Fourth Philippine Republic

Filipino government (1981–1986)

Republic of the Philippines

* Republika ng Pilipinas (Filipino)

* República de Filipinas (Spanish)

1981–1986

Flag

Coat of arms
(1978–1985)

Motto:
"Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa"[1]
"One Nation, One Spirit"

"Peace, Freedom, Justice"

Anthem: Lupang Hinirang
(English: "Chosen Land")

Location of the Philippines in Southeast Asia.

Capital| 1976–1986:
Manila (de jure)
Metro Manila (de facto)
Largest city| Quezon City (city proper)
Metro Manila (metropolitan)
Official languages| Filipino
English
Spanish
Government| Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic under a conjugal dictatorship (1981–1986)

* * *

Revolutionary government (1986)
President|

• 1965–1986

| Ferdinand Marcos

• 1986

| Corazon Aquino
Vice President|

• 1973–1986

| abolished by the 1973 Constitution

• 1986

| Salvador Laurel
Prime Minister|

• 1981–1986

| Cesar Virata

• 1986

| Salvador Laurel
Legislature| Interim Batasang Pambansa (1978–1984)
Regular Batasang Pambansa (1984–1986)
History|

• Established

| June 30, 1981

• Assassination of Ninoy Aquino

| August 21, 1983

• 1986 snap election

| February 7, 1986

• People Power Revolution

| February 22–25, 1986

• Corazon Aquino inaugurated

| February 25, 1986
Currency| Philippine peso (₱)
Time zone| UTC+08:00 (PST)

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | History of the Philippines (1965–1986)

|

| Provisional Government |

|

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Ferdinand Marcos

|

* Early life
* Military career
* Stonehill scandal
* Prime Minister

* * *

Presidency

* Executive orders
* Cult of personality
* Economy
* Monopolies
* Cronies
* Coco Levy Fund scam
* Gintong Alay
* Timeline
* Communist insurgency
* Moro conflict

First term

* 1965 election
* 1st Inauguration
* balance of payments crisis

Second term

* 1969 election
* campaign
* 2nd Inauguration
* First Quarter Storm
* Plaza Miranda bombing
* Vietnam War

Martial law

* Proclamation No. 1081
* Human rights abuses
* Torture
* Rolex 12
* Escalante Massacre
* Chico River Dam Project
* Masagana 99
* Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
* Journalism
* Resistance
* Religious
* Indigenous
* Workers
* Protest art
* Protest music

Third and fourth terms

* 1981 election and referendum
* 3rd inauguration
* Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
* 1986 election
* 4th inauguration
* People Power Revolution

* * *

Family

* Mariano (father)
* Pacifico (brother)
* Imelda (wife)
* Bongbong (son)
* Imee (daughter)
* Irene (daughter)
* Aimee (daughter)

Unexplained wealth

* Overseas landholdings
* Marcos mansions
* Marcos jewels
* Tallano gold conspiracy theory

* * *

Legacy

* Burial
* Historical distortion
* Bust
* Solid North
* Marcos Japanese ODA scandal
* Operation Big Bird
* Marcos in film
* Nonoy Marcelo's Tadhana: History of the Filipino People

* * *

Related

* "Conjugal dictatorship"
* Edifice complex

* * *

*  Category

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on the

History of the Philippines
Timeline

Prehistoric period (pre-900)

* Early hominin activity
* Homo luzonensis
* Tabon Man
* Austronesian expansion
* Angono Petroglyphs
* Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
* Sa Huỳnh culture
* Philippine jade culture
* Precolonial barangay
* Maritime Silk Road

Events/Artifacts

* Balangay
* Cordillera Rice Terraces
* Grave goods
* Kalanay Cave
* Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
* Manunggul Jar
* Prehistoric beads
* Shell tools

Precolonial period (900–1565)

Historically documented states/polities

(north to south)

* Pangasinan (historical polity)
* Caboloan
* Cainta
* Tondo
* Namayan
* Maynila
* Kumintang
* Ibalon
* Ma-i
* Pulilu
* Sandao
* Madja-as
* Cebu
* Bo-ol
* Butuan
* Sanmalan
* Sultanate of Maguindanao
* Sultanate of Buayan
* Sultanates of Lanao
* Sultanate of Sulu

Events/Artifacts

* Maragtas
* Laguna Copperplate Inscription
* Butuan Ivory Seal
* Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
* Kabayan Mummies
* Baybayin
* Batanes Ijang fortresses
* Golden Tara of Agusan
* Monreal Stones
* Butuan Silver Paleograph
* Piloncitos
* Barter rings
* Luzones
* Magellan expedition
* Battle of Mactan

Spanish colonial period (1565–1898)

Events

* Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi
* Sandugo
* Treaty of Cebu
* Blockade of Cebu
* Spanish capture of Manila
* Battle of Bangkusay
* New Spain
* Spanish East Indies
* Captaincy General
* Tondo Conspiracy
* Manila galleon
* Revolts and uprisings
* Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
* Spanish–Moro conflict
* Battles of La Naval de Manila
* British invasion
* Propaganda Movement
* 1872 Cavite mutiny
* La Liga Filipina
* Katipunan
* Cry of Pugad Lawin
* Philippine Revolution
* Tejeros Convention
* Republic of Biak-na-Bato
* Spanish–American War
* Treaty of Paris (1898)
* Battle of Manila Bay
* Declaration of Independence
* American capture of Manila
* Malolos Congress
* First Republic
* Philippine–American War

Artifacts

* Boxer Codex
* Doctrina Christiana
* UST Baybayin Documents
* Velarde map

American colonial period (1898–1946)

* Tagalog Republic
* Negros Republic
* Zamboanga Republic
* Military Government
* Moro Rebellion
* Insular Government
* Jones Law
* Tydings–McDuffie Act
* Commonwealth
* World War II
* Japanese occupation
* Battle of Bataan
* Battle of Corregidor
* Second Republic
* Philippine resistance
* Hukbalahap
* Battle of Leyte Gulf
* Philippines campaign

Post-independence (1946–1965)

* Third Republic
* Treaty of Manila
* Mutual Defense Treaty
* Hukbalahap rebellion
* Filipino First policy
* North Borneo dispute

Marcos era (1965–1986)

* Communist rebellion
* Moro conflict
* Martial law
* Fourth Republic
* People Power Revolution

Contemporary period (1986–present)

* Fifth Republic
* 1997 Asian financial crisis
* 2000 campaign against the MILF
* 2nd People Power Revolution
* EDSA III
* Oakwood mutiny
* Philippine drug war
* Territorial disputes
* Siege of Marawi
* Bangsamoro
* COVID-19 pandemic

By topic

* Ancient religions
* Rulers
* Queen consorts
* Administrative divisions
* Agriculture
* Archaeology
* Communications
* Conflicts
* Cultural achievements
* Diet and health
* Education
* Economy
* Geography
* Historiography
* Languages
* Medicine
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* Names
* Politics
* Science and technology
* World Heritage Sites

Philippines portal

* v
* t
* e

The Fourth Philippine Republic, also known as the Fourth Republic of the Philippines (Tagalog: Repúbliká ng Pilipinas; Spanish: República de Filipinas), was established after Ferdinand Marcos won the 1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum. Marcos announced the beginning of the Fourth Republic on June 30, during his inauguration speech. He was also the first and only president of the Fourth Philippine Republic. On February 25, 1986, due to the People Power Revolution, Marcos went into exile in Hawaii, and Corazon Aquino became the 11th president of the Philippines.[2] The Fourth Republic would come to an end under Aquino's leadership, and the Fifth Republic would commence with the adoption of a new constitution.

## Background

[edit]

Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the government's power for arrest and detention. At the time, corruption, nepotism, as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic growth and development under Marcos, whose own health faced obstacles due to lupus.[2] The political opposition boycotted the 1981 presidential elections, which pitted Marcos and his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan party against retired Gen. Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party, in protest over his control over the results.[3] Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes, which constitutionally allowed him to have another six-year term under the new Constitution that his administration crafted.[4] Finance Minister Cesar Virata was eventually appointed to succeed Marcos as prime minister by the Batasang Pambansa.[5]

In 1983, opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. was assassinated at Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile in the United States. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos began a series of events, including pressure from the United States, that culminated in a snap presidential election on February 7, 1986. The opposition united under Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, and Salvador Laurel, head of the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations (UNIDO). The election was marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering with results by both sides.

The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), declared Marcos the winner, despite a walk-out staged by disenfranchised computer technicians on February 9. According to the COMELEC's final tally, Marcos won with 10,807,197 votes to Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. By contrast, the partial 70% tally of the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections, an accredited poll watcher, said Aquino won with 7,835,070 votes to Marcos's 7,053,068.[6][7]

A peaceful civilian-military uprising, now popularly called the People Power Revolution, forced Marcos into exile and installed Corazon Aquino as president on February 25, 1986. The administration of Marcos has been called by various sources as a kleptocracy[8][9][10] and a conjugal dictatorship.[11][4]

Manila in 1982

## 1981 presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum

The 1981 Philippine presidential election and national referendum was held on June 16, 1981. President Ferdinand E. Marcos of the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) defeated retired general and World War II veteran Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party in a landslide victory. Most opposition parties boycotted the election as a sign of protest over the 1978 election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), which they condemned as fraudulent. At the same time, a national referendum was held on the question in holding elections for barangay elections in 1982.

Marcos's 80% margin of victory is the most lopsided Philippine presidential election ever, him getting 88% of the vote is also the largest in Philippine presidential election history, also beating Quezon's 1941 record of 82%. This is also the most votes received by a person in the Philippines for a single-winner election until 2022 when Sara Duterte won 32 million votes; for multiple-winner elections, it was beaten by Mar Roxas in 2004 with 19 million votes. This was also the presidential election with the most number of candidates, with 13, although nine candidates with the fewest votes collectively just got 0.13% of the vote.

Marcos would have served another six-year term ending in 1987, but it was cut short by the 1986 snap election that eventually resulted in his ouster in the People Power Revolution.

## Assassination of Ninoy Aquino

[edit]

Main article: Assassination of Ninoy Aquino

The Assassination of Ninoy Aquino was credited with transforming the Philippine opposition to the Marcos regime from a small, isolated movement into a national crusade, incorporating people from all walks of life. The middle class got involved, the impoverished majority participated, and business leaders whom Marcos had irked during martial law endorsed the campaign—all with the crucial support of the military and the Catholic Church hierarchy. The assassination showed the increasing incapacity of the Marcos regime—Ferdinand was mortally ill when the crime occurred while his cronies mismanaged the country in his absence. It outraged Aquino's supporters that Marcos, if not masterminding it, allowed the assassination to happen and engineered its cover-up. The mass revolt caused by Aquino's demise attracted worldwide media attention and Marcos's American contacts, as well as the Reagan administration, began distancing themselves. There was a global media spotlight on the Philippine crisis, and exposes on Imelda's extravagant lifestyle (most infamously, her thousands of pairs of shoes) and "mining operations", as well as Ferdinand's excesses, came into focus.

## End of the Fourth Republic

[edit]

Main articles: 1986 Philippine presidential election and People Power Revolution

The 1986 Philippine presidential election was generally perceived to be fraudulent, both locally and internationally. The International observers, including a U.S. delegation led by Senator Richard Lugar, denounced the official results.[12] Corazon Aquino rejected the results and held the "Tagumpay ng Bayan" (People's Victory) rally at Luneta Park on February 16, 1986, announcing a civil disobedience campaign and calling for her supporters to boycott publications and companies which were associated with Marcos or any of his cronies.[13] The event was attended by a crowd of about two million people.[14] Aquino's camp began making preparations for more rallies, and Aquino herself went to Cebu to rally more people to their cause.[15]

In the aftermath of the election and the revelations of irregularities, A small contingent of Aquino supporters, led by her brother in law Butz Aquino, went to EDSA to express support the coup plotters, in the hope of preventing Marcos from annihilating them. At around the same time, Ramos and Enrile contacted the highly influential Archbishop of Manila, Cardinal Jaime Sin to ask for help.[16] Cardinal Sin went on radio and encouraged people on the capital to likewise go to EDSA to support Ramos and Enrile, and crowds, already preparing to conduct election protests, trooped en masse to the stretch of EDSA between the two camps.[15]

This evolved in the largely peaceful 1986 EDSA Revolution, which ended with Marcos going into exile in Hawaii and Corazon Aquino becoming the 11th president of the Philippines on February 25, 1986. Under Aquino, the Philippines would adopt a new constitution, ending the Fourth Republic and ushering in the beginning of the Fifth Republic.

By the end of the Marcos dictatorial era, the country was experiencing a debt crisis, extreme poverty, and severe underemployment.[17][18]

## Government

[edit]

### 1981-1986

[edit]

Starting 1981, The Philippines was under unitary dominant-party semi-presidential republic under a conjugal dictatorship. Marcos's administration was noted for its authoritarian rule, especially under the Martial law era. Even after Marcos officially lifted martial law, he still retained all presidential decrees, legislative powers and the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. On 1986, A provisional revolutionary government was set up in the Philippines following the People Power Revolution which ended on February 25. The revolution removed President Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled as a dictator, from office and installed Corazon Aquino as the new president of the country.[2]

### 1986-1987

[edit]

The Provisional Government of the Philippines in 1986 to 1987 functioned as an interim provisional revolutionary government, although never was officially characterized as such.[19][20] The legislative powers under the provisional government was exercised by the President with the abolishment of the Batasang Pambansa.[2]

## Economy

[edit]

Main article: Economic History of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos

During Marcos's declaration of Martial Law and his overthrow in the event of the 1986 People Power Revolution, the Philippine economy saw significant highs and lows.[21][22][23][24][25]

The commodities boom continued throughout most of the 70s, only slowing down towards the early 1980s when it left the Philippine economy vulnerable to the instability of the international capital market.[22] As a result, the economy grew amidst the two severe global oil shocks following the 1973 oil crisis and 1979 energy crisis – oil price was $3 / barrel in 1973 and $39.5 in 1979, or a growth of 1200% which drove inflation.

The Heritage Foundation pointed that when the economy began to weaken in 1979, the government did not adopt anti-recessionist policies and instead launched risky and costly industrial projects.[26] Despite the 1984–1985 recession, GDP on a per capita basis more than tripled from $175.9 in 1965 to $565.8 in 1985 at the end of Marcos's term, though this averages less than 1.2% a year when adjusted for inflation.

[27][28][29]

The overall economy experienced a slower growth GDP per capita, lower wage conditions and higher unemployment especially towards the end of Marcos's term after the 1983–1984 recession. The Philippine peso devalued sharply from 3.9 to 20.53. The recession was triggered largely by political instability following Ninoy's assassination,[30] high global interest rates,[31] severe global economic recession, and significant increase in global oil price, the latter three of which affected all indebted countries in Latin America, Europe, and Asia. The Philippines was among these countries and was not exempted from the negative economic consequences.[32][33]

The period is sometimes erroneously described as a golden age for the country's economy.[34][35] However, by the period's end, the country was experiencing a debt crisis, extreme poverty, and severe underemployment.[34][36] On the island of Negros, one-fifth of the children under six were seriously malnourished.[37][38] By 1985, a survey by the National Nutrition Council estimated that about 350,000 children – 40 percent of Negros Occidental residents under the age of 14 – were suffering from malnutrition.[39]

After the Negros famine, 1985 infant death statistics at Bacolod Hospital rose 67 percent, and Negros' infant mortality rose to nearly double the national average, with most of the deaths attributed to malnutrition.[40]

The country's total external debt rose from US$ 2.3 billion in 1970 to US$ 26.2 billion in 1985.

## See also

[edit]

* Negros famine

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Presidential Decree No. 1413, s. 1978. Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2022 – via Official Gazette.
2. ^ a b c d Clines, Francis X. (March 26, 1986). "Aquino Proclaims Interim Government". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
3. ^ Dolan & 1991-28
4. ^ a b Javier, Research by Kristian. "A family affair | 31 years of amnesia". newslab.philstar.com.
5. ^ Celoza, Albert (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: the political economy of authoritarianism. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 75\. ISBN 978-0-275-94137-6.
6. ^ Ackerman, Peter; DuVall, Jack (2000). A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 384. ISBN 0-312-22864-3.; ^ Crisostomo, Isabelo T. (1987). Cory: Profile of a President. Brookline Village, Massachusetts: Branden. p. 193. ISBN 0-8283-1913-8. (showing a reproduction of NAMFREL's announcement of the results).
7. ^ Ackerman, Peter; DuVall, Jack (2000). A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22864-3.
8. ^ Manning, Robert A. (1984). "The Philippines in Crisis". Foreign Affairs. 63 (2): 392–410\. doi:10.2307/20042190. JSTOR 20042190.
9. ^ Chaikin, David; Sharman, J. C. (2009). "The Marcos Kleptocracy". Corruption and Money Laundering. pp. 153–186\. doi:10.1057/9780230622456_7. ISBN 978-1-349-37827-2.
10. ^ Acemoglu, Daron; Verdier, Thierry; Robinson, James A. (May 1, 2004). "Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule" (PDF). Journal of the European Economic Association. 2 (2–3): 162–192\. doi:10.1162/154247604323067916. S2CID 7846928.2–3&rft.pages=162-192&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1162/154247604323067916&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7846928#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Acemoglu&rft.aufirst=Daron&rft.au=Verdier,+Thierry&rft.au=Robinson,+James+A.&rft_id=http://www.nber.org/papers/w10136.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Fourth+Philippine+Republic" class="Z3988">
11. ^ Mijares, Primitivo (1976). The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos I (PDF). San Francisco: Union Square Publications.
12. ^ Diller, Dan; Stefani, Sara (February 1, 2019). Richard G. Lugar: Indiana's Visionary Statesman. Indiana University Press. pp. 80–81\. ISBN 978-0-253-04534-8. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
13. ^ "Speech of President Aquino at the anniversary of Tagumpay ng Bayan, February 16, 2012 (English translation)". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
14. ^ Schock, Kurt (1999). "People Power and Political Opportunities: Social Movement Mobilization and Outcomes in the Philippines and Burma". Social Problems. 46 (3): 355–375\. doi:10.2307/3097105. ISSN 0037-7791. JSTOR 3097105.
15. ^ a b Cruz, Elfren S. "The road to EDSA". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
16. ^ Video on YouTube
17. ^ Punongbayan, JC (March 5, 2016). "Marcos Years Marked 'Golden Age' of PH Economy? Look at the Data". IMHO. Rappler. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
18. ^ De Dios, Emmanuel S. (November 16, 2015). "The Truth About the Economy Under the Marcos Regime". Opinion. Business World. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
19. ^ Abraham, Pedro R. (September 1986). "Aquino's first months". Index on Censorship. 15 (8): 9–10, 36. doi:10.1080/03064228608534138.
20. ^ Malindog-Uy, Anna (August 30, 2020). "Can "Rev-Gov" Heal All In The Philippines?". The ASEAN Post. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
21. ^ "Martial law: Costly lessons in economic development | Money | GMA News Online". Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
22. ^ a b Guido, Edson Joseph; de los Reyes, Che (2017), "The best of times? Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years'", ABSCBN News and Public Affairs
23. ^ Punongbayan, JC (September 11, 2017). "Marcos plundered to 'protect' the economy? Makes no economic sense". Rappler. Ortigas Center, Pasig.
24. ^ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
25. ^ "Martial Law and its Aftermath". Library of Congress Country Studies: Philippines. US Library of Congress. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
26. ^ "The Roots of the Philippines' Economic Troubles". Archived from the original on June 16, 2010.
27. ^ "GDP per capita (current US$) – Data". World Bank Group.
28. ^ "GDP (current US$) – Data". World Bank Group.
29. ^ Dohner, Robert S.; Intal, Ponciano (1989). "Introduction to "The Marcos Legacy: Economic Policy and Foreign Debt in the Philippines"" (PDF). In Sachs, Jeffrey D.; Collins, Susan M. (eds.). Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance. Vol. 3: Country Studies – Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Turkey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. ^ L., Edward. "The Roots of the Philippines' Economic Troubles". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010.
31. ^ "United States Prime Rate History". www.fedprimerate.com.
32. ^ James K. Galbraith (August 5, 2008). The Predator State: How Conservatives Abandoned the Free Market and Why Liberals Should Too. Simon and Schuster. p. 75. ISBN 9781416566830.
33. ^ Michael Mussa (2006). C. Fred Bergsten and the World Economy, Volume 978, Issues 397-399. ISBN 9780881323979.
34. ^ a b Punongbayan and Mandrilla (March 5, 2016). "Marcos years marked 'golden age' of PH economy? Look at the data". Rappler. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
35. ^ Francisco, Katerina (September 22, 2016). "Martial Law, the dark chapter in Philippine history". Rappler. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
36. ^ de Dios, Emmanuel S. (November 16, 2015). "The truth about the economy under the Marcos regime". Business World. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
37. ^ "Masagana 99, Nutribun, and Imelda's 'edifice complex' of hospitals". GMA News Online. September 20, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
38. ^ Scott, Michael F. (February 15, 1987). "On Negros, Sugar and Famine, Prawns and Hope". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
39. ^ Caña, Paul John. "Sugar Wars: Looking Back at the Negros Famine of the 1980s". Esquire, 15 April 2021.
40. ^ Agencies (1981-1987), United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations and Related (1987). Foreign assistance and related programs appropriations for 1988: hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session. U.S. Government Printing Office.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

### Works cited

[edit]

* Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). "Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law". Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-8444-0748-7.

* v
* t
* e

Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos and People Power Revolution

Batas Militar sa Pilipinas

Background|

* Martial law in the Philippines
* 1965 elections
* Conjugal dictatorship
* Philippines–United States relations
* American imperialism
* Cold War
* Vietnam War
* Communist insurgency
* Moro conflict
* Sabah claim
* Jabidah massacre
* Manili massacre
* 1969 elections
* 1969 balance of payments crisis
* First Quarter Storm
* Agrarian reform
* Diliman Commune
* Plaza Miranda bombing
* Filipino nationalism
* Human rights in the Philippines

Events|

* 1972 Enrile ambush
* Proclamation No. 1081
* 1973 Constitution
* 1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid
* Construction of "edifice complex" projects
* 1978 elections
* Interim Batasang Pambansa
* Beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz
* 1981 elections
* Assassination of Ninoy Aquino
* Negros famine
* Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship
* Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship
* Snap elections
* Timeline of the People Power Revolution

Human rights
abuses|

* Human rights abuses
* Torture methods
* Political detainees
* Palimbang massacre
* Tictapul massacre
* Murder of Archimedes Trajano
* Murder of Macli-ing Dulag
* Daet massacre
* Bacong Bridge massacre
* Murder of Juan "Johnny" Escandor
* Murder of Alex Orcullo
* Escalante massacre
* Beew massacre

Kleptocracy|

* Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family
* Marcos mansions
* Marcos jewels
* Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family
* Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal
* Coco Levy Fund scam
* Golden Buddha theft
* Bataan Nuclear Power Plant

People|

| Regime|

* Ferdinand Marcos
* Imelda Marcos

|

Cronies and Relatives|

* Rolex 12 (Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.
* Juan Ponce Enrile
* Romeo Espino
* Fidel Ramos
* Fabian Ver)
* Macario Asistio Jr.
* Roberto Benedicto
* José Yao Campos
* Manuel Elizalde Jr.
* Antonio Floirendo Sr.
* Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr.
* María Imelda "Imee" Marcos
* Roberto Ongpin
* Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez
* Ignacio Santiago Sr.
* Ricardo Silverio
* Florentino Sanico Solon
* Lucio Tan
* Arturo Tolentino
* Nicanor Yñiguez

Cabinet Technocrats|

* Cesar Virata
* Onofre Corpuz
* Armand Fabella
* Jaime C. Laya
* Placido Mapa Jr.
* Carlos P. Romulo

Mainstream opposition|

Leaders

* Agapito "Butz" Aquino
* Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.
* Corazon C. "Cory" Aquino
* José W. "Ka Pepe" Diokno
* Salvador H. "Doy" Laurel
* Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas
* Jovito R. "Ka Jovy" Salonga
* Cardinal Jaime Sin
* Lorenzo M. "Ka Tanny" Tañada Sr.

Business sector opposition

* Jose S. Concepcion Jr.
* Domingo M. Guevara, Sr.
* Alejandro A. "Ka Ding" Lichauco
* Eugenio "Geny" Lopez Jr.
* Jaime Ongpin
* Alfonso Yuchengco
* Quintin Yuyitung
* Rizal Yuyitung

Political sector opposition

* Jacobo Amatong
* Ceferino "Joker" Arroyo
* Jejomar Binay
* Cesar Climaco
* Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr.
* Margarita "Tingting" Cojuangco
* Roberto Concepcion
* Hilario Davide Jr.
* Marcelo Fernan
* Neptali Gonzales
* Raul M. Gonzalez
* Teofisto Guingona Jr.
* Ribomapil "Dodong" Holganza Sr.
* Evelio Javier
* Vicente Jayme
* Eva Estrada Kalaw
* José B. Lingad
* Diosdado Macapagal
* Ernesto Maceda
* Raul Manglapus
* Primitivo Mijares
* Ramon Mitra Jr.
* Sergio "Serge" Osmeña III
* Ambrosio Padilla
* Cecilia Muñoz-Palma
* Vicente Paterno
* Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr.
* Eduardo Quintero
* Soledad Roa Duterte
* Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo
* Jose Benedicto Luis "J.B.L." Reyes
* Rene Saguisag
* Abraham Sarmiento Sr.
* Wigberto Tañada
* Claudio Teehankee
* Luis Villafuerte
* Haydee Yorac
* Calixto Zaldivar

Religious sector opposition

* Zacarias Agatep
* Teodoro Bacani Jr.
* Mariani Dimaranan
* Joe Dizon
* Tullio Favali
* Inocencio Ipong
* Isabelo Magalit
* Mary John Mananzan
* Violeta Marcos
* Pacifico Ortiz
* Magnifico Osorio
* Miguel Purugganan
* James Reuter
* Rudy Romano
* Mary Christine Tan
* Carlos Tayag
* Ricardo Vidal
* The Magnificent Seven (Francisco Claver
* Federico Escaler
* Antonio Fortich
* Julio Xavier Labayen
* Orlando Quevedo
* Felix Perez
* Jesus Varela)

Academic and cultural
sector opposition|

Academics and cultural workers

* Freddie Aguilar
* APO Hiking Society (Danny Javier
* Boboy Garrovillo
* Jim Paredes)
* Lualhati Bautista
* Lino Brocka
* Ishmael Bernal
* Noel Cabangon
* Benedicto Cabrera
* Behn Cervantes
* Renato Constantino
* Carmen I. "Ka Nena" Diokno
* Gilda Cordero Fernando
* Butch Dalisay
* The Jerks
* Nick Joaquin
* Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba
* Inang Laya
* Ricky Lee
* Celeste Legaspi
* Salvador P. Lopez
* Bienvenido Lumbera
* Leah Navarro
* Francisco Nemenzo Jr.
* Willie Nepomuceno
* Bibeth Orteza
* Gaston Z. "Gasty" Ortigas
* Nemesio Prudente
* Kidlat Tahimik
Student activists
Lean Alejandro
* Edgar Ang Sinco
* Manuel Bautista
* Neri Colmenares
* Liliosa Hilao
* Antonio Hilario
* Bonifacio Ilagan
* Edgar Jopson
* Joel Lamangan
* Carol Pagaduan
* Armando Palabay
* Tish Pascual-Ladlad
* Nestor Principe
* Susan Quimpo
* Abraham Sarmiento Jr.
* Antonio Tagamolila
* Archimedes Trajano
* Southern Tagalog 10 (Cristina Catalla
* Gerardo Faustino
* Rizalina Ilagan
* Jessica Sales)

Left-wing opposition|

* Fidel Agcaoili
* Lean Alejandro
* Conrado Balweg
* Lorena Barros
* Walden Bello
* Crispin Beltran
* Bernabe Buscayno
* Victor Corpus
* Maita Gomez
* Luis Jalandoni
* Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba
* Filemon Lagman
* Satur Ocampo
* Felixberto Olalia Sr.
* Rolando Olalia
* Jose Maria Sison
* Nilo Tayag
* Crispin Tagamolila
* Benito Tiamzon
* Wilma Tiamzon
* Antonio Zumel

Opposition in the
Armed Forces|

Resistance during the Marcos administration years

* Commodore Ramon A. Alcaraz
* Col. Bonifacio Gillego
* Capt. Rogelio Morales, PN
* Capt. Danilo Vizmanos, PN
* Brig. Gen. Marcos G. Soliman

Reform the Armed Forces Movement

* Juan Ponce Enrile
* Col. Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan
* Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan Jr.
* BGen. Jose T. Almonte
* Col. Victor Batac
* Col. Hector Tarrazona
* Col. Billy Bibit

Others who withdrew support during the People Power revolution

* Lt. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos
* Commodore Tagumpay Jardiniano
* Col. Charles Hotchkiss
* Col. Antonio Sotelo
* Col. Rodolfo Biazon
* Lt. Benjamin Magalong

Journalists|

Pro-Marcos

* Jose "Joe" Guevarra
Opposition writers
Eugenia Apostol
* David Bueno
* Joe Burgos
* Amando Doronila
* Ma Ceres Doyo
* Inday Espina-Varona
* Chit Estella
* Betty Go-Belmonte
* Letty Jimenez Magsanoc
* Jose "Pete" Lacaba
* Teodoro Locsin Sr.
* Armando Malay
* Antonio "Tony" Nieva
* Alex Orcullo
* Napoleon G. Rama
* Joaquin "Chino" Roces
* Maximo Soliven
* Jose Mari Velez

American
interested parties|

* Stephen W. Bosworth
* Henry A. Byroade
* Philip Habib
* George Hamilton
* Paul Laxalt
* Richard Lugar
* Paul Manafort
* Ronald Reagan

Political
pressure groups|

Political coalitions

* Alliance of Makati Associations
* Anti-Bases Coalition
* August Twenty One Movement
* Bagong Alyansang Makabayan
* Concerned Women of the Philippines
* Free Legal Assistance Group
* Gabriela Women's Party
* Justice for Aquino, Justice for All
* Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan
* Movement of Attorneys for Brotherhood, Integrity and Nationalism, Inc.
* Movement for a Free Philippines
* Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties
* National Movement for Free Elections
* Task Force Detainees of the Philippines

Political parties

* Liberal Party
* Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan
* United Nationalist Democratic Organization

Locations|

* Camp Aguinaldo
* Camp Crame
* Clark Air Base
* Club Filipino
* Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA)
* Fort Bonifacio
* Fort Magsaysay
* Hawaii
* Malacañang Palace
* Ortigas Center
* Villamor Air Base

Aftermath|

| Events|

* Nepotism
* Operation Big Bird
* Mendiola massacre
* 1987 elections
* Anti-Aquino coup attempts
* UP-DND accord
* Second Great Rectification Movement
* Burial of Ferdinand Marcos

|

Institutions|

* Aquino Presidency
* Constitution of the Philippines
* Commission on Human Rights
* Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
* Human Rights Violations Victims' Memorial Commission
* Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986
* Philippine National Police
* Presidential Commission on Good Government

Media|

| Songs|

* "Bagong Pagsilang"
* "Bayan Ko"
* "Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo"
* "Magkaisa"
* "Saranggola ni Pepe"
* "Tatsulok"
* "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"

|

Political Films
during the dictatorship|

* Iginuhit ng Tadhana
* Sakada

Literature|

* The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos
* Dekada '70
* Some Are Smarter Than Others
* Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years
* Waltzing with a Dictator

Slogans|

* Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa
* Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan
* Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!
* Never again

Gestures|

* V sign
* Laban sign
* Raised fist

Legacy and
historiography|

| Monuments and memorials|

* Bantayog ng mga Bayani
* EDSA Shrine
* People Power Monument
* individuals

|

Films|

* Ako si Ninoy
* Barber's Tales
* Batas Militar
* Citizen Jake
* A Dangerous Life
* Dekada '70
* Eskapo
* Evolution of a Filipino Family
* Forbidden Memory
* From What Is Before
* Imelda
* Katips
* The Kingmaker
* The Last Journey of Ninoy
* Liway
* Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin
* Maid in Malacañang
* Martyr or Murderer
* ML
* Oras de Peligro
* Pisay
* A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution
* Sa Dulo ng Baril
* Season of the Devil
* Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?

Other media|

* Here Lies Love
* musical
* Maalaala Mo Kaya: The Ninoy and Cory Aquino Story ("Kalapati"
* "Makinilya")
* Voltes V

Disinformation and
distortionism|

* Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality
* Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos

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