where Ghosts Walked: Munich's Road to the Third Reich. New York: Doubleday & Company. pp. 48–49\. ISBN 0-393-03836-X. ("Large").
24. ^ This account is based on Hitler's recollections in Mein Kampf. Kershaw holds that Hitler's story is simply not credible and suggests that bureaucratic error, rather than bureaucratic efficiency, was responsible for Hitler's enlistment; indeed, as a national of an allied country, he should have been sent to Austria for service in that army. Based on Bavarian government investigations in 1924, the more likely scenario in Kershaw's view is that Hitler applied for enlistment, along with thousands of other youths, on or about 5 August 1914, was initially turned away because the authorities were overwhelmed with applicants and had no place to assign him, and eventually was recalled to serve in the 2nd Infantry Regiment (2nd Battalion), before being assigned to Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (the List Regiment), which was principally made up of raw recruits. Kershaw, Ian (1999). Adolf Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 89–90\. ISBN 0-393-04671-0. ("Kershaw").
25. ^ Anifer Erklärung, 12./13. November 1918 (in German) Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, accessed: 10 May 2008
26. ^ Royalty and Honour at War and Peace
27. ^ Manfred Berger (2003). "Rupprecht, Maria Luitpold Ferdinand, Kronprinz von Bayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern, Franken und in Schwaben usw.". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 22\. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1173–1186. ISBN 3-88309-133-2.
28. ^ a b "Milestones, Feb. 29, 1932". Time. 29 February 1932. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
29. ^ Diocese of Dresden-Meissen Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine(in German) retrieved on 9 November 2008
30. ^ Burleigh, Michael; Wipperman, Wolfgang (29 November 1991). The Racial State: Germany, 1933–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 274\. ISBN 978-0-521-39114-6.
31. ^ Thomas, W Hugh (22 March 2002). The strange death of Heinrich Himmler: a forensic investigation. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 32\. ISBN 0-312-28923-5.
32. ^ Abdication text (in German)
33. ^ Princess indicted for helping the Nazis. The New York Times. March 3, 1948
34. ^ "Biografie Prinz Max von Baden (German)". Deutsches Historisches Museum. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
35. ^ "Biografie Prinz Max von Baden (German)". Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
36. ^ Prince Philip quoted in Brandreth, p. 72
37. ^ Almanach de Gotha. Gotha, Germany: Justus Perthes. 1944. pp. 61–62.
38. ^ a b c d Almanach de Gotha. Justus Perthes. 1942. p. 62.
39. ^ a b c d Petropoulos 2006.
40. ^ a b "Four high Nazis dead, Berlin says". The Milwaukee Journal. 31 July 1942. p. 1. Retrieved 21 June 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
41. ^ Petropoulos 2006, pp. 250, 381, 382.
42. ^ "Two More Rulers Give up Throne; Republics Proclaimed in Wurttemburg and Hesse—Ducal Lands Seized" (PDF). The New York Times. 14 November 1918. p. 1. Retrieved 8 December 2008. Hesse mentioned toward the middle of the article
43. ^ "Ex-ruler of Hesse Dead in Germany; Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig Was Ousted in 1918 After Reign Praised for Its Wisdom". The New York Times. 10 October 1937. p. 29. Retrieved 8 December 2008. Paid subscription required to read the full article.
44. ^ House laws of Mecklenburg
45. ^ a b c d e f Petropoulos 2006, p. 99.
46. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 72.
47. ^ a b "Duchess Elisabeth". The New York Times. 5 September 1955.
48. ^ a b Scott-Keltie, J. (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book. Springer. p. 682. ISBN 9780230270299.
49. ^ MacNeil, Swift (18 November 1914). "ALIEN PEERS". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. HC Deb 18 November 1914 vol 68 cc437-8W. Retrieved 28 November 2011. "Mr. Swift MacNeill asked the Prime Minister (1) whether he is aware that the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in the peerage of Great Britain, and Earl of Armagh, in the peerage of Ireland, and a prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, is in command of troops in the German Army, engaged in active hostilities against the Sovereign and people of the British Empire; whether he is aware that the first Duke of Cumberland, the paternal grandfather of the present duke, after his accession to the throne of Hanover, took the oath of allegiance in England, and sat in the House of Lords as a peer of Great Britain by hereditary right; whether the present Duke of Cumberland, who was born a British subject, has since divested himself of his British nationality and, if so, how and when; and whether, having regard to the fact that the present Duke of Cumberland is in arms with the enemies of the British Empire against the Sovereign of that Empire, and guilty of high treason, any and, if so, what steps will be taken to secure that he shall no longer retain British and Irish titles or peerages and a seat in the House of Lords; and (2) whether he is aware that the Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence, and Baron Arklow, in the peerage of the United Kingdom, prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, is in command of troops in the German Army, engaged in active hostilities against the Sovereign and people of the British Empire; whether he is aware that the Duke of Albany was born in England, a subject of the British Crown, and succeeded, at his birth as a posthumous child, to these United Kingdom titles or peerages held by his father, who swore allegiance and sat as a peer of the United Kingdom in the House of Lords by hereditary right; whether the Duke of Albany has ever divested himself of his British nationality and, if so, how or when; and whether, having regard to the fact that the Duke of Albany is in arms with the enemies of the British Empire against the Sovereign of this Empire, and guilty of high treason, any and, if so, what steps will be taken to secure that he shall no longer retain United Kingdom peerages and titles and a seat in the House of Lords?"
50. ^ Bottomley asked the Prime Minister whether it is proposed to abolish the peerages of which the Dukes of Albany and Cumberland have recently been deprived; and, if not, whether the heirs of such dukes will ultimately become eligible for the assumption of the titles?
51. ^ Under settled practice dating to 1714, as a male-line descendant of George III, Prince Ernst August III of Hanover also held the title of Prince of Great Britain and Ireland with the style of Highness. In the Court Circular printed in The Times and in the London Gazette, he was frequently styled Prince Ernest Augustus of Cumberland.
52. ^ Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S.505.
53. ^ "No. 31255". The London Gazette. 28 March 1919.
54. ^ ISBN 0-316-64141-3. (A Little Brown Book. 1st published 1977. Reprinted 1988/89) Edition 1997: Heraldry. Sources, Symbols and Meaning: (pg 96). By Ottfried Neubecker, Director of the German General Rolls of Arms, on the Board of the International Academy of Heraldry. (With contributions by J.P. Brooke-Little. College of Arms. London.)
55. ^ (Philip Thomas, Burke's Peerage 1963).
56. ^ a b Neubecker
57. ^ Until George V's warrant of 1917, all arms of Prince Albert's British royal descendants, bore an inescutcheon for Saxony. Heraldica – British Royalty Cadency
58. ^ Velde
59. ^ (in German) Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945 [The Cultural Dictionary of the Third Reich: Who was What Before and After 1945] (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 2007), p. 261.
60. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 382.
61. ^ Manchester, William. The Arms of Krupp. Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1968.
62. ^ "Kaiser's Nephew a Petty Judge". The New York Times. 29 October 1922. p. 103.
63. ^ To, Wireless (11 December 1933). "Nazi Prince and Princess Flee Austria, Abusing Freedom German Envoy Obtained". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
64. ^ "Austrians Retake Pringe Who Fled; Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen, Nazi, Is Captured Trying to Re-enter His Castle". The New York Times. 1 January 1934. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
65. ^ a b Petropoulos 2006, p. 98.
66. ^ a b c d Gossman, p. 65.
67. ^ a b c d e Petropoulos 2006, p. 266.
68. ^ Gossman, pp. 1–2 and 65.
69. ^ Gossman, p. 2.
70. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 267.
71. ^ Waterfield, Bruno (5 March 2010). "Dutch Prince Bernhard 'was member of Nazi party'". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
72. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 58.
73. ^ a b c d Gossman, Lionel (2009). Brownshirt Princess: A Study of the "Nazi Conscience". Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers. p. 68. "adelheid."
74. ^ Gossman, p. 69.
75. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 100.
76. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 111.
77. ^ a b Schoenbaum, David (1980). Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 31\. ISBN 9780393315547.
78. ^ Petropoulos 2006, pp. 44, 99.
79. ^ a b c Petropoulos 2006, p. 137.
80. ^ Petropoulos 2006, pp. 6–7.
81. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 284.
82. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 7.
83. ^ a b "German Princes To Testify". The Irish Times. 12 July 1947.
84. ^ a b c d e Wistrich, Robert S. (1995). Who's Who in Nazi Germany. Routledge. p. 171\. ISBN 0-415-26038-8.
85. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 262
86. ^ Petropoulos 2006, pp. 265, 266.
87. ^ a b c d Petropoulos 2006, p. 262.
88. ^ "Nazi Prince sent to subdue French". The New York Times. 25 April 1942. p. 3.
89. ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. [page needed].
90. ^ Stein 2004, p. 255
91. ^ Lionel Gossman: Brownshirt Princess; A study of the "Nazi Conscience". Open Book Publishers, Cambridge 2009. ISBN 978-1-906924-07-2, S. 68

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