Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War)

Areas of China not under the control of the invading Imperial Japanese Army

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Free China

The extent of Japanese control of China as of 1940. The area in white constitutes "Free China".

Traditional Chinese| 中華民國自由地區
Simplified Chinese| 中华民国自由地区
Literal meaning| Free Area of the Republic of China (full form used only occasionally)
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Zhōnghuá Mínguó Zìyóu Dìqū
Bopomofo| ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄑㄩ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh| Jonghwa Min'gwo Tzyh'you Dihchiu
Wade–Giles| Chung¹-hua² Min²-kuo² Tzŭ⁴-yu² Ti⁴-chü¹
Tongyong Pinyin| Jhonghuá Mínguó Zìhyóu Dìcyu
MPS2| Jūnghuá Mínguó Tz̀yóu Dìchiū
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ| Chûng-fà Mìn-koet Chhṳ-yù Thi-khî
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Chū-iû Tē-khu
Tâi-lô| Tiong-hûa Bîn-kok Tsū-iû Tē-khu
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC| Dṳ̆ng-huà Mìng-guók Cê̤ṳ-iù Dê-kṳ̆

The term Free China, in the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War, refers to those areas of China not under the control of the Imperial Japanese Army or any of its puppet governments, such as Manchukuo, the Mengjiang government in Suiyuan and Chahar, or the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in Beiping. The term came into more frequent use after the Battle of Nanking, when Chiang Kai-shek evacuated the government of the Republic of China to Chongqing.

## History[edit]

In the final days of the Battle of Nanking, the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army helped to evacuate the Chiang Kai-shek government to Chongqing, which was declared the provisional capital of the Republic of China. The Japanese, following their victory at Nanjing, created yet another puppet government, the Reformed Government of the Republic of China, which was later merged with the Provisional Government of the Republic of China to create the Wang Jingwei Government. Many civilians from Japanese-controlled areas of China fled to Free China.

Conflict between the Communists and Kuomintang continued in the area of Free China, the most severe example being the New Fourth Army Incident. At the same time, Japanese action against the Communists and Nationalists continued; Chongqing was bombed 268 times, making it the most-frequently bombed city in all of World War II. The battlefront was largely static and stabilized since 1940 and continued for four years that way. In December 1944, the Japanese Operation Ichi-Go succeeded in taking control of Guangxi, giving them a continuous railway link between Manchukuo and Southeast Asia. The Japanese also proposed to invade Sichuan in an attempt to destroy the regime in Chongqing, but did not implemented it before the formal surrender.[1]

The term "Free area of the Republic of China" was later reused by the Nationalist government after their retreat to Taiwan to contrast their territory with that of the People's Republic of China.

## References[edit]

### Citations[edit]

1. ^ 昭和二十年の支那派遣軍（1）三月まで. 戦史叢書 (in Japanese). 朝雲新聞社. 1971.

### Bibliography[edit]

* Linebarger, Anthony; Paul Myron (1941). The China of Chiang Kai-shek: A Political Study. World Peace Foundation.
* Ride, Edwin. BAAG: Hong Kong Resistance 1942-1945. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. See chapter 2, "Escape to Free China".
* Yu, Patrick Shuk-Siu (2000). A Seventh Child and the Law. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

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Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)

Background

* Nanjing decade
* Chinese Civil War
* Mukden Incident
* Japanese invasion of Manchuria
* Pacification of Manchukuo
* January 28 incident
* Defense of the Great Wall
* Battle of Rehe
* Tanggu Truce
* Inner Mongolia Campaign
* North Chahar incident
* He–Umezu Agreement
* Chin–Doihara Agreement
* August 1 Declaration
* December 9th Movement
* Hebei–Chahar Political Council
* Wayaobu Manifesto
* Suiyuan campaign
* Xi'an Incident
* Second United Front
* Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Participants

| Governments|

| Chinese|

* Republic of China
* Kuomintang
* Communist China
* Chinese Communist Party

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Japanese and collaborators|

* Empire of Japan
* Manchukuo
* Mengjiang
* East Hebei Autonomous Government
* Great Way Government
* Provisional Chinese Government
* Reformed Chinese Government
* Wang Jingwei regime

Armed Forces|

| Chinese|

* Nationalist Armed Forces
* Army
* Air Force
* Navy
* Marine Corps
* Communist Armed Forces
* Eighth Route Army
* New Fourth Army
* Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army

|

Japanese and collaborators|

* Imperial Japanese Armed Forces
* Army
* Army Air Service
* Navy
* Navy Air Service
* Naval Infantry
* Manchukuo Armed Forces
* Army
* Air Force
* Navy
* Guards
* Inner Mongolian Army
* East Hebei Army
* Collaborationist Chinese Army

Political Leaders|

| Chinese|

* Chiang Kai-shek
* Mao Zedong
* Lin Sen
* Kung Hsiang-hsi
* Soong Tse-ven
* He Yingqin
* Chen Cheng
* Zhang Wentian
* Wang Ruofei
* Ren Bishi

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Japanese and collaborators|

* Emperor Hirohito
* Fumimaro Konoe
* Kiichirō Hiranuma
* Nobuyuki Abe
* Mitsumasa Yonai
* Hideki Tojo
* Kuniaki Koiso
* Kantarō Suzuki
* Naruhiko Higashikuni
* Seishirō Itagaki
* Shunroku Hata
* Korechika Anami
* Mitsumasa Yonai
* Zengo Yoshida
* Shigetarō Shimada
* Puyi
* Zhang Jinghui
* Yu Zhishan
* Demchugdongrub
* Wang Jingwei
* Chen Gongbo
* Chi Zongmo
* Wang Kemin
* Liang Hongzhi
* Ren Yuandao
* Bao Wenyue

Military Leaders|

| Chinese|

* Bai Chongxi
* Yan Xishan
* Sun Li-jen
* Ma Zhanshan

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Japanese and collaborators|

* Prince Kan'in Kotohito
* Hajime Sugiyama
* Yoshijirō Umezu
* Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu
* Osami Nagano
* Soemu Toyoda
* Koshirō Oikawa
* Li Shouxin
* Ye Peng
* Yang Kuiyi

Course of War

| Campaigns|

* Shanghai campaign
* Taiyuan campaign
* Nanjing campaign
* Bombing of Chongqing
* Northern and Eastern Henan
* Wuhan campaign
* Xuzhou campaign
* Nanchang campaign
* Suixian–Zaoyang campaign
* 1939 Changsha campaign
* First Guangxi campaign
* 1939–1940 Winter Offensive
* Zaoyang–Yichang campaign
* Hundred Regiments Offensive
* South Henan campaign
* Shanggao campaign
* Zhongtiao Mountains campaign
* 1941 Changsha campaign
* 1941-1942 Changsha campaign
* Japanese invasion of Burma
* Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
* Linnan campaign
* Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
* West Hubei campaign
* Changde campaign
* 1944 Burma campaign
* Operation Ichi-Go
* 1944-1945 Burma campaign
* West Henan–North Hubei campaign
* Zhijiang campaign
* Second Guangxi campaign

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Major Battles|

* Battle of Lanfeng
* Battle of Central Henan
* 1944 Battle of Changsha
* Siege of Myitkyina
* Battle of Mount Song
* Battle of Hengyang
* Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou

Incidents|

* Tientsin Incident (1931)
* January 28 incident
* Pingdingshan massacre
* North Chahar incident
* Xi'an Incident
* Murder of Pamela Werner
* Marco Polo Bridge Incident
* Langfang Incident
* Guanganmen incident
* Tongzhou mutiny
* Zhengding Missionary Murder
* Nanking Massacre
* USS Panay incident
* Kweilin incident
* 1938 Dalfram dispute
* Tientsin Incident (1939)
* Kaimingjie germ weapon attack
* Execution of Huang Yiguang
* New Fourth Army incident
* Panjiayu massacre
* Rape of Nancheng
* Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres
* Changjiao massacre
* Gegenmiao massacre

Political events|

* Nine Power Treaty Conference
* Yan'an Rectification Movement
* Cairo Conference
* United Nations Conference on International Organization
* Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
* Hirohito surrender broadcast
* Chongqing Negotiations
* Surrender of Japan

Aftermath

* Occupation of Japan
* Double Tenth Agreement
* Retrocession Day
* Chinese Communist Revolution
* Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
* Treaty of San Francisco
* Treaty of Taipei
* Murayama Statement

* Related topics

| Lists|

* Aerial engagements
* Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army
* Japanese Aircraft
* Japanese armoured fighting vehicles
* Japanese campaigns
* Japanese infantry weapons
* Military engagements

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Military|

* Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China
* American Volunteer Group
* Flying Tigers
* Soviet Volunteer Group
* Soviet invasion of Manchuria

Political|

* Sino-German cooperation
* Free China
* Lend-Lease
* Declaration by United Nations

Others|

* Japanese propaganda
* Kumul Rebellion
* On Practice
* People's war
* On Protracted War
* Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War
* Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
* Ip Man
* 1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
* Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
* Dixie Mission
* Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
* Stubborn Army

* Category
* World War II Portal
* China Portal
* Japan Portal

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