Freedom of assembly

Right to form social or political groups and hold meetings

"Sammankomsten" ("The Meeting"), oil painting by Ester Almqvist, original at the Swedish National Museum. The painting was chosen by the UN as a motif for a stamp commemorating the establishment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, paragraph 20: the Right of Assembly. Janitorial workers striking in front of the MTV building in Santa Monica, California. Although striking in a trade union is a way of exercising freedom of assembly and freedom of association, other aspects of the conduct of the workers depicted here, such as pedestrian blocking of vehicle traffic in whichever direction has the right of way at this signal-controlled intersection, may violate local or state laws such as California Vehicle Code § 21950(b).[1] Posted excerpt from the US Constitution, at an Occupy Oakland event, 2011 Part of a series on

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Freedom of assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the freedom of association, is the individual right or ability of individuals to peaceably assemble and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their ideas.[2] The right to freedom of assembly is recognized as a human right, a political right and a civil liberty.

The terms freedom of assembly and freedom of association may be used to distinguish between the freedom to assemble in public places and the freedom to join an association. Freedom of assembly is often used in the context of the right to protest, while freedom of association is used in the context of labor rights. The Constitution of the United States is interpreted to mean both the freedom to assemble and the freedom to join an association.[3]

## Human rights instruments

[edit]

Freedom of assembly is included in, among others, the following human rights instruments:

* Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Article 20
* International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – Article 21
* European Convention on Human Rights – Article 11
* American Convention on Human Rights – Article 15

National and regional constitutions that recognize freedom of assembly include:

* Bangladesh – Articles 37 and 38 of the Constitution of Bangladesh guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.[4]
* Brazil – Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil
* Canada – S. 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which forms part of the Constitution Act, 1982
* France – Article 431-1 of the Nouveau Code Pénal
* Germany – Article 8 GG (Grundgesetz, Basic Law)
* Hungary – Article VIII (1) of the Fundamental Law
* India – Article 19 of the Constitution of India
* Indonesia – Article 28E(3) of the Constitution of Indonesia
* Ireland – Article 40.6.1° of the Constitution, as enumerated under the heading "Fundamental Rights"[5][6]
* Italy – Article 17 of the Constitution[7]
* Japan – Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan
* Macau Basic Law \- Article 27
* Malaysia – Article 10 of the Constitution of Malaysia
* Mexico – Article 9 of the Constitution of Mexico
* Netherlands \- Articles 8 and 9 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
* New Zealand – Section 16 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
* Norway – Section 101 of the Constitution of Norway
* Pakistan \- Article 16 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973
* Philippines – Article III, Section 4 of the Constitution of the Philippines
* Poland – Article 57 of the Constitution of Poland
* Russia – Articles 30 and 31 of the Constitution of Russia guarantee the freedom of association and peaceful assembly.[8]
* South Africa Bill of Rights – Article 17
* Spain – Article 21 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978
* Sweden – Chapter 2 of The Instrument of Government[9]
* Taiwan (Republic of China) – Article 14 guarantees freedom of assembly and association.
* Turkey – Articles 33 and 34 of the Constitution of Turkey guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.
* UAE – Article 33 of the Constitution of the UAE
* United States – First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
* Venezuela – Article 68 of the Constitution of Venezuela[10]

## See also

[edit]

* Politics portal

* Free speech zone
* Right to protest
* Strategy-31
* Unlawful assembly
* United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association

## References

[edit]

1. ^ California Vehicle Code § 21950(b): "No pedestrian may unnecessarily stop or delay traffic while in a marked or unmarked crosswalk."
2. ^ Jeremy McBride, Freedom of Association, in The Essentials of... Human Rights, Hodder Arnold, London, 2005, pp. 18–20
3. ^ See: NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 898 (1982); Healey v. James, 408 U.S. 169 (1972); Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia, 377 U.S. 1 (1964); United Mine Workers v. Illinois State Bar Assn., 389 U.S. 217 (1967).
4. ^ "Constitution of Bangladesh: Chapter III". Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
5. ^ "Fundamental Rights under the Irish Constitution". Citizensinformation.ie. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
6. ^ "Constitution of Ireland". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
7. ^ "The Italian Constitution" (PDF). The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from the original on 2016-11-27.
8. ^ "Constitution of Russia: Article 30". Adopted at National Voting on December 12, 1993.
9. ^ "Kungörelse (1974:152) om beslutad ny regeringsform Svensk författningssamling 1974:1974:152 t.o.m. SFS 2018:1903". Riksdagsförvaltningen (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-04-13.
10. ^ Situación de la criminalización y represión en Venezuela- 2018 (PDF) (in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela: Observatorio Venezolano de Conflictividad Social (published February 2019). 17 December 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2020.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freedom of assembly.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Freedom of assembly.

* Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly OSCE/ODIHR, 2007
* Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly (2nd edition) Venice Commission and OSCE/ODIHR, 2010

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Liberty

Concepts|

* Artistic freedom
* Cognitive liberty
* Free will
* Freedom of conscience
* Freedom of expression
* Freedom of Expression (book)
* Algeria
* Canada
* India
* South Africa
* Freethought
* Moral responsibility
* Personification of Liberty
* Libertas
* Negative liberty
* Positive liberty
* Rights
* Self-ownership
* Topfreedom

By type|

* Academic
* Civil
* Economic
* Financial
* Intellectual
* Internet
* Morphological
* Political

By right|

* Abortion
* Assembly
* Association
* Asylum
* Cannabis
* Choice
* Civil and political
* Clothing
* Death
* Digital
* Education
* Fair trial
* Family
* Freedom from discrimination
* Food
* Gun
* Health
* Housing
* Internet access
* Information
* Life
* Morphological
* Movement
* Personality
* Press
* Privacy
* Property
* Protest
* Religion
* Repair
* Resist
* Self-defense
* Sexual and reproductive health
* Sexuality
* Silence
* Speech
* Thought
* To be forgotten
* Truth
* Water and sanitation
* Workers' right to access the toilet

See also|

* All men are created equal
* Anarchism
* Autonomy
* Beard and haircut laws by country
* Civil libertarianism
* Clothing laws by country
* Dancing ban
* Decriminalization of sex work
* Drug liberalization
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* LGBTQ rights
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* Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
* Photography and the law
* Photography Is Not a Crime
* Pornography laws by region
* Prostitution law
* Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States
* Right-libertarianism
* Self-determination
* Stanley v. Georgia
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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Substantive human rights

What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

Civil and political|

* Equality before the law
* Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
* Freedom of assembly
* Freedom of association
* Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
* Freedom from discrimination
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* Right to property
* Right to public participation
* Right of reply
* Right to rest and leisure
* Right of return
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* Right to social security
* Right to water
* Right to work

Sexual and
reproductive|

* Abortion
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* Family rights
* Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
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U.S. Supreme Court Assemble and Petition Clause case law

First Amendment to the United States Constitution

Freedom of assembly|

| Incorporation|

* United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
* Presser v. Illinois (1886)

|

Protection from prosecution
and state restrictions|

* De Jonge v. Oregon (1937)
* Coates v. City of Cincinnati (1971)
* Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)

Freedom of association|

| Organizations|

* Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951)
* Watkins v. United States (1957)
* NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
* Bates v. City of Little Rock (1960)
* NAACP v. Button (1963)
* Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)

|

Future Conduct|

* Baggett v. Bullitt (1964)

Solicitation|

* In re Primus (1978)

Membership restriction|

* Baird v. State Bar of Arizona (1971)
* Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
* Dallas v. Stanglin (1989)
* Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
* Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
* Christian Legal Society v. Martinez (2010)

Primaries and elections|

* Anderson v. Celebrezze (1983)
* California Democratic Party v. Jones (2000)
* New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres (2008)
* Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party (2008)

Freedom to petition|

* United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
* Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc. (1961)
* NAACP v. Button (1963)
* Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
* United Mine Workers v. Pennington (1965)
* Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
* California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited (1972)
* McDonald v. Smith (1985)
* Meyer v. Grant (1988)
* Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation, Inc. (1999)
* Doe v. Reed (2010)
* Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)

Authority control databases

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Other|

* Yale LUX

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