Forsythia europaea

Species of flowering plant

Forsythia europaea

Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Eudicots
Clade:  | Asterids
Order:  | Lamiales
Family:  | Oleaceae
Genus:  | Forsythia
Species:  |

F. europaea

Binomial name
Forsythia europaea

Degen & Bald.

Forsythia europaea, commonly known as Albanian forsythia or European forsythia,[2][3] is a species of flowering plant in the olive family, with a native range from Montenegro to northern Albania.[4] It is the only species of Forsythia native to Europe;[2] prior to its discovery in Albania in 1897, it was thought that all Forsythia spp. were native to East Asia.[5]

## Description

[edit]

F. europaea is a shrub,[6] and can grow up to 10 ft (3 m) tall.[7] Its leaves are 5–8 cm (2.0–3.1 in) in length, and are generally entire (smooth edged).[8] It produces numerous yellow flowers,[5] which are 1.25 in (3.2 cm) in diameter.[7]

The shrub produces prolonged elliptical fruit capsules that grow to 5.4−6.0 mm by 1.8−2.2 mm. The fruit capsules have a fine granulate, slightly lustrous, glabrous, gold-yellow to brown appearance.[9]

## Phylogeny

[edit]

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Find sources: "Forsythia europaea" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021)

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The closest relative of F. europaea is F. giraldiana, a species of Forsythia native to China.[10] It was originally thought that a divergence between the two species occurred only half a million years ago, but more recent studies show that it is more likely that this happened between 2 and 10 million years ago.[11] This is attributed to a significant shift in climate due to eurasian glaciation.[12]

## Cultivation

[edit]

F. europaea was first cultivated in 1899, at Kew Gardens in London, United Kingdom.[7] It is not as widely cultivated as other species of Forsythia as it is not as ornamental,[6] although it is still occasionally grown in parks and gardens.[6][13]

Cultivars produced by hybridisation of F. europaea with F. ovata, a more ornamental species of Forsythia native to Korea,[14] include:

* Forsythia 'Meadowlark', which was developed at North Dakota State University.[15] It produces deep-yellow flowers from its third year onwards,[16] the buds of which are hardy to −35 °F (−37 °C).[17] Its leaves are ivy-green.[16]
* Forsythia 'Northern Sun', which was developed at the University of Minnesota.[15] It grows 10 ft (3 m) tall and 8 ft (2.4 m) wide.[18] Plants produce large, gold-coloured flowers,[18] the buds of which are hardy to −30 °F (−34 °C).[17]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Shuka, L.; Rivers, M.C. (2017). "Forsythia europaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
2. ^ a b "Forsythia europaea (FOSEU)". gd.eppo.int. 2002-02-14. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
3. ^ "Forsythia europaea | Albanian forsythia". rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
4. ^ "Forsythia europaea Degen & Bald". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
5. ^ a b Wilson, Ernest Henry (1930). "For many years". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 4 (3): 12. doi:10.5962/p.322127. ISSN 0196-6057. JSTOR 42961929. S2CID 239435277.
6. ^ a b c DeWolf, Gordon P.; Hebb, Robert S. (1971). "The Story of Forsythia". Arnoldia. 31 (2): 41–63\. ISSN 0004-2633. JSTOR 42953867.
7. ^ a b c Wilson, Ernest Henry (1928). "Forsythia europaea". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 2 (1): 4. doi:10.5962/p.321901. ISSN 0196-6057. JSTOR 42962296. S2CID 253930976.
8. ^ "The Forsythias" (PDF). Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 4. 4 (1): 1–8\. 2 April 1937.
9. ^ Bojnanský, Vít; Fargašová, Agáta (2007-09-17). Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-5362-7.
10. ^ Kim, Ki-Joong (1999-03-01). "Molecular phylogeny of Forsythia (Oleaceae) based on chloroplast DNA variation". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 218 (1): 113–123\. doi:10.1007/BF01087039. ISSN 1615-6110. S2CID 25856546.
11. ^ "Forsythia europaea - Trees and Shrubs Online". www.treesandshrubsonline.org. Retrieved 2025-04-29.
12. ^ "Forsythia europaea - Trees and Shrubs Online". www.treesandshrubsonline.org. Retrieved 2025-04-29.
13. ^ OLEKSIICHENKO, Nadiia; GATALSKA, Nadiia; MAVKO, Mariana (2018). "The Colour-Forming Components of Park Landscape and the Factors That Influence the Human Perception of the Landscape Colouring". Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management. 13 (2): 38–52\. ISSN 2065-3913. JSTOR 26422068.
14. ^ Anderson, Edgar (1934). "HARDY FORSYTHIAS: With a Short Account of the History of Garden Forsythias and Remarks Regarding Their Possible Future Development". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 2 (3): 9–14\. doi:10.5962/p.322249. ISSN 0196-6057. JSTOR 42962071.
15. ^ a b Mahr, Susan (18 April 2016). "Forsythia, Forsythia spp" (PDF). Wisconsin Master Gardener. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
16. ^ a b Herman, Dale E.; Evers, Norman P. (1984). "More on Forsythia 'Meadowlark'". Arnoldia. 44 (2): 30–31\. ISSN 0004-2633. JSTOR 42954190.
17. ^ a b "Forsythia x intermedia". hvp.osu.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
18. ^ a b "Forsythia 'Northern Sun'". www.chicagobotanic.org. Chicago Botanic Garden. Retrieved 2021-04-02.

Taxon identifiers

Forsythia europaea|

* Wikidata: Q1341548
* Wikispecies: Forsythia europaea
* BioLib: 163731
* CoL: 6JJ22
* EoL: 5655566
* EPPO: FOSEU
* EUNIS: 176418
* GBIF: 5549548
* GRIN: 224
* iNaturalist: 485742
* IPNI: 608888-1
* ITIS: 832795
* IUCN: 83755828
* NCBI: 205688
* Observation.org: 124689
* Open Tree of Life: 628754
* Plant List: kew-369408
* PLANTS: FOEU2
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:608888-1
* Tropicos: 100192244
* WFO: wfo-0000832181

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