Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

Post-Brexit arrangements

See also: United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union

Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories

Active agreements

Renegotiating active agreements

Agreement in principle

Negotiations ongoing

Discussions ongoing

Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, make use of a mutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties were provisionally applied, or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved.[1] Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements: these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to expand the deal since Brexit.[2]

As of May 2023[update], the United Kingdom has 38 active free trade agreements with nations and trade blocs, covering 100 countries and territories.[3][1] Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as with Australia and New Zealand.[4] The remaining 33 are continuity agreements. Furthermore, the UK has a customs union with its three Crown Dependencies.[5] The UK has further arrangements covering free trade with its 14 British Overseas Territories.[6]

The UK has also reached an agreement to accede to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. The UK signed the agreement in July 2023 and is expected to join by 15 December 2024, after securing the final ratification required for membership.[7][8]

The United Kingdom has only suspended negotiations for a trade deal on one occasion; it suspended negotiations for a post-Brexit Canada Free Trade Agreement on 25 January 2024.[9]

## Competence and ratification

[edit]

According to UK law the United Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.[10]

The UK's negotiating team will consult with its Strategic Trade Advisory Group throughout the negotiations.[11]

### Ratification

[edit]

The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.[12]

The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:

* must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
* will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
* will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
* will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
* will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
* is responsible for the registration of these treaties with the United Nations, allowing their subsequent publication in the United Nations Treaty Series
* will transfer of the treaties to the National Archives for preservation[12]

Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.[12]

## Active agreements

[edit]

The following bilateral and plurilateral agreements are currently in effect. Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Nation(s)  | No. of
nations
represented  | Signed  | Effective  | Coverage  | Treaty  | Mechanism[1] | Trade value
(2023)[1][13] | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Albania | 1  | 5 February 2021  | 3 May 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £362m  | [14][15]
Andean Countries
Colombia[a]
Ecuador
Peru | 3  | 15 May 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity  | Full ratification  | £4,051m  | [17][18]
Australia | 1  | 16 December 2021  | 31 May 2023  | Goods & Services  | New | Full ratification  | £20,036m  | [19][20]
Cameroon | 1  | 28 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £1,029m  | [21][22]
Canada | 1  | 22 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services[b] | Continuity | Full ratification  | £26,287m  | [24][25]
CARIFORUM
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname[c]
Trinidad and Tobago | 14  | 22 March 2019[d] | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | Provisional application  | £5,537m  | [28][29]
Central America
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama | 6  | 18 July 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity  | Full ratification  | £2,478m  | [30][31]
Chile | 1  | 30 January 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £1,804m  | [32][33]
Eastern and Southern Africa
Madagascar[e]
Mauritius
Seychelles
Zimbabwe | 4  | 31 January 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £2,027m[f] | [35][36]
Egypt | 1  | 5 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £4,659m  | [37][38]
European Union

27 members

* Akrotiri and Dhekelia[g]
* Andorra[h]
* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Monaco[i]
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* San Marino[j]
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

| 31[k] | 30 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | New | Full ratification  | £823,100m  | [39][40]
Faroe Islands | 1  | 31 January 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £1,108m  | [41][42]
Georgia | 1  | 21 October 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £500m  | [43][44]
Ghana | 1  | 2 March 2021  | 5 March 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Provisional application  | £1,188m  | [45][46]
Iceland
Liechtenstein[l]
Norway | 3  | 8 July 2021  | 1 December 2021  | Goods & Services  | New  | Provisional application  | £41,537m[m] | [47][48]
Israel | 1  | 18 February 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £6,137m  | [49][50]
Ivory Coast | 1  | 15 October 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £841m  | [51][52]
Japan | 1  | 23 October 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | New | Full ratification  | £27,575m  | [53][54]
Jordan | 1  | 5 November 2019  | 1 May 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £1,313m  | [55][56]
Kenya | 1  | 8 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £1,427m  | [57][58]
Kosovo | 1  | 3 December 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £12m  | [59][42]
Lebanon | 1  | 19 September 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity  | Full ratification  | £1,131m  | [60][61]
Liechtenstein[n]
Switzerland | 2  | 11 February 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £50,817m[o] | [63][64]
Mexico | 1  | 15 December 2020  | 1 June 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £6,599m  | [65][66]
Moldova | 1  | 24 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity  | Full ratification  | £1,478m  | [67][68]
Morocco | 1  | 26 October 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Provisional application  | £3,524m  | [69][70]
New Zealand | 1  | 28 February 2022  | 31 May 2023  | Goods & Services  | New | Full ratification  | £3,100m  | [71][72]
North Macedonia | 1  | 3 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | Provisional application  | £2,507m  | [73][74]
Pacific States
Fiji
Papua New Guinea
Samoa[p]
Solomon Islands[q] | 4  | 14 March 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Provisional application  | £390m  | [77][78]
Palestinian Authority | 1  | 18 February 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £38m  | [79][80]
Serbia | 1  | 16 April 2021  | 20 May 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £1,018m  | [81][82]
Singapore | 1  | 10 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity[r] | Full ratification  | £22,327m  | [85][86]
South Korea | 1  | 22 August 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £16,331m  | [87][88]
Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique
Botswana
Eswatini
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa | 6  | 9 October 2019[s] | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Full ratification  | £11,420m  | [90][91]
Tunisia | 1  | 4 October 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity  | Full ratification  | £693m  | [92][93]
Turkey | 1  | 29 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity | Provisional application  | £25,817m  | [94][95]
Ukraine | 1  | 8 October 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity[t] | Full ratification  | £1,523m  | [98][99]
Vietnam | 1  | 29 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | Provisional application  | £5,859m  | [100][101]

### Dependencies

[edit]

The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade with British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

Nation(s)  | No. of nations
represented  | Signed  | Effective  | Coverage  | Treaty  | Trade value
(2023)[102] | Comment  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Akrotiri and Dhekelia | 31 | 30 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | New | £823,100m | Trade with the UK is governed within the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, due to Akrotiri and Dhekelia remaining a part of the European Union customs union.  | [103][104]
Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey | 3  | 26 November 2018  | 9 December 2020  | Goods & Services  | New | £13,153m  | The United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies established a customs union which created a free trade area between the territories, and creates a common external tariff with other countries.  | [105][5]
Gibraltar | 1  | 24 October 2019  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | Continuity  | £7,236m  | Trade with Gibraltar is governed under the 'Financial Services and Markets Act 2000', Gibraltar and the UK amended this act in order to continue the agreement they had in the European Economic Area.  | [106]
Overseas Territories
Anguilla
Bermuda
British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands
Montserrat
Pitcairn Islands
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands | 12  | 9 November 2020  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | Continuity  | £10,591m  | This arrangement acts as a continuity free trade agreement between 12 Overseas Territories and the UK.  | [6][107]

## Negotiations

[edit]

The United Kingdom is currently negotiating free trade agreements with the following countries and trade blocs:[4]

Nation (s)  | No of nations
represented  | Coverage  | Treaty  | Trade value (2023)[1][102] | Status  | Progress  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Algeria | 1  | Goods  | Continuity  | £2,303m  | Negotiations stagnated  | A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Algeria; neither party has signed the agreement.  | [108]
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | £255m  | Negotiations stagnated  | A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Bosnia and Herzegovina; neither party has signed the agreement.  | [109][108]
Canada | 1  | Goods & Services  | New | £26,287m  | Negotiations suspended  | Negotiations suspended on 25 January 2024 by the United Kingdom; the two sides have completed eight rounds of talks since 2022.  | [110][111]
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Australia
Brunei
Canada
Chile
Japan
Malaysia
Mexico
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Vietnam | 11  | Goods & Services  | New | £121,355m  | Agreement signed on 16 July 2023  | Chile, Japan, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the UK, and Vietnam have ratified the UK's accession. The agreement is expected to enter into force 15 December 2024, after securing the final ratification for membership.  | [8][112]
Greenland | 1  | Goods  | New  | £12m  | Negotiations stagnated  | Negotiations opened on 27 January 2022.  | [113][114]
Gulf Cooperation Council
Bahrain
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates | 6  | Goods & Services  | New | £57,433m  | Negotiations ongoing  | Sixth round of negotiations concluded on 9 February 2024.  | [115][116]
India | 1  | Goods & Services  | New | £38,978m  | Negotiations ongoing  | Fourteenth round of negotiations concluded on 15 March 2024.  | [117][118]
Israel | 1  | Goods & Services  | New | £6,137m  | Negotiations ongoing  | Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 17 April 2024.  | [119][120]
Maldives | 1  | Goods  | New  | £492m  | Discussions ongoing  | Trade consultation closed on 2 August 2023.  | [121][122]
Mexico | 1  | Goods & Services  | New | £6,599m  | Negotiations ongoing  | Third round of negotiations concluded on 19 May 2023.  | [123][124]
Montenegro | 1  | Goods & Services  | Continuity | £156m  | Negotiations stagnated  | A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Montenegro; neither party has signed the agreement.  | [109][108]
South Korea | 1  | Goods & Services  | New | £18,349m  | Negotiations ongoing  | Second round of negotiations concluded on 22 March 2024.  | [125][126]
Switzerland | 1  | Goods & Services  | New | £50,817m  | Negotiations ongoing  | Fourth round of negotiations concluded on 8 March 2024.  | [127][128]
Thailand | 1  | Goods & Services  | New | £6,026m  | Discussions ongoing  | Free Trade Agreement initiative launched on 21 March 2024.  | [129][130]
Turkey | 1  | Goods & Services  | New | £25,817m  | Negotiations ongoing  | Negotiations opened on 14 March 2024.  | [131][132]
United States | 1  | Goods & Services  | New | £310,840m  | Negotiations stagnated  | Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 30 October 2020.  | [133][134]

### Potential enlargement

[edit]

The following countries can accede to an existing plurilateral Economic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom.

Nation(s)  | Trade agreement
being joined  | Status  | Ref.

|
|
|

Haiti | CARIFORUM | Haiti will be covered by the CARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement if they sign it and bring it into effect.  | [135]
Comoros
Zambia | Eastern and Southern Africa | Out of the remaining COMESA members, Comoros, and Zambia have agreements in place allowing them to join the ESA–UK Economic Partnership Agreement:

* Comoros signed the agreement on 12 April 2022 and will be covered by the EPA when they bring it into effect.
* Zambia will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.

| [136][34]
East African Community
Burundi
DR Congo
Rwanda
Somalia
South Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda |  Kenya | Article 143 of the UK–Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement enables any other East African Community member to make an accession request to the UK–Kenya EPA Council.  | [137][138]
Cook Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
Niue
Palau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu | Pacific States | The Pacific States–UK Economic Partnership Agreement states that 10 other Pacific nations are currently eligible to apply for accession.

* Tonga has shown interest in acceding to the EPA.

| [139]

## Obsolete agreements

[edit]

The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated. Signature, entry into force and obselete dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Nation(s)  | No of nations
represented  | Signed  | Effective  | Obsolete  | Coverage  | Note  | Superseded by  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Ireland | 1  | 19 December 1965  | 1 July 1966  | 1 January 1973  | Goods  | The Ireland–United Kingdom Free Trade Area was agreed to after both nations' bids to join the European Economic Community were rejected. This agreement was superseded upon both parties' accession to the EEC.  |  European Economic Community | [140][141]
Colombia | 1  | 18 October 2019  | 1 January 2021  | 28 June 2022  | Goods & Services  | The Colombia–UK Trade Continuity Agreement was provisionally applied until Colombia could ratify the Andean–UK Trade Continuity Agreement, which superseded this agreement.  | Andean Countries
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru | [142]
Iceland
Norway | 2  | 8 December 2020  | 1 January 2021  | 1 September 2022  | Goods  | Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Continuity Agreement was superseded by an updated FTA with Liechtenstein, which expanded the coverage to include services.  |  Iceland
Liechtenstein
Norway | [143][144][145]

### Former trade bloc memberships

[edit]

The United Kingdom was previously a member of the following trade blocs, which include multilateral free trade with fellow members.

Nation(s)  | No. of nations
represented  | Signed  | Effective  | Obsolete  | Coverage  | Note  | Superseded by  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

European Free Trade Association
Austria
Denmark
Iceland[u]
Norway
Portugal
Sweden
Switzerland | 7  | 4 January 1960  | 3 May 1960  | 31 December 1972  | Goods & Services  | The UK was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but left the organisation to join the European Economic Community, along with Denmark.  |  European Economic Community | [146][147]
European Economic Community
Belgium
Denmark
France
Greece[v]
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal[w]
Spain[x]
West Germany/Germany[y] | 11  | 22 January 1972  | 1 January 1973 | 1 November 1993  | Goods & Services  | The UK joined the European Economic Community, along with Denmark and Ireland. The EEC was incorporated into the European Union.  |  European Union | [148][149][150]
European Union

27 members

* Austria[z]
* Belgium
* Bulgaria[aa]
* Croatia[ab]
* Cyprus[ac]
* Czechia[ad]
* Denmark
* Estonia[ae]
* Finland[af]
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary[ag]
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia[ah]
* Lithuania[ai]
* Luxembourg
* Malta[aj]
* Netherlands
* Poland[ak]
* Portugal
* Romania[al]
* Slovakia[am]
* Slovenia[an]
* Spain
* Sweden[ao]

| 27 | 7 February 1992 | 1 November 1993 | 1 January 2021 | Goods & Services | Following the result of the Brexit referendum, the UK invoked Article 50 in March 2017. The UK officially withdrew from the EU on the 1 January 2021.  |  Trade and Cooperation Agreement | [151][152]

### Obsolete EU agreements

[edit]

The following agreements are European Union free trade agreements, of which the United Kingdom was a party until Brexit; however continuity agreements were not reached to replace them.

Nation (s)  | No of nations
represented  | Signed  | Effective  | Obsolete  | Coverage  | Note  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Algeria | 1  | 22 April 2002  | 1 September 2005  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | The UK has no free trade agreement with Algeria.  | [153]
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1  | 16 June 2008  | 1 June 2015  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | The UK has no free trade agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina.  | [154][109]
EU Overseas Countries and Territories
Aruba
Bonaire
Curaçao
French Polynesia
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Greenland
New Caledonia
Saba
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Wallis and Futuna | 13  | 27 November 2001  | 2 December 2001  | 1 January 2021  | Goods  | The UK has no free trade agreement with any of the EU Overseas Countries and Territories.

* Greenland and the UK have opened negotiations for a free trade agreement.

| [155][156]
Montenegro | 1  | 15 October 2007  | 1 May 2010  | 1 January 2021  | Goods & Services  | The UK has no free trade agreement with Montenegro.  | [157][109]

## Largest trading partners

[edit]

Export and import markets for goods in 2020 & 2021, seasonally adjusted
Figures in £millions sterling  Exports  | Imports

|

Rank  | Trade Partner  | £millions  | % of Total  | Rank  | Trade Partner  | £millions  | % of Total
|  European Union | 153 951 | 47.8% |  |  European Union | 223 393 | 46.8%
1\.  |  United States[ap] | 47 098  | 14.6%  | 1\.  |  China | 63 557  | 13.3%
2\.  |  Germany (EU member)  | 29 595  | 9.2%  | 2\.  |  Germany (EU member)  | 53 759  | 11.2%
3\.  |  Netherlands (EU member)  | 27 085  | 8.4%  | 3\.  |  United States | 39 379  | 8.2%
4\.  |  Ireland (EU member)  | 21 834  | 6.8%  | 4\.  |  Netherlands (EU member)  | 31 786  | 6.7%
5\.  |  France (EU member)  | 19 441  | 6.0%  | 5\.  |  Norway (EFTA)  | 27 112  | 5.7%
6\.  |  China | 18 793  | 5.8%  | 6\.  |  Belgium (EU member)  | 23 331  | 4.9%
7\.  |  Belgium (EU member)  | 14 939  | 4.6%  | 7\.  |  France (EU member)  | 23 128  | 4.8%
8\.  |  Switzerland (EFTA)  | 10 309  | 3.2%  | 8\.  |  Italy (EU member)  | 17 604  | 3.7%
9\.  |  Italy (EU member)  | 9 112  | 2.8%  | 9\.  |  Spain (EU member)  | 14 472  | 3.0%
10\.  |  Spain (EU member)  | 7 878  | 2.4%  | 10\.  |  Ireland (EU member)  | 13 861  | 2.9 %
| EU | 300.3  | 43.0%  |  | EU | 372.2  | 51.4%
| Non EU | 398.3  | 57.0%  |  | Non EU | 352.3  | 48.6%
| World | 698.6  | 100%  |  | World | 724.5  | 100%

Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.

The figures above are for 2020 & 2021[158][159]

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

|

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

|

## See also

[edit]

* Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP
* Economic Partnership Agreements
* Free trade agreements of Canada
* Free trade agreements of India
* Free trade agreements of Israel
* Free trade agreements of New Zealand
* Free trade agreements of the European Union
* Free trade agreements of the United States
* Free trade agreements of Turkey
* Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
* List of multilateral free trade agreements
* List of bilateral free trade agreements
* United Kingdom common framework policies
* United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Joined 28 June 2022.[16]
2. ^ The agreement only covered goods until 1 April 2021 when it expanded to cover services.[23]
3. ^ Joined 5 March 2021.[26]
4. ^ Trinidad and Tobago signed on 1 April 2019.
Dominican Republic signed on 4 April 2019.
Antigua and Barbuda signed on 6 June 2019.
The Bahamas signed on 27 November 2019.
Suriname signed on 4 March 2021.[27]
5. ^ Joined 1 August 2024.[34]
6. ^ This figure was published prior to Madagascar's accession to the Economic Partnership Agreement; thus excludes trade with Madagascar.
7. ^ As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Akrotiri and Dhekelia-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
8. ^ Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that Andorra be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, Andorra-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
9. ^ As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Monaco-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
10. ^ Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that San Marino be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, San Marino-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
11. ^ This agreement covers the 27 EU members, additionally it governs UK trade with Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.[1]
12. ^ Due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union, goods from Liechtenstein are governed in the Switzerland-UK FTA.
13. ^ This figure only represents trade value between the UK and the cumulative value of Iceland and Norway. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 168m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
14. ^ This treaty only governs Liechtenstein's goods due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union. Liechtenstein-UK trade is governed by the Iceland-Liechtenstein-Norway-UK FTA.[62]
15. ^ This figure only represents trade value between the UK and Switzerland. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 168m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
16. ^ Joined 11 January 2021[75]
17. ^ Joined 5 January 2021[76]
18. ^ Expanded upon by the Singapore–UK Digital Economy Agreement to cover digital trade, after entering into force on 14 June 2022.[83][84]
19. ^ South Africa signed the agreement on 16 October 2019.[89]
20. ^ Expanded upon by the Ukraine–UK Digital Trade Agreement to cover digital trade, after entering into force on 1 September 2024.[96][97]
21. ^ Joined 1 January 1970
22. ^ Joined 1 January 1981
23. ^ Joined 1 January 1986
24. ^ Joined 1 January 1986
25. ^ German reunification took place in 1990
26. ^ Joined 1 January 1995
27. ^ Joined 1 January 2007
28. ^ Joined 1 July 2013
29. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
30. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
31. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
32. ^ Joined 1 January 1995
33. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
34. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
35. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
36. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
37. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
38. ^ Joined 1 January 2007
39. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
40. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
41. ^ Joined 1 January 1995
42. ^ including Puerto Rico

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Department for International Trade (3 November 2022). "UK trade agreements in effect". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
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* Vietnam

By type|

* Bilateral
* Multilateral

* v
* t
* e

Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

Active|

| Bilateral|

* Australia
* Canada
* European Union
* Japan
* New Zealand
* Singapore
* Vietnam

|

Multilateral|

* Crown Dependencies Customs Union

Negotiating|

| Bilateral|

* Canada
* Gulf Cooperation Council
* India
* Israel
* Mexico
* South Korea
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* United States

|

Multilateral|

* Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

Obsolete|

| Bilateral|

* France (1860–1892)
* Belgium (1862–1897)

|

Multilateral|

* European Free Trade Association (1960–1972)
* European Economic Community (1973–1993)
* European Union (1993–2020)

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