Frankel appliance

Frankel appliance or Frankel Functional Regulator is an orthodontic functional appliance which was developed by Rolf Fränkel in 1950s for treatment to patients of all ages (more so for adults In Orthotropics). This appliance primarily focused on the modulation of neuromuscular activity in order to produce changes in jaw and teeth. The appliance was opposite to the Activator appliance and Bionator appliance.[1][2]

## History

[edit]

It was developed by Rolf Fränkel in Germany in 1950s. In his practice, Fränkel had used the activator functional appliance and experienced mixed results with this appliance. He believed that a treatment outcome is more stable if the functional deviations of muscles are also corrected along with dentition. Therefore, through his work he developed an approach which allowed the maxillary and mandibular muscles to play an important part in an orthodontic treatment. He achieved that through development of functional regulator appliances. These appliances allowed him to train and reprogram the musculature around the mouth. He published around 70 articles which stressed the importance of his appliance in expanding the dental arches.[3]

He first introduced his functional orthopedic approach in 1966 at a meeting for European Orthodontic Society.

## Fränkel's Philosophy

[edit]

Fränkel's philosophy mirrored that of Melvin Moss. Their philosophy was that the functional performance of the muscular portions of the oral capsule influence the developing functional spaces. Fränkel also thought that the functional spaces are influenced by the atmospheric pressure. He believed that the perioral muscles had restraining effect on the dental arches and that the insertion of appliance expands the capsule and allows new functional adaptation of the muscle.[4][5]

## Types

[edit]

Frankel Appliance I (FR 1)

This appliance had Type A, B and C. The difference between A and B was the lower lingual loops in one and lower lingual shield in another. This was mainly used for Class 1 and Class 2 Division 1 malocclusion.

* Acrylic Components
* Buccal Shield - They were about 2.5mm thick and their goal was to expand the soft tissue capsule in the back.
* Lip Pads - They are tear drop shaped acrylic pads which were placed in the vestibule of the lower arch.
* Lingual Shield - This allows mandibular muscles to overcome their poor posture.
* Wire components
* Palatal bow - This rests on maxillary molar and has a stabilizing action for the appliance.
* Cross over wire - They run between 1st and 2nd premolars and are responsible for movement of the buccal segments.
* Lower lingual wires - They prevent the lingual movement of lower incisors.
* Labial bow -
* Canine loop - Used for guided eruption of canine and also for intermaxillary anchorage.

Frankel Appliance II (FR II)

This was used primarily in Class 2 Division 1 and 2.

Frankel Appliance III (FR III)

Used in patients with Class 3 malocclusion. In this appliance the lip pads are used in the maxillary arch to allow the maxilla to grow. The mandibular arch does not have pads in the anterior to allow the soft tissue forces to act on the mandible.[citation needed]

Frankel Appliance IV (FR IV)

Used in patients with open bite and bimaxillary protrusion cases.

Frankel Appliance V (FR V)

This appliance can be used with headgear in patients with high mandibular plane angle and vertical maxillary excess.

## Modifications

[edit]

* Otton (1992) - Capped Frankel Appliance.
* Owen (1985) - Modified functional regulator for Vertical Maxillary Excess.
* Chate (1986) - Angulation of Cross Wires was changed.
* Kingston - He modified the buccal shields.
* Haynes (1986) - He modified appliance to have continuous buccolabial shield palatal acrylic support.

## See also

[edit]

* Pendulum appliance

## References

[edit]

1. ^ De Almeida, Marcio Rodrigues; Henriques, José Fernando Castanha; Ursi, Weber (2002-05-01). "Comparative study of the Fränkel (FR-2) and bionator appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 121 (5): 458–466\. doi:10.1067/mod.2002.123037. ISSN 0889-5406. PMID 12045763.
2. ^ "Bionator/Orthopedic Corrector - DynaFlex". dynaflex.com. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
3. ^ Rudzki-Janson, I.; Noachtar, R. (1998-03-01). "Functional appliance therapy with the Bionator". Seminars in Orthodontics. 4 (1): 33–45\. doi:10.1016/s1073-8746(98)80040-6. ISSN 1073-8746. PMID 9573873.
4. ^ Perillo, Letizia; Cannavale, Rosangela; Ferro, Fabrizia; Franchi, Lorenzo; Masucci, Caterina; Chiodini, Paolo; Baccetti, Tiziano (2011-02-01). "Meta-analysis of skeletal mandibular changes during Frankel appliance treatment". European Journal of Orthodontics. 33 (1): 84–92\. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjq033. ISSN 1460-2210. PMID 20639280.
5. ^ Rodrigues de Almeida, Marcio; Castanha Henriques, José Fernando; Rodrigues de Almeida, Renato; Ursi, Weber (2002-10-01). "Treatment effects produced by Fränkel appliance in patients with class II, division 1 malocclusion". The Angle Orthodontist. 72 (5): 418–425\. ISSN 0003-3219. PMID 12401050.

## External links

[edit]

* Appliance Repair

* v
* t
* e

Orthodontics

Diagnosis|

* Bolton analysis
* Cephalometric analysis
* Cephalometry
* Dentition analysis
* Failure of eruption of teeth
* Little's Irregularity Index
* Malocclusion
* Scissor bite
* Standard anatomical position
* Tooth ankylosis
* Tongue thrust

Conditions|

* Overbite
* Overjet
* Open bite
* Crossbite
* Dental crowding
* Dental spacing
* Bimaxillary Protrusion
* Prognathism
* Retrognathism
* Maxillary hypoplasia
* Condylar hyperplasia
* Overeruption
* Mouth breathing
* Temperomandibular dysfunction

Appliances|

* ACCO appliance
* Archwire
* Activator appliance
* Braces
* Damon system
* Elastics
* Frankel appliance
* Invisalign
* Lingual arch
* Lip bumper
* Herbst Appliance
* List of orthodontic functional appliances
* List of palatal expanders
* Lingual braces
* Headgear
* Orthodontic technology
* Orthodontic spacer
* Palatal lift prosthesis
* Palatal expander
* Quad helix
* Retainer
* SureSmile
* Self-ligating braces
* Splint activator
* Twin Block Appliance

Procedures|

* Anchorage (orthodontics)
* Cantilever mechanics
* Fiberotomy
* Interproximal reduction
* Intrusion (orthodontics)
* Molar distalization
* SARPE
* Serial extraction

Materials|

* Beta-titanium
* Nickel titanium
* Stainless steel
* TiMolium
* Elgiloy
* Ceramic
* Composite
* Dental elastics

Notable contributors|

* Edward Angle
* Spencer Atkinson
* Clifford Ballard
* Raymond Begg
* Hans Peter Bimler
* Samir Bishara
* Arne Björk
* Charles B. Bolton
* Holly Broadbent Sr.
* Allan G. Brodie
* Charles J. Burstone
* Peter Buschang
* Calvin Case
* Harold Chapman (Orthodontist)
* David Di Biase
* Jean Delaire
* Terry Dischinger
* William B. Downs
* John Nutting Farrar
* Rolf Frankel
* Sheldon Friel
* Thomas M. Graber
* Charles A. Hawley
* Reed Holdaway
* John Hooper (Orthodontist)
* Joseph Jarabak
* Harold Kesling
* Albert Ketcham
* Juri Kurol
* Craven Kurz
* Benno Lischer
* James A. McNamara
* Birte Melsen
* Robert Moyers
* Hayes Nance
* Ravindra Nanda
* George Northcroft
* Dean Harold Noyes
* Frederick Bogue Noyes
* Albin Oppenheim
* Herbert A. Pullen
* Earl W. Renfroe
* Robert M. Ricketts
* Alfred Paul Rogers
* Ronald Roth
* Everett Shapiro
* L. F. Andrews
* Frederick Lester Stanton
* Earl Emanuel Shepard
* Cecil C. Steiner
* David L. Turpin
* Charles H. Tweed
* Katherine Vig
* Edmund H. Wuerpel
* Won-Sik Yang
* Robert M. Ricketts
* Kevin O'Brien
* Häns Pancherz
* C. Philip Adams

Organizations|

* American Association of Orthodontists
* American Board of Orthodontics
* British Orthodontic Society
* Canadian Association of Orthodontists
* Indian Orthodontic Society
* Italian Academy of Orthodontic Technology
* Society for Orthodontic Dental Technology (Germany)

Journals|

* American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
* The Angle Orthodontist
* Journal of Orthodontics

Institution|

* Angle School of Orthodontia

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template