Fred Zinnemann

Austrian-American film director (1907–1997)

Fred Zinnemann

Zinnemann in the 1940s

Born|

Alfred Zinnemann

(1907-04-29)April 29, 1907

Rzeszów, Austria-Hungary (now Poland)[1][2]

Died| March 14, 1997(1997-03-14) (aged 89)

London, England

Alma mater| École nationale supérieure Louis-Lumière
Occupations|

* Film director
* producer

Years active| 1932–1982
Notable work|

* High Noon
* From Here to Eternity
* Oklahoma!
* A Man For All Seasons
* Julia

Spouse|

Renee Bartlett

(m. 1936)​

Children| Tim Zinnemann
Awards| Academy Award for Best Director
1954 From Here to Eternity
1967 A Man for All Seasons

Academy Award for Best Picture
1967 A Man for All Seasons

Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film
1952 Benjy

Alfred Zinnemann (April 29, 1907 – March 14, 1997) was an Austrian-American[1] film director and producer. He won four Academy Awards for directing and producing films in various genres, including thrillers, westerns, film noir and play adaptations. He began his career in Europe before emigrating to the US, where he specialized in shorts before making 25 feature films during his 50-year career.

He was among the first directors to insist on using authentic locations and for mixing stars with non-professional actors to give his films more realism. Within the film industry, he was considered a maverick for taking risks and thereby creating unique films, with many of his stories being dramas about lone and principled individuals tested by tragic events. According to one historian[who?], Zinnemann's style demonstrated his sense of "psychological realism and his apparent determination to make worthwhile pictures that are nevertheless highly entertaining."[citation needed]

Among his films were The Search (1948), The Men (1950), High Noon (1952), From Here to Eternity (1953), Oklahoma! (1955), The Nun's Story (1959), The Sundowners (1960), A Man for All Seasons (1966), The Day of the Jackal (1973), and Julia (1977). His films have received 65 Oscar nominations, winning 24; Zinnemann himself was nominated for ten, and won Best Director for From Here to Eternity (1953), Best Picture and Best Director for A Man for All Seasons (1966), and Best Documentary, Short Subjects for Benjy (1951).

Zinnemann directed and introduced a number of stars in their U.S. film debuts, including Marlon Brando, Rod Steiger, Pier Angeli, Julie Harris, Brandon deWilde, Montgomery Clift, Shirley Jones and Meryl Streep. He directed 19 actors to Oscar nominations, including Frank Sinatra, Montgomery Clift, Audrey Hepburn, Glynis Johns, Paul Scofield, Robert Shaw, Wendy Hiller, Jason Robards, Vanessa Redgrave, Jane Fonda, Gary Cooper and Maximilian Schell.

## Early life

[edit]

> In Austria, discrimination had been part of life since time immemorial. It was always there, oppressive, often snide, sometimes hostile, seldom violent. It was in the air and one sensed it at all levels, in school, at work and in society. A Jew was an outsider, a threat to the country's culture. Born in Austria-Hungary (now Poland), and raised as an Austrian, he would still never truly belong.

—Fred Zinnemann[3]: 11

Zinnemann was born in Rzeszów,[1][2][4][5] the son of Anna (Feiwel) and Oskar Zinnemann, a doctor.[6][7] His parents were Austrian Jews.[8][9] He had one younger brother.

Zinnemann grew up in Vienna during the First World War, during much of which his father was serving as a combat medic with the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front. Zinnemann later recalled that his father was severely traumatized by his war experiences and often suffered from nightmares.[10]

While growing up in the First Austrian Republic, which had been formed as a rump state of a fallen Empire in 1918 and which he later described as, "a tiny, defeated, impoverished country",[11] Zinnemann wanted to become a musician, but went on to graduate with a law degree from the University of Vienna in 1927.[8]

While studying law, he became drawn to films and convinced his parents to let him study film production in the Third French Republic. After studying for a year at the Ecole Technique de Photographie et Cinématographie in Paris, Zinnemann became a cameraman and found work on a number of films being made at Babelsberg Studio in Berlin, during the Weimar Republic, before emigrating to the United States.[8] Both of Zinnemann's parents, whom he later described as nostalgic for the days of the Habsburg Monarchy, came back to Poland after Anschluss where later they were murdered by Germans during the Holocaust. Up until their death Zimmerman was exchanging letters with them, all written in Polish.[12]: 86

## Career as director

[edit]

### Early career

[edit]

Zinnemann worked in Germany with several other beginners (Billy Wilder and Robert Siodmak also worked with him on the 1929 feature People on Sunday) after he studied filmmaking in France. His penchant for realism and authenticity is evident in his first feature The Wave (1936), shot on location in Mexico with mostly non-professional actors recruited among the locals, which is one of the earliest examples of social realism in narrative film. Earlier in the decade, in fact, Zinnemann had worked with documentarian Robert Flaherty, "probably the greatest single influence on my work as a filmmaker", he said.[8]

Although he was fascinated by the artistic culture of Germany, with its theater, music and films, he was also aware that the country was in a deep economic crisis. He became disenchanted with Berlin after continually seeing decadent ostentation and luxury existing alongside desperate unemployment. The wealthy classes were moving more to the political right and the poor to the left. "Emotion had long since begun to displace reason," he said.[3]: 16 As a result of the changing political climate, along with the fact that sound films had arrived in Europe, which was technically unprepared to produce their own, film production throughout Europe slowed dramatically. Zinnemann, then only 21, got his parents' permission to go to America where he hoped filmmaking opportunities would be greater.[3]: 16

He arrived in New York at the end of October 1929, at the time of the stock market crash. Despite the financial panic then beginning, he found New York to be a different cultural environment:[3]: 17

> New York was a terrific experience, full of excitement, with a vitality and pace then totally lacking in Europe. It was as though I had just left a continent of zombies and entered a place humming with incredible energy and power.[3]: 17

He took a Greyhound bus to Hollywood a few months later following the completion of his first directorial effort for the Mexican cultural protest film, The Wave, in Alvarado, Mexico. He established residence in North Hollywood with Henwar Rodakiewicz, Gunther von Fritsch and Ned Scott, all fellow contributors to the Mexican project.[13] One of Zinnemann's first jobs in Hollywood was as an extra in All Quiet on the Western Front (1930). He said that many of the other extras were former Russian aristocrats and high-ranking officers who fled to America as refugees from the October Revolution in 1917 and the ensuing Red Terror.[3]: 23

He was twenty-two but he said he felt older than the forty-year-olds in Hollywood. But he was jubilant because he was then certain that "this was the place one could breathe free and belong."[3]: 18 But after a few years he became disillusioned with the limited talents of Hollywood's elites.

### 1940s

[edit]

Montgomery Clift in his debut film, The Search (1948)

After some directing success with some short films, he graduated to features in 1942, turning out two B mysteries, Kid Glove Killer and Eyes in the Night before getting his big break with The Seventh Cross (1944), starring Spencer Tracy, which became his first hit. The film was based on Anna Seghers' novel and, while filmed entirely on the MGM backlot, made realistic use of refugee German actors in even the smallest roles. The central character—an escaped prisoner played by Tracy—is seen as comparatively passive and fatalistic. He is, however, the subject of heroic assistance from anti-Nazi Germans. In a sense, the most dynamic character of the film is not the Tracy character but a humble German worker played by Hume Cronyn, who changes from Nazi sympathizer to active opponent of the regime as he aids Tracy.

After World War II, Zinnemann learned that both of his parents had been murdered in the Holocaust.[12]: 86 He was frustrated by his studio contract, which dictated that he did not have a choice in directing films like Little Mister Jim (1946) and My Brother Talks to Horses (1947) despite his lack of interest in their subject matter.[14] However, his next film, The Search (1948), won an Oscar for screenwriting and secured his position in the Hollywood establishment. Shot in war-ravaged Germany, the film stars Montgomery Clift in his screen debut as a GI who cares for a lost Czech boy traumatized by the war. It was followed by Act of Violence (1948), a gritty film noir starring Van Heflin as a haunted POW, Robert Ryan as his hot-tempered former friend, Janet Leigh as Heflin's wife, and Mary Astor as a sympathetic prostitute. Zinnemann considered Act of Violence the first project in which he "felt comfortable knowing exactly what I wanted and exactly how to get it."[14]

### 1950s

[edit]

The Men (1950) stars Marlon Brando as a paraplegic war veteran. It was Brando's first film. Zinnemann filmed many scenes in a California hospital where real patients served as extras. It was followed by Teresa (1951), starring Pier Angeli.

Perhaps Zinnemann's best-known work is High Noon (1952), one of the first 25 American films chosen in 1989 for the National Film Registry. With its psychological and moral examinations of its lawman hero Marshall Will Kane, played by Gary Cooper and its innovative chronology whereby screen time approximated the 80-minute countdown to the confrontational hour, the film broke the mold of the formulaic western. Working closely with cinematographer and longtime friend Floyd Crosby, he shot without filters, giving the landscape a harsh "newsreel" quality that clashed with the more painterly cinematography of John Ford's westerns.[15] During production he established a strong rapport with Gary Cooper, photographing the aging actor in many tight close-ups which showed him sweating, and at one point, even crying on screen.

Screenwriter Carl Foreman apparently intended High Noon to be an allegory of Senator Joseph McCarthy's vendetta against alleged Communists. However, Zinnemann disagreed, insisting, late in life, that the issues in the film, for him, were broader, and were more about conscience and independent, uncompromising fearlessness. He says, "High Noon is "not a Western, as far as I'm concerned; it just happens to be set in the Old West."

Film critic Stephen Prince suggests that the character of Kane actually represents Zinnemann, who tried to create an atmosphere of impending threat on the horizon, a fear of potential "fascism", represented by the gang of killers soon arriving. Zinnemann explained the general context for many of his films: "One of the crucial things today [is] trying to preserve our civilization."[12]: 86

Prince adds that Zinnemann, having learned that both his parents were murdered in the Holocaust, wanted Kane willing to "fight rather than run", unlike everyone else in town. As a result, "Zinnemann allies himself" with the film's hero.[12]: 86 Zinnemann explains the theme of the film and its relevance to modern times:

> I saw it as a great movie yarn, full of enormously interesting people ... only later did it dawn on me that this was not a regular Western myth. There was something timely - and timeless - about it, something that had a direct bearing on life today. To me it was the story of a man who must make a decision according to his conscience. His town - symbol of a democracy gone soft - faces a horrendous threat to its people's way of life. Determined to resist, and in deep trouble, he moves all over the place looking for support but finding that there is nobody who will help him; each has a reason of his own for not getting involved. In the end, he must meet his chosen fate all by himself, his town's doors and windows firmly locked against him. It is a story that still happens everywhere, every day.[3]: 96–97

For his screen adaptation of the play The Member of the Wedding (1952), Zinnemann chose Julie Harris as the film's 12-year-old protagonist, although she was by then 26 years old. Two years earlier Harris had created the role on Broadway just as the two other leading actors, Ethel Waters and Brandon deWilde, had.[16]

Zinnemann's next film, From Here to Eternity (1953), based on the novel by James Jones, was nominated for 13 Academy Awards and would go on to win 8, including Best Picture and Best Director. Zinnemann fought hard with producer Harry Cohn to cast Montgomery Clift as the character of Prewitt, although Frank Sinatra, who was at the lowest point of his popularity, cast himself in the role of "Maggio" against Zinnemann's wishes.[17] Sinatra would later win an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor. From Here to Eternity also featured Deborah Kerr, best known for prim and proper roles, as a philandering Army wife. Donna Reed played the role of Alma "Lorene" Burke, a prostitute and mistress of Montgomery Clift's character which earned her an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for 1953.

Don Murray and Eva Marie Saint in A Hatful of Rain (1957)

In Oklahoma! (1955), Zinnemann's version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, the wide screen format Todd-AO made its debut, as did the film's young star, Shirley Jones. It was also an expression of Zinnemann's continued faith and optimism about America, with its energy and exuberance.[12]: 3

His next film was A Hatful of Rain (1957), starring Don Murray, Eva Marie Saint and Anthony Franciosa, and was based on the play by Michael V. Gazzo. It is a drama story about a young married man with a secret morphine addiction who tries to quit and suffers through painful withdrawal symptoms. The film was a risk for Zinnemann, since movie depictions of drug addiction and withdrawal were rare in the 1950s.[12]: 3

Zinnemann rounded out the 1950s with The Nun's Story (1959), casting Audrey Hepburn in the role of Sister Luke, a nun who eventually gives up the religious life to join the Belgian resistance in the Second World War. The film was based on the life of Marie Louise Habets. Hepburn, who gave up the chance to play Anne Frank in order to work on The Nun's Story, considered the film to be her best and most personal work. Zinnemann's style of cutting from close-up to close-up was heavily influenced by Carl Theodor Dreyer's The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928), his favorite film. He was grateful that Hepburn was easy to work with:

> I have never seen anyone more disciplined, more gracious or more dedicated to her work than Audrey. There was no ego, no asking for extra favors; there was the greatest consideration for her co-workers.[3]: 166

### 1960s

[edit]

The Sundowners (1960), starring Robert Mitchum and Deborah Kerr as an Australian outback husband and wife, led to more Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actress (Kerr) and Best Supporting Actress (Glynis Johns), but won none. Behold A Pale Horse (1964) was a post-Spanish Civil War epic based on the book Killing a Mouse on Sunday by Emeric Pressburger and starred Gregory Peck, Anthony Quinn and Omar Sharif, but was both a critical and commercial flop; Zinnemann would later admit that the film "didn't really come together."[18]

In 1965 he was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.[19]

Zinnemann's fortunes changed once again with A Man for All Seasons (1966), scripted by Robert Bolt from his own play and starring Paul Scofield as Sir Thomas More, portraying him as a man driven by conscience to his ultimate fate. The film went on to win six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor (Scofield) and Best Director, Zinnemann's second such Oscar to date. The film was also entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival.[20]

After this, Zinnemann was all set to direct an adaptation of Man's Fate for MGM. However, the project was shut down in 1969, and the studio attempted to hold Zinnemann responsible for at least $1 million of the $3.5 million that had already been spent on pre-production. In protest, Zinnemann filed a lawsuit against the studio, and it would be four years before he would make his next film.[21]

### 1970s

[edit]

By the early 1970s, Zinnemann had been out of work since the cancellation of Man's Fate; he believed it had "marked the end of an era in picture making and the dawn of a new one, when lawyers and accountants began to replace showmen as head of the studios and when a handshake was a handshake no longer."[21] However, Universal then offered him the chance to direct The Day of the Jackal (1973), based on the best-selling suspense novel by Frederick Forsyth. The film starred Edward Fox as an English assassin hired to kill French president Charles de Gaulle, and Michael Lonsdale as the French detective charged with stopping him. Zinnemann was intrigued by the opportunity to direct a film in which the audience would already be able to guess the ending (the Jackal failing his mission), and was pleased when it ultimately became a hit with the public.[22]

The Day of the Jackal was followed four years later by Julia (1977), based on a story in the book Pentimento: A Book of Portraits by Lillian Hellman. The film starred Jane Fonda as a young Hellman and Vanessa Redgrave as her best friend Julia, an American heiress who forsakes the safety and comfort of both her homeland and great wealth to devote her life with fatal consequences to the Austrian Resistance to Nazism. The film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won three, for Best Screenplay (Alvin Sargent), Best Supporting Actor (Jason Robards), and Best Supporting Actress for Vanessa Redgrave, who received scattered boos on Oscar night for her "Zionist hoodlums" acceptance speech[relevant?].[23] Zinnemann thought that Fonda's acting was extraordinary and she also deserved an Oscar.[3]: 226

### 1980s

[edit]

Zinnemann's final film was Five Days One Summer (1982), filmed in Switzerland and based on the short story Maiden, Maiden by Kay Boyle. It starred Sean Connery and Betsy Brantley as a "couple" vacationing in the Alps in the 1930s, and a young Lambert Wilson as a mountain-climbing guide who grows heavily suspicious of their relationship. The film was both a critical and commercial flop, although Zinnemann would be told by various critics in later years that they considered it an underrated achievement.[24] Zinnemann blamed the film's critical and commercial failure for his retirement from filmmaking: "I'm not saying it was a good picture. But there was a degree of viciousness in the reviews. The pleasure some people took in tearing down the film really hurt."[25]

## Final years and death

[edit]

Zinnemann is often regarded as striking a blow against ageism in Hollywood.[by whom?][26] The apocryphal story goes that in the 1980s, during a meeting with a young Hollywood executive, Zinnemann was surprised to find the executive didn't know who he was, despite having won four Academy Awards, and directing many of Hollywood's biggest films. When the young executive asked Zinnemann to list what he had done in his career, Zinnemann reportedly answered, "Sure. You first." In Hollywood, the story is known as "You First," and is often alluded to when veteran creators find that upstarts are unfamiliar with their work.[27]

Zinnemann insisted, "I've been trying to disown that story for years. It seems to me Billy Wilder told it to me about himself."[28]

Zinnemann died of a heart attack in London, England on March 14, 1997.[29] He was 89 years old. Zinneman's remains were cremated at Kensal Green Cemetery and the cremated remains were collected from the cemetery. His wife, Renee Bartlett died on December 18, 1997.[30]

## Directing style

[edit]

> His films are characterized by an unshakable belief in human dignity; a realist aesthetic; a preoccupation with moral and social issues; a warm and sympathetic treatment of character; an expert handling of actors; a meticulous attention to detail; consummate technical artistry; poetic restraint; and deliberately open endings.

—Arthur Nolletti,[12]: 1
film historian

Zinnemann's training in documentary filmmaking and his personal background contributed to his style as a "social realist." With his early films between 1937 and 1942 he began using that technique, and with High Noon in 1952, possibly his finest film, he created the tense atmosphere by coordinating screen time with real time.[8]

Because he started his film career as a cameraman, his movies are strongly oriented toward the visual aspects. He also said that regardless of the size of an actor's part, he spends much time discussing the roles with each actor separately and in depth. "In this way we make sure long before the filming starts that we are on the same wavelength," he says.[3]: 223

Zinnemann's films are mostly dramas about lone and principled individuals tested by tragic events, including High Noon (1952), From Here to Eternity (1953); The Nun's Story (1959); A Man For All Seasons (1966); and Julia (1977). Regarded as a consummate craftsman, Zinnemann traditionally endowed his work with meticulous attention to detail to create realism, and had an intuitive gift for casting and a preoccupation with the moral dilemmas of his characters. His philosophy about directing influenced director Alan Parker:

> My mentor was the great director, Fred Zinnemann, whom I used to show all my films to until he died. He said something to me that I always try to keep in my head every time I decide on what film to do next. He told me that making a film was a great privilege, and you should never waste it.[31]

In From Here to Eternity, for example, he effectively added actual newsreel footage of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which enhanced and dramatized the story. Similarly, in A Hatful of Rain, he used a documentary style to present real life drug addiction in New York City. Zinnemann again incorporated newsreel footage in Behold a Pale Horse, about the Spanish Civil War. The Day of the Jackal, a political thriller about an attempt to assassinate Charles de Gaulle, was shot on location in newsreel style, while Julia placed the characters in authentic settings, as in a suspenseful train journey from Paris to Moscow during World War II.[8] According to one historian, Zinnemann's style "demonstrates the director's sense of psychological realism and his apparent determination to make worthwhile pictures that are nevertheless highly entertaining."[8]

## Filmography

[edit]

### Feature films

[edit]

Year  | Title  | Notes

|
|

1936  | Redes |
1942  | Kid Glove Killer |
Eyes in the Night |
1944  | The Seventh Cross |
1946  | Little Mister Jim |
1947  | My Brother Talks to Horses |
1948  | The Search |
1949  | Act of Violence |
1950  | The Men |
1951  | Teresa |
1952  | High Noon |
The Member of the Wedding |
1953  | From Here to Eternity |
1955  | Oklahoma! |
1957  | A Hatful of Rain |
1959  | The Nun's Story |
1960  | The Sundowners |
1964  | Behold a Pale Horse |
1966  | A Man For All Seasons |
1973  | The Day of the Jackal |
1977  | Julia |
1982  | Five Days One Summer |

### Short films

[edit]

Year  | Film  | Oscar nominations  | Oscar wins

|
|
|

1937  | Friend Indeed |  |
1938  | They Live Again |  |
That Mothers Might Live | 1  | 1
The Story of Doctor Carver |  |
1939  | Weather Wizards |  |
While America Sleeps |  |
Help Wanted |  |
One Against the World |  |
The Ash Can Fleet |  |
Forgotten Victory |  |
1940  | Stuffie |  |
The Great Meddler |  |
The Old South |  |
A Way in the Wilderness |  |
1941  | Forbidden Passage | 1  |
Your Last Act |  |
1942  | The Greenie |  |
The Lady or the Tiger? |  |
1951  | Benjy (documentary)  | 1  | 1

### Unfinished films

[edit]

Year  | Title  | Replaced by  | Ref.

|
|
|

1943  | Marriage Is a Private Affair | Robert Z. Leonard | [32]
1944  | The Clock | Vincente Minnelli | [33]
1951  | His Majesty O'Keefe | Byron Haskin | [34]
1952  | The Young Lions | Edward Dmytryk | [35]
1955  | The Old Man and the Sea | John Sturges | [36]
1964  | Birch Interval | Delbert Mann | [37]
Hawaii | George Roy Hill | [38]
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? | Mike Nichols | [39]
1965  | The Day Custer Fell | —  | [40]
1968  | The Dybbuk | —  | [41]
1969  | Man's Fate | —
1972  | Abelard and Heloise | —  | [42]
1975  | The French Lieutenant's Woman | Karel Reisz | [43]

## Awards and honours

[edit]

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Fred Zinnemann

Over the course of Zinnemann's career he has received three Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards.[8]

* Academy Award for Best Short Subject, One-Reel: That Mothers Might Live (1938).
* Golden Globe for Best Film Promoting International Understanding: "The Search" (1948).
* Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Subject: Benjy (1951).
* New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director: High Noon (1952).
* Academy Award for Best Director, Directors Guild of America (DGA) Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures: From Here to Eternity (1953).
* New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director: The Nun's Story (1959).
* Academy Award for Best Director, New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director, and Directors Guild of America (DGA) Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures: A Man for All Seasons (1966).
* D. W. Griffith Award, 1971.
* Order of Arts and Letters, France, 1982.
* U.S. Congressional Lifetime Achievement Award, 1987.
* John Huston Award, Artists Right Foundation, 1994.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Fred Zinnemann will return to Rzeszów. In August for an extraordinary film festival". rzeszow-news. July 12, 2018. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
2. ^ a b "The Immigrant who Directed The American Classic High Noon". Forbes. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fred Zinnemann, A Life in the Movies. An Autobiography, Macmillan Books, (1992)
4. ^ "Why Fred Zinnemann never mentioned his native Rzeszów?". biznesistyl. August 16, 2018.
5. ^ "Civil Registration Book of Jewish Children in Rzeszów 1906–1909". National Records Office in Rzeszów. 1909. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2018 - via Archival resources online.
6. ^ Zinnemann, Fred (August 3, 1992). My Life in the Movies: An Autobiography. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 9780684190501. Retrieved August 3, 2018 - via Google Books. pages 48-49
7. ^ Zinnemann, Fred (August 3, 2018). Fred Zinnemann: Interviews. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578066988. Retrieved August 3, 2018 - via Google Books.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. International Dictionary of Films and filmmakers-2: Directors, 3rd ed. St. James Press (1997) p. 1116-1119
9. ^ the London telegraph: "The music behind Hollywood's golden age – As the Proms pays tribute to Hollywood's golden age, Tim Robey looks at the composers who redefined the film score" By Tim Robey. August 24, 2013.
10. ^ Fred Zinnemann (1992), A Life in the Movies: An Autobiography, Charles Scribner Sons. Pages 7–8.
11. ^ Fred Zinnemann (1992), A Life in the Movies: An Autobiography, Charles Scribner Sons. Page 7.
12. ^ a b c d e f g Nolletti, Arthur, ed. The Films of Fred Zinnemann: Critical Perspectives, State Univ. of N.Y. Press (1999)
13. ^ "ned scott biography". www.thenedscottarchive.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
14. ^ a b Zinnemann, Fred (August 3, 2018). Fred Zinnemann: Interviews. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578066988. Retrieved August 3, 2018 - via Google Books.
15. ^ J. E. Smyth, "Fred Zinnemann and the Cinema of Resistance", Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2014. Pages 103–04.
16. ^ The Member of the Wedding review, The Digital Bits, July 28, 2016
17. ^ Zinnemann, Fred (August 3, 2018). Fred Zinnemann: Interviews. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578066988. Retrieved August 3, 2018 - via Google Books.
18. ^ Zinnemann, Fred (August 3, 2018). Fred Zinnemann: Interviews. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578066988. Retrieved August 3, 2018 - via Google Books.
19. ^ "4th Moscow International Film Festival (1965)". MIFF. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
20. ^ "5th Moscow International Film Festival (1967)". MIFF. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
21. ^ a b Gray, Timothy M.; Natale, Richard (March 17, 1997). "Zinnemann dies at 89". Variety.
22. ^ Arthur Nolletti, ed., The Films of Fred Zinnemann: Critical Perspectives, SUNY Press, 1999, p. 20
23. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: iwillspyonyou (March 1, 2011). "Vanessa Redgrave's 'Zionist Hoodlums' Speech Shocks Hollywood". Retrieved August 3, 2018 - via YouTube.
24. ^ Nolletti, Arthur (June 24, 1999). The Films of Fred Zinnemann: Critical Perspectives. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791442265. Retrieved August 3, 2018 - via Google Books.
25. ^ Gritten, David (June 21, 1992). "Movies : A Lion in His Winter : At 85, Fred Zinnemann looks back on a life in film; his anecdote-rich autobiography earns the rave reviews his last movie didn't". Los Angeles Times.
26. ^ Sinyard, Neil (2010). Fred Zinnemann: Films of Character and Conscience. McFarland. p. 62\. ISBN 9780786481729.
27. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (September 14, 1994). "At Lunch with: John Gregory Dunne; The Bad Old Days in All Their Glory". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
28. ^ Gritten, David (June 21, 1992). "Movies : A Lion in His Winter : At 85, Fred Zinnemann looks back on a life in film; his anecdote-rich autobiography earns the rave reviews his last movie didn't". Los Angeles Times.
29. ^ "Zinnemann, Fred 1907–1997". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
30. ^ "Overview for Fred Zinnemann". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
31. ^ Emery, Robert J. The Directors, Allworth Press, N.Y. (2003) pp. 133–154
32. ^ "AFI|Catalog - Marriage Is a Private Affair". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
33. ^ "AFI|Catalog - The Clock". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
34. ^ "AFI|Catalog - His Majesty O'Keefe". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
35. ^ "AFI|Catalog - The Young Lions". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
36. ^ "AFI|Catalog - The Old Man and the Sea". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
37. ^ "AFI|Catalog - Birch Interval". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
38. ^ "AFI|Catalog - Hawaii". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
39. ^ "AFI|Catalog - Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
40. ^ Joseph, Robert (January 15, 1967). "Custer in Castillia? They Went Thataway". Los Angeles Times. p. o12.
41. ^ "Unproduced and Unfinished Films: An Ongoing Film Comment project". Film Comment. No. May-June 2012.
42. ^ Weiler, A. H. (January 30, 1972). "MOVIES". The New York Times. p. d13.
43. ^ "AFI|Catalog - The French Lieutenant's Woman". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

## External links

[edit]

* Biography portal

* Fred Zinnemann at IMDb
* Literature on Fred Zinnemann
* Fred Zinnemann papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
* Fred Zinnemann (in German) from the online-archive of the Österreichische Mediathek

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Films directed by Fred Zinnemann

* Redes (1936)
* That Mothers Might Live (1938)
* Stuffie (1940)
* Forbidden Passage (1941)
* Kid Glove Killer (1942)
* Eyes in the Night (1942)
* The Seventh Cross (1944)
* Little Mister Jim (1946)
* My Brother Talks to Horses (1947)
* The Search (1948)
* Act of Violence (1949)
* The Men (1950)
* Benjy (1951)
* Teresa (1951)
* High Noon (1952)
* The Member of the Wedding (1952)
* From Here to Eternity (1953)
* Oklahoma! (1955)
* A Hatful of Rain (1957)
* The Nun's Story (1959)
* The Sundowners (1960)
* Behold a Pale Horse (1964)
* A Man for All Seasons (1966)
* The Day of the Jackal (1973)
* Julia (1977)
* Five Days One Summer (1982)

Awards for Fred Zinnemann

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Academy Award for Best Picture

1951–1975|

* Arthur Freed (1951)
* Cecil B. DeMille (1952)
* Buddy Adler (1953)
* Sam Spiegel (1954)
* Harold Hecht (1955)
* Michael Todd (1956)
* Sam Spiegel (1957)
* Arthur Freed (1958)
* Sam Zimbalist (1959)
* Billy Wilder (1960)
* Robert Wise (1961)
* Sam Spiegel (1962)
* Tony Richardson (1963)
* Jack L. Warner (1964)
* Robert Wise (1965)
* Fred Zinnemann (1966)
* Walter Mirisch (1967)
* John Woolf (1968)
* Jerome Hellman (1969)
* Frank McCarthy (1970)
* Philip D'Antoni (1971)
* Albert S. Ruddy (1972)
* Tony Bill, Julia Phillips and Michael Phillips (1973)
* Francis Ford Coppola, Gray Frederickson and Fred Roos (1974)
* Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz (1975)

1976–2000|

* Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler (1976)
* Charles H. Joffe (1977)
* Michael Cimino, Michael Deeley, John Peverall and Barry Spikings (1978)
* Stanley R. Jaffe (1979)
* Ronald L. Schwary (1980)
* David Puttnam (1981)
* Richard Attenborough (1982)
* James L. Brooks (1983)
* Saul Zaentz (1984)
* Sydney Pollack (1985)
* Arnold Kopelson (1986)
* Jeremy Thomas (1987)
* Mark Johnson (1988)
* Lili Fini Zanuck and Richard D. Zanuck (1989)
* Kevin Costner and Jim Wilson (1990)
* Ron Bozman, Edward Saxon and Kenneth Utt (1991)
* Clint Eastwood (1992)
* Branko Lustig, Gerald R. Molen and Steven Spielberg (1993)
* Wendy Finerman, Steve Starkey and Steve Tisch (1994)
* Bruce Davey, Mel Gibson and Alan Ladd Jr. (1995)
* Saul Zaentz (1996)
* James Cameron and Jon Landau (1997)
* Donna Gigliotti, Marc Norman, David Parfitt, Harvey Weinstein and Edward Zwick (1998)
* Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks (1999)
* David Franzoni, Branko Lustig and Douglas Wick (2000)

2001–present|

* Brian Grazer and Ron Howard (2001)
* Martin Richards (2002)
* Peter Jackson, Barrie M. Osborne and Fran Walsh (2003)
* Clint Eastwood, Tom Rosenberg and Albert S. Ruddy (2004)
* Paul Haggis and Cathy Schulman (2005)
* Graham King (2006)
* Ethan Coen, Joel Coen and Scott Rudin (2007)
* Christian Colson (2008)
* Kathryn Bigelow, Mark Boal, Nicolas Chartier and Greg Shapiro (2009)
* Iain Canning, Emile Sherman and Gareth Unwin (2010)
* Thomas Langmann (2011)
* Ben Affleck, George Clooney and Grant Heslov (2012)
* Dede Gardner, Anthony Katagas, Jeremy Kleiner, Steve McQueen and Brad Pitt (2013)
* Alejandro G. Iñárritu, John Lesher and James W. Skotchdopole (2014)
* Blye Pagon Faust, Steve Golin, Nicole Rocklin and Michael Sugar (2015)
* Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner and Adele Romanski (2016)
* J. Miles Dale and Guillermo del Toro (2017)
* Jim Burke, Brian Currie, Peter Farrelly, Nick Vallelonga and Charles B. Wessler (2018)
* Bong Joon-ho and Kwak Sin-ae (2019)
* Mollye Asher, Dan Janvey, Frances McDormand, Peter Spears and Chloé Zhao (2020)
* Fabrice Gianfermi, Philippe Rousselet, Patrick Wachsberger (2021)
* Daniel Kwan, Daniel Scheinert and Jonathan Wang (2022)
* Emma Thomas, Charles Roven, and Christopher Nolan (2023)

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Academy Award for Best Director

1927–1950|

* Frank Borzage (1927/28; Dramatic Picture)
* Lewis Milestone (1927/28; Comedy Picture)
* Frank Lloyd (1928/29)
* Lewis Milestone (1929/30)
* Norman Taurog (1930/31)
* Frank Borzage (1931/32)
* Frank Lloyd (1932/33)
* Frank Capra (1934)
* John Ford (1935)
* Frank Capra (1936)
* Leo McCarey (1937)
* Frank Capra (1938)
* Victor Fleming (1939)
* John Ford (1940)
* John Ford (1941)
* William Wyler (1942)
* Michael Curtiz (1943)
* Leo McCarey (1944)
* Billy Wilder (1945)
* William Wyler (1946)
* Elia Kazan (1947)
* John Huston (1948)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1949)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1950)

1951–1975|

* George Stevens (1951)
* John Ford (1952)
* Fred Zinnemann (1953)
* Elia Kazan (1954)
* Delbert Mann (1955)
* George Stevens (1956)
* David Lean (1957)
* Vincente Minnelli (1958)
* William Wyler (1959)
* Billy Wilder (1960)
* Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise (1961)
* David Lean (1962)
* Tony Richardson (1963)
* George Cukor (1964)
* Robert Wise (1965)
* Fred Zinnemann (1966)
* Mike Nichols (1967)
* Carol Reed (1968)
* John Schlesinger (1969)
* Franklin J. Schaffner (1970)
* William Friedkin (1971)
* Bob Fosse (1972)
* George Roy Hill (1973)
* Francis Ford Coppola (1974)
* Miloš Forman (1975)

1976–2000|

* John G. Avildsen (1976)
* Woody Allen (1977)
* Michael Cimino (1978)
* Robert Benton (1979)
* Robert Redford (1980)
* Warren Beatty (1981)
* Richard Attenborough (1982)
* James L. Brooks (1983)
* Miloš Forman (1984)
* Sydney Pollack (1985)
* Oliver Stone (1986)
* Bernardo Bertolucci (1987)
* Barry Levinson (1988)
* Oliver Stone (1989)
* Kevin Costner (1990)
* Jonathan Demme (1991)
* Clint Eastwood (1992)
* Steven Spielberg (1993)
* Robert Zemeckis (1994)
* Mel Gibson (1995)
* Anthony Minghella (1996)
* James Cameron (1997)
* Steven Spielberg (1998)
* Sam Mendes (1999)
* Steven Soderbergh (2000)

2001–present|

* Ron Howard (2001)
* Roman Polanski (2002)
* Peter Jackson (2003)
* Clint Eastwood (2004)
* Ang Lee (2005)
* Martin Scorsese (2006)
* Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007)
* Danny Boyle (2008)
* Kathryn Bigelow (2009)
* Tom Hooper (2010)
* Michel Hazanavicius (2011)
* Ang Lee (2012)
* Alfonso Cuarón (2013)
* Alejandro González Iñárritu (2014)
* Alejandro González Iñárritu (2015)
* Damien Chazelle (2016)
* Guillermo del Toro (2017)
* Alfonso Cuarón (2018)
* Bong Joon-ho (2019)
* Chloé Zhao (2020/21)
* Jane Campion (2021)
* Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022)
* Christopher Nolan (2023)

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BAFTA Award for Best Film

1940s

* The Best Years of Our Lives (1947)
* Hamlet (1948)
* Bicycle Thieves (1949)

1950s

* All About Eve (1950)
* La Ronde (1951)
* The Sound Barrier (1952)
* Forbidden Games (1953)
* The Wages of Fear (1954)
* Richard III (1955)
* Gervaise (1956)
* The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
* Room at the Top (1958)
* Ben-Hur (1959)

1960s

* The Apartment – Billy Wilder (1960)
* Ballad of a Soldier – Grigori Chukhrai / The Hustler – Robert Rossen (1961)
* Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
* Tom Jones (1963)
* Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)
* My Fair Lady (1965)
* Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? – Mike Nichols (1966)
* A Man for All Seasons – Fred Zinnemann (1967)
* The Graduate – Mike Nichols (1968)
* Midnight Cowboy – John Schlesinger (1969)

1970s

* Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1970)
* Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971)
* Cabaret (1972)
* Day for Night (1973)
* Lacombe, Lucien (1974)
* Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1975)
* One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1976)
* Annie Hall – Charles H. Joffe and Jack Rollins (1977)
* Julia – Richard Roth (1978)
* Manhattan (1979)

1980s

* The Elephant Man – David Lynch (1980)
* Chariots of Fire – David Puttnam (1981)
* Gandhi – Richard Attenborough (1982)
* Educating Rita – Lewis Gilbert (1983)
* The Killing Fields – David Puttnam (1984)
* The Purple Rose of Cairo – Woody Allen and Robert Greenhut (1985)
* A Room with a View – James Ivory and Ismail Merchant (1986)
* Jean de Florette – Claude Berri (1987)
* The Last Emperor – Bernardo Bertolucci and Jeremy Thomas (1988)
* Dead Poets Society – Peter Weir, Steven Haft, Paul Junger Witt, and Tony Thomas (1989)

1990s

* Goodfellas – Martin Scorsese, Robert Chartoff, and Irwin Winkler (1990)
* The Commitments – Alan Parker, Lynda Myles, and Roger Randall-Cutler (1991)
* Howards End – James Ivory and Ismail Merchant (1992)
* Schindler's List – Steven Spielberg, Branko Lustig, and Gerald R. Molen (1993)
* Four Weddings and a Funeral – Mike Newell and Duncan Kenworthy (1994)
* Sense and Sensibility – Ang Lee and Lindsay Doran (1995)
* The English Patient – Anthony Minghella and Saul Zaentz (1996)
* The Full Monty – Peter Cattaneo and Uberto Pasolini (1997)
* Shakespeare in Love – Donna Gigliotti, Marc Norman, David Parfitt, Harvey Weinstein, and Edward Zwick (1998)
* American Beauty – Bruce Cohen and Dan Jinks (1999)

2000s

* Gladiator – David Franzoni, Branko Lustig, and Douglas Wick (2000)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring – Peter Jackson, Barrie M. Osborne, Tim Sanders, and Fran Walsh (2001)
* The Pianist – Robert Benmussa, Roman Polanski, and Alain Sarde (2002)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – Peter Jackson, Barrie M. Osborne, and Fran Walsh (2003)
* The Aviator – Sandy Climan, Charles Evans Jr., Graham King, and Michael Mann (2004)
* Brokeback Mountain – Diana Ossana and James Schamus (2005)
* The Queen – Andy Harries, Christine Langan, and Tracey Seaward (2006)
* Atonement – Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, and Paul Webster (2007)
* Slumdog Millionaire – Christian Colson (2008)
* The Hurt Locker – Kathryn Bigelow, Mark Boal, Nicolas Chartier, and Greg Shapiro (2009)

2010s

* The King's Speech – Iain Canning, Emile Sherman, and Gareth Unwin (2010)
* The Artist – Thomas Langmann (2011)
* Argo – Ben Affleck, George Clooney, and Grant Heslov (2012)
* 12 Years a Slave – Dede Gardner, Anthony Katagas, Jeremy Kleiner, Steve McQueen, and Brad Pitt (2013)
* Boyhood – Richard Linklater and Cathleen Sutherland (2014)
* The Revenant – Steve Golin, Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Arnon Milchan, Mary Parent, and Keith Redmon (2015)
* La La Land – Fred Berger, Jordan Horowitz, and Marc Platt (2016)
* Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri – Graham Broadbent, Peter Czernin, and Martin McDonagh (2017)
* Roma – Nicolás Celis, Alfonso Cuarón, and Gabriela Rodríguez (2018)
* 1917 – Pippa Harris, Callum McDougall, Sam Mendes, and Jayne-Ann Tenggren (2019)

2020s

* Nomadland – Mollye Asher, Dan Janvey, Frances McDormand, Peter Spears, and Chloé Zhao (2020)
* The Power of the Dog – Jane Campion, Iain Canning, Roger Frappier, Tanya Seghatchian, and Emile Sherman (2021)
* All Quiet on the Western Front – Malte Grunert (2022)
* Oppenheimer – Christopher Nolan, Charles Roven, and Emma Thomas (2023)

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BAFTA Fellowship Award

1971–2000|

* Alfred Hitchcock (1971)
* Freddie Young (1972)
* Grace Wyndham Goldie (1973)
* David Lean (1974)
* Jacques Cousteau (1975)
* Charlie Chaplin (1976)
* Laurence Olivier (1976)
* Denis Forman (1977)
* Fred Zinnemann (1978)
* Lew Grade (1979)
* Huw Wheldon (1979)
* David Attenborough (1980)
* John Huston (1980)
* Abel Gance (1981)
* Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger (1981)
* Andrzej Wajda (1982)
* Richard Attenborough (1983)
* Hugh Greene (1984)
* Sam Spiegel (1984)
* Jeremy Isaacs (1985)
* Steven Spielberg (1986)
* Federico Fellini (1987)
* Ingmar Bergman (1988)
* Alec Guinness (1989)
* Paul Fox (1990)
* Louis Malle (1991)
* John Gielgud (1992)
* David Plowright (1992)
* Sydney Samuelson (1993)
* Colin Young (1993)
* Michael Grade (1994)
* Billy Wilder (1995)
* Jeanne Moreau (1996)
* Ronald Neame (1996)
* John Schlesinger (1996)
* Maggie Smith (1996)
* Woody Allen (1997)
* Steven Bochco (1997)
* Julie Christie (1997)
* Oswald Morris (1997)
* Harold Pinter (1997)
* David Rose (1997)
* Sean Connery (1998)
* Bill Cotton (1998)
* Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise (1999)
* Elizabeth Taylor (1999)
* Michael Caine (2000)
* Stanley Kubrick (2000)
* Peter Bazalgette (2000)

2001–present|

* Albert Finney (2001)
* John Thaw (2001)
* Judi Dench (2001)
* Warren Beatty (2002)
* Merchant Ivory Productions (2002)
* Andrew Davies (2002)
* John Mills (2002)
* Saul Zaentz (2003)
* David Jason (2003)
* John Boorman (2004)
* Roger Graef (2004)
* John Barry (2005)
* David Frost (2005)
* David Puttnam (2006)
* Ken Loach (2006)
* Anne V. Coates (2007)
* Richard Curtis (2007)
* Will Wright (2007)
* Anthony Hopkins (2008)
* Bruce Forsyth (2008)
* Dawn French & Jennifer Saunders (2009)
* Terry Gilliam (2009)
* Nolan Bushnell (2009)
* Vanessa Redgrave (2010)
* Shigeru Miyamoto (2010)
* Melvyn Bragg (2010)
* Christopher Lee (2011)
* Peter Molyneux (2011)
* Trevor McDonald (2011)
* Martin Scorsese (2012)
* ~~Rolf Harris~~ (2012)
* Alan Parker (2013)
* Gabe Newell (2013)
* Michael Palin (2013)
* Helen Mirren (2014)
* Rockstar Games (2014)
* Julie Walters (2014)
* Mike Leigh (2015)
* David Braben (2015)
* Jon Snow (2015)
* Sidney Poitier (2016)
* John Carmack (2016)
* Ray Galton & Alan Simpson (2016)
* Mel Brooks (2017)
* Joanna Lumley (2017)
* Ridley Scott (2018)
* Tim Schafer (2018)
* Kate Adie (2018)
* Thelma Schoonmaker (2019)
* Joan Bakewell (2019)
* Kathleen Kennedy (2020)
* Hideo Kojima (2020)
* Ang Lee (2021)
* Siobhan Reddy (2021)
* Billy Connolly (2022)
* Sandy Powell (2023)
* Shuhei Yoshida (2023)
* Meera Syal (2023)
* Samantha Morton (2024)
* Floella Benjamin (2024)

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BFI Fellowship recipients

* Marcel Carné / David Lean / Michael Powell / Emeric Pressburger / Satyajit Ray / Orson Welles (1983)
* Sidney Bernstein (1984)
* John Brabourne / Laurence Olivier (1985)
* Jeremy Isaacs / Deborah Kerr / Akira Kurosawa / Dilys Powell (1986)
* Dirk Bogarde / Bette Davis / Elem Klimov (1987)
* Graham Greene / Vanessa Redgrave / Anthony Smith (1988)
* Peggy Ashcroft / Gérard Depardieu / David Francis (1989)
* Derek Jarman / Krzysztof Kieślowski / Jeanne Moreau / Fred Zinnemann (1990)
* Alec Guinness / Leslie Hardcastle (1991)
* Richard Attenborough / Maggie Smith (1992)
* Clint Eastwood / Denis Forman / Maureen O'Hara (1993)
* Nicolas Roeg / Jean Simmons (1994)
* Michelangelo Antonioni / John Mills / Martin Scorsese / Robert Wise (1995)
* Michael Caine / Ken Loach (1996)
* Michael Parkinson / Lynda La Plante / Verity Lambert / David Puttnam / Sydney Samuelson / Thelma Schoonmaker / Alan Yentob (1997)
* Bernardo Bertolucci / Jeremy Thomas (1998)
* John Paul Getty Jr. (1999)
* Elizabeth Taylor (2000)
* Robert Altman / Lewis Gilbert (2001)
* Jack Cardiff / Bob Weinstein (2002)
* Abbas Kiarostami / Mike Leigh / Ousmane Sembène (2005)
* Terence Davies (2007)
* Souleymane Cissé / John Hurt / Ridley Scott (2009)
* Danny Boyle / David Rose (2010)
* Isabelle Huppert / Judi Dench / Ralph Fiennes / David Cronenberg (2011)
* Bryan Forbes / Helena Bonham Carter / Tim Burton / Richard Lester (2012)
* Philip French / Christopher Lee / John Boorman (2013)
* Al Pacino / Stephen Frears (2014)
* Mel Brooks / Cate Blanchett (2015)
* Hugh Grant / Greg Dyke / Steve McQueen (2016)
* Peter Morgan / Paul Greengrass (2017)
* Olivia Colman (2019)
* Amanda Nevill / Tilda Swinton (2020)
* Michael G. Wilson / Barbara Broccoli (2022)
* Spike Lee (2023)

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Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film

1948–1975|

* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1948)
* Robert Rossen (1949)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1950)
* George Stevens (1951)
* John Ford (1952)
* Fred Zinnemann (1953)
* Elia Kazan (1954)
* Delbert Mann (1955)
* George Stevens (1956)
* David Lean (1957)
* Vincente Minnelli (1958)
* William Wyler (1959)
* Billy Wilder (1960)
* Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise (1961)
* David Lean (1962)
* Tony Richardson (1963)
* George Cukor (1964)
* Robert Wise (1965)
* Fred Zinnemann (1966)
* Mike Nichols (1967)
* Anthony Harvey (1968)
* John Schlesinger (1969)
* Franklin J. Schaffner (1970)
* William Friedkin (1971)
* Francis Ford Coppola (1972)
* George Roy Hill (1973)
* Francis Ford Coppola (1974)
* Miloš Forman (1975)

1976–2000|

* John G. Avildsen (1976)
* Woody Allen (1977)
* Michael Cimino (1978)
* Robert Benton (1979)
* Robert Redford (1980)
* Warren Beatty (1981)
* Richard Attenborough (1982)
* James L. Brooks (1983)
* Miloš Forman (1984)
* Steven Spielberg (1985)
* Oliver Stone (1986)
* Bernardo Bertolucci (1987)
* Barry Levinson (1988)
* Oliver Stone (1989)
* Kevin Costner (1990)
* Jonathan Demme (1991)
* Clint Eastwood (1992)
* Steven Spielberg (1993)
* Robert Zemeckis (1994)
* Ron Howard (1995)
* Anthony Minghella (1996)
* James Cameron (1997)
* Steven Spielberg (1998)
* Sam Mendes (1999)
* Ang Lee (2000)

2001–present|

* Ron Howard (2001)
* Rob Marshall (2002)
* Peter Jackson (2003)
* Clint Eastwood (2004)
* Ang Lee (2005)
* Martin Scorsese (2006)
* Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007)
* Danny Boyle (2008)
* Kathryn Bigelow (2009)
* Tom Hooper (2010)
* Michel Hazanavicius (2011)
* Ben Affleck (2012)
* Alfonso Cuarón (2013)
* Alejandro G. Iñárritu (2014)
* Alejandro G. Iñárritu (2015)
* Damien Chazelle (2016)
* Guillermo del Toro (2017)
* Alfonso Cuarón (2018)
* Sam Mendes (2019)
* Chloé Zhao (2020)
* Jane Campion (2021)
* Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022)
* Christopher Nolan (2023)

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Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award – Feature Film

* Cecil B. DeMille (1952)
* John Ford (1953)
* Henry King (1955)
* King Vidor (1956)
* Frank Capra (1958)
* George Stevens (1959)
* Frank Borzage (1960)
* William Wyler (1965)
* Alfred Hitchcock (1967)
* Fred Zinnemann (1969)
* David Lean and William A. Wellman (1972)
* George Cukor (1980)
* Rouben Mamoulian (1981)
* John Huston (1982)
* Orson Welles (1983)
* Billy Wilder (1984)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1985)
* Elia Kazan (1986)
* Robert Wise (1987)
* Ingmar Bergman (1989)
* Akira Kurosawa (1991)
* Sidney Lumet (1992)
* Robert Altman (1993)
* James Ivory (1994)
* Woody Allen (1995)
* Stanley Kubrick (1996)
* Francis Ford Coppola (1997)
* Steven Spielberg (1999)
* Martin Scorsese (2002)
* Mike Nichols (2003)
* Clint Eastwood (2005)
* Norman Jewison (2009)
* Miloš Forman (2012)
* Ridley Scott (2016)
* Spike Lee (2021)

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Golden Globe Award for Best Director

1943–1975|

* Henry King (1943)
* Leo McCarey (1944)
* Billy Wilder (1945)
* Frank Capra (1946)
* Elia Kazan (1947)
* John Huston (1948)
* Robert Rossen (1949)
* Billy Wilder (1950)
* László Benedek (1951)
* Cecil B. DeMille (1952)
* Fred Zinnemann (1953)
* Elia Kazan (1954)
* Joshua Logan (1955)
* Elia Kazan (1956)
* David Lean (1957)
* Vincente Minnelli (1958)
* William Wyler (1959)
* Jack Cardiff (1960)
* Stanley Kramer (1961)
* David Lean (1962)
* Elia Kazan (1963)
* George Cukor (1964)
* David Lean (1965)
* Fred Zinnemann (1966)
* Mike Nichols (1967)
* Paul Newman (1968)
* Charles Jarrott (1969)
* Arthur Hiller (1970)
* William Friedkin (1971)
* Francis Ford Coppola (1972)
* William Friedkin (1973)
* Roman Polanski (1974)
* Miloš Forman (1975)

1976–2000|

* Sidney Lumet (1976)
* Herbert Ross (1977)
* Michael Cimino (1978)
* Francis Ford Coppola (1979)
* Robert Redford (1980)
* Warren Beatty (1981)
* Richard Attenborough (1982)
* Barbra Streisand (1983)
* Miloš Forman (1984)
* John Huston (1985)
* Oliver Stone (1986)
* Bernardo Bertolucci (1987)
* Clint Eastwood (1988)
* Oliver Stone (1989)
* Kevin Costner (1990)
* Oliver Stone (1991)
* Clint Eastwood (1992)
* Steven Spielberg (1993)
* Robert Zemeckis (1994)
* Mel Gibson (1995)
* Miloš Forman (1996)
* James Cameron (1997)
* Steven Spielberg (1998)
* Sam Mendes (1999)
* Ang Lee (2000)

2001–present|

* Robert Altman (2001)
* Martin Scorsese (2002)
* Peter Jackson (2003)
* Clint Eastwood (2004)
* Ang Lee (2005)
* Martin Scorsese (2006)
* Julian Schnabel (2007)
* Danny Boyle (2008)
* James Cameron (2009)
* David Fincher (2010)
* Martin Scorsese (2011)
* Ben Affleck (2012)
* Alfonso Cuarón (2013)
* Richard Linklater (2014)
* Alejandro G. Iñárritu (2015)
* Damien Chazelle (2016)
* Guillermo del Toro (2017)
* Alfonso Cuarón (2018)
* Sam Mendes (2019)
* Chloé Zhao (2020)
* Jane Campion (2021)
* Steven Spielberg (2022)
* Christopher Nolan (2023)

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* e

National Board of Review Award for Best Director

1945–1975|

* Jean Renoir (1945)
* William Wyler (1946)
* Elia Kazan (1947)
* Roberto Rossellini (1948)
* Vittorio De Sica (1949)
* John Huston (1950)
* Akira Kurosawa (1951)
* David Lean (1952)
* George Stevens (1953)
* Renato Castellani (1954)
* William Wyler (1955)
* John Huston (1956)
* David Lean (1957)
* John Ford (1958)
* Fred Zinnemann (1959)
* Jack Cardiff (1960)
* Jack Clayton (1961)
* David Lean (1962)
* Tony Richardson (1963)
* Desmond Davis (1964)
* John Schlesinger (1965)
* Fred Zinnemann (1966)
* Richard Brooks (1967)
* Franco Zeffirelli (1968)
* Alfred Hitchcock (1969)
* François Truffaut (1970)
* Ken Russell (1971)
* Bob Fosse (1972)
* Ingmar Bergman (1973)
* Francis Ford Coppola (1974)
* Robert Altman / Stanley Kubrick (1975)

1976–2000|

* Alan J. Pakula (1976)
* Luis Buñuel (1977)
* Ingmar Bergman (1978)
* John Schlesinger (1979)
* Robert Redford (1980)
* Warren Beatty (1981)
* Sidney Lumet (1982)
* James L. Brooks (1983)
* David Lean (1984)
* Akira Kurosawa (1985)
* Woody Allen (1986)
* Steven Spielberg (1987)
* Alan Parker (1988)
* Kenneth Branagh (1989)
* Kevin Costner (1990)
* Jonathan Demme (1991)
* James Ivory (1992)
* Martin Scorsese (1993)
* Quentin Tarantino (1994)
* Ang Lee (1995)
* Joel Coen (1996)
* Curtis Hanson (1997)
* Shekhar Kapur (1998)
* Anthony Minghella (1999)
* Steven Soderbergh (2000)

2001–present|

* Todd Field (2001)
* Phillip Noyce (2002)
* Edward Zwick (2003)
* Michael Mann (2004)
* Ang Lee (2005)
* Martin Scorsese (2006)
* Tim Burton (2007)
* David Fincher (2008)
* Clint Eastwood (2009)
* David Fincher (2010)
* Martin Scorsese (2011)
* Kathryn Bigelow (2012)
* Spike Jonze (2013)
* Clint Eastwood (2014)
* Ridley Scott (2015)
* Barry Jenkins (2016)
* Greta Gerwig (2017)
* Bradley Cooper (2018)
* Quentin Tarantino (2019)
* Spike Lee (2020)
* Paul Thomas Anderson (2021)
* Steven Spielberg (2022)
* Martin Scorsese (2023)

* v
* t
* e

New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director

1935–1950|

* John Ford (1935)
* Rouben Mamoulian (1936)
* Gregory La Cava (1937)
* Alfred Hitchcock (1938)
* John Ford (1939)
* John Ford (1940)
* John Ford (1941)
* John Farrow (1942)
* George Stevens (1943)
* Leo McCarey (1944)
* Billy Wilder (1945)
* William Wyler (1946)
* Elia Kazan (1947)
* John Huston (1948)
* Carol Reed (1949)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1950)

1951–1975|

* Elia Kazan (1951)
* Fred Zinnemann (1952)
* Fred Zinnemann (1953)
* Elia Kazan (1954)
* David Lean (1955)
* John Huston (1956)
* David Lean (1957)
* Stanley Kramer (1958)
* Fred Zinnemann (1959)
* Jack Cardiff / Billy Wilder (1960)
* Robert Rossen (1961)
* No Award (1962)
* Tony Richardson (1963)
* Stanley Kubrick (1964)
* John Schlesinger (1965)
* Fred Zinnemann (1966)
* Mike Nichols (1967)
* Paul Newman (1968)
* Costa-Gavras (1969)
* Bob Rafelson (1970)
* Stanley Kubrick (1971)
* Ingmar Bergman (1972)
* François Truffaut (1973)
* Federico Fellini (1974)
* Robert Altman (1975)

1976–2000|

* Alan J. Pakula (1976)
* Woody Allen (1977)
* Terrence Malick (1978)
* Woody Allen (1979)
* Jonathan Demme (1980)
* Sidney Lumet (1981)
* Sydney Pollack (1982)
* Ingmar Bergman (1983)
* David Lean (1984)
* John Huston (1985)
* Woody Allen (1986)
* James L. Brooks (1987)
* Chris Menges (1988)
* Paul Mazursky (1989)
* Martin Scorsese (1990)
* Jonathan Demme (1991)
* Robert Altman (1992)
* Jane Campion (1993)
* Quentin Tarantino (1994)
* Ang Lee (1995)
* Lars von Trier (1996)
* Curtis Hanson (1997)
* Terrence Malick (1998)
* Mike Leigh (1999)
* Steven Soderbergh (2000)

2001–present|

* Robert Altman (2001)
* Todd Haynes (2002)
* Sofia Coppola (2003)
* Clint Eastwood (2004)
* Ang Lee (2005)
* Martin Scorsese (2006)
* Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007)
* Mike Leigh (2008)
* Kathryn Bigelow (2009)
* David Fincher (2010)
* Michel Hazanavicius (2011)
* Kathryn Bigelow (2012)
* Steve McQueen (2013)
* Richard Linklater (2014)
* Todd Haynes (2015)
* Barry Jenkins (2016)
* Sean Baker (2017)
* Alfonso Cuarón (2018)
* Joshua Safdie and Benjamin Safdie (2019)
* Chloé Zhao (2020)
* Jane Campion (2021)
* S. S. Rajamouli (2022)
* Christopher Nolan (2023)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Korea
* Poland
* Israel

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN
* RKD Artists
* Photographers' Identities

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

*[m.]: married
*[Ref.]: Reference(s)
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