Former Yan

Chinese Sixteen Kingdoms dynastic state (337–370)

This article is about the Former Yan established by Murong Huang. For the Former Yan established by An Lushan, see Yan (An–Shi).

Yan

Former Yan in 338 AD

Former Yan in 369 AD

Capital| Jicheng (棘城) (337–342)
Longcheng (342–350)
Jicheng (薊城) (350–357)
Yecheng (357–370)
Government| Monarchy
Emperor|

• 337–348

| Murong Huang

• 348–360

| Murong Jun

• 360–370

| Murong Wei
History|

• Murong Huang's claim of princely title

| 23 November 337[1][2]

• Murong Jun's claim of imperial title

| 4 January 353[3][4]

• Fall of Yecheng

| 11 December 370[5][6]

• Disestablished

| 370

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Jin dynasty (266–420)

|

| Ran Wei
| Later Zhao
| Duan Qi
| Former Qin |

|

Today part of| China

Yan, known in historiography as the Former Yan (Chinese: 前燕; pinyin: Qián Yān; 337–370), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Murong clan of the Xianbei during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. From Liaoning, the Former Yan later conquered and ruled over Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong and Henan at its peak. They were notably the first of several Xianbei states to have establish their rule over the Central Plains. The prefix of "Former" is used in historiography to distinguish them from the other Yan states that came after them such as Later Yan.

Initially, Murong Huang and his son Murong Jun claimed the Eastern Jin-created title "Prince of Yan", but subsequently, in 352, after seizing most of the former Later Zhao territory, Murong Jun would declare himself emperor, and after that point, the rulers of the Former Yan declared themselves "emperors". The Yan changed their capital from time to time, with their last capital, Ye being the most prestigious due to its status as a major population hub.

## History

[edit]

### Background

[edit]

The Murong, named after their chieftain of the same name, were a Xianbei tribe under Tanshihuai's confederation during the late-2nd century. As the confederation disintegrated, they resettled themselves around the Liaoxi region, where they feuded with the neighbouring Duan and Yuwen tribes. During the Three Kingdoms period, when the Cao Wei commander, Sima Yi, campaigned against Gongsun Yuan in 237, the Murong offered their assistance, and after the campaign, they were allowed to move into northern Liaodong. They became vassals to the Wei and then their successor, the Western Jin dynasty.

In 285, Murong Hui was installed as the new chieftain of his tribe. Although Hui rebelled against Jin shortly after ascending, he resubmitted in 289 and was given the office of Commander of the Xianbei. Hui moved his tribe inwards, eventually settling at Jicheng (棘城, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning) and making it their capital, where they adopted an agricultural lifestyle and the Jin governing system. In 307, he declared himself Grand Chanyu of the Xianbei.

During the upheaval of the Five Barbarians, Murong Hui welcomed many fleeing refugees into his territory and recruited Chinese scholar-officials into his administration, even setting up new commaderies to accommodate them based on their native provinces.[7] The refugees not only provided the Murong with manpower, but also introduced them to Central Plains culture and advanced agricultural techniques. As the Jin was driven out of the north, Hui effectively held independent control over his territory, but retained his status as a Jin vassal. Between 317 and 318, the Jin court in Jiankang acknowledged his positions and offered him the title of Duke of Changli. Hui initially rejected his ducal title, but in 321, accepted the other title of Duke of Liaodong.

### Reign of Murong Huang

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Murong Hui died in 333 and was succeeded by his son, Murong Huang. The Murong attempted to establish the Chinese succession rule from father to eldest son of the main wife, but this was in conflict with their traditional practice of lateral succession. Shortly after ascending, Huang's brother, Murong Ren rebelled in eastern Liaodong and split the domain into two. Huang defeated Ren in 336, but the issue of succession continued to persist for the Murong even after they established their states.

In 337, he took the title of Prince of Yan through the support of his officials. Most historians regard this event as the start of the Former Yan dynasty, with the name "Former Yan" being used to distinguish it between the other Yan states that came after it. In 341, Huang pressured the Jin court into formally recognizing his imperial title, but throughout his reign, he never explicitly declared independence and continued to consider himself as a Jin vassal.

Murong Huang's reign saw Former Yan rapidly expanding its influence. In 338, Yan allied with the Later Zhao dynasty to conquer the Duan tribe in Liaoxi. Though the campaign was a success, Zhao then betrayed Yan and laid siege on Jícheng. Despite heavy odds, Yan was able to repel the Zhao forces. In 340, Yan carried out a massive raid on Zhao, reaching all the way to Gaoyang Commandery (高陽郡; around present-day Gaoyang County, Hebei) and capturing 30,000 households before withdrawing.

In 342, Murong Huang moved the capital to Longcheng. Later that year, Former Yan invaded Goguryeo and sacked the capital Hwando, forcing their king Gogugwon into submission. In 344, they attacked the Yuwen tribe and destroyed their power base, while in 346, they invaded Buyeo and captured their king, Hyeon.[8][9] As a result of these campaigns, the Former Yan became the sole military power in northeastern China. Huang also abolished the Eastern Jin era names within his domain in 345, instead claiming that they were now in the 12th year of his reign since he first succeeded his father.

### Reign of Murong Jun

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After Murong Huang's death in 348, his son Murong Jun took the throne. In 349, the Later Zhao descended into civil war between members of the imperial family. Taking advantage of the confusion, Murong Jun began an invasion of the Central Plains, during which he moved the capital to Jìcheng (薊城; modern day Beijing) in 350. Soon, the Former Yan went head-to-head with the Ran Wei state, which superseded the Later Zhao, and in 352, the Wei emperor, Ran Min was captured by Murong Jun's brother, Murong Ke at the Battle of Liantai. A few months later, Ran Min's Crown Prince, Ran Zhi, surrendered to Former Yan at Ye.

The destruction of Ran Wei established Former Yan as a regional power on the North China Plain, competing with the Di-led Former Qin in the west and the Eastern Jin in the south. In 353, Murong Jun declared himself emperor and formally broke away from Jin. He continued to entrust Murong Ke with defeating the remnants of the Later Zhao, including the Duan Qi state in Shandong. As the situation stabilized on the Central Plains, Jun once again shifted his capital, this time to Ye in 357. Jun also had ambitions to conquer Jin by mobilizing an army of 1.5 million strong, but died of illness before realizing it in 360.

### Reign of Murong Wei

[edit]

Murong Jun's son, Murong Wei was still a child when he ascended the throne and was assigned with multiple regents. Before his death, Jun had offered to pass the throne to Murong Ke, but Ke refused and settled with becoming one of his nephew's regents. Still, Ke held considerable power under Murong Wei, and traditional historians regarded him as one of the greatest statesmen and commanders of his period. In 365, he captured the ancient capital, Luoyang from Jin and brought the empire to its peak.

However, although Ke's regency was marked with political stability and military might, corruption was also beginning to take its toll on the empire. One issue that plagued the empire was the decline of the state's fiscal revenue; after entering the Central Plains, the Yan nobility held large swathes of private land where they amassed commoners and concealed the household population from the state to avoid paying taxes. As a result, the imperial treasury was stretched thin, many officials had unpaid salaries and the public grain stores were exhausted. Ke's leadership initially mitigated the issue, but the situation quickly deteriorated after his untimely death in 367. Real power was then passed down to his notoriously corrupt uncle, Murong Ping.

While Murong Ke was entrusted with real power, another brother of Murong Jun, Murong Chui, was viewed with extreme suspicion by the emperor's inner circle throughout Jun and Murong Wei's reigns. In 369, the Eastern Jin commander, Huan Wen, launched an expedition to conquer the Former Yan. As the Yan court was thrown into a panic, Chui volunteered to lead the defense and decisively defeated Huan Wen at the Battle of Fangtou. However, his newfound success made Murong Ping apprehensive of him. After Ping attempted to kill him, Chui defected to the Former Qin.

During the Jin invasion, Yan had agreed to cede the Luoyang region to Qin for reinforcements, but went back on their promise after repelling the attack. Chui’s defection only further prompted Qin to begin their own conquest of Yan. Despite their numerical advantage, the incompetently-led main Yan force was destroyed by Wang Meng's army at the Battle of Luchuan. Qin forces eventually reached Ye and Murong Wei was captured in 370. The destruction of the Former Yan established Former Qin as the main hegemon in the north, beginning their rapid unification of northern China.

Despite the Former Yan's demise, Murong Huang's descendants would go on to establish three more states during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In the wake of the Battle of Fei River in 383, the Yan was restored as the Later Yan (384–407/409), founded by Murong Chui, and the Western Yan (384–394), founded by Murong Wei's brother, Murong Hong. The Southern Yan (398–410) was a Murong state founded by a son of Murong Huang, Murong De.

* Painting depicting a Xianbei Murong archer in a tomb of the Former Yan (337–370).[10]

## Rulers of the Former Yan

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See also: Emperors family tree

Temple names | Posthumous names | Family names and given name | Durations of reigns  | Era names and their according durations

|
|
|
|

Chinese convention: use family and given names
Taizu (太祖 Taìzǔ)  | Wenming (文明 Wénmíng)  | 慕容皝 Mùróng Huǎng | 337–348  | Yanwang (燕王 Yànwáng) 337–348

Liezong (烈宗 Lièzōng)  | Jingzhao (景昭 Jǐngzhāo)  | 慕容儁 Mùróng Jùn | 348–360  | Yanwang (燕王 Yànwáng) 348–353
Yuanxi (元璽 Yuánxǐ) 353–357
Guangshou (光壽 Guāngshoù) 357–360

Did not exist  | You (幽 Yōu)  | 慕容暐 Mùróng Wěi | 360–370  | Jianxi (建熙 Jiànxī) 360–370

## See also

[edit]

* Xianbei
* List of past Chinese ethnic groups
* Wu Hu

## References

[edit]

1. ^ ([咸康三年]冬，十月，丁卯，皝即燕王位，...)
2. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 95.
3. ^ ([永和八年]十一月，...戊辰，俊即皇帝位，...)
4. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 99.
5. ^ ([太和五年]十一月，....戊寅，燕散骑侍郎馀蔚帅扶馀、高句丽及上党质子五百馀人，夜，开邺北门，纳秦兵，...)
6. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 102.
7. ^ Schreiber, Gerhard (1949). "The History of the Former Yen Dynasty". Monumenta Serica. 14: 374–480\. doi:10.1080/02549948.1949.11730940.
8. ^ Chinul (1991). Buswell, Robert E. (ed.). Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen. Translated by Robert E. Buswell (abridged ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 4\. ISBN 0824814274. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
9. ^ Tennant, Charles Roger (1996). A History of Korea. Routledge. p. 22\. ISBN 9780710305329. Retrieved 10 October 2016. "Soon after, the Wei fell to the Jin and Koguryŏ grew stronger, until in 313 they finally succeeded in occupying Lelang and bringing to an end the 400 years of China's presence in the peninsula, a period sufficient to ensure that for the next 1,500 it would remain firmly within the sphere of its culture. After the fall of the Jin in 316, the proto-Mongol Xianbei occupied the North of China, of which the Murong clan took the Shandong area, moved up to the Liao, and in 341 sacked and burned the Koguryŏ capital at Hwando. They took away some thousands of prisoners to provide cheap labour to build more walls of their own, and in 346 went on to wreak even greater destruction on Puyŏ, hastening what seems to have been a continuing migration of its people into the north-eastern area of the peninsula, but Koguryŏ, though temporarily weakened, would soon rebuild its walls and continue to expand."
10. ^ Hong, Wontack (2005). "Commencing the Dual System: the Yan Kingdom of Mu-rong Xianbei" (PDF). East Asian History: A Korean Perspective.

* v
* t
* e

Sixteen Kingdoms

History|

* Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
* Disaster of Yongjia
* Shi Le's conquest of North China
* Battle of Xiangguo
* Battle of Liantai
* Huan Wen's Expeditions
* Fu Jian's unification of North China
* Battle of Fei River
* Liu Yu's Expeditions
* Northern Wei's unification of North China

The 16 Kingdoms|

| Xiongnu|

* Han-Zhao (304–329)
* Northern Liang (397–460)
* Xia (407–431)

|

Di|

* Cheng-Han (304–347)
* Former Qin (351–394)
* Later Liang (386–403)

Jie|

* Later Zhao (319–351)

Xianbei|

* Former Yan (337–370)
* Later Yan (384–409)
* Western Qin (385–431)
* Southern Liang (397–414)
* Southern Yan (398–410)

Qiang|

* Later Qin (384–417)

Han|

* Former Liang (318–376)
* Western Liang (400–421)
* Northern Yan (407–436)

Other states|

| Short-lived|

* Ran Wei (350–352)
* Duan Qi (350–356)
* Western Yan (384–394)
* Zhai Wei (388–392)
* Huan Chu (403–404)
* Qiao Shu (405–413)

|

Tribes|

* Yuwen
* Duan

States|

* Chouchi (296–580)
* Dai (310–376)
* Northern Wei (386–535)

Involved|

* Jin dynasty
* Jie
* Xiongnu
* Qiang
* Xianbei
* Di
* Dingling
* Goguryeo

Key personalities|

* Liu Yuan
* Liu Cong
* Shi Le
* Shi Hu
* Ran Min
* Huan Wen
* Fu Jian
* Wang Meng
* Murong Chui
* Yao Xing
* Tuoba Gui
* Tuoba Tao
* Liu Yu

Histories of the Era|

* Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
* Book of Jin

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