Frederick, Prince of Wales

British heir apparent; eldest son of George II (1707–1751)

Frederick

Prince of Wales (more...)

Portrait by Jacopo Amigoni

Born| (1707-01-31)31 January 1707 (New Style)
Hanover, Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
Died| 31 March 1751(1751-03-31) (aged 44)
Leicester House, London, England
Burial| 13 April 1751

Westminster Abbey, London

Spouse|

Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

(m. 1736)​

Issue|

* Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel
* George III
* Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
* Princess Elizabeth
* Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
* Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn
* Princess Louisa
* Prince Frederick
* Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway

| Names

* Frederick Louis
* German: Friedrich Ludwig

House| Hanover
Father| George II of Great Britain
Mother| Caroline of Ansbach
Signature|

Frederick, Prince of Wales (Frederick Louis, German: Friedrich Ludwig; 31 January 1707 - 31 March 1751) was the eldest son and heir apparent of King George II of Great Britain. He grew estranged from his parents, King George and Queen Caroline. Frederick was the father of King George III.

Under the Act of Settlement passed by the English Parliament in 1701, Frederick was fourth in the line of succession to the British throne at birth, after his great-grandmother Sophia, Dowager Electress of Hanover; his grandfather George, Prince-Elector of Hanover; and his father, George. The Elector ascended the British throne in 1714. After his grandfather died and his father became king in 1727, Frederick moved to Great Britain and was created Prince of Wales in 1729. He predeceased his father and upon the latter's death in 1760, the throne passed to Frederick's eldest son, George III.

## Early life

[edit]

Prince Frederick, c. 1720

Prince Frederick Louis was born on 31 January [O.S. 20 January] 1707 in Hanover, Holy Roman Empire (Germany), as Duke Friedrich Ludwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg, to Caroline of Ansbach and Prince George, son of George, Elector of Hanover (who was also one of Frederick's two godfathers). The Elector was the son of Sophia of Hanover, who was heir presumptive to Queen Anne of Great Britain. However, in June 1714 Sophia died at the age of 83 before Anne, which elevated Sophia's son the Elector to heir-presumptive. Queen Anne died on 1 August the same year, so the Elector became King George I. This made Frederick's father first-in-line to the British throne and Frederick himself second-in-line. Frederick's other godfather was his great-uncle Frederick I, King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia.[citation needed] Within the family, Frederick was nicknamed "Griff".[1]

In the year of Anne's death and the coronation of George I, Frederick's parents, George, Prince of Wales (later George II), and Caroline of Ansbach, were called upon to leave Hanover for Great Britain when Frederick was only seven years old. He was left in the care of his grand-uncle Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, and did not see his parents again for 14 years.

In 1722, Frederick was inoculated against smallpox by Charles Maitland on the instructions of his mother, Caroline.[2] His grandfather George I created him Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely,[3] Earl of Eltham in the county of Kent, Viscount of Launceston in the county of Cornwall, and Baron of Snaudon in the county of Carnarvon, on 26 July 1726.[4] The latter two titles have been interpreted differently since: the ofs are omitted and Snaudon rendered as Snowdon.

Frederick arrived in Great Britain in 1728, the year after his father had become King George II. By then, George and Caroline had had several younger children, and Frederick was a high-spirited young man fond of drinking, gambling and women.[5] The long separation had damaged the relationship with his parents, and they would never be close to him.[6] That year also saw the foundation of Fredericksburg, Virginia, which was named after him[7]—his other namesakes are Prince Frederick, Maryland (1722); Fort Frederick, Maine (1729–30); Fort Frederick, South Carolina (1730–34); Fort Frederick, New York (completed 1735); and Fort Frederica, Georgia (founded 1736); while Fort Frederick, Maryland; Point Frederick, Ontario; Fort Frederick, Ontario; and Fort Frederick, New Brunswick were also named after him posthumously.

## Prince of Wales

[edit]

The Prince of Wales c. 1733, with his sisters Anne, Caroline and Amelia Portrait by Philippe Mercier, 1736

The motives for the ill-feeling between Frederick and his parents may have included the fact that he had been set up by his grandfather, even as a small child, as the representative of the House of Hanover, and was used to presiding over official occasions in the absence of his parents. He was not permitted to go to Great Britain until after his father took the throne as George II on 11 June 1727. Frederick had continued to be known as Prince Friedrich Ludwig of Hanover (with his British HRH style) even after his father had been created Prince of Wales.

Frederick was created Prince of Wales on 7 January 1729.[8] He served as the tenth chancellor of the University of Dublin from 1728 to 1751, and a portrait of him still enjoys a commanding position in the Hall of Trinity College Dublin.

Once established in London, Frederick sponsored a court of 'opposition' politicians. They supported the Opera of the Nobility in Lincoln's Inn Fields as a rival to George Frideric Handel's royally sponsored opera at the King's Theatre in the Haymarket.[9] Frederick was a lover of music who played the viola and cello;[10] he is depicted playing a cello in three portraits by Philippe Mercier of Frederick and his sisters.[11] He enjoyed the natural sciences and the arts, and became a thorn in the side of his parents, making a point of opposing them in everything, according to the court gossip Lord Hervey. At court, the favourite of George II and Queen Caroline was Frederick's younger brother, Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, to the extent that the king looked into ways of splitting his domains so that Frederick would succeed only in Britain, while Hanover would go to William.[12]

Hervey and Frederick (using a pseudonym "Captain Bodkin") wrote a theatrical comedy which was staged at the Drury Lane Theatre in October 1731. It was panned by the critics, and even the theatre's manager thought it so bad that it was unlikely to play out even the first night. He had soldiers stationed in the audience to maintain order, and when the play flopped, the audience were given their money back.[13] Hervey and Frederick also shared a mistress, Anne Vane, who had a son called FitzFrederick Vane in June 1732. Either of them or William Stanhope, 1st Earl of Harrington, another of her lovers, could have been the father.[14] Jealousy between Frederick and Hervey may have contributed to a breach, and their friendship ended. Hervey later wrote bitterly that Frederick was "false ... never having the least hesitation in telling any lie that served his present purpose."[15]

British Royalty

House of Hanover
George II

Children
Frederick, Prince of Wales
Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
Princess Amelia
Princess Caroline
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
Mary, Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel
Louise, Queen of Denmark and Norway
Grandchildren
Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
George III
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
Princess Elizabeth of Wales
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn
Princess Louisa of Wales
Prince Frederick of Wales
Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway
Great-grandchildren
Princess Sophia of Gloucester
Princess Caroline of Gloucester
Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

* v
* t
* e

## Patron of the arts

[edit]

A permanent result of Frederick's patronage of the arts is "Rule, Britannia!", one of the best-known British patriotic songs. It was composed by the English composer Thomas Arne with words written by the Scottish poet and playwright James Thomson as part of the masque Alfred, which was first performed on 1 August 1740 at Cliveden. Thomas Arne was also one of Frederick's favourite artists. A masque linking the prince with both the Saxon hero-king Alfred the Great's victories over the Vikings and with the contemporary issue of building up British sea power accorded well with Frederick's political plans and aspirations. Later, the song gained a life of its own outside of the masque. Thomson, who supported the Prince of Wales politically, also dedicated an earlier work dedicated to him: Liberty (1734).

A Royal Giltwood Frame of Colossal Scale by Paul Petit made at the command of Frederick, Prince of Wales to contain a portrait of Frederick the Great by Antoine Pesne (1683–1757). Collection of Carlton Hobbs LLC.

Unlike the king, Frederick was a knowledgeable amateur of painting, patronising immigrant artists such as Jacopo Amigoni and Jean-Baptiste van Loo, who painted the portraits of the prince and his consort for Frederick's champion William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath. The list of other artists whom he employed—Philippe Mercier, John Wootton, George Knapton, and the engraver Joseph Goupy—includes some of the principal painters of the English Rococo. The prince was also crucially important in furthering the popularity of the Rococo style in the decorative arts, with a clear predilection for French Huguenot craftsmen. He patronised silversmiths such as Nicolas Sprimont (1713–1771), "toyshop" owners such as Paul Bertrand, and also carvers and gilders. The most notable of the latter was Paul Petit (1729–c. 1756) who first worked for the prince on William Kent's neo-Palladian state barge of 1732,[16] which is still preserved in the National Maritime Museum. Petit worked on a handful of magnificent trophy frames in the Rococo style for Frederick, which are among the most significant remaining testaments to the prince's patronage of the decorative arts.[17] One frame, made in 1748 for his namesake cousin Frederick the Great of Prussia, was especially lavish and represented the esteem in which the prince held his cousin. This suggests the prince identified with Frederick the Great's style of enlightened rule, more than that of his own father George II. Petit's frame contained a portrait of Frederick the Great painted by Antoine Pesne, and remains today in the British Royal Collection.[18]

None of Frederick's homes are now left standing except for the country residence of Cliveden, which is in a much altered state. His London residences (Norfolk House, Carlton House, Leicester House, and Kew House or the White House) have all been demolished.

## Domestic life

[edit]

Negotiations between George II and his first cousin and brother-in-law Frederick William I of Prussia on a proposed marriage between the Prince of Wales and Frederick William's daughter Wilhelmine were welcomed by Frederick even though the couple had never met.[19] George II was not keen on the proposal but continued talks for diplomatic reasons. Frustrated by the delay, Frederick sent an envoy of his own to the Prussian court. When George II discovered the plan, he immediately arranged for Frederick to leave Hanover for England.[20] The marriage negotiations foundered when Frederick William demanded that Frederick be made Regent in Hanover.[21]

Frederick also almost married Lady Diana Spencer, daughter of Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland and Lady Anne Churchill. Lady Diana was the favourite grandchild of the powerful Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. The duchess sought a royal alliance by marrying Lady Diana to the Prince of Wales with a massive dowry of £100,000. The prince, who was in great debt, agreed to the proposal, but the plan was vetoed by Robert Walpole and the king. Lady Diana soon married John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford.

Although in his youth he was a spendthrift and womaniser, Frederick settled down following his marriage to the sixteen-year-old Augusta of Saxe-Gotha on 27 April 1736.[22] The wedding was held at the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace in London,[23] presided over by Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London and Dean of the Chapel Royal. Handel provided the new anthem 'Sing unto God' for the service, and the wedding was also marked in London by two rival operas, Handel's Atalanta and Porpora's La festa d'Imeneo.[24]

In May 1736, George II returned to Hanover, which was unpopular in England. A satirical notice was pinned to the gates of St James's Palace decrying his absence: "Lost or strayed out of this house", it read, "a man who has left a wife and six children on the parish."[25] The King made plans to return, in the face of inclement weather; when his ship was caught in a storm, gossip swept London that he had drowned. Eventually, in January 1737, he arrived back in England.[26] Immediately he fell ill, with piles and a fever, and withdrew to his bed. The Prince of Wales put it about that the King was dying, with the result that George insisted on getting up and attending a social event to disprove the gossip-mongers.[27]

Frederick (pictured) opposed his father's government.

Quickly accumulating large debts, Frederick relied for an income on his wealthy friend George Bubb Dodington. The prince's father refused to make him a financial allowance of the size that the prince considered should have been his. Frederick's public opposition to his father's government continued; he opposed the unpopular Gin Act 1736, which tried to control the Gin Craze.[28] Frederick applied to Parliament for an increased financial allowance, and public disagreement over the payment of the money drove a further wedge between parents and son. Frederick's allowance was raised, but by less than he had asked for.[29]

In June 1737, Frederick informed his parents that Augusta was pregnant, and was due to give birth in October. Traditionally, royal births were witnessed by members of the family and senior courtiers to guard against supposititious children. But in fact, Augusta's due date was earlier. When she went into labour in July the Prince sneaked her out of Hampton Court Palace in the middle of the night, and forced her to ride 21 kilometres (13 mi) in a rattling carriage to St James's Palace, so that the King and Queen could not be present at the birth.[30] When they learned of the Prince's action, George and Caroline were horrified. With a party including two of her daughters and Lord Hervey, the Queen rushed to St James.[31] There, Caroline was relieved to discover that Augusta had given birth to a "poor, ugly little she-mouse" rather than a "large, fat, healthy boy". That made a supposititious child unlikely, since the baby was so pitiful. The circumstances of the birth deepened the estrangement between mother and son.[32]

Frederick was banished from the king's court,[12] and a rival court grew up at Frederick's new residence, Leicester House, where his father and mother had themselves lived after becoming estranged from George I.[33] His mother fell fatally ill at the end of the year, but the king refused Frederick permission to see her.[34] Frederick became a devoted family man, taking his wife and children to live in the countryside at Cliveden, where he fished, shot, and rowed.[35] In 1742, Robert Walpole left office, and the realignment of the government led to a reconciliation between father and son, as Frederick's friends in Parliament gained influence.[36]

After the Jacobite Rising of 1745, Frederick met Flora MacDonald, who had been imprisoned in the Tower of London for aiding the escape of the Rising's leader Charles Edward Stuart, and helped to secure her eventual release.[37] In 1747, Frederick rejoined the political opposition, and the king responded by dissolving Parliament. In the subsequent early general election, Frederick's allies lost.[38]

## Cricket

[edit]

By the time Frederick arrived in Great Britain, cricket had developed into the country's most popular team sport, and it thrived on gambling. Perhaps because he wished to anglicise and so fit in with society, Frederick developed an academic interest in cricket and soon became a genuine enthusiast. He began to make wagers and then to patronise and play the sport, even forming his own team on several occasions.

The earliest mention of Frederick in cricket annals is in a contemporary report of a match on 28 September 1731 between Surrey and London, played on Kennington Common. No post-match report was found despite advance promotion as "likely to be the best performance of this kind that has been seen for some time". The records show that "for the convenience of the gamesters, the ground is to be staked and roped out" – a new practice in 1731 and possibly done partly for the benefit of a royal visitor. The advertisement refers to "the whole county of Surrey" as London's opponents and states that the Prince of Wales is "expected to attend".[39]

In August 1732, the Whitehall Evening Post reported that Frederick attended "a great cricket match" at Kew on 27 July.[40]

By the 1733 season, Frederick was seriously involved in the game, in effect as a county cricketer for Surrey.[41] He was said to have given a guinea to each player in a Surrey vs. Middlesex game at Moulsey Hurst.[42] Then he awarded a silver cup to a combined Surrey and Middlesex team which had just beaten Kent, arguably the best county team at the time, at Moulsey Hurst on 1 August.[42] This is the first reference in cricket history to any kind of trophy (other than hard cash) being contested. On 31 August, the Prince of Wales XI played Sir William Gage's XI on Moulsey Hurst. The result is unknown but the teams were said to be of county standard, so presumably it was in effect a Surrey vs. Sussex match.[43]

In the years following 1733, there are frequent references to the Prince of Wales as a patron of cricket and as an occasional player.

When he died on 31 March 1751, cricket suffered a double blow as his death closely followed that of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, the game's greatest financial patron at the time. The number of top-class matches declined for several years.

## Death

[edit]

Britannia mourning the death of the Prince of Wales, c. 1751

His political ambitions unfulfilled, Frederick died at Leicester House at the age of 44 on 31 March 1751 (20 March OS).[44] In the past this has been attributed to a burst lung abscess caused by a blow from a cricket or a real tennis ball,[45] but it is now thought to have been from a pulmonary embolism.[46] He was buried at Westminster Abbey on 13 April 1751. He is the most recent Prince of Wales not to have acceded to the British throne.

The Prince of Wales's epigram (quoted by William Makepeace Thackeray, "Four Georges"):

"Here lies poor Fred who was alive and is dead,
Had it been his father I had much rather,
Had it been his sister nobody would have missed her,
Had it been his brother, still better than another,
Had it been the whole generation, so much better for the nation,
But since it is Fred who was alive and is dead,
There is no more to be said!"

## Titles, honours and arms

[edit]

### British titles

[edit]

He was given the title Duke of Gloucester on 10 January 1717,[47] but when he was raised to the peerage on 26 July 1726 it was as Duke of Edinburgh.[4][48] He became Duke of Cornwall on 11 June 1727 and Prince of Wales on 7 January 1729.[3]

### Honours

[edit]

* 3 July 1717: Royal Knight of the Garter[49]

### Arms

[edit]

Between his creation as Duke of Edinburgh in 1726 and his creation as Prince of Wales, he bore the arms of the kingdom, differentiated by a label argent of three points, the centre point bearing a cross gules. As Prince of Wales, the difference changed to simply a label argent of three points.[50] Frederick never succeeded his father as Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire and so the red escutcheon in the centre of his Hanover quarter is empty.[51]

Arms of Frederick, Prince of Wales

## Family

[edit]

### Ancestors

[edit]

Ancestors of Frederick, Prince of Wales[52]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. George I of Great Britain|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Sophia of the Palatinate

| 2\. George II of Great Britain|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

| 5\. Duchess Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Celle|

|  |  |
| 11\. Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse

| 1\. Frederick, Prince of Wales|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach

| 6\. John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach|

|  |  |
| 13\. Countess Sophie Margarete of Oettingen-Oettingen

| 3\. Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach

| 7\. Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach|

|  |  |
| 15\. Johannetta, Countess of Sayn-Altenkirchen

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### Issue

[edit]

Name | Birth | Death | Notes

|
|
|

By The Honourable Anne Vane
FitzFrederick Cornwall Vane | 4 June 1732 | 23 February 1736 | Born on St James's Street and baptised on 17 June 1732 with The Honourable Henry Vane (his maternal uncle), Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore and Lady Elizabeth Mansel as his godparents. He died in London of "a fit of convulsions" while in the care of his uncle Henry.
Amelia Vane | 21 April 1733 | 22 April 1733 | Died the day after her birth.
By Margaret, Countess of Marsac reputed
Charles | 1736 | 22 December 1820 | Died aged eighty-four.
By Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
Princess Augusta | 31 July 1737 | 23 March 1813 | Married, 1764, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; had issue.
George III | 4 June 1738 | 29 January 1820 | Married, 1761, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; had issue.
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany | 25 March 1739 | 17 September 1767 | Died aged twenty-eight, unmarried.
Princess Elizabeth | 10 January 1741 | 4 September 1759 | Died aged eighteen, unmarried.
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh | 25 November 1743 | 25 August 1805 | Married, 1766, Maria Waldegrave, Dowager Countess Waldegrave; had issue.
Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn | 7 November 1745 | 18 September 1790 | Married, 1771, Anne Horton; no issue.
Princess Louisa | 19 March 1749 | 13 May 1768 | Died aged nineteen, unmarried.
Prince Frederick | 13 May 1750 | 29 December 1765 | Died aged fifteen, unmarried.
Princess Caroline Matilda | 11 July 1751 | 10 May 1775 | Born after Frederick's death; Married, 1766, Christian VII of Denmark and Norway; had issue.

## References

[edit]

### Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 20. Van der Kiste observes that "griff" was a Caribbean term for a half-caste, and that it was applied to Frederick because he was "heavy-nosed, thick-lipped and yellow-skinned."
2. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 83
3. ^ a b London Gazette — creation as Prince of Wales
4. ^ a b London Gazette — creation as Duke of Edinburgh
5. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 39, 85
6. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 112
7. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 131.
8. ^ Prince of Wales: Previous princes; Prince of Wales – Previous Princes; "No. 6741". The London Gazette. 4 January 1728. p. 2.
9. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 125
10. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 111
11. ^ The three copies are in the National Portrait Gallery, London, the Royal Collection and Cliveden House, Buckinghamshire.
12. ^ a b Van der Kiste, p. 158
13. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 114
14. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 115
15. ^ Quoted in Van der Kiste, p. 115
16. ^ Beard, Geoffrey (August 1970). William Kent and the Royal Barge. The Burlington Magazine , Vol. 112, No. 809, pp 488-493+495. p. 492.
17. ^ "9880 - A ROYAL GILTWOOD FRAME OF COLOSSAL SCALE BY PAUL PETIT AT THE COMMAND OF FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES | Carlton Hobbs New York". carltonhobbs.com. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
18. ^ "Antoine Pesne (1683–1757): Frederick II, King of Prussia (1712–86) 1747 - 1748". Royal Collection. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
19. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 109–110
20. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 110
21. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 86, 118
22. ^ "The Royal Wedding… of 1736". 27 April 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
23. ^ Walford, Edward (1878). "St James's Palace". Old and New London. Vol. 4\. London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin. pp. 100–122. Retrieved 13 July 2020. via "British History Online"
24. ^ Matthew Kilburn (2004). "Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales (1707–1751)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10140. Retrieved 17 March 2018. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
25. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 149–150
26. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 152
27. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 153
28. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 148
29. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 154
30. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 155
31. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 156
32. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 157
33. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 159
34. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 161
35. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 113
36. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 175–176
37. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 187
38. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 188; Hilton, Austin W. B., "King Fred: How the British King Who Never Was Shaped the Modern Monarchy" (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3064.
39. ^ H. T. Waghorn, The Dawn of Cricket, Electric Press, 1906.
40. ^ G. B. Buckley, Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Cotterell, 1935.
41. ^ Marples, Morris Poor Fred and the Butcher : Sons of George II London 1970 p41 ISBN 0718108167
42. ^ a b H. T. Waghorn, Cricket Scores, Notes, etc. (1730–1773), Blackwood, 1899.
43. ^ Timothy J. McCann, Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century, Sussex Record Society, 2004.
44. ^ "No. 9042". The London Gazette. 23 March 1750. p. 1.
45. ^ Deborah Fisher, Princes of Wales (University of Wales Press, 2006); Van der Kiste, pp. 190–191
46. ^ "Frederick Prince of Wales". BBC.; Livingstone, Natalie (7 April 2016). The Mistresses of Cliveden: Three Centuries of Scandal, Power and Intrigue in an English Stately Home. Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-959472-7.
47. ^ Weir, Alison (1996), Britain's Royal Families: A Complete Genealogy (Revised ed.), London: Pimlico, p. 278, ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5
48. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gloucester, Earls and Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
49. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 41
50. ^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
51. ^ Maclagan, Michael; Louda, Jiří (1999), Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, London: Little, Brown, p. 32, ISBN 1-85605-469-1
52. ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 55.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Michael De-la-Noy, The King Who Never Was: The Story of Frederick, Prince of Wales, London; Chester Springs, PA: Peter Owen, 1996.
* Van der Kiste, John (1997) George II and Queen Caroline. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1321-5
* John Walters, The Royal Griffin: Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707–51, London: Jarrolds, 1972.

## External links

[edit]

Media related to Frederick, Prince of Wales at Wikimedia Commons

* Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
* Portraits of Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Frederick, Prince of Wales

House of Hanover

Cadet branch of the House of Welf

Born: 1 February 1707 Died: 31 March 1751

Royal titles
Preceded by

George (II)

|  Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
1727–1751  | Vacant

Title next held by

George (IV)
Prince of Wales
1729–1751  | Succeeded by

George (III)

New creation |  Duke of Edinburgh
1st creation
1726–1751
Academic offices
Preceded by

The Prince of Wales

|  Chancellor of the University of Dublin
1728–1751  | Succeeded by

The Duke of Cumberland

* v
* t
* e

British princes

The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.

1st generation|

* King George II

2nd generation|

* Frederick, Prince of Wales
* Prince George William
* Prince William, Duke of Cumberland

3rd generation|

* King George III
* Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
* Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
* Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn
* Prince Frederick

4th generation|

* King George IV
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
* King William IV
* Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
* King Ernest Augustus of Hanover
* Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
* Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
* Prince Octavius
* Prince Alfred
* Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

5th generation|

* Prince Albert1
* King George V of Hanover
* Prince George, Duke of Cambridge

6th generation|

* King Edward VII
* Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
* Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
* Prince Ernest Augustus

7th generation|

* Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
* King George V
* Prince Alexander John of Wales
* Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Arthur of Connaught
* Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince George William of Hanover
* Prince Christian of Hanover
* Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick

8th generation|

* King Edward VIII
* King George VI
* Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
* Prince George, Duke of Kent
* Prince John
* Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
* Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover
* Prince George William of Hanover

9th generation|

* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2
* Prince William of Gloucester
* Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
* Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
* Prince Michael of Kent

10th generation|

* King Charles III
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

11th generation|

* William, Prince of Wales
* Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
* James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex

12th generation|

* Prince George of Wales
* Prince Louis of Wales
* Prince Archie of Sussex

1 Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.
Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics.

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* e

Princes of Wales

* Edward of Caernarfon (1301–1307)
* Edward the Black Prince (1343–1376)
* Richard of Bordeaux (1376–1377)
* Henry of Monmouth (1399–1413)
* Edward of Westminster (1454–1471)
* Edward (1471–1483)
* Edward of Middleham (1483–1484)
* Arthur (1489–1502)
* Henry (1504–1509)
* Edward (1537–1547)
* Henry Frederick (1610–1612)
* Charles (1616–1625)
* Charles (1641–1649)
* James (1688)
* George (1714–1727)
* Frederick (1728–1751)
* George (1751–1760)
* George (1762–1820)
* Albert Edward (1841–1901)
* George (1901–1910)
* Edward (1910–1936)
* Charles (1958–2022)
* William (2022–present)

See also: Principality of Wales

* v
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* e

Dukes of Cornwall

* Edward (1337–1376)
* Richard (1376–1377)
* Henry (1399–1413)
* Henry (1421–1422)
* Edward (1453–1471)
* Richard (1460; disputed)
* Edward (1470–1483)
* Edward (1483–1484)
* Arthur (1486–1502)
* Henry (1502–1509)
* Henry (1511)
* Edward (1537–1547)
* Henry Frederick (1603–1612)
* Charles (1612–1625)
* Charles (1630–1649)
* James (1688–1701/2)
* George (1714–1727)
* Frederick (1727–1751)
* George (1762–1820)
* Albert Edward (1841–1901)
* George (1901–1910)
* Edward (1910–1936)
* Charles (1952–2022)
* William (2022–present)

Cornwall Portal

* v
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* e

Dukes of Rothesay

* David (1398–1402)
* James (1402–1406)
* Alexander (1430)
* James (1430–1437)
* James (1452–1460)
* James (1473–1488)
* James (1507–1508)
* Arthur (1509–1510)
* James (1512–1513)
* James (1540–1541)
* James (1566–1567)
* Henry Frederick (1594–1612)
* Charles (1612–1625)
* Charles James (1629)
* Charles (1630–1649)
* James (1688–1689)
* George (1714–1727)
* Frederick (1727–1751)
* George (1762–1820)
* Albert Edward (1841–1901)
* George (1901–1910)
* Edward (1910–1936)
* Charles (1952–2022)
* William (2022–present)

* v
* t
* e

Dukes of Edinburgh

* Frederick (1726–1751)
* George (1751–1760)
* Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1764–1834)
* Alfred (1866–1900)
* Philip (1947–2021)
* Charles (2021–2022)
* Edward (2023–present)

* v
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* e

Premier Grand Lodge of England

Active 1717–1813, united with the Ancient Grand Lodge of England (1751–1813) to create the United Grand Lodge of England (1813–present)

Grand
Masters|

* Anthony Sayer (1717–1718)
* George Payne (1718–1719)
* John Theophilus Desaguliers (1719–1720)
* George Payne (1720–1721)
* Duke of Montagu (1721–1723)
* Duke of Wharton (1723)
* Earl of Dalkeith (1723–1724)
* Duke of Richmond (1724)
* Lord Paisley (1724–1725)
* Earl of Inchiquin (1726–1727)
* Baron Colerane (1727–1728)
* Baron Kingston (1728–1730)
* Duke of Norfolk (1730–1731)
* Baron Lovell (1731–1732)
* Viscount Montagu (1732–1733)
* Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1733–1734)
* Earl of Crawford (1734–1735)
* Lord Weymouth (1735–1736)
* Earl of Loudoun (1736–1737)
* Earl of Darnley (1737–1738)
* Marquis of Carnarvon (1738–1739)
* Baron Raymond (1739–1740)
* Earl of Kintore (1740–1741)
* Earl of Morton (1741–1742)
* Baron Ward (1742–1744)
* Lord Cranstoun (1744–1747)
* Baron Byron (1747–1752)
* Baron Carysfort (1752–1753)
* Marquis of Carnarvon (1754–1757)
* Lord Aberdour (1757–1762)
* Earl Ferrers (1762–1764)
* Baron Blayney (1764–1767)
* Duke of Beaufort (1767–1772)
* Baron Petre (1772–1777)
* Duke of Manchester (1777–1782)
* Duke of Cumberland (1782–1790)
* George, Prince of Wales (1792–1813)
* Duke of Sussex (1813)

Related
articles|

* History of Freemasonry
* Antient Grand Lodge of England
* United Grand Lodge of England
* James Anderson's The Constitutions of the Free-Masons (1723)
* Freemasons' Tavern
* Freemasons' Hall, London
* Royal Society
* Society of Antiquaries of London
* Royal College of Physicians
* Worshipful Society of Apothecaries
* Spalding Gentlemen's Society
* Newtonianism
* English Enlightenment
* Order of the Bath
* Walpole ministries
* Whiggism (Kit-Cat Club)
* Gormogons
* Hellfire Club
* Foundling Hospital
* Unlawful Societies Act 1799

Members|

* James Anderson
* John Byrom
* William Stukeley
* William Jones
* Earl of Chesterfield
* Charles Delafaye
* Baron Carpenter
* William Billers
* Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet
* Brook Taylor
* Martin Folkes
* John Arbuthnot
* Charles Cox
* Earl Cornwallis
* Richard Cantillon
* John Machin
* William Rutty
* James Vernon
* John Senex
* James Thornhill
* Earl of Macclesfield
* John Browne
* James Jurin
* James Douglas
* Alexander Stuart
* Ephraim Chambers
* Richard Manningham
* Frank Nicholls
* Richard Rawlinson
* Charles Stanhope
* Lord James Cavendish
* Earl of Hopetoun
* William Richardson
* William Becket
* John Anstis
* Duke of Ancaster
* Charles Hayes
* Edmund Prideaux
* George Shelvocke
* John Woodward
* John Ward
* John Baptist Grano
* Baron King
* Jacques Leblon
* Adolphus Oughton
* Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet
* Viscount Cobham
* Francis Columbine
* Hugh Warburton
* Earl of Pembroke
* Viscount Townshend
* Martin Bladen
* Earl Waldegrave
* Duke of Kingston
* Earl of Burlington
* Earl of Essex
* Duke of Queensberry
* Earl of Deloraine
* Earl of Portmore
* Duke of Marlborough
* Baron Baltimore
* Duke of Atholl
* Marquess of Lothian
* Earl of Balcarres
* Earl of Winchilsea
* Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet
* Sir Robert Lawley, 4th Baronet
* Alexander Brodie
* William Hogarth
* Charles Labelye
* Walter Calverley-Blackett
* Frederick, Prince of Wales
* Thomas Wright
* Edward Gibbon
* Baron Hervey
* Thomas Dunckerley
* William Preston
* Marquess of Hastings
* James Moore Smythe
* Robert Boyle-Walsingham
* Sir Robert de Cornwall
* Batty Langley
* Thomas Arne
* John Soane
* Joseph Banks
* Johan Zoffany
* John Coustos
* Hipólito da Costa
* Meyer Löw Schomberg
* Joseph Salvador
* Sampson Eardley
* Moses Mendez
* Meyer Solomon
* Moses Montefiore
* Nathan Mayer Rothschild

| Prime ministers|

* Robert Walpole
* Henry Pelham
* Duke of Newcastle

|

* v
* t
* e

George III

King of the United Kingdom and Hanover

Family|

* Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (wife)
* George IV, King of the United Kingdom (son)
* Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (son)
* William IV, King of the United Kingdom (son)
* Charlotte, Princess Royal (daughter)
* Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (son)
* Augusta (daughter)
* Elizabeth (daughter)
* Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (son)
* Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex (son)
* Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (son)
* Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (daughter)
* Sophia (daughter)
* Octavius (son)
* Alfred (son)
* Amelia (daughter)
* Frederick, Prince of Wales (father)
* Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (mother)
* Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (sister)
* Edward, Duke of York and Albany (brother)
* Princess Elizabeth (sister)
* William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (brother)
* Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn (brother)
* Princess Louisa (sister)
* Prince Frederick (brother)
* Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway (sister)
* Descendants

Reign|

* Coronation
* Seven Years' War
* Royal Proclamation of 1763
* Royal Marriages Act 1772
* American Revolution
* American Revolutionary War
* French Revolutionary Wars
* Irish Rebellion of 1798
* Acts of Union 1800
* Treaty of Amiens
* Napoleonic Wars
* Golden Jubilee
* Jubilee Rock
* Regency Act 1811
* Regency era

Cultural
depictions|

| Paintings|

* Coronation Portrait of George III (1762)
* George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops (1798)
* Portrait of George III (1809)

|

Public sculptures|

* Montreal (1773)
* Somerset House, London (c. 1778–1789)
* Weymouth (1809)
* Windsor Great Park (1831)

Theatre, film,
radio and
television|

* America (1924, film)
* The Young Mr. Pitt (1942, film)
* Mrs. Fitzherbert (1947, film)
* Eight Songs for a Mad King (1969, music theatre)
* Barry Lyndon (1975, film)
* The Adams Chronicles (1976, TV)
* Prince Regent (1979, TV)
* In the Ruins (1984, radio play)
* Blackadder the Third "Duel and Duality" (1987, TV)
* The Madness of George III (1991, play)
* The Madness of King George (1994, film)
* Longitude (2000, TV)
* John Adams (2008, TV)
* Hamilton: An American Musical (2015, musical)
* Mr Foote's Other Leg (2015, play)
* Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story (2023, TV)

Books and poems|

* Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell (2004)
* Victory of Eagles (2008)

Related|

* King's Library
* King's manuscripts, British Library
* King's Observatory
* Margaret Nicholson
* John Frith
* James Hadfield
* House of Hanover
* George III (ship)

* ← George II
* George IV →

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Poland
* 2
* Vatican
* Israel
* Belgium

Artists|

* ULAN
* RKD Artists

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* RISM

*[m.]: married
*[c.]: circa
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