Fourth International Posadist

Trotskyist faction founded 1962 by J. Posadas

J. Posadas, founder of Posadism Part of a series on

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The Fourth International Posadist is a Trotskyist international organisation. It was founded in 1962 by J. Posadas, who had been the leader of the Latin America Bureau of the Fourth International in the 1950s, and of the Fourth International's section in Argentina. Between their split from the International Secretariat of the Fourth International in 1962 and Posadas' death in 1981, Posadists developed a strain of communism that included several fringe ideas, which brought them into conflict with more mainstream left-wing groups.

Posadism attempts to introduce elements of ufology into Marxist thought.[1][2] Arguing that only communism can allow the development of interplanetary travel, they concluded that visiting aliens from other planets must live in highly advanced communist societies and are bound to help Earth-based communists with bringing about the world revolution.[3][4]

## History

[edit]

### Origins

[edit]

When the Fourth International (FI) split in 1953, Posadas and his followers sided with Michel Pablo and the International Secretariat of the Fourth International (ISFI).[5] The Posadists began quarrelling with the majority of the ISFI in 1959 over the question of nuclear war with Posadas being a proponent as, he claimed, it would destroy capitalism and clear the way for socialism.[6] The Posadists finally split with the ISFI in 1962 to form the Fourth International (Posadist).[7] The group initially had a following in several countries, particularly among railway workers in Cuba, tin workers in Bolivia and farm workers in Brazil.[citation needed]

There was a significant Posadist group in Cuba. Posadist guerrillas fought alongside Castro and Che Guevara in the 1959 revolution. When the Posadists split from the Fourth International in 1962, they took the Cuban section with them, meaning no other Trotskyist group was represented in Cuba in the 1960s.[citation needed]

The Posadist group was accused by Soviet-friendly forces in Cuba of arguing that the Cuban government should forcibly expel the American military base at Guantanamo Bay and of trying to organize workers in the town of Guantánamo to march on the nearby military base. That was taken as a justification by the government for imposing a ban on them, Castro denouncing their influence as "pestilential" at the Tricontinental Conference held in January 1966.[8] Cuban Posadists went on to claim that Castro had Guevara killed when, it turned out, he was actually in Bolivia fighting with the guerrilla movement there. Conversely, after Guevara was executed by Bolivian authorities, Posadas claimed in 1967 that Che Guevara was not actually dead but was being kept in prison by Castro's government.[9][10] By 1968, a Posadist movement began to develop in Europe; however, the ufology elements of the movement caused it to fail to garner much traction.[4]

### Decline and resurgence

[edit]

In the late 1960s, the Posadists became increasingly interested in UFOs, claiming they were evidence of socialism on other planets.[4] The organization soon began to wane in influence and membership, aided by an increasingly paranoid Posadas who expelled many of its members by 1975.[11]

Posadas' death in 1981 meant the virtual dissolution of the organization, with only a few isolated groups continuing to operate to the present day.[9] In the United Kingdom, the Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) was founded in 1963 by Posadist members of the Revolutionary Socialist League and despite several schisms and a dwindling membership, it continued to publish its newspaper Red Flag until 2000.[12][13]

In recent years (as of 2018), interests in the Posadists, particularly in regard to their views in ufology, has increased. Several satirical and non-satirical "neo-Posadist" groups emerged on social media, making Posadas "one of the most recognizable names in the history of Trotskyism".[11][14]

## Theories

[edit]

### Posadist society

[edit]

Posadists advocate for a society akin to those proposed by general Marxist theory. A proletarian revolution will destroy the bourgeois state, replacing it with a socialist state.[4]

### Nuclear first strike

[edit]

At the height of the Cold War, Posadas thought that nuclear war was inevitable. He asserted that the nuclear-armed socialist states should launch a preemptive nuclear attack that would destroy the nuclear capabilities of capitalist countries. Additionally, he believed that a nuclear catastrophe between the United States and USSR would spark the world revolution.[9][15]

Posadas vocally opposed the Partial Test Ban Treaty signed in 1963 by the United States, the USSR, and the United Kingdom, believing that a nuclear war between the US and the USSR was inevitable and desirable, and would create the conditions for socialism, with the "workers' states" winning and resetting society.[16][17]

### Scientific progress

[edit]

Posadas was highly interested in the way scientific advancement could improve human lives when used for the common good, rather than for profit. In an essay written entitled "Childbearing in space, the confidence of humanity, and Socialism" (1978), he espoused his vision of a Utopian future under the guidance of science:

> "Humanity feels pressed and oppressed by the straightjacket that imprisons science. For science is oppressed! The capitalists oppress science by using it to kill people. When science is liberated – it will not be long, in only a few years – we will wipe out all the problems, floods, hunger, and misery. All this could already be done, and it will not be long before we do. And when we do, everyone will be an architect, an engineer, a doctor, and the like."

> — Posadas (1978)[18]

Posadas was also a supporter of space exploration by the former USSR and the People's Republic of China. He praised an alleged plan by the USSR to have a woman give birth in space, considering such endeavors the mark of an advanced society:

> "If we have already the audacity to envisage childbearing in space, it is because we feel part of a quest that transcends life on Earth."

> — Posadas[18]

These views are in line with the more mainstream positions of Russian cosmism and transhumanism.[18][19]

### Ufology

[edit]

UFOs and ufology

Notable sightings

* Kenneth Arnold sighting
* 1947 wave
* Roswell
* Mantell crash
* Chiles-Whitted
* Gorman dogfight
* McMinnville photos
* Mariana film
* 1952 flap
* Sightings in outer space
* Flatwoods monster
* Barney and Betty Hill
* 'Swamp gas'
* Travis Walton
* Rendlesham Forest
* Belgian wave
* Calvine photo
* Ariel School Landing
* Phoenix Lights
* Pentagon UFO videos

* Government investigations

* Operação Prato - Brazil
* Project Magnet - Canada
* GEIPAN - France
* Institute 22 - Soviet Union
* Flying Saucer Working Party - UK
* Project Condign - UK
* History of government investigations - US
* All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office - US
* NASA's UAP independent study team - US
* Condon Committee - US
* Project Blue Book - US
* Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act - US

Other Relevant Topics

* Area 51
* Bob Lazar
* Majestic 12
* Men in black
* Evidence Suppression

Religions that have UFOs in their Literature

* Aetherius Society
* Church of the SubGenius
* Heaven's Gate
* Nation of Islam
* Raëlism
* Scientology
* Unarius Academy of Science

Lists of organizations, sightings, studies, etc.

* UFO organizations
* Reported UFO sightings
* Sightings by country
* Investigations of UFOs by governments
* Identification studies of UFOs
* Ufologists
* Alleged extraterrestrial beings

* v
* t
* e

Posadas was the author of a number of works with an unconventional slant and towards the end of his life he tried to create a synthesis of Trotskyism and Ufology. His most prominent thesis from this perspective was the 1968 pamphlet Flying saucers, the process of matter and energy, science, the revolutionary and working-class struggle and the socialist future of mankind which exposed many of the ideas associated today with Posadism. Here, Posadas claims that while there is no proof of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, the science of the time makes their existence likely. Furthermore, he claims that any extraterrestrials visiting earth in flying saucers must come from a socially and scientifically advanced civilisation to master inter-planetary travel, and that such a civilisation could have only come about in a post-capitalist world.[3]

Believing visiting aliens to be naturally non-violent and only here to observe, Posadas argues that humans must call on them to intervene in solving the Earth's problems, namely "to suppress poverty, hunger, unemployment and war, to give everyone the means to live in dignity and to lay the bases for human fraternity". The means to achieving this end remained within the mainstream Trotskyist and included ending capitalism as well as the bureaucracy of the workers' states and establishing a socialist society.[3][20]

Despite Posadas himself never publishing anything on the subject after 1968,[a] ufology nonetheless became an important part of Posadism. After his death in 1981, some Posadists continued to explore the subject, notably Dante Minazzoli,[21] Paul Schulz, and Werner Grundmann.[14][22] Others, however, have distanced themselves from the more unconventional notions and have claimed that Posadas' interest in extraterrestrial life was a marginal point that was blown out of proportions.[9]

## Member parties

[edit]

The Fourth International Posadist claims the following parties as members.[23] It is unknown how many of these organisations still exist or how many members they have. However it is unlikely there are more than a hundred members of the Posadist movement throughout the world. The organization currently lists contacts in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, however only Uruguay has a functioning party.[24]

* Uruguay – Revolutionary Workers Party (Partido Obrero Revolucionario)

### Defunct

[edit]

* Argentina – Revolutionary Workers' Party Posadist (Partido Obrero Revolucionario – Posadista)
* Belgium – Revolutionary Worker's Party – Trotskyist (Parti Ouvrier Révolutionnaire – Trotskiste)
* Bolivia – Revolutionary Workers' Party Trotskyist–Posadist (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista Posadista))
* Brazil – Brazilian Section of the Trotskyist–Posadist IVth International (Seção Brasileira da IV Internacional Trotskista–Posadista)
* Britain – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist)[25]
* Chile – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Posadist) (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Posadista))
* Colombia – Posadist Trotskyist Workers Party (Partido Obrero Trotskista Posadista)
* Cuba – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) – (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista))
* France – Revolutionary Communist Party (Trotskyist) – (Parti Communiste Révolutionnaire (Trotskyiste))
* Germany – Posadist Communist Party (Posadistische Kommunistische Partei)
* Greece – Revolutionary Communist Party–Posadists (Epanastatiko Kommounistiko Komma-Posadistes)
* Italy – Revolutionary Communist Party (Trotskyist–Posadist) – (Partito Comunista Rivoluzionario (Trotzkista–Posadista))
* Mexico – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) – (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista))
* Peru – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista))
* Spain – Revolutionary Worker's Party (Trotskyist–Posadist) – (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista–Posadista))
* United States – Revolutionary Workers Party (Trotskyist–Posadist)

## See also

[edit]

* Andromeda, novel by Ivan Yefremov
* List of Trotskyist internationals
* International Committee of the Fourth International
* Nazi UFOs
* Joaquín Trincado Mateo
* UFO conspiracy theory

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ As the conditions of his stay in Italy formally prevented Posadas from undertaking any political activity, all articles written between 1968 and his 1981 death in Paris have appeared with the dateline "1968."

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Walker, David; Gray, Daniel (2009). The A to Z of Marxism. Lanham, MA and Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 245\. ISBN 978-0-8108-7018-5 - via Google Books.
2. ^ Gittlitz, A. M. (4 April 2020). "J. Posadas, the Trotskyist Who Believed in Intergalactic Communism". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
3. ^ a b c Posadas, J. (1968). Les soucoupes volantes, le processus de la matière et de l'énergie, la science, la lutte de classes et revolutionnaire et le future socialiste de l'humanité [Flying Saucers, the Process of Matter and Energy, Science, the Revolutionary and Working-class Struggle and the Socialist Future of Mankind] (in French). Paris: Éditions Réed.
4. ^ a b c d Nikolaou, Kiveli (15 September 2014). "Posadists Believe that Socialism Can Only Be Established With the Help of Aliens". Vice. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
5. ^ Alexander, Robert Jackson (1991). International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-8223-1066-2. "michel pablo posadas 1953."
6. ^ Alexander, Robert Jackson (1991). International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: a documented analysis of the movement. Duke University Press. pp. 659–664. ISBN 0-8223-1066-X.
7. ^ Kelly, John (2018). Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain. Routledge Studies in Radical History and Politics. Vol. 22\. Routledge. p. 44\. ISBN 978-1-317-36894-6 - via Google Books.
8. ^ Alexander, Robert Jackson (1991). International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: a documented analysis of the movement. Duke University Press. pp. 230–231. ISBN 0-8223-1066-X.
9. ^ a b c d Wenz, John (5 August 2021). "UFOs, dolphins, nuclear war and communism: the stranger than sci-fi political party". SYFY WIRE. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
10. ^ Castro, Fidel (15 January 1966). "At the Closing Session of the Tricontinental Conference". University of Texas: Fidel Castro Speech Database. Retrieved 4 March 2019 - via Marxists Internet Archive.
11. ^ a b Gittlitz, A. M. (9 April 2018). "A critical assessment of the former Latin American Bureau tendency within the Fourth International [Translated by Nicolas Allen, annotated by A.M. Gittlitz]". Retrieved 4 March 2019 - via Marxists Internet Archive.
12. ^ Barberis, Peter; McHugh, John; Tyldesley, Mike; Pendry, Helen (2000). Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century. London and New York: A&C Black. p. 161\. ISBN 978-0-8264-5814-8 - via Google Books.
13. ^ "Homage to Brian McNeal: The Posadist IV International in Britain Renders Homage to Its Dead Comrade". Posadists Today. 9 January 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
14. ^ a b Gittlitz, A. M. (14 July 2018). "The secret history of Marxist alien hunters". The Outline. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
15. ^ Hayter, Teresa (1971). Hayter of the Bourgeoisie. Sidgwick and Jackson. p. 144\. ISBN 978-0-283-97800-5 - via Google Books.
16. ^ Woods, Alan (2013). Ted Grant: Permanent Revolutionary. London and Minneapolis, MN: Wellred Publications. ISBN 978-1-900007-47-4.
17. ^ Hodges, Donald Clark (1974). The Latin American Revolution: Politics and Strategy from Apro-Marxism to Guevarism. W. Morrow. p. 120\. ISBN 978-0-688-00315-9 - via Google Books.
18. ^ a b c Posadas, J. (1978). Childbearing in space, the confidence of humanity, and Socialism (PDF).
19. ^ Tucker, S. D. (2017). Space Oddities: Our Strange Attempts to Explain the Universe. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-6263-3.
20. ^ Gittlitz, A. M. (24 July 2017). "Opinion | 'Make It So': 'Star Trek' and Its Debt to Revolutionary Socialism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
21. ^ Minazzoli, Dante (1989). Perché gli extraterrestri non-prendono contatto pubblicamente?: Come vede un marxista il fenomeno degli UFO [Why do extraterrestrials not make public contact? How does a Marxist view the phenomenon of UFOs] (in Italian). Milano: Editrice Nuovi Autori.
22. ^ Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David; Gray, Daniel (2014). Historical Dictionary of Marxism (Second ed.). Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 353\. ISBN 978-1-4422-3798-8 - via Google Books.
23. ^ "Posadist 4th International". Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
24. ^ "跑狗图|993994跑狗网 localhost|高清跑狗图新版 993994". cuartainternacionalposadista.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
25. ^ Barberis, Peter; McHugh, John; Tyldesley, Mike (2002). Encyclopedia of British and Irish political organizations. Continuum. p. 161\. ISBN 978-0-8264-5814-8.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Posadism.

* webpage of the International (in English, French and Spanish
* Flying saucers, the process of matter and energy, science, the revolutionary and working-class struggle and the socialist future of mankind (1968)
* Trotskyites in Space! at Fortean Times

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UFOs

* Ufology

Claimed sightings|

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* List of reported UFO sightings
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|

Pre-20th century|

* Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)
* Airship of Clonmacnoise (740s)
* 1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg
* 1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel
* 1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund
* José Bonilla observation (1883)
* Airship wave (1896–97)
* Aurora (1897)

20th century|

* Los Angeles (1942)
* Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)
* Kenneth Arnold (1947)
* 1947 craze
* Flight 105 (1947)
* Roswell (1947)
* Rhodes (1947)
* Mantell (1948)
* Chiles-Whitted (1948)
* Gorman Dogfight (1948)
* Mariana (1950)
* McMinnville photographs (1950)
* Sperry (1950)
* Lubbock Lights (1951)
* Nash-Fortenberry (1952)
* Washington, D.C. (1952)
* Flatwoods monster (1952)
* Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)
* Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)
* Antônio Villas Boas (1957)
* Levelland (1957)
* Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)
* Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)
* Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)
* Exeter (1965)
* Kecksburg (1965)
* Westall (1966)
* Falcon Lake (1967)
* Shag Harbour (1967)
* Jimmy Carter (1969)
* Finnish Air Force (1969)
* Pascagoula Abduction (1973)
* John Lennon UFO incident (1974)
* Travis Walton incident (1975)
* Tehran (1976)
* Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)
* Operação Prato (1977)
* Zanfretta incident (1978)
* Valentich disappearance (1978)
* Kaikoura Lights (1978)
* Robert Taylor incident (1979)
* Val Johnson incident (1979)
* Manises (1979)
* Cash–Landrum incident (1980)
* Rendlesham Forest (1980)
* Trans-en-Provence (1981)
* Japan Air Lines (1986)
* Ilkley Moor (1987)
* Voronezh incident (1989)
* Belgian UFO wave (1990)
* Ariel School (1994)
* Varginha (1996)
* Phoenix Lights (1997)

21st century|

* USS Nimitz UFO incident (2004)
* Campeche, Mexico (2004)
* O'Hare Airport (2006)
* Alderney (2007)
* Norway (2009)
* USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents (2014)
* Jetpack man (2020–21)
* High-altitude object events (2023)
* David Grusch claims (2023)

Confirmed hoaxes|

* Maury Island hoax (1947)
* Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)
* Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)
* Southern England (1967)
* Majestic 12 (1985)
* Gulf Breeze (1987–88)
* Alien Autopsy (1995 film)
* Morristown (2009)

Sightings by country|

* Africa (South Africa)
* Albania
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Types of UFOs|

* Black triangle
* Flying saucer
* Foo fighter
* Ghost rockets
* Green fireballs
* Mystery airship
* Space jellyfish

Types of alleged
extraterrestrial beings|

* Energy beings
* Grey aliens
* Insectoids
* Little green men
* Nordic aliens
* Reptilian humanoids

Studies|

* Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government
* The Flying Saucers Are Real (1947–1950)
* Project Sign (1948)
* Project Grudge (1949)
* Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)
* Project Magnet (1950–1962)
* Project Blue Book (1952–1970)
* Robertson Panel (1953)
* Ruppelt report (1956)
* National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)
* Condon Report (1966–1968)
* Institute 22 (1978–?)
* Project Condign (1997–2000)
* Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)
* Identification studies of UFOs
* Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)
* NASA's UAP independent study team

Hypotheses|

* Ancient astronauts
* Cryptoterrestrial
* Extraterrestrial
* Interdimensional
* Psychosocial
* Nazi UFOs
* Time-traveller
* Trotskyist-Posadism

Conspiracy theories|

* Area 51
* Storm Area 51
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* Men in black
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Skepticism|

* List of scientific skeptics
* Committee for Skeptical Inquiry

Government & Law|

* United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022)
* Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)

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* Indonesian
* Melanesian
* Mexican
* Soviet
* In one country
* Real
* Sri Lankan
* Third World
* Yugoslav

Key topics
and issues|

* Anarchist economics
* Anti-revisionism
* Criticism of capitalism
* Criticism of socialism
* Critique of political economy
* Critique of work
* Class struggle
* Democracy
* Dictatorship of the proletariat
* Egalitarianism
* Equal liberty
* Equality of opportunity
* Equality of outcome
* History of anarchism
* History of communism
* History of socialism
* History of social democracy
* Impossibilism
* "The Internationale"
* Internationalism
* State-owned enterprise
* Land reform
* Left-wing politics
* Mixed economy
* Mode of production
* Nanosocialism
* Nationalization
* Planned economy
* Post-capitalism
* Proletarian revolution
* Reformism
* Revisionism
* Socialisation of production
* Socialist economics
* Socialist market economy
* Socialist state
* State capitalism
* Trade union
* Welfare state
* Workers' council

Concepts|

* Adhocracy
* Anarchist economics
* Basic income
* Calculation in kind
* Common ownership
* Cooperative ownership
* Decentralized planning
* Direct democracy
* Economic democracy
* Economic planning
* Equal opportunity
* Free association of producers
* Industrial democracy
* Labor-time calculation
* Labour voucher
* Organizational self-management
* Production for use
* Public ownership
* Social dividend
* Socialist mode of production
* Technocracy
* Workplace democracy

People|

| 16th c.|

* Tommaso Campanella
* Thomas More

|

18th c.|

* Gracchus Babeuf
* Victor d'Hupay
* Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
* Sylvain Maréchal
* Étienne-Gabriel Morelly

19th c.|

* Stephen Pearl Andrews
* Mikhail Bakunin
* John Goodwyn Barmby
* Enrico Barone
* August Bebel
* Edward Bellamy
* Eduard Bernstein
* Louis Blanc
* Louis Auguste Blanqui
* Philippe Buchez
* Georg Büchner
* Philippe Buonarroti
* Francisco Largo Caballero
* Étienne Cabet
* Edward Carpenter
* Nikolay Chernyshevsky
* James Connolly
* Victor Prosper Considerant
* Claire Démar
* Théodore Dézamy
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Prosper Enfantin
* Friedrich Engels
* Charles Fourier
* Emma Goldman
* William Batchelder Greene
* Charles Hall
* Alexander Herzen
* Thomas Hodgskin
* Jean Jaurès
* Mother Jones
* Karl Kautsky
* Peter Kropotkin
* Paul Lafargue
* Ferdinand Lassalle
* Pyotr Lavrov
* Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
* Pierre Leroux
* Helen Macfarlane
* Errico Malatesta
* Karl Marx
* Louise Michel
* Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
* William Morris
* Robert Owen
* Antonie Pannekoek
* Giovanni Pascoli
* Constantin Pecqueur
* Georgi Plekhanov
* Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
* Luis Emilio Recabarren
* Henri de Saint-Simon
* Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
* George Sand
* Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz
* Eugène Sue
* Lysander Spooner
* Fred M. Taylor
* William Thompson
* Pyotr Tkachev
* Benjamin Tucker
* Suzanne Voilquin
* Alfred Russel Wallace
* Josiah Warren
* Wilhelm Weitling
* Oscar Wilde

20th c.|

* Tariq Ali
* Salvador Allende
* Inejirō Asanuma
* Hafez al-Assad
* Clement Attlee
* Aung San
* Deng Xiaoping
* Jiang Zemin
* Henri Barbusse
* Jyoti Basu
* Simone de Beauvoir
* Walter Benjamin
* Tony Benn
* Léon Blum
* Grace Lee Boggs
* Murray Bookchin
* Bertolt Brecht
* Aristide Briand
* Nikolai Bukharin
* Cornelius Castoriadis
* Noam Chomsky
* M. N. Roy
* G. D. H. Cole
* Jeremy Corbyn
* Marcel Déat
* Guy Debord
* Eugene V. Debs
* John Dewey
* Alexander Dubček
* Albert Einstein
* Faiz Ahmad Faiz
* Muammar Gaddafi
* Einar Gerhardsen
* Mikhail Gorbachev
* Maxim Gorky
* Antonio Gramsci
* Safdar Hashmi
* Eric Hobsbawm
* Saddam Hussein
* Dolores Ibárruri
* Pablo Iglesias Posse
* Jayaprakash Narayan
* Russell Jacoby
* Kim Jong-il
* Kim Il Sung
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Alexandra Kollontai
* James Larkin
* E. M. S. Namboodiripad
* Jack Layton
* Henri Lefebvre
* Claude Lefort
* Vladimir Lenin
* György Lukács
* Rosa Luxemburg
* Lu Xun
* Alasdair MacIntyre
* Nestor Makhno
* Nelson Mandela
* José Carlos Mariátegui
* Adrien Marquet
* Mao Dun
* Salama Moussa
* François Mitterrand
* Imre Nagy
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* Ernst Niekisch
* Ne Win
* George Orwell
* Sylvia Pankhurst
* Fred Paterson
* Karl Polanyi
* Pierre Renaudel
* B. T. Ranadive
* Bertrand Russell
* Gaetano Salvemini
* Bernie Sanders
* Jean-Paul Sartre
* Arthur Scargill
* Léopold Sédar Senghor
* George Bernard Shaw
* Sukarno
* Sun Yat-sen
* R. H. Tawney
* E. P. Thompson
* Ernst Toller
* Leon Trotsky
* Ram Manohar Lohia
* H. G. Wells
* Cornel West
* Clara Zetkin
* Howard Zinn
* J. Posadas

21st c.|

* Pedro Castillo
* Hugo Chávez
* Bob Crow
* Hu Jintao
* Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
* Kim Jong Un
* Lula da Silva
* Evo Morales
* Yanis Varoufakis
* Xi Jinping

Organizations|

* International socialist organizations
* Socialist parties

See also|

* Anarchism
* Communism
* Economic calculation problem
* Marxist philosophy
* New Left
* Old Left
* Socialism by country
* Socialist calculation debate

* Categories
* Socialism WikiProject
* Socialism portal
* Communism portal
* Organized Labour portal

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States

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