Free University of Berlin

Public university in Berlin, Germany

For other universities, see Free University (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Free University of Berlin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Free University of Berlin

Freie Universität Berlin

Seal of the Free University of Berlin

Motto|

Veritas, Iustitia, Libertas (Latin)

Motto in English

| Truth, Justice, Liberty
Type| Public
Established| 4 December 1948; 76 years ago (1948-12-04)
Affiliation|

* Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
* DFG
* EUA
* German Excellence Universities
* U15
* UNICA
* Una Europa

Budget| €648.8 million[1]
President| Günter M. Ziegler (2018–present)

Academic staff

| 2,851[1]

Administrative staff

| 2,719[1]
Students| 38,539 (2022)[2]
Undergraduates| 22,636 (2021)[1]
Postgraduates| 9,938 (2021)[1]

Doctoral students

| 3,628 (2021)[1]
Address|

Kaiserswerther Straße 16–18

Berlin

Germany

52°27′11″N 13°17′26″E﻿ / ﻿52.45306°N 13.29056°E﻿ / 52.45306; 13.29056
Campus| Suburban and urban (180 hectares (440 acres))
Colors|  Black
Green
Website| www.fu-berlin.de

The Free University of Berlin[a] (German: Freie Universität Berlin, often abbreviated as FU Berlin or simply FU) is a public research university in Berlin, Germany. It was founded in West Berlin in 1948 with American support during the early Cold War period as a Western continuation of the Friedrich Wilhelm University, or the University of Berlin,[3][4] whose traditions and faculty members it retained. The Friedrich Wilhelm University, being located in East Berlin (East Germany), was renamed the Humboldt University. The Free University 's name referred to West Berlin's status as part of the intellectual continua of the Western "Free World", contrasting with soviet-controlled East Berlin.

In 2008, as part of a joint effort, the Free University of Berlin, along with the Hertie School of Governance, and WZB Social Science Research Center Berlin, created the Berlin Graduate School for Transnational Studies.

The Free University of Berlin was conferred the title of "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, of which it is a part. As an institution of the Berlin University Alliance, the FU Berlin was included in the second funding line in 2019 as part of the Excellence Strategy.[5]

## History

[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

The Free University of Berlin was established by students and scholars on 4 December 1948. The foundation is strongly connected to the beginning of the Cold War period.

The University of Berlin was located in the former Soviet sector of Berlin and was granted permission to continue teaching by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) in January 1946. The university came under increased communist influence and repression, as it became a battlefield for the political disputes of the postwar period. This led to protests by students critical of the prevailing system. Between 1945 and 1948, more than 18 students were brutally beaten and arrested or persecuted, and some were even executed by the Soviet secret police (NKVD). [citation needed]

### Foundation (1948–2000)

[edit]

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in 1911. Today, the Hahn-Meitner building houses the Institute for Biochemistry, where nuclear fission was discovered.

At the end of 1947, students demanded a university free from political influence. The climax of the protests was reached on 23 April 1948: after three students were expelled from the university without a trial, about 2,000 students protested at the Hotel Esplanade.[6] By the end of April, the governor of the United States Army Lucius D. Clay gave the order to legally examine the formation of a new university in the western sectors of Berlin. On 19 June 1948, the "preparatory committee for establishing a free university" consisting of politicians, professors, administrative staff members and students, met. With a manifesto titled "Request for establishing a free university in Berlin", the committee appealed to the public for support.

The municipal authorities of Berlin granted the foundation of a free university and requested the opening for the coming 1948/49 winter semester. Meanwhile, the students' committee in the German Democratic Republic protested against the formation, the GDR described the new university as the "so-called free university" in official documents until the fall of the Berlin Wall.

The former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology. Today, it houses the Department of Law.

The council-manager government accepted the by-law on 4 November 1948. The by-law achieved prominence under its alias "the Berlin model": The university was founded as a statutory corporation (Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts) and was not directly subjected to the state, as it was controlled by a supervisory board consisting of six representatives of the state of Berlin, three representatives of the university and students. This form was unique in Germany at that time, as the students had much more influence on the system than before. Until the 1970s, the involvement of the students in the committees was slowly cut back while adapting to the model of the western German universities in order to be fully recognized as an equivalent university.

On 15 November 1948, the first lectures were held in the buildings of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science. The actual foundation took place on 4 December 1948 in the Titania Palace, the film theater with the biggest hall available in the western sectors of Berlin. Attendants of the event were not only scientists, politicians (the Governing Mayor Ernst Reuter amongst others) and students, but also representatives of American universities, among them Stanford University and Yale University. The first elected president of the Free University of Berlin was the historian Friedrich Meinecke.

John F. Kennedy, 1963: This school [...] must be interested in turning out citizens of the world, men who comprehend the difficult, sensitive tasks that lie before us as free men and women, and men who are willing to commit their energies to the advancement of a free society.[7]

By 1949, the Free University had registered 4,946 students. Until the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, many students came from the Soviet sector, often supported through the Währungsstipendium of the senate.

On 26 June 1963, the same day he delivered his Ich bin ein Berliner speech at Rathaus Schöneberg, John F. Kennedy was awarded honorary citizen status by the Free University and gave a ceremonial speech in front of the Henry Ford building, in which he addressed the future of Berlin and Germany under the consideration of the motto of the FU.[8] Amongst the attendant crowd are also the Governing Mayor of West Berlin Willy Brandt and the Chancellor of West Germany Konrad Adenauer.[6] His brother, Robert F. Kennedy visited the university in 1962[9] for the first time and in June 1964 for receiving his honorary degree from the Department of Philosophy. The speech he held at the event was dedicated to John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated the year before.[10]

The "Henry Ford" building

In the late 1960s, the Free University of Berlin was one of the main scenes of the West German student movement of '68 as a reaction to the global student protests during that time. Significant issues included better living standards and education at the university, the Vietnam War, the presence of former Nazi Party members in the government as epitomized by the Globke affair, and continuing institutional authoritarianism. After the assassination of student Benno Ohnesorg and the attempt on the life of Rudi Dutschke, protests quickly escalated to violence throughout West Germany. The events of the 68-movement provided the impulse for more openness, equality, and democracy in West German society.[11]

During the 1970s and the 1980s, the university became a Massenuniversität (mass/mega university) with 50,298 registered students in 1983. After reunification, the Free University of Berlin was the second-largest university in Germany (after the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) with 62,072 students in the winter term of 1991/92. Shortly thereafter, the senate of Berlin decided to drastically reduce enrollment until 2003, the number of students shrank to 43,885 in the winter term of 2002/03.

Since 2000, the Free University of Berlin has revamped itself. The university's research performance increased markedly with regard to the number of graduates, PhDs granted, and publications.

### Since 2000

[edit]

Main campus in Dahlem

Since 2003, the FU Berlin has been regrouping its research capacities into interdisciplinary research focus areas called clusters. Due to financial cutbacks and restructuring of medical schools in the same year, the medical institutions of the Free and Humboldt Universities of Berlin merged to create a joint department, the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin.

The year 2007 was another crucial year for the Free University of Berlin as it was the university with the most approved funding applications in the German Universities Excellence Initiative, and it is now one of nine elite German universities to receive funding for its future development strategy. In the same year, Free University of Berlin dedicated a monument to the founding students who were murdered during the protests. The university presents its Freedom Award to personalities who have made a special contribution toward the cause of freedom. The university received a total of 108 million euros from the Excellence Initiative for its approved projects between 2007 and 2012.[12]

Based on its founding tradition, the Free University of Berlin seal to this day bears the Latin terms for Truth, Justice, and Liberty. The designer of the seal was art historian and former president of the Free University of Berlin, Edwin Redslob.

## Campuses

[edit]

### Campus Dahlem

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Main entry of the Campus Dahlem

Most of the facilities of Free University of Berlin are located in the residential garden district of Dahlem in southwestern Berlin. Around the beginning of the 20th century, Dahlem was established as a center for research of the highest caliber. Academic activity in Dahlem was supported by Friedrich Althoff, Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Culture, who initially proposed the foundation of a "German Oxford".

The first new buildings housed government science agencies and new research institutes of the University of Berlin. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society – forerunner of the present-day Max Planck Society – was founded in 1911 and established several institutes in Dahlem.

View of the southern Campus Dahlem from the canteen "Mensa I"

A dynamic group of researchers carried out pioneering research resulting in numerous Nobel Prizes. Since its foundation, the Free University of Berlin has been using buildings formerly belonging to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and, in addition, has added numerous architecturally innovative buildings.

The Free University of Berlin central campus consists of building ensembles within walking distance of each other (about 1.5 km radius). The planners oriented themselves along the type of campus found in the United States – a novelty in post-war Germany. The first independent structure to be completed on campus was the Henry Ford building, funded by the Ford Foundation. To that point, the university was housed in several older structures around the neighborhood, including the Otto Hahn building, which houses the Department of Biochemistry to this day. Thanks to further donations from the United States, Free University of Berlin was able to construct several new central building complexes including the Benjamin Franklin university clinic complex.

The largest single complex of university buildings is the Rost- und Silberlaube, which translates roughly to the "Rust and Silver Lodges". This complex consists of a series of interlinked structures corresponding to either a deep bronze (hence, "rust") or shiny white ("silver") hue, surrounding a variety of leafy courtyards. It has been complemented in 2005 by a new centerpiece, the brain-shaped Philological Library, designed by British architect Lord Norman Foster.

Botanical Garden: Tropical Greenhouse

With 43 ha and around 22,000 species of plants, FU's Berlin Botanical Garden in nearby Lichterfelde West is one of the largest of its kind.

#### Transportation

[edit]

The main campus in Dahlem is well connected to central Berlin by public transportation. The stations Dahlem Dorf and Freie Universität (Thielplatz) connect the university to the Berlin U-Bahn system's U3 line. The Lichterfelde West station of the S1 line of the Berlin S-Bahn connects the university to Berlin Mitte.

### Geocampus Lankwitz

[edit]

The campus in Lankwitz, formerly part of a teacher training college, is now home to the department of earth sciences and a part of the university archives. Until their move to Dahlem in 2008, the Institute for Media and Communication Studies was located there.

### Campus Düppel

[edit]

Most of the divisions of the Department of Veterinary Medicine are based in Düppel. It is 2 km southwest of the main campus and consists of numerous clinics and institutes, amongst them a small animal clinic, a clinic for horses and an institute of poultry diseases.

### Campus Benjamin Franklin

[edit]

Since the formation of the FU in 1948, it has used public hospitals as part of the medical faculty. Between 1959 and 1969, the "Steglitz Clinic", located in Lichterfelde West about 3 km southeast of Dahlem, was built with large financial supports of the United States. The medical center became one of the biggest European medical establishments unifying all institutes, clinics and lecture halls. In honor of the support by the United States, the clinic was renamed "University Clinic Benjamin Franklin". In 1994, it consists of 36 scientific institutes and 1,200 hospital beds. After the merger in 2003, it became part of the Charité medical school.[13]

### Academic environment

[edit]

Fritz Haber Institute

Today, the district of Dahlem is a hotspot for research and culture: Beside several institutes of the Max Planck Society (amongst others: The Max Planck Institute for Research in Education (MPIB), the MPI for the History of Science, the MPI for Molecular Genetics, the Fritz Haber Institute (FHI) working in the fields of molecular physics and physical chemistry and the archive of the MPG), the campus is home to the Zuse Institute Berlin as well as some federal institutions like the Federal Institute for Materials Research (BAM) and the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR).

The Berlin Geography Society founded in 1828, the Berlin University for Professional Studies and the German Archeological Institute (DAI) are also located on the campus. In addition, Dahlem is an important location for the Berlin State Museums group, housing the Ethnological Museum of Berlin and the Museum of Asian Art.

### Student Village

[edit]

Main article: Schlachtensee Student Village

During the 1960s, a student village with 27 buildings was constructed near Schlachtensee lake serving as housing opportunities for students.[14]

### Libraries

[edit]

Interior of the Philological Library designed by Sir Norman Foster

See also: Philological Library

With an inventory of 8.5 million volumes and over 25,000 journals distributed in the central university library (UB)[15] and 49 specialized libraries of the institutes, the library system of the FU is the largest in Germany. Items published since 1990 are fully digitalized and accessible through an OPAC. The UB is granted the status United Nations Depository Library and is linked to the global library system of the UN under direction of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library in New York. The European Union also uses the UB as a European Documentation Center. As part of the library of the UN and the EU, it contains all publications of the UN General Assembly, the UN Security Council, the International Court of Justice as well as publications from the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Although the UB is generally a lending library, some smaller libraries of the departments are so called Präsenzbibliotheken, where students are only able to read books or journals. Since 2005, the FU creates a new library with about 12,250 m2 of usable space. It is planned to include all libraries of the natural science departments and the smaller institutes in the humanities (e.g. Egyptology). The projected costs are around 51 million euros. Construction work started in March 2012 with plans on finishing at the end of 2014.[16][17]

## Organisation and governance

[edit]

University president's office

### Administration

[edit]

The executive board consists of the president (Prof. Dr. Günter M. Ziegler), an executive vice president (Prof. Dr. Klaus Hoffmann-Holland) and three other vice presidents, as well as the Director of Administration and Finance (Dr.-Ing. Andrea Bör). There are also supporting offices for Public Affairs and the General Counsel for legal affairs.

Stairway to the president's office

There are currently eight central service institutions (ZE) of the FU:

* Botanical Garden Berlin and Botanical Museum Berlin
* Center for Academic Advising, Career and Counselling Services
* Center for Continuing Studies
* Center for Recreational Sports
* Center for the Promotion of Woman's and Gender Studies
* Computing Services (ZEDAT)
* Language Center
* Academic library

Institute of Computer Science, Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science

The ISQ ("Institut für Schulqualität der Länder Berlin und Brandenburg", Institute for Quality of Schools in Berlin and Brandenburg) is an independent facility on the campus. It consults local schools and the senate to achieve and develop a high standard of school quality in Berlin and Brandenburg and closely cooperates with the Department of Education and Psychology of the FU.[18]

The Collegium Musicum of Free University of Berlin was founded during the first semester in 1948/49. Under conductor Karl Forster, it merged with the ensemble of Technische Universität Berlin in 1954. Today, the Collegium Musicum has around 500 members from all fields of studies who spend their leisure time making music. It currently consists of five ensembles: a big choir, a chamber choir, two symphony orchestras and a big band.[19] There are frequently events on which the Collegium Musicum plays, for instance on ceremonies.

### Structure

[edit]

With 12 academic departments (Fachbereiche) and three interdisciplinary central institutes, the university can be seen as an universitas litterarum (a traditional university where studies in all basic sciences is possible).[20] Despite the variety of subjects, apart from computer science, studies in the field of engineering can only be done at Technische Universität Berlin or universities of applied science (Fachhochschulen).

Academic Departments of Free University of Berlin  Department/School  | Institutes/subunits

|

Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy |

* Institute of Biology
* Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
* Institute of Pharmacy[21]

Department of Earth Sciences  |

* Institute of Geographical Sciences
* Institute of Geological Sciences
* Institute of Meteorology[22]

Department of History and Cultural Studies |

* Friedrich Meinecke Institute of History
* Art History
* Ancient Studies
* East Asia and the Middle East
* Jewish Studies[23]

Department of Law  |

* Civil law/private law
* Criminal law
* Public law[24]

School of Business and Economics  |

* Business Administration
* Economics[25]

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science |

* Research
* Institute of Mathematics
* Institute of Computer Science[26]

Department of Education and Psychology[27] |

* Education

* Psychology

Department of Philosophy and Humanities  |

* Institute of Philosophy
* Institute of Greek and Latin Languages and Literatures
* Peter Szondi Institute of Comparative Literature
* Institute of German and Dutch Languages and Literatures
* Institute of Romance Languages and Literatures
* Institute of English Language and Literature
* Institute of Theater Studies[28]

Department of Physics |

* Institute of Experimental Physics
* Institute of Theoretical Physics
* Physics Education[29]

Department of Political and Social Science |

* Otto Suhr Institute of Political Science
* Institute of Sociology
* Institute for Media and Communication Studies
* Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology[30]

Department of Veterinary Medicine  |

* Institute of Veterinary Anatomy
* Institute of Veterinary Physiology
* Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry
* Institute of Animal Nutrition
* Institute of Virology
* Institute of Immunology
* Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics
* Institute of Food Safety and Hygiene
* Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health
* Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior, and Laboratory Animal Science
* Institute of Veterinary Pathology
* Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine
* Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
* Institute of Poultry Diseases
* Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics
* Equine Clinic
* Ruminant and Swine Clinic
* Animal Reproduction Clinic
* Small Animal Clinic[31]

Medical School Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin |

### Interdisciplinary Central Institutes

[edit]

* John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies
* Institute for East European Studies
* Institute for Latin American Studies

## Academics

[edit]

### Admissions

[edit]

Institute of plant physiology and microbiology – Dept. of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy

With 33,000 applicants for the undergraduate programs (Bachelor) in 2013, admissions at Free University of Berlin remain highly competitive as the university only offers about 4,300 places each year.[32] Due to the high numbers of applicants, most undergraduate programs at Free University of Berlin have limitations determined through the NC.

School of Business and Economics

In some cases (especially Medicine, Psychology and Political Science), the NC every year is as high as 1.0 (see Grades in Germany and Abitur).

Critical applicants which just scored slightly below the NC can be invited to a selective interview or an entry exam, depending on the department/faculty. Applicants at Charité medical school who do not directly fulfill the NC-criteria have to pass an entry exam, which covers the basic fields of Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry and Physics in addition to passing a selective interview. Both results are then added to the Abitur grade. The final decision depends on the results of the competitors.

### Teaching and learning

[edit]

Free University of Berlin operates on a semester calendar where the winter term begins on 1 October and ends on 31 March. The exact same model can be found at almost every university in Germany. The time where lectures are being held varies each year, normally beginning around mid-October and ending as early as mid-February. Free University of Berlin offers a broad spectrum of subjects in over 190 degree programs. A speciality of the FU is the possibility to study a vast number of "small subjects" (e.g. theater and film studies, Egyptology, Byzantine studies, Jewish studies, Turkology, Sinology, Communication studies, Meteorology, Bioinformatics, Biochemistry) with a high level of specialization. Due to the Bologna process, most of the undergraduate programs are now leading to the three-year Bachelor's degree with 180 ECTS. At Free University of Berlin, Bachelor programs are generally divided into three categories: a regular Bachelor called "Mono-Bachelor", a combined Bachelor ("Kombi-Bachelor") consisting of two fields of studies and a combined Bachelor with a teaching option. Besides the core subject(s), all students are required to complete a series of courses related to general professional skills (ABV).

The old Diplom and Magister artium programs are still running, but do not accept new admissions anymore. In the fields of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy and the law, students enroll in programs with Staatsexamen. Free University of Berlin also offers a variety of graduate degrees, from the master's degree to doctoral degrees.

Institute of Theoretical Physics – Dept. of Physics Institute of Theatre studies

Apart from the regular Master's programs, there are a variety of international programs taught in English, especially in the life sciences.

One of the courtyards in the Silberlaube

Free University of Berlin does not charge any tuition fees in the classical sense. Since 2003, public universities in Berlin introduced the model of semester contributions (Semesterbeiträge). It consists of an enrollment/re-registration fee, a contribution to the student union (Studentenwerk), a contribution for the student government and the fee for the semester ticket (public transportation pass) for the current semester. The fees for the semester ticket is defined by a contract with the local transportation company, the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg and allows students to move freely in the ABC zones of Berlin. In the winter semester of 2013/14, students are required to pay €285.83 in total.[33] Since 2011, Free University of Berlin participates in the national "Germany Scholarship" program organized by the federal government, universities and numerous private companies. Highly talented and committed students can get €300 monthly.[citation needed]

### Research

[edit]

In terms of external endowments by the DFG, Free University of Berlin ranks third behind the RWTH Aachen University and LMU Munich. Between 2009 and 2013, 289 foreign guest researchers came to the university through fellowships granted by the renowned Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, making the FU the most popular destination for foreign researchers in Germany.[34]

In the field of natural sciences, research focuses on basic research with a strong emphasis on interdisciplinarity, whereas research in the humanities focuses on the current economical, political and cultural development of society (transformation processes, effects of globalization and environmental politics). In the field of Earth sciences, the FU has contributed to various aeronautical missions, e.g. the Mars Express and the Cassini-Huygens to Saturn.

Excluding the Charité medical school, which is co-administered by the university with the Humboldt University, Free University of Berlin is currently the lead university for eight collaborative research centers of the German Research Foundation and also has five DFG research units. It is part of the Berlin University Alliance.

#### Interdisciplinary centers

[edit]

* Ancient World
* Art and Aesthetics
* Ecosystem Dynamics in Central Asia
* Efficient Mathematical modeling
* European Languages: Structures – Development – Comparison (ZEUS)
* Historical Anthropology
* Middle Ages – Renaissance – Early Modern Times
* Research on Teaching and Learning
* Social and Cultural History of the Middle East
* Berlin Center for European Studies (BEST)
* Berlin Center for Caspian Region Studies
* The Center for Modern Greece (Centrum Modernes Griechenland/CeMoG)[35]

#### Graduate schools

[edit]

* Berlin Mathematical School
* Graduate School of North American Studies
* Friedrich Schlegel Graduate School of Literary Studies
* Muslim Cultures and Societies
* Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies
* Berlin School of Integrative Oncology
* Graduate School of East Asian Studies

#### Clusters of Excellence

[edit]

* Languages of Emotion
* The Formation and Transformation of Space and Knowledge in Ancient Civilizations
* NeuroCure – Towards a Better Outcome of Neurological Disorders
* Unifying Concepts in Catalysis (together with the TU Berlin, HU Berlin and the University of Potsdam)

As part of the MATHEON – Mathematics for Key Technologies research center[36] of the DFG, Free University of Berlin together with the TU Berlin, HU Berlin and the Zuse Institute Berlin is working on mathematical modeling, simulation and optimization of real-world processes.

Twice every year, the "Dahlem Conferences" are held at Free University of Berlin. Over the course of one week, international renowned scientists and Nobel laureates come together and discuss current problems in all fields of studies.

The annual "Einstein Lectures Dahlem" hosted by the university and several external institutions since 2005 are dedicated to Albert Einstein, who was the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics for more than 15 years.[citation needed] It is an colloquium which presents fields in science which were influenced by Einstein's thinking.

### Rankings

[edit]

University rankings

Overall – Global & National
|  QS World 2024[37]|  98|  4

|
|

THE World 2024[38]|  102|  9
ARWU World[citation needed]| |
QS Europe[citation needed]| |
QS Employability[citation needed]| |
THE Employability[citation needed]| |

The 2024 British QS World University Rankings ranked the university 98th internationally and 4th in Germany.[39] In the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the university is ranked 102th internationally and 9th in Germany.[38] Because of an unresolved dispute over the counting of Nobel laureates before the Second World War (both Humboldt and Free University of Berlin claim to be the rightful successor of the University of Berlin), both do not appear in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) anymore. The last ARWU, placed the FU at 83rd in the world in 2007.[40]

In the 2023 QS Subject Ranking, Free University of Berlin ranks first in Germany in English, modern languages, politics, and sociology.[41] In the 2023 THE Subject Ranking, Free University of Berlin ranks first in Germany in the social sciences.[42] In the 2022 ARWU Subject Ranking, Free University of Berlin ranks first in Germany in human biological sciences and pharmacy, while sharing the first place in biomedical engineering, law, and nursing.[43]

QS World University Rankings by Subject 2023[41] | Subject | Global | National

|
|

Arts & Humanities

|  27  |  2
Linguistics  |

101–150

4–10

Theology, Divinity and Religious Studies  |

51–100

7–10

Archaeology  |

Classics and Ancient History  |

English Language and Literature  |

History  |

Modern Languages  |

Philosophy  |

Engineering and Technology

|  310  |  13
Computer Science and Information Systems  |

201–250

9–12

Life Sciences & Medicine

|  201  |  12
Anatomy and Physiology  |

51–100

2–6

Biological Sciences  |

Pharmacy and Pharmacology  |

Psychology  |

Veterinary Science  |

Natural Sciences

|  104  |  8–9
Chemistry  |

Earth and Marine Sciences  |

101–150

7–13

Geography  |

Geology  |

101–150

7–13

Geophysics  |

101–150

7–13

Mathematics  |

113

5–6

Physics and Astronomy  |

140

Social Sciences & Management

|  106  |  3
Accounting and Finance  |

201–250

6–7

Anthropology  |

Business and Management Studies  |

201–250

5–8

Communication and Media Studies  |

Economics and Econometrics  |

151–200

5–8

Education and Training  |

101–150

2–5

Law and Legal Studies  |

Politics  |

Social Policy and Administration  |

51–100

1–2

Sociology  |

THE World University Rankings by Subject 2024[42] Subject | Global | National

|
|

Arts & humanities  |

Business & economics  |

126–150

5–6

Computer science  |

176–200

15–16

Education  |

Law  |

=77

Life sciences  |

Physical sciences  |

101–125

10–11

Psychology  |

=74

Social sciences  |

ARWU Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2023[43] | Subject | Global | National

|
|

Natural Sciences
Physics  |

301–400

24–28

Chemistry  |

101–150

5–9

Earth Sciences  |

101–150

5–10

Ecology  |

101–150

9–12

Atmospheric Science  |

201–300

13–22

Engineering
Biomedical Engineering  |

101–150

2–5

Computer Science & Engineering  |

401–500

11–16

Materials Science & Engineering  |

201–300

8–13

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology  |

151–200

6–7

Environmental Science & Engineering  |

201–300

7–12

Biotechnology  |

101–150

2–7

Life Sciences
Biological Sciences  |

Human Biological Sciences  |

Agricultural Sciences  |

201–300

9–15

Veterinary Sciences  |

Medical Sciences
Clinical Medicine  |

Public Health  |

Dentistry & Oral Sciences  |

Nursing  |

101–150

1–2

Medical Technology  |

Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences  |

Social Sciences
Economics  |

301–400

14–22

Statistics  |

151–200

7–11

Law  |

151–200

1–2

Political Sciences  |

51–75

3–4

Sociology  |

151–200

9–11

Education  |

301–400

6–18

Communication  |

51–75

4–6

Psychology  |

76–100

5–6

Business Administration  |

301–400

9–12

Management  |

401–500

14–21

Public Administration  |

101–150

4–6

In 2020, the American U.S. News & World Report listed Free University of Berlin as the 111th best in the world, climbing five positions. Being among the 100 best in the world in 18 areas of 28 ranked.[44]

In the German "ExcellenceRanking" of the CHE (Center for Higher Education Development) in 2013, Free University of Berlin ranks top in the fields of Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Political science.[45] In the CHE "SubjectRanking", Freie Universität has been evaluated as one of Germany's best universities in Earth sciences, Computer science and Philosophy and also ranks among the Top 5 in Psychology, English studies and Education.[46]

## Global partnerships

[edit]

Free University of Berlin maintains wide-ranging international contacts with top universities and organizations which provide key impulses for research and teaching. In the 1950s, the Free University of Berlin had already established partnerships with leading universities in the United States such as the University of California System (including the University of California, Berkeley, the University of California, Los Angeles and the University of California, Santa Cruz), the University of Chicago, Cornell University, Stanford University (which also has a small campus within the FU[47]), Duke University, Princeton University, Yale University, and Columbia University, as well as with Western European universities such as the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, University College London, the University of Sussex and the École Normale Supérieure in Paris.

The university is a founding member of the global educational center for the study of transnational law, the Centre for Transnational Legal Studies in London. First contacts with universities in Eastern Europe were made in the 1970s. In the 1990s, links were in particular extended to include growing numbers of institutions in Canada (McGill University, University of Alberta, York University), Eastern Europe, and the Far East (China: Peking University, Fudan University, Nanjing University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Japan: University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, Nagoya University, Waseda University; South Korea: Korea University, Yonsei University, Seoul National University). The newly established Centre for International Cooperation (CIC) concentrates on identifying new strategic partners for international projects.

Today, Free University of Berlin has established over 400 partnerships in five continents, many of them as part of the European ERASMUS program. Every year, about 600 visiting scientists contribute to the university teaching and research. For the grant programs in Germany, the Free University of Berlin is one of the first choices both for the ERASMUS and Tempus as well as for the Fulbright program and the international programs of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).[48] An International Summer and Winter University (FUBiS) has been set up for international students offering (semi-)intensive German courses and numerous subject courses.[49]

### International branch offices

[edit]

The Free University of Berlin operates foreign branch offices in New York City, Brussels, Moscow, Beijing, Cairo, São Paulo, and New Delhi. The foreign branch offices work to expand upon cooperation partnerships already existing with universities in the country.

In April 2005, the Free University of Berlin, in conjunction with Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU Munich), opened a joint representative office in New York. This German University Alliance,[50] located in German House, the seat of the German Consulate General and the German UN Mission, represents the interests of the two universities in the United States and Canada and works to increase the exchange of students and scientists.

In addition, the Free University of Berlin, as the first German institution of higher education, founded an alumni and fundraising organization, the Friends of the Freie Universität Berlin (FFUB) in New York. Since 2003 this organization has maintained close contact with alumni and scientists of the Free University of Berlin in the U.S. and attempts to gain alumni and friends as sponsors, to strengthen the long-lasting trans-Atlantic relations. Some of the proceeds from these fundraising activities were contributed to the renovation of the Henry Ford Building.

In April 2006 Peking University opened its first branch in Germany. Its objectives include the promotion of knowledge of Chinese culture, the cultivation of Chinese-German cooperation, and the spread of the Chinese language. Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, has a Berlin program (Duke in Berlin) that is held in cooperation with the Free University of Berlin and Humboldt University. The University of California System organizes programs for American students in Berlin and Potsdam. The UC System maintains an office at the Free University of Berlin to attend to the needs of exchange students from the California campuses.

The Office of Global Programs of Columbia University in New York administers the Berlin Consortium for German Studies. Students from Columbia University and the other colleges and universities included in the consortium (University of Chicago, Cornell University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Vassar College) can attend classes at the Free University of Berlin for one or two semesters as external students. This temporary enrollment is preceded by a six-week intensive language program.

## Notable people

[edit]

Main article: List of Free University of Berlin people

Alumni of the Free University of Berlin include several scientists, philosophers and politicians, amongst them five Nobel Prize winners and 15 Leibniz laureates.

* Herta Müller, novelist and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate

* Roman Herzog, former President of Germany

* Jutta Limbach, former president of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany

* Otto Schily, former Federal Minister of the Interior of Germany

* Eberhard Diepgen, politician, former Mayor of Berlin

* Gesine Schwan, political scientist, politician

* Klaus Wowereit, politician, former mayor of Berlin

* Rudi Dutschke, political activist, spokesperson of the German student movement

* Renate Künast, politician, former Minister of Food and Agriculture, former Chairperson of Alliance 90/The Greens party

* Kevin Kühnert, politician, General Secretary of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)

* Franziska Giffey, politician, former Mayor of Berlin

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freie Universität Berlin.

* Universities and research institutions in Berlin
* Humboldt University of Berlin
* Technische Universität Berlin
* University of Potsdam
* List of split up universities

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The university uses its German name without translation on its English-language website.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f "Leistungsbericht über das Jahr 2022" (PDF) (in German). Senate Chancellery of Berlin. p. 1\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
2. ^ "Overall Statistics" (PDF). Freie Universität. 2 December 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
3. ^ hupresse. "Das moderne Original der Reformuniversität". Humboldt-UniversitÃ¤t zu Berlin (in German). Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
4. ^ Cichanowicz, Lily (20 November 2016). "A Brief History Of Berlin's Free University". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
5. ^ "Exzellenz". www.berlin.de (in German). 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
6. ^ a b "Die Zeit nach dem Mauerbau und die Studentenbewegung". Freie Universität. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
7. ^ Kennedy, John F. "Remarks at Free University of West Berlin, 26 June 1963". JFK Library and Museum. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
8. ^ Andreas Daum, Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 156‒61.
9. ^ Kennedy, Robert F. "Address by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy" (PDF). US Department of Justice. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
10. ^ Kennedy, Robert F. "The President John F. Kennedy Lecture" (PDF). US Department of Justice. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
11. ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2004). 1968: the year that rocked the world (1st ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-45581-9. OCLC 53929433.
12. ^ "Exzellenzinitiative". 14 June 2012. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
13. ^ "Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF)". Charité University Medicine Berlin. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
14. ^ "History of the Studentendorf Schlachtensee". Studentendorf Schlachtensee eG. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
15. ^ "Universitätsbibliothek der FU". University Library of Freie Universität. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
16. ^ "Zusammenführung der Kleinen Fächer im 3. BA Obstbaugelände und Neubau Naturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek". Freie Universität Berlin. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
17. ^ "Richtfest in der Fabeckstraße". Freie Universität Berlin. 17 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
18. ^ "ISQ Berlin-Brandenburg". ISQ Berlin-Brandenburg e.V. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
19. ^ "Collegium Musicum Berlin". Collegium Musicum. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
20. ^ "Departments of Freie Universität". Freie Universität. 18 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
21. ^ "Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
22. ^ "Earth Sciences". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
23. ^ "History and Cultural Studies". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
24. ^ "Law". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
25. ^ "School of Business and Economics". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
26. ^ "Mathematics and Computer Science". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
27. ^ "Department of Education and Psychology". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
28. ^ "Philosophy and Humanities". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
29. ^ "Physics". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
30. ^ "Political and Social Sciences". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
31. ^ "Veterinary Medicine". www.fu-berlin.de. 3 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
32. ^ "Zehn Bewerbungen auf einen Studienplatz". Tagesspiegel. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
33. ^ "Fees and Contributions" (PDF). Freie Universität. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
34. ^ "Humboldt rankings 2014". Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
35. ^ "Center for Modern Greece (CeMoG)". 28 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
36. ^ "DFG Research Center Matheon". TU Berlin, FU Berlin, HU Berlin. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
37. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2024". QS World University Rankings. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
38. ^ a b "World University Rankings 2023". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. 4 October 2022. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
39. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2022". Top Universities. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
40. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities – Methodologies and Problems". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.126.3066.
41. ^ a b "QS World University Rankings by Subject 2022". QS World University Rankings. 23 March 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
42. ^ a b "World University Rankings by subject". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
43. ^ a b "ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2022". Academic Ranking of World Universities. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
44. ^ "Humboldt University of Berlin". usnews.com/. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
45. ^ "Zeit Online Excellence Rankings". Die Zeit. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
46. ^ "Subjects Taught at Freie Universität Berlin Ranked Very High in the QS Ranking and the CHE University Ranking". 28 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
47. ^ "Bing Overseas Studies in Berlin". Stanford and Freie Universität. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
48. ^ "Germany top for foreign students". BBC. 9 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
49. ^ "Freie Universität Berlin International Summer and Winter University (FUBiS)". UNICA Network. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
50. ^ "German University Alliance". German University Alliance. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

Free University of Berlin

Departments|

* Charité Medical School

Institutes|

* Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences
* John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies
* Otto Suhr Institute
* Center for Global Politics
* Botanical Garden
* Institute for East European Studies
* Institute for Latin American Studies

Libraries|

* Central University Library
* Philological Library

Campuses|

* IBZ Berlin
* Schlachtensee Student Village

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

German Excellence Universities

Current|

* RWTH Aachen (2007–)
* Free University of Berlin (2007–)
* Humboldt University of Berlin (2012–)
* Technical University of Berlin (2019–)
* Charité (2019–)
* University of Bonn (2019–)
* TU Dresden (2012–)
* University of Hamburg (2019–)
* University of Heidelberg (2007–)
* Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (2006–2012; 2019–)
* University of Konstanz (2007–)
* Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (2006–)
* Technical University of Munich (2006–)
* University of Tübingen (2012–)

Former|

* University of Bremen (2012–2019)
* University of Cologne (2012–2019)
* University of Freiburg (2007–2012)
* University of Göttingen (2007–2012)

* v
* t
* e

German U15

* FU Berlin
* HU Berlin
* Bonn
* Cologne
* Freiburg
* Frankfurt
* Göttingen
* Hamburg
* Heidelberg
* Leipzig
* Mainz
* Munich
* Münster
* Tübingen
* Würzburg

* v
* t
* e

Una Europa

* FU Berlin
* Bologna
* Edinburgh
* Helsinki
* Kraków (Jagiellonian)
* Leuven
* Madrid (Complutense)
* Paris I

* v
* t
* e

Europaeum

* Bologna
* Católica
* CEU
* Charles
* Complutense
* Copenhagen
* FU Berlin
* Helsinki
* Geneva Graduate Institute
* Jagiellonian
* KU Leuven
* Leiden
* Luxembourg
* Munich
* Oxford
* Pompeu Fabra
* St Andrews
* Tartu

* v
* t
* e

Network of Universities from the Capitals of Europe (UNICA)

* Amsterdam (UvA)
* Ankara (AU)
* Ankara (METU)
* Athens
* Belgrade
* Berlin (FU Berlin)
* Berlin (HU Berlin)
* Bratislava
* Brussels (ULB)
* Brussels (VUB)
* Bucharest
* Budapest
* Copenhagen
* Dublin (UCD)
* Edinburgh
* Helsinki
* Kiev
* Lausanne (UNIL)
* Lisbon (ULisboa)
* Lisbon (NOVA)
* Ljubljana
* London (KCL)
* Madrid (UC3M)
* Madrid (UCM)
* Moscow State
* Moscow (HSE)
* Nicosia
* Oslo
* Paris (PSL)
* Paris (USN)
* Prague
* Reykjavík
* Riga (Latvia)
* Rome III
* Rome-La Sapienza
* Rome-Tor Vergata
* Skopje
* Sofia
* Stockholm
* Tallinn (TU)
* Tallinn (TalTech)
* Tirana
* Vienna
* Vilnius
* Warsaw
* Zagreb

* v
* t
* e

Universities in Germany

Baden-Württemberg|

* Heidelberg
* Freiburg
* Karlsruhe
* Konstanz
* Mannheim
* Hohenheim
* Stuttgart
* Tübingen
* Ulm
* Zeppelin University

Bavaria|

* Augsburg
* Bamberg
* Bayreuth
* Eichstätt-Ingolstadt
* Erlangen-Nuremberg
* TU Nuremberg (UTN)
* Ingolstadt
* LMU Munich
* BU Munich
* TU Munich
* Ukrainian Free University in Munich
* Passau
* Regensburg
* Würzburg

Berlin|

* Berlin University of the Arts
* FU Berlin
* HU Berlin
* TU Berlin

Brandenburg|

* TU Brandenburg
* Frankfurt (Oder)
* German UDS Potdsdam
* Univ. Potsdam

Bremen|

* Bremen
* Constructor University

Hamburg|

* Hamburg
* TU Hamburg
* HafenCity University Hamburg
* Helmut Schmidt University

Hesse|

* TU Darmstadt
* Frankfurt (Main)
* Giessen
* Kassel
* Marburg

Lower Saxony|

* TU Braunschweig
* TU Clausthal
* Göttingen
* Hannover
* Hildesheim
* Lüneburg
* Oldenburg
* Osnabrück
* Vechta

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|

* Greifswald
* Rostock

North Rhine-Westphalia|

* Aachen
* Bielefeld
* Bochum
* Bonn
* Cologne
* TU Dortmund
* Duisburg-Essen
* Düsseldorf
* Hagen
* Münster
* Paderborn
* Siegen
* Witten/Herdecke
* Wuppertal

Rhineland-Palatinate|

* University of Kaiserslautern-Landau
* University of Koblenz
* Mainz
* Speyer
* Trier

Saarland|

* Saarland

Saxony|

* TU Chemnitz
* TU Dresden
* TU Freiberg
* Leipzig

Saxony-Anhalt|

* Halle-Wittenberg
* Magdeburg

Schleswig-Holstein|

* Flensburg
* Kiel
* Lübeck

Thuringia|

* Erfurt
* TU Ilmenau
* Jena
* Weimar

* v
* t
* e

Visitor attractions in Berlin

Mitte|

* Alexanderplatz
* Weltzeituhr
* Alte Nationalgalerie
* Altes Museum
* Berlin Wall Memorial
* Berliner Dom
* Berlin Palace
* Humboldt Forum
* Bode Museum
* Brandenburg Gate
* Checkpoint Charlie
* museum
* DDR Museum
* Deutsches Historisches Museum
* Fernsehturm
* Friedrichstraße
* Tränenpalast
* Gendarmenmarkt
* Hackescher Markt
* Hackesche Höfe
* Hotel Adlon
* Humboldt University
* Kronprinzenpalais
* Kulturforum
* Lustgarten
* Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
* Monument to Freedom and Unity
* Museum Island
* Neptunbrunnen
* Neue Synagoge
* Neues Museum
* Nikolaiviertel
* Oranienburger Straße
* Pariser Platz
* Pergamon Museum
* Museum of Islamic Art
* Vorderasiatisches Museum
* Platz der Republik
* Potsdamer Platz
* Sony Center
* Reichstag
* Rotes Rathaus
* St. Hedwig's Cathedral
* Staatsoper Berlin
* Topography of Terror
* Unter den Linden

Western Berlin|

* Allied Museum
* Aquarium Berlin
* Bellevue Palace
* Bundespräsidialamt
* Berlin Zoological Garden
* Botanical Gardens
* Europa-Center
* Freie Universität Berlin
* Gas Lantern Museum
* Hauptbahnhof
* Haus der Kulturen der Welt
* Jewish Museum
* Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church
* Kaufhaus des Westens
* Kurfürstendamm
* Museum Europäischer Kulturen
* Natural History Museum
* Olympiastadion
* Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars
* Schloss Charlottenburg
* Soviet War Memorial
* Spandau Citadel
* Tauentzienstraße
* Tempelhof Airport
* Tiergarten
* Victory Column
* Viktoriapark
* Wannsee

Eastern Berlin|

* Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
* East Side Gallery
* German-Russian Museum
* Karl-Marx-Allee
* Köpenick Palace
* Uber Arena
* Molecule Man
* Müggelberge
* Oberbaum Bridge
* Stasi Museum
* Tierpark Berlin
* Treptower Park
* Soviet War Memorial

Metropolitan region|

* Charlottenhof Palace
* New Palace
* Orangery Palace
* Potsdam Roman Baths
* Sachsenhausen concentration camp
* Sanssouci

* Berlin Wall
* Culture
* Landmarks
* Spree River
* Transport in Berlin
* U-Bahn
* S-Bahn

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Greece
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz place

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN

People|

* Trove

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template