Frederick I of Denmark

King of Denmark (1523–33); King of Norway (1524–33)

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|

Frederick I

Portrait of Frederick attributed to Jacob Binck, 1539. No portraits of the King painted during his lifetime are known.[1]

King of Denmark

(more...)

Reign| 1523[2] – 10 April 1533
Coronation| 7 August 1524
Copenhagen Cathedral
Predecessor| Christian II
Successor| Christian III
King of Norway
Reign| 1524 – 10 April 1533
Predecessor| Christian II
Successor| Christian III
Duke of Schleswig-Holstein
Reign| 1482 – 10 April 1533
Predecessor| Christian II
Successor| Christian III
Co-duke| John (until 1490)

Born| 7 October 1471
Haderslevhus
Died| 10 April 1533(1533-04-10) (aged 61)
Gottorf Castle
Burial|

Schleswig Cathedral

Spouses|

Anna of Brandenburg

(m. 1502; died 1514)​

Sophie of Pomerania

(m. 1518)​

Issue
among others...| Christian III of Denmark
Dorothea, Duchess of Prussia
John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev
Elizabeth, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
Dorothea, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Frederick, Bishop of Hildesheim and Schleswig
House| Oldenburg
Father| Christian I of Denmark
Mother| Dorothea of Brandenburg
Religion| Catholicism

Frederick I (Danish and Norwegian: Frederik; German: Friedrich; Swedish: Fredrik; 7 October 1471 – 10 April 1533) was King of Denmark and Norway. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over Denmark and Norway, when subsequent monarchs embraced Lutheranism after the Protestant Reformation. As king of Norway, Frederick is most remarkable in never having visited the country and was never crowned as such. Therefore, he was styled King of Denmark, the Vends and the Goths, elected King of Norway. Frederick's reign began the enduring tradition of calling kings of Denmark alternatively by the names Christian and Frederick.[3][4]

## Background

[edit]

Frederick was the younger son of the first Oldenburg King Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1426–81) and of Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430–95). Soon after the death of his father, the underage Frederick was elected co-Duke of Schleswig and Holstein in 1482, the other co-duke being his elder brother, King John of Denmark. In 1490 at Frederick's majority, both duchies were divided between the brothers.[5]

In 1500, he had convinced his brother King John to conquer Dithmarschen. A great army was called from not only the duchies, but with additions from all of the Kalmar Union for which his brother briefly was king. In addition, numerous German mercenaries took part. The expedition failed miserably, however, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt, where one-third of all knights of Schleswig and Holstein lost their lives.[6]

## Reign

[edit]

When his brother, King John died, a group of Jutish nobles had offered Frederick the throne as early as 1513, but he had declined, rightly believing that the majority of the Danish nobility would be loyal to his nephew Christian II. In 1523, Christian was forced by disloyal nobles to abdicate as king of Denmark and Norway, and Frederick took the throne of Denmark in 1523 and was elected king of Norway in 1524. It is not certain that Frederick ever learned to speak Danish. After becoming king, he continued spending most of his time at Gottorp, a castle and estate in the city of Schleswig.[7]

In 1524 and 1525, Frederick had to suppress revolts among the peasants in Agder, Jutland and Scania who demanded the restoration of Christian II. The high point of the rebellion came in 1525 when Søren Norby, the governor (statholder) of Gotland, invaded Blekinge in an attempt to restore Christian II to power. He raised 8000 men who besieged Kärnan (Helsingborgs slott), a castle in Helsingborg. Frederick's general, Johann Rantzau, moved his army to Scania and defeated the peasants soundly in April and May 1525.[8]

Gold coin or medal of Frederick I. Shows him together with Sophia on the obverse, and coat of arms on the reverse. Sophie of Pomerania

Frederick played a central role in the spread of Lutheran teachings throughout Denmark. In his coronation charter, he was made the solemn protector (værner) of the Catholic Church in Denmark. In that role, he asserted his right to select bishops for the Catholic dioceses in the country. Christian II had been intolerant of Protestant teaching, but Frederick took a more opportunist approach. For example, he ordered that Catholics and Lutherans share the same churches and encouraged the first publication of the Bible in the Danish language. In 1526, when Lutheran Reformer Hans Tausen was threatened with arrest and trial for heresy, Frederick appointed him his personal chaplain to give him immunity.[9]

Starting in 1527, Frederick authorized the closure of Franciscan houses and monasteries in 28 Danish cities. He used the popular anti-establishment feelings that ran against some persons of the Catholic hierarchy and nobility of Denmark as well as keen propaganda to decrease the power of bishops and Catholic nobles.[10]

During his reign, Frederick was skillful enough to prevent all-out warfare between Catholics and Protestants. In 1532, he succeeded in capturing Christian II who had tried to invade Norway, and to make himself king of the country. Frederick died on 10 April 1533 in Gottorp, at the age of 61, and was buried in Schleswig Cathedral. Upon Frederick's death, tensions between Catholics and Protestants rose to a fever pitch which would result in the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde).[11]

## Family and children

[edit]

On 10 April 1502, Frederick married Anna of Brandenburg (1487–1514), the daughter of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and Margaret of Thuringia. The couple had two children:

1. Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway (12 August 1503 – 1 January 1559)[12]
2. Dorothea of Denmark (1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547),[13] married 1 July 1526 to Albert, Duke of Prussia.

Frederick's wife Anna died on 5 May 1514, 26 years old. Four years later on 9 October 1518 at Kiel, Frederick married Sophie of Pomerania (20 years old; 1498–1568), a daughter of Bogislaw "the Great", Duke of Pomerania. Sophie and Frederick had six children:

1. John II of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (28 June 1521 – 2 October 1580)[14]
2. Elizabeth of Denmark (14 October 1524 – 15 October 1586),[15] married:
1. on 26 August 1543 to Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
2. on 14 February 1556 to Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow.
3. Adolf of Denmark, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (25 January 1526 – 1 October 1586)[16]
4. Anna of Denmark (1527 – 4 June 1535)
5. Dorothea of Denmark (1528 – 11 November 1575),[17] married on 27 October 1573 to Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch.
6. Frederick of Denmark (13 April 1532 – 27 October 1556), Prince-Bishop of Hildesheim and Bishop of Schleswig.

## Ancestors

[edit]

Ancestors of Frederick I of Denmark

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Christian V, Count of Oldenburg

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg|

|  |  |
| 9\. Agnes von Honstein

| 2\. Christian I of Denmark|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg

| 5\. Hedvig of Holstein|

|  |  |
| 11\. Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick

| 1\. Frederick I of Denmark|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg

| 6\. John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach|

|  |  |
| 13\. Elisabeth of Bavaria

| 3\. Dorothea of Brandenburg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg

| 7\. Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg|

|  |  |
| 15\. Barbara of Legnica

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Kolstrup, Inger-Lise. "Jacob Binck". Den Store Danske Encyklopædi. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
2. ^ Frederick was provisionally declared king on 26 March 1523, which was confirmed at Roskilde on 5 August. After a siege that began on 10 June 1523, Copenhagen surrendered to [his forces on 6 January 1524, see https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-2-1481-1559/ Christian 2., 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523"], danmarkshistorien.dk.
3. ^ Frederik 1 (in Danish), DK: Gravsted.
4. ^ Frederik 1 – utdypning (Store norske leksikon)
5. ^ "Frederik I, Konge i Danmark og Norge", Salmonsens konversationsleksikon (in Danish), Runeberg.
6. ^ "Ditmarsken (Dithmarschen, "de tyske Marsklande")". Salmonsens konversationsleksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
7. ^ "Kong Hans". Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
8. ^ "Frederik I, 1471–1533", Konge (Dansk biografisk Lexikon), Runeberg.
9. ^ "Hans Tausen". Den Store Danske. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
10. ^ Krønike om Gråbrødrenes Udjagelse (in Danish).
11. ^ "Grevens Fejde". Salmonsens konversationsleksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
12. ^ "Christian 3". gravsted.dk. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
13. ^ "Dorothea, Hertuginde af Preussen, 1504–47". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
14. ^ "Hertug Hans den ældre i Haderslev" (PDF). Historisk Tidsskrift. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
15. ^ "Elisabeth, 1524–86, Hertuginde af Meklenborg". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
16. ^ "Adolf, Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein". Adolf I. (Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf). Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. 1875. p. 111. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
17. ^ "Dorothea, Hertuginde af Meklenborg, 1528–75". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Scocozza, Benito (1997). "Frederik 1.". Politikens bog om danske monarker [Politiken's book about Danish monarchs] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. pp. 111–113\. ISBN 87-567-5772-7.111-113&rft.pub=Politikens+Forlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=87-567-5772-7&rft.aulast=Scocozza&rft.aufirst=Benito&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Frederick+I+of+Denmark" class="Z3988">

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederick I of Denmark.

* The Royal Lineage Archived 2015-03-14 at the Wayback Machine at the website of the Danish Monarchy

Frederick I

House of Oldenburg

Born: 7 October 1471 Died: 10 April 1533

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Christian II

|  King of Denmark
1523–1533  | Succeeded by

Christian III

King of Norway
1524–1533
Preceded by

Christian I

|  Duke of Holstein and Schleswig
1490–1533
with John I (1490–1513)
Christian II (1513–1523)
Christian III (1523–1533)

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Denmark

Knýtlinga|

| c. 916 – 1042|

* Сanute I (Harthacnut)
* Gorm the Old
* Harald I Bluetooth
* Sweyn I1
* Harald II
* Canute II1
* Canute III (Harthacanute)1

|

Fairhair|

| 1042–1047|

* Magnus the Good

|

Estridsen|

| 1047–1375|

* Sweyn II Estridsen
* Harald III Hen
* Canute IV the Saint
* Olaf I Hunger
* Eric I Evergood
* Niels
* Eric II the Memorable
* Eric III Lamb
* Sweyn III Grathe / Canute V / Valdemar I the Great
* Canute VI
* Valdemar II the Victorious / Valdemar the Young
* Eric IV Plough-tax
* Abel
* Christopher I
* Eric V Klipping
* Eric VI Menved
* Christopher II / Eric Christoffersen
* Valdemar III
* Interregnum
* Valdemar IV Atterdag

|

Bjälbo|

| 1376–1387|

* Olaf II

|

Estridsen|

| 1376–1412|

* Margrethe I2

|

Pomerania|

| 1397–1439|

* Eric VII of Pomerania2

|

Palatinate-Neumarkt|

| 1440–1448|

* Christopher III of Bavaria2

|

Oldenburg|

| Senior branch
1448–1863|

* Christian I2
* John2
* Christian II2
* Frederick I
* Christian III
* Frederick II
* Christian IV
* Frederick III
* Christian V
* Frederick IV
* Christian VI
* Frederick V
* Christian VII
* Frederick VI
* Christian VIII
* Frederick VII

|

Glücksburg
since 1863|

* Christian IX
* Frederick VIII
* Christian X3
* Frederik IX
* Margrethe II
* Frederik X

* Italics indicates Danish monarchs who were also monarchs of Norway.
* 1 Also monarch of England.
* 2 Also monarch of Sweden.
* 3 Also monarch of Iceland.

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Norway

I. Independent Norway

Foreign and non-royal
rulers in italics, disputed
monarchs in brackets|

| 872–1387|

* Harald I Fairhair
* Eric I Bloodaxe
* Haakon I the Good
* Harald II Greycloak
* Harald Bluetooth d & Haakon Sigurdsson r
* Olaf I Tryggvason
* Sweyn Forkbeard de & Eiríkr Hákonarson r & Sweyn Haakonsson r
* Olaf II the Saint
* Cnut de & Haakon Ericsson r & Sweyn Knutsson r (Ælfgifu r)
* Magnus I the Good d
* Harald III Hardrada
* Magnus II Haraldsson
* Olaf III Kyrre
* Haakon Toresfostre
* Magnus III Barefoot
* Olav Magnusson
* Eystein I Magnusson
* Sigurd I the Crusader
* Harald IV Gille
* Magnus IV the Blind
* Sigurd II Munn
* Inge I Haraldsson
* Eystein II Haraldsson
* (Magnus Haraldsson)
* Haakon II Broadshoulder
* Magnus V Erlingsson
* Sverre Sigurdsson
* Haakon III Sverresson
* (Guttorm Sigurdsson)
* Inge II Bårdsson
* Haakon IV Haakonsson
* (Haakon the Young)
* Magnus VI the Law-mender
* Eric II Magnusson
* Haakon V Magnusson
* Magnus VII Ericsson s
* Haakon VI Magnusson s
* Olaf IV Haakonsson d

|

Kalmar Union|

| 1387–1523|

* Margaret ds
* Eric III ds
* Christopher ds
* Charles I s
* Christian I ds
* John ds
* Christian II ds

|

Denmark–Norway|

| 1524–1814|

* Frederick I d
* Christian III d
* Frederick II d
* Christian IV d
* Frederick III d
* Christian V d
* Frederick IV d
* Christian VI d
* Frederick V d
* Christian VII d
* Frederick VI d

|

II. Independent Norway|

| 1814|

* Christian Frederick

|

Union with Sweden|

| 1814–1905|

* Charles II s
* Charles III John s
* Oscar I s
* Charles IV s
* Oscar II s

|

III. Independent Norway|

| Since 1905|

* Haakon VII
* Olav V
* Harald V

|

* r Regent
* d Also Danish monarch
* e Also English monarch
* s Also Swedish monarch

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Iceland

Possession of Norway (1262–1814)|

* Haakon IV
* Magnus VI
* Eric II
* Haakon V
* Magnus VII
* Haakon VI
* Olaf IV
* Margaret I
* Eric III
* Christopher I
* Charles I
* Christian I
* John I
* Christian II
* Frederick I
* Christian III
* Frederick II
* Christian IV
* Frederick III
* Christian V
* Frederick IV
* Christian VI
* Frederick V
* Christian VII
* Frederick VI

Possession of Denmark (1814–1918)|

* Frederick VI
* Christian VIII
* Frederick VII
* Christian IX
* Frederick VIII
* Christian X

Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944)|

* Kristján X (Christian X)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* France
* BnF data
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

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*[e]: Edit this template
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