Free trade agreements of the European Union

Overview of free trade agreements in the European Union

See also: European Union Customs Union

EU Free trade agreements

European Union

Agreement in force

Agreement provisionally applied

Agreement signed, but not applied

Agreement initialed, not signed

Agreement being negotiated

Agreement negotiations on hold/suspended

The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs)[1] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.[2] The European Union negotiates free trade deals on behalf of all of its member states, as the member states have granted the EU has an "exclusive competence" to conclude trade agreements. Even so, member states' governments control every step of the process (via the Council of the European Union, whose members are national ministers from each national government):

* Before negotiations start, member states' governments (via the Council of Ministers) approve the negotiating mandate;
* During negotiations, member states' governments are regularly briefed on the progress of negotiations and can update the negotiations mandate or suspend negotiations;
* Upon conclusion of negotiations, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be signed;
* After approval from the European Parliament and (in case the agreement covers areas other than trade such as investment protection) upon ratification in each member state parliament, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be concluded and enter into effect.

## Trade agreements in force

[edit]

State  | No of jurisdictions represented[a] | Signed | Provisional
application | In force since | Notes | Relations

|
|
|
|
|
|

Akrotiri and Dhekelia  | 1  | 2003  |  | 2004[3][b] | Customs union |
Albania  | 1  | 2006  | 2006[c] | 2009[4] | SAA | Negotiating for EU accession
Algeria  | 1  | 2002  |  | 2005[5] | Euro-mediterranean AA |
Andean Community
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru  | 3  | 2012[6] | 2013, 2017  | 2024[7][8] | FTA[9][10] |
Andorra  | 1  | 1990  |  | 1991[11] | Customs union | Andorra–EU relations
Angola  | 1  | 2023  |  | 2024[12] | SIFA  |
Armenia  | 1  |  |  | 2021[13] | Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement  |
Azerbaijan  | 1  |  |  | 1999[14] | Partnership and Cooperation Agreement  |
Bosnia and Herzegovina  | 1  | 2008  | 2008[c] | 2015[15] | SAA | Candidate for EU accession
Central America
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
El Salvador  | 6  | 2012  | 2013  | 2024[16] | AA | Central America–European Union Association Agreement
Chile  | 1  | 2002, 2023  | 2003, 2024  | 2005[17] 2025[18] | AA,[19] Interim & Updated EU-Chile AA  |
Egypt  | 1  | 2001  |  | 2004[20] | Euro-mediterranean AA |
Faroe Islands  | 1  | 1996  |  | 1997[21] | Autonomous entity of Denmark | Faroe Islands-EU relations
Georgia  | 1  | 2014  | 2014  | 2016[22] | AA incl DCFTA | Georgia–EU relations and Candidate for EU accession
Iceland  | 1  | 1992  |  | 1994[23] | EEA | Iceland–EU relations
Iraq  | 1  | 2012  |  | 2018[24] | Partnership and Cooperation Agreement  |
Israel  | 1  | 1995  | 1996[c][25] | 2000[26] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | Israel–EU relations
Japan  | 1  | 2018[27] |  | 2019[28] | Economic Partnership Agreement [29] | Japan-EU relations
Jordan  | 1  | 1997  |  | 2002[30] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | Jordan–EU relations
Kazakhstan  | 1  |  |  | 2020[31] | Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (EPCA)  |
Kenya  | 1  | 2023  |  | 2024[14] | Economic Partnership Agreement  |
Kosovo  | 1  | 2015  |  | 2016[32] | SAA | Potential candidate for EU accession
Lebanon  | 1  | 2002  |  | 2006[33] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | Lebanon–EU relations
Liechtenstein  | 1  | 1992  |  | 1995[23] | EEA | Liechtenstein–EU relations
Mexico  | 1  | 1997  |  | 2000[34] | FTA[35][36] | Mexico–EU relations
Moldova  | 1  | 2014  | 2014  | 2016[37] | Moldova–European Union Association Agreement incl European Union–Moldova Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area | Moldova–EU relations and Negotiating for EU accession
Monaco  | 1  |  |  | 1958  | Franco-Monegasque Customs Convention (customs union)[38] | Monaco–EU relations
Montenegro  | 1  | 2007  | 2008[c] | 2010[39] | SAA | Negotiating for EU accession
Morocco  | 1  | 1996  |  | 2000[40] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | Morocco–EU relations
New Zealand  | 1  | 2023  |  | 2024[41] | FTA  | New Zealand–EU relations
North Macedonia  | 1  | 2001  | 2001[c] | 2004[42] | SAA | Negotiating for EU accession
Norway  | 1  | 1992  |  | 1994[23] | EEA | Norway–EU relations
EU's Overseas Countries and Territories | 13  | 2001  |  | 2001[43][44] | Association of the OCTs with the EU  |
Palestinian Authority  | 1  | 1997  |  | 1997[45] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | Palestine–EU relations
San Marino  | 1  | 1991  | 1992[d] | 2002[46] | Customs union | San Marino–EU relations
Serbia  | 1  | 2008  | 2010[c] | 2013[47] | SAA | Negotiating for EU accession
Singapore  | 1  | 2018[48] |  | 2019[49] | FTA[50] |
South Africa  | 1  | 1999  | 2000[51] | 2004[52] | ATDC[e] | South Africa–EU relations
South Korea  | 1  | 2010  | 2011  | 2015[53] | FTA[54] | South Korea–EU relations
Switzerland  | 1  | 1972  |  | 1973[55] | Trade agreement  | Switzerland–EU relations
Syria  | 1  | 1977  |  | 1977  | Cooperation agreement (partially suspended in 2011)[56] | Syria–EU relations
Tunisia  | 1  | 1995  |  | 1998[57] | Euro-Mediterranean AA |
Turkey  | 1  | 1995[f] |  | 1995[58] | Customs union | Turkey–EU relations
Ukraine  | 1  | 2014  | 2016  | 2017[59][60] | Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement incl DCFTA | Ukraine–EU relations and Negotiating for EU accession
United Kingdom[g] | 1  | 2020  | 2021[61] | 2021[62] | Trade and Cooperation Agreement | United Kingdom–EU relations
Vietnam  | 1  | 2019  |  | 2020[63] | EVFTA[64] | Vietnam–EU relations

## Trade agreements provisionally applied

[edit]

State | Signed | Provisional
Application | Ratification | Notes | Relations

|
|
|
|
|

Cameroon  | 2009  | 2014  |

21 / 30

[65] | Interim agreement with a view to an EPA |
Canada  | 2016  | 2017[66] |

18 / 30

[67] | Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement[68] |
CARIFORUM States
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago  | 2008  | 2008  |

37 / 44

[69] | EPA \- Croatia acceded to the agreement on 28 November 2017  |
Côte d'Ivoire  | 2009  | 2016  |

24 / 30

[70] | Stepping Stone EPA |
Eastern and Southern Africa States
Comoros
Madagascar
Mauritius
Seychelles
Zimbabwe  | 2009  | 2012, 2019  |

5 / 35

[71] | Interim Agreement for establishing a framework for an EPA |
Ghana  | 2016  | 2016[72] |

11 / 30

[72] | Stepping Stone EPA |
Pacific States
Fiji
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands  | 2009  | 2009, 2014, 2018, 2020  |

4 / 5

[73] | Interim Partnership Agreement  |
South African Development Community members
Botswana
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Eswatini  | 2016  | 2016  |

20 / 35

[74] | Economic Partnership Agreement  |

## Agreement signed (awaiting application)

[edit]

State | Signed | Provisional
Application | Ratification | Notes

|
|
|
|

Kyrgyzstan  | 2024  |  |

4 / 29

[75] | Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement[76]

## Agreements being finalised (negotiations concluded, but not signed)

[edit]

State | Negotiations Concluded | Signed | Provisional
Application | Ratification | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Andorra
San Marino  | December 2023  | No  | No  |  | Association Agreement[77]
China  | 30 December 2020[78] | No  | No  | No  | Comprehensive Agreement on Investment
Economic Community of West African States members
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cabo Verde
Côte d'Ivoire
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo  | 6 February 2014  |  | No  | No  | Economic Partnership Agreement[79]
East African Community members
Burundi
Kenya
Rwanda
Tanzania
Uganda  | 16 October 2014  |  | No  | Ratified by  Rwanda
In force with  Kenya | Economic Partnership Agreement[80]
Indonesia  | 13 July 2025[81][82] | No  | No  | No  | Indonesia–European Union Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
Mercosur
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Paraguay
Uruguay  | 28 June 2019[83] | No  | No  | No  | European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement. Part of an Association Agreement.
Mexico  | 28 April 2020[84] | No  | No  | No  | Updated Free Trade Agreement between Mexico and the European Union
Tajikistan  | December 2024[85] | No  | No  | No  | Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement[76]
Uzbekistan  | January 2024[85] | No  | No  | No  | Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement[76]

## Negotiating new or modernized agreements

[edit]

State | New or modernized agreement being negotiated | Status

|
|

Australia | Australia Agreement | Negotiations launched in 2018[86]

Eastern and Southern Africa States
Comoros
Madagascar
Mauritius
Seychelles
Zimbabwe  | Economic Partnership Agreement  | Negotiations on modernisation began in 2019[87]
India  | Free Trade Agreement | Negotiations from 2007 to 2013;[88] restarted in 2022[89][90]
Kazakhstan  | Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (EPCA)  | Negotiations on adding a protocol to the EPCA regarding Geographical Indications (GIs) for agricultural products and foodstuffs, wines and spirits are ongoing[91]
Niue  | Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement  | Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[92]
Philippines | Free Trade Agreement | Negotiations launched in 2015[86]
Singapore  | Digital Trade Agreement  | Negotiations launched in July 2023[93]
Timor-Leste  | Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement  | Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[92]
Thailand  | Free Trade Agreement  | Negotiations started in 2013, paused in 2014, and resumed in 2023.[88]
Tonga | Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement | Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[92]
Tuvalu  | Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement  | Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[92]
Vanuatu  | Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement  | Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[92]

## Negotiations on hold

[edit]

Country or bloc | Agreement being negotiated | Status

|
|

Azerbaijan  | Partnership and Cooperation Agreement  | Negotiations on modernisation began in 2017, on hold since 2019[94]
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf States
Bahrain
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates  | Free Trade Agreement  | Negotiations started in 1990, suspended since 2008[88]
Central Africa
Central African Republic
Chad
Republic of Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Democratic Republic of Congo
São Tomé and Principe  | Economic Partnership Agreement  | Negotiations started in 2003, paused until further notice in 2011[88]
Eastern and Southern Africa States
Ethiopia
Djibouti
Malawi
Somalia
Sudan
Zambia  | Economic Partnership Agreement  | Negotiations started in 2004, paused until further notice in 2011[88]
Malaysia  | Free Trade Agreement  | Negotiations started in 2010, paused since 2012[88]
Monaco  | European Union Association Agreement | Negotiations launched in 2015, but halted in 2023[95]
Morocco  | Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area | Negotiations started in 2013, on hold since 2014 at Morocco’s request[96]
Myanmar  | Investment protection agreement  | Negotiations launched in 2015[88]
Tunisia  | Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area | Negotiations launched in 2015, on hold since 2019[97]
United States  | Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership | Negotiations started in 2013, suspended since 2019[88]

## Obsolete agreements

[edit]

See also: Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom § European Union Agreements

Country or bloc | Agreement | Signed | Active | Obsolete

|
|
|
|

Croatia  | SAA | 29 October 2001  | 1 March 2001  | 1 July 2013[98]

## Competence

[edit]

The European Court of Justice has held that investor-state arbitration provisions (including a dedicated tribunal planned by some free trade agreements) falls under competency shared between European Union and its member states and that for this reason, the ratification of such mixed agreements[99] should be approved by the EU as well as by each of the union's member states.[100] This court decision has resulted in a new architecture of external trade negotiations which will have two components:[101]

* a free trade agreement - related exclusively to trade matters - which can be adopted at the EU level;
* an investment agreement - containing investment, arbitration and other non-trade provisions - which needs to be ratified by the member states as well.

## Impact to consumers

[edit]

One study found that the trade agreements that the EU implemented over the period 1993-2013 have, on average, increased the quality of imported goods by 7% and therefore "lowered quality-adjusted prices by close to 7%," without having much of an impact on the non-adjusted price.[102]

## See also

[edit]

* Business and economics portal
* Lists portal

* Economic Partnership Agreements
* EU-ACP
* EUR.1 movement certificate
* Euro-Mediterranean free trade area
* European Union Association Agreement
* Everything but Arms
* Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
* Free trade area
* Free trade areas in Europe
* List of bilateral free trade agreements
* List of free trade agreements
* List of the largest trading partners of the European Union
* Trade deal negotiation between the UK and EU (2020)
* Trade defence instrument
* United States free trade agreements

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Excluding the EU and its member states
2. ^ From 2021 under the provisions of the Brexit withdrawal agreement (Protocol relating to the sovereign base areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Cyprus)
3. ^ a b c d e f Entry into force of Interim Agreement
4. ^ Interim Agreement
5. ^ Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation
6. ^ Decision of the EC-Turkey Association Council
7. ^ Includes Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man with regards to trade in goods and fisheries. For Northern Ireland, a more comprehensive arrangement is in place with regards to trade in goods based on the Withdrawal Agreement.

## References

[edit]

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95. ^ "RECORDED HRVP Federica MOGHERINI host the ceremony on the occasion of the launching of the Association Agreement(s) negotiations with the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco and the Republic of San Marino". European Commission. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
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101. ^ "EU trade agreements - New architecture of trade agreements". Retrieved 11 May 2022.
102. ^ Berlingieri, Giuseppe; Breinlich, Holger; Dhingra, Swati (12 March 2018). "The consumer benefits of trade agreements: Evidence from the EU trade policy". VoxEU.org. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

## External links

[edit]

* Negotiations and agreements, EU trade relationships by country/region, European Commission
* Trade Flows, Animated infographics, European Parliamentary Research Service
* Articles on EU FTAs, at Agritrade
* The Transatlantic Colossus: Global Contributions to Broaden the Debate on the EU-US Free Trade Agreement A collaborative publication with over 20 articles on the global implications of the TAFTA | TTIP
* Koeth, Wolfgang (8 December 2014) "The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements: an Appropriate Response by the EU to the Challenges in its Neighbourhood"?

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