French Air and Space Force

Air and space warfare branch of France's armed forces

Air and Space Force

Armée de l'air et de l'espace
Founded| 2 July 1934; 90 years ago (1934-07-02)
Country|  France
Type| Air and space force
Role| Aerial and space warfare
Size|

* 38,882 personnel (2023)
* 520 aircraft
* 41 satellites

Part of| French Armed Forces
Garrison/HQ| Hexagone Balard, Paris
Colours| Blue, white, red

Anniversaries| 2 July
Engagements|

* World War I
* World War II
* Indochina War
* Algerian War
* Chadian–Libyan conflict
* Gulf War
* Operation Provide Comfort
* Operation Southern Watch
* January 1993 airstrikes on Iraq
* Operation Deny Flight
* Operation Deliberate Force
* Kosovo War
* War in Afghanistan
* Opération Harmattan
* Military intervention against ISIL
* Operation Serval
* Operation Barkhane

Website| www.defense.gouv.fr/air
Commanders
Chief of the Armed Forces| President Emmanuel Macron
Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force| Général d'armée aérienne Jérôme Bellanger [fr]
Insignia
Roundel|
Fin flash|
Aircraft flown
Electronic
warfare| E-3 Sentry
Fighter| Rafale, Mirage 2000
Helicopter| AS532 Cougar, Fennec, EC725 Caracal
Trainer| Alpha Jet, Pilatus PC-21, SOCATA TBM, Extra EA-300
Transport| Lockheed C-130, Airbus A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A400M, Dassault Falcon 7X, Dassault Falcon 900, Dassault Falcon 2000, Transall C-160, Boeing C-135FR

Military unit

The French Air and Space Force (French: Armée de l'air et de l'espace, pronounced [aʁme də lɛʁ e də lɛspas], lit. 'Army of Air and Space') is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces.[1] Formed in 1909 as the Service Aéronautique, a service arm of the French Army, it became an independent military branch in 1934 as the French Air Force. On 10 September 2020, it assumed its current name, the French Air and Space Force, to reflect an "evolution of its mission" into the area of outer space.[2]

The number of aircraft in service with the French Air and Space Force varies depending on the source; the Ministry of Armed Forces gives a figure of 658 aircraft in 2014.[3][4] According to 2018 data, this figure includes 210 combat aircraft: 115 Dassault Mirage 2000 and 95 Dassault Rafale.[5] As of 2021,[update] the French Air and Space Force employs a total of 40,500 regular personnel, with a reserve element of 5,187 in 2014.[6]

The Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) is a direct subordinate of the Chief of the Defence Staff (CEMA), a high-ranking military officer who in turn answers to the civilian Minister of the Armed Forces.[7]

French Armed Forces

Components

* Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace
* Armée de Terre
* Marine nationale
* Gendarmerie
* Garde nationale

Ranks

* Ranks in the French Army
* Ranks in the French Navy
* Ranks in the French Air and Space Force

History

* Military history of France
* La Grande Armée

* v
* t
* e

## History

[edit]

Main articles: History of the Armée de l'Air (1909–1942) and History of the Armée de l'Air (colonial presence 1939–1962)

### In the beginning

[edit]

#### Establishment of the Service Aéronautique

[edit]

The founding of the Service Aéronautique began in 1909, when the French War Minister approved the purchase of a Wright Biplane. The following year, another Wright biplane, a Bleriot, and two Farmans were added to the lone acquisition. On 22 October 1910, General Pierre Roques was appointed Inspector General of what was becoming referred to as the Cinquieme Arme, or Fifth Service.[8]

In March 1912, the French parliament enacted legislation to establish the air arm. It was projected to consist of three distinct branches based on aircraft missions—reconnaissance, bombing, or countering other aircraft.[8]

#### Inventing the fighter plane

[edit]

France was one of the first states to start building aircraft. At the beginning of World War I, France had a total of 148 planes (eight from French Naval Aviation (Aéronautique Navale)) and 15 airships.[9] In August 1914, as France entered World War I, French airpower consisted of 24 squadrons (escadrilles) supporting ground forces, including three squadrons assigned to cavalry units. By 8 October, expansion to 65 squadrons was being planned. By December, the plans called for 70 new squadrons.[8]

Meanwhile, even as procurement efforts scaled up, inventive airmen were trying to use various light weapons against opposing airplanes. Roland Garros invented a crude method of firing a machine gun through the propeller arc by cladding his propeller with metal wedges deflecting any errant bullets. After destroying three German airplanes, Garros came down behind enemy lines on 18 April 1915. His secret weapon was thus exposed, and Anthony Fokker came up with the synchronization gear that by July 1, 1915, turned airplanes into flying gun platforms.[10]

"Company of aviators", September 1914, by Jules Gervais-Courtellemont French aircraft during World War I, flying over German held territory (1915) Nieuport-Delage NiD.29 C.1 fighter used in the early post-WWI period.

#### Founding fighter formations

[edit]

On 21 February 1916, the Verdun Offensive began. New weapons demanded new tactics. Commandant Charles de Tricornet de Rose was the original French pilot, having learned to fly in March 1911. This experienced flier was given a free hand to select pilots and airplanes for a new unit tasked with keeping German observation craft from over the French lines. The ad hoc unit commandeered all available Morane-Saulniers and Nieuport 11s, as well as the 15 best pilots regardless of posting. This ad hoc unit patrolling the skies over Verdun was the first French Groupement de Chasse. The Groupement was successful despite Tricornet's death in a mishap. Under the leadership of new commander Captain Auguste de Reverand, such flying aces as Georges Guynemer, Charles Nungesser, and Albert Deullin began their careers.[11]

Encouraged by the success of their original Groupement, the French massed several squadrons for the Battle of the Somme. The burgeoning French aircraft inventory afforded the formation of Groupement de Combat de la Somme under Captain Felix Brocard. The Groupement was formed on 1 July 1916 with a posting of four Nieuport squadrons: Squadron N.3, N.26, N.73, and N.103. Three other squadrons--Squadron N.37, N.62, and N.65 were temporarily attached at various times.[11]

On 19 October 1916, three fixed Groupes de Combat were established, each to consist of four squadron. Numbered 11, 12, and 13, they were only the first three Groupements.[11]

#### Concentrating airpower

[edit]

During March 1917, Groupe de Combat 14 and Groupe de Combat 15 were formed. Again, each new Groupe was assigned four Nieuport fighter squadrons; again, each was sent to support a different French field army.[11]

On 10 January 1918, Groupe de Combat 16 was formed from four SPAD squadrons. In February, five more Groupe de Combats were founded from SPAD squadrons: Groupes de Combats number 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21. The various Nieuport models were now being phased out as the new SPADs filled the inventories of the French.[12]

With the Groupes success, the French were encouraged to amass airpower into still larger tactical units. On 4 February 1918, Escadre de Combat No. 1 was created out of Groupe de Combat 15, Groupe de Combat 18, and Groupe de Combat 19. It was followed by Escadre de Combat No. 2, formed on the 27th from Groupe de Combat 11, Groupe de Combat 13, and Groupe de Combat 17. Each groupe would be stocked with 72 fighters.[13]

The escadres were not the end of the French accumulation of air power. On 14 May 1918, they were grouped into the Division Aerienne. As bombing aircraft were also being concentrated into larger units, the new division would also contain Escadre de Bombardement No. 12 and Escadre de Bombardement No. 13. The bombing units were both equipped with 45 Breguet 14 bombers. The last addition to the new division was five protection squadrons, operating 75 Caudron R.11 gunships to fly escort for the Breguets.[13]

On 25 June 1918, Groupe de Combat 22 was founded. Groupe de Combat 23 followed soon thereafter. A couple of night bombardment groupes were also founded.[14]

#### Committing the Division Aerienne

[edit]

Then, on 15 July 1918, the Division was committed to the Second Battle of the Marne.[15] From then on, whether in whole or in part, the Division Aerienne fought until war's end. By the time of the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, the French could commit 27 fighter squadrons to the effort, along with reconnaissance and bombing squadrons. The 1,137 airplanes dedicated to the battle were the most numerous used in a World War I battle.[16]

When the 11 November 1918 armistice came, French air power had expanded to 336 squadrons, 74 of which were SPAD fighter squadrons. France had 3,608 planes in service.[9] Confirmed claims of 2,049 destroyed enemy airplanes included 307 that had been brought down within French lines. French airmen had also destroyed 357 observation balloons.[16] However, 5,500 pilots and observers were killed out of the 17,300 engaged in the conflict, amounting to 31%.[17] A 1919 newspaper article reported that the French Air Force had suffered losses of 61%.[18]

### Interwar period

[edit]

Dewoitine D.510 monoplane fighters from the mid-1930s

Military aeronautics was established as a "special arm" by the law of 8 December 1922.[19] It remained under the auspices of the French Army. It was not until 2 July 1934, that the "special arm" became an independent service and was totally independent.[20]

The initial air arm was the cradle of French military parachuting, responsible for the first formation of the Air Infantry Groups (Groupements de l'Infanterie de l'Air) in the 1930s, out of which the Air Parachute Commandos (commandos parachutistes de l'air) descended.

The French Air Force maintained a continuous presence across the French colonial empire, particularly from the 1920s to 1943.[21][22]

### World War II

[edit]

The French Air Force played an important role in WWII, most notably during the Battle of France in 1940. The Vichy French Air Force had later a significant presence in the French Levant.

The engagement of the Free French Air Forces from 1940 to 1943, and then the engagement of the aviators of the French Liberation Army, were also important episodes in the history of the French Air Force. The sacrifices of Commandant René Mouchotte and Lieutenant Marcel Beau illustrated their devotion.

### 1945–present

[edit]

A North American T-28 Trojan, used against guerrillas during the Algerian War

After 1945, France rebuilt its aircraft industry. The French Air Force participated in several colonial wars during the Empire such as French Indochina after the Second World War. Since 1945, the French Air Force was notably engaged in Indochina (1945–1954).[23][24][25]

The French Air Force was active in Algeria from 1952 until 1962 and Suez (1956), later Mauritania and Chad,[26][27][28] the Persian Gulf (1990–1991),[29] ex-Yugoslavia[30][31] and more recently in Afghanistan, Mali and Iraq.[32][33][34][35][36][37]

From 1964 until 1971 the French Air Force had the unique responsibility for the French nuclear arm via Dassault Mirage IV or ballistic missiles of Air Base 200 Apt-Saint-Christol on the Plateau d'Albion.

Mirage IIIC of EC 2/10 "Seine" pictured in 1980 armed with a Matra R.530

Accordingly, from 1962, the French political leadership shifted its military emphasis to nuclear deterrence, implementing a complete reorganisation of the Air Force, with the creation of four air regions and seven major specialised commands, among which were the Strategic Air Forces Command, COTAM, the Air Command of Aerial Defense Forces (Commandement Air des Forces de Défense Aérienne, CAFDA), and the Force aérienne tactique (FATac).[38] In 1964, the Second Tactical Air Command was created in Nancy to take command of air units stationed in France but not assigned to NATO. The Military Air Transport Command had previously been formed in February 1962 from the Groupement d'Unités Aériennes Spécialisées. Also created in 1964 was the Escadron des Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air (EFCA), seemingly grouping all FCA units. The Dassault Mirage IV, the principal French strategic bomber, was designed to strike Soviet positions as part of the French nuclear triad.

In 1985, the Air Force had four major flying commands, the Strategic Air Forces Command, the Tactical Air Forces Command, the Military Air Transport Command, and CAFDA (air defence).[39]

A 1986 view of a Mirage F1 from the Escadron de Chasse 2/30 Normandie-Niemen and another from the Escadron de Chasse 3/30 Lorraine, both armed with Matra R.530 missiles. Squadron insignias are visible on the two aircraft.

CFAS had two squadrons of S2 and S-3 IRBMs at the Plateau d'Albion, six squadrons of Mirage IVAs (at Mont de Marsan, Cazaux, Orange, Istres, St Dizier, and EB 3/94 at Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base), and three squadrons of C-135F, as well as a training/reconnaissance unit, CIFAS 328, at Bordeaux. The tactical air command included wings EC 3, EC 4, EC 7, EC 11, EC 13, and ER 33, with a total of 19 squadrons of Mirage III, Jaguars, two squadrons flying the Mirage 5F (EC 2/13 and EC 3/13, both at Colmar), and a squadron flying the Mirage F.1CR. CoTAM counted 28 squadrons, of which ten were fixed-wing transport squadrons, and the remainder helicopter and liaison squadrons, at least five of which were overseas. CAFDA numbered 14 squadrons mostly flying the Mirage F.1C. Two other commands had flying units, the Air Force Training Command, and the Air Force Transmissions Command, with four squadrons and three trials units.

Dassault Aviation led the way mainly with delta-wing designs, which formed the basis for the Dassault Mirage III series of fighter jets. The Mirage demonstrated its abilities in the Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War, Falklands War, and Gulf War, becoming one of the most popular jet fighters of its day and being widely sold.

In 1994, the Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air command was reestablished under a different form.

Mirage 2000 in flight Logo between 1989 and 2010

The French Air Force entered a phase of inventory replacement and expansion. The Air Force ordered the Airbus A400M military transport aircraft, then in development. By November 2016, 11 had already been delivered to ET00.061 at Orleans-Bricy, and integration of the new Dassault Rafale multi-role jet fighter was underway; the first 20-aircraft squadron became operational in 2006 at Saint-Dizier.

In 2009, France rejoined the NATO Military Command Structure, having been absent since 1966.[40] France was a leading nation, alongside the United States, United Kingdom and Italy in implementing the UN sponsored no-fly zone in Libya (NATO Operation Unified Protector), deploying 20 fighter aircraft to Benghazi in defense of rebel-held positions and the civilian population.[41]

The last remaining squadron of Dassault Mirage F1s retired the aircraft in July 2014 and replaced them with Dassault Rafales.[42]

Logo between 2010 and 2020

On 13 July 2019, President Emmanuel Macron announced the creation of a space command, which would come into being within the French Air Force by September 2019, and the transformation of the French Air Force into the French Air and Space Force.[43] According to Defense Minister Florence Parly, France reserves the right to arm French satellites with lasers for defensive purposes.[44]

The official renaming occurred on 24 July 2020, with the new Air and Space Force logo unveiled on 11 September 2020.[2]

On 26 July 2023, FASF conducted its first ever joint fighter exercise with Japan, continuing its defense ties between the two countries.[45]

## Structure

[edit]

Général d'armée aérienne André Lanata, former chief of staff of the French Air Force

The Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) determines French Air and Space Force doctrines application and advises the Chief of the Defence Staff (CEMA) on the deployment, manner, and use of the Air and Space Force. They are responsible for the preparation and logistic support of the French Air and Space Force. The CEMAA is assisted by a Deputy Chief, the Major Général de l'Armée de l'Air. Finally, the CEMAA is assisted by the Inspectorate of the French Air and Space Force (IAA) and by the French Air and Space Force Health Service Inspection (ISSAA).

The Air and Space Force is organized in accordance with Chapter 4, Title II, Book II of the Third Part of the French Defense Code (French: code de la Défense), which replaced decree n° 91-672 dated 14 July 1991.

Under the authority of the Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) in Paris, the Air and Space Force includes:

* Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force, heading the État-major de l'Armee de l'air et de l'espace (EMAAE)
* Forces
* Air Bases
* Directorate of Human Resources of the French Air and Space Force
* Services[46]

The Air and Space Force headquarters, employing 150 personnel, are located alongside the Chief of the Defence Staff's offices (EMA) and the Army and Navy headquarters at the Balard armed forces complex in Paris. The new site replaced the former Paris Air Base (BA 117) which served as air staff headquarters until 25 June 2015.

### Commands

[edit]

The French Air and Space Force has had three commands: two grand operational commands (CDAOA and CFAS) and one organic command (CFA).

* Commandement de la Défense Aérienne et des Opérations Aériennes (English: Air Defense and Air Operations Command (CDAOA)), is responsible for surveillance of French airspace, as well as all aerial operations in progress. It does not possess aircraft. Instead it exercises operational control over units of the Air Forces Command (CFA).[47]
* Air Defence and Air Operations Staff (French: État-major de la défense aérienne et des opérations aériennes) composed of the:
* Air Force Operational Staff (French: État-major opérationnel Air (EMO-Air)) and the
* Permanent readiness command center (French: Centre de permanence Air), both situated at the Balard complex (the French Air and Space Force main HQ)
* direct reporting units:
* Air Force Operations Brigade (French: Brigade aérienne des opérations (BAO)) (all units at BA 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun air base)
* National Air Operations Center (French: Centre national des opérations aériennes (CNOA))
* Core Joint Force Air Component HQ (Core JFAC HQ)
* Analysis and Simulation Center for Air Operations Preparation (French: Centre d’analyse et de simulation pour la préparation aux opérations aériennes (CASPOA))
* Air Force Operational Awareness and Planning Brigade (French: Brigade aérienne connaissance-anticipation (BACA))
* Air Force Intelligence Center (French: Centre de renseignement air (CRA)) at BA 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun air base
* National Target Designation Center (French: Centre national de ciblage (CNC)) at BA 110 Creil-Senlis air base
* Land-based Electronic Warfare Squadron (French: Escadron électronique sol (EES)) at BA 123 Orléans-Bricy air base
* Intelligence Training Squadron 20.530 (French: Escadron de formation au renseignement (EFR) 20.530) (Metz), training air and space force and naval officers, integrated in the Joint Intelligence Training Center (CFIAR) in Strasbourg[48]
* Air Force Brigade for Permanent Aerial Security Readiness (Brigade aérienne de la posture permanente de la sûreté aérienne (BAPPS)), based at BA 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun air base, created at the end of 2020 and in charge of air policing[49]
* detection and control centers:
* Detection and Control Center 07.927 (French: Centre de détection et de contrôle (CDC)) Tours – Cinq-Mars-la-Pile (Codename: Raki, AOR: Northwestern France)
* Detection and Control Center 04.930 (French: Centre de détection et de contrôle (CDC)) Mont-de-Marsan (Codename: Marina, AOR: Southwestern France)
* Detection and Control Center 05.942 (French: Centre de détection et de contrôle (CDC)) Lyon – Mont Verdun (Codename: Rambert, AOR: Southeastern France)
* Strategic Air Forces Command (CFAS), is responsible for the air force's nuclear strike units (Dassault Rafale B armed with ASMP-A missiles), as well as the tanker / strategic transport aircraft (C-135FR, Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker).
* Command HQ (Commandement des CFAS), based at Vélizy-Villacoublay Air Base (BA 107)
* 4th Fighter Wing (4e Escadre de chasse (4e EC)), based at Saint-Dizier – Robinson Air Base (BA 113)
* Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.113)
* Fighter Squadron 01.004 "Gascogne" (Escadron de chasse 01.004 Gascogne), tactical nuclear strike fighter squadron, flying Rafale B variant
* Fighter Squadron 02.004 "La Fayette" (Escadron de Chasse 02.004 La Fayette), tactical nuclear strike fighter squadron, flying Rafale variant
* Rafale Conversion Squadron 03.004 "Aquitaine" (Escadron de transformation Rafale 03.004 Aquitaine), joint air force – navy OCU flying Rafale B/C/M variants
* Aeronautical Technical Support Squadron 15.004 "Haute-Marne" (Escadron de soutien technique aéronautique 15.004 Haute-Marne)
* 31st Aerial Refuel and Strategic Transport Wing (31e Escadre aérienne de ravitaillement et de transport stratégiques (31e EARTS)), based at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base (BA 125).
* Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.113)
* Aerial Refuel and Strategic Transport Squadron 01.031 "Bretagne" (Escadron de ravitaillement en vol et de transport stratégique 01.031 Bretagne), flying the Airbus A330 MRTT
* Operational Conversion Squadron 03.031 "Phénix" (Escadron de transformation Phénix 03.031 Landes), A330MRTT OCU
* Aerial Refuel Squadron 04.031 "Sologne" (Escadron de ravitaillement en vol 4/31 Sologne), winding down operations of the C-135FR
* Transport Squadron 03.060 "Esterel" (Escadron de transport 3/60 Esterel), presidential air transport with the Airbus A330
* Aeronautical Technical Support Squadron 15.031 "Camargue" (Escadron de soutien technique aéronautique 15.031 Camargue)
* Specialised Technical Support Squadron 15.093 (Escadron de soutien technique spécialisé 15.093)
* Air Forces Command (CFA)), Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base, as an organic command, prepares units to fulfill operational missions. From September 2013, the former organic commands CFA and CSFA were merged into CFA. CFA is organized in six brigades:
* Fighter Brigade – (French: Brigade Aérienne de l'Aviation de Chasse (BAAC)), is responsible for all air defense, air-to-ground and reconnaissance aircraft (including Dassault Rafale, Mirage 2000-5F, Mirage 2000B/C/D, Transall C-160 Gabriel). In February 2016 it was commanded by Brigadier General (Air) Philippe Lavigne.[50]
* Projection and Support Air Force Brigade (French: Brigade Aérienne d'Appui et de Projection (BAAP)), is responsible for all tactical transport and liaison aircraft (aircraft and helicopters: Transall, C-160, Hercules C-130, A310/319, Dassault Falcon 50/900, Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma, Eurocopter Fennec, Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma, SOCATA TBM);
* Airspace Control Brigade (French: Brigade Aérienne de Contrôle de l'Espace (BACE)), is responsible for (Airborne early warning and control aircraft, and ground radar, ground-based air defense systems and missile defence, communication networks) airspace surveillance, constituting the Système de Commandement et de Conduite des Opérations Aérospatiales). Since 2007 the command, control and information systems network of the air and space force have been is integrated into the Joint Directorate of Infrastructure Networks and Information Systems (DIRISI))
* airborne airspace surveillance units:
* 36th Airborne Command and Control Wing (36e escadre de commandement et de conduite aéroportés (36e EC2A)), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702)
* 36th Airborne Command and Control Squadron "Berry" (36e escadron de détection et de contrôle aéroportés Berry), flying the Boeing E-3F Sentry
* ground-based airspace surveillance units:
* GRAVES System
* 3 surveillance and air defence radar installations equipped with the Ground Master 406 radar: années 2010 trois Ground Master 406, le premier installé en Guyane, le second sur la base aérienne de Nice en 2017 et le troisième sur la Base aérienne 942 and at Lyon-Mont Verdun Air Base (BA 942) in 2019.
* 12 surveillance and air defence radar installations equipped with the Ground Master 403T radar in metropolitan France, re-equipped in the 2019 – 2022 period.
* airspace controle of military air bases:
* units for local aerospace surveillance of the immediate environs of air bases (CLA) ;
* approach radars and landing aide systems
* surface-to-air missile units (each ADSA squadron is composed of two batteries of SAMP/T and one battery of Crotale NG SAMs):
* Air Defence Surface-to-Air Wing – 1st Air Defence Artillery Regiment (Escadre sol-air de défense aérienne – 1er régiment d'artillerie de l'air), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702)
* Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 02.950 "Sancerre" (Escadron de défense sol-air 02.950 "Sancerre")
* Technical Support Surface-to-Air Squadron (Escadron de soutien technique sol-air 2E.950)
* Air Defence Surface-to-Air Training Center (Centre de formation de la défense sol-air 14.950)
* Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 01.950 "Crau" (Escadron de défense sol-air 01.950 "Crau") (Base aérienne 125 Istres-Le Tubé)
* Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 05.950 "Barrois" (Escadron de défense sol-air 05.950 "Barrois") (Base aérienne 113 Saint-Dizier-Robinson)
* Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 12.950 "Tursan" (Escadron de défense sol-air 12.950 "Tursan") (Base aérienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan)
* surface-to-air signals units in metropolitan France (METEOR system, in process of replacement by the SRSA system)
* Air Force Special Forces Brigade (Brigade des forces spéciales air (BFSA)). In the 2020 – 2021 period the French Air and Space Force overhauled the force structure of its security and firefighting and rescue units, which were previously grouped together in the Air Force Security and Intervention Forces Brigade (French: Brigade Aérienne des Forces de Sécurité et d'Intervention (BAFSI)).[51]
* aerial units:
* Escadron de Transport 3/61 Poitou – aircraft special operations support squadron based at Orléans –Bricy Air Base and flying C-130H, C-160 and DHC-6 Twin Otter, to convert to Airbus A400M Atlas
* Escadron d'Hélicoptères 1/67 Pyrénées – helicopter special operations support squadron based at Cazaux Air Base and flying EC725 Caracal
* air force commando units:
* Air Force Parachutist Commando 10 (CPA n°10) – the Air Force's primary special operations unit, based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
* Air Force Parachutist Commando 30 (CPA n°30) – previously the Air Force's primary combat search and rescue unit, refocused to special operations, based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
* force protection units:
* Air Force Parachutist Commando 20 (CPA n°20) – the Air Force's primary security unit. Composed of two operational companies and a reserve platoon for a total of up to 400 personnel: Compagnie Bretagne (protection force), Compagnie Normandie (protection force) and Section de réservistes (protection force reservists and instructors).
* Escadrons de protection (EP).
* specialised training units:
* Air Force Parachute Training Center 51.566 (C.A.S.V. 51.566 Le Centre Air de Saut en Vol), based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
* Operational Training Center for Air Force [Land] Combatants (Centre de Préparation Opérationnel des Combattants de l'Armée de l'air (CPOCAA)) – training unit for the CPA 10 and 30, based at Orange-Caritat Air Base
* Detachment (détachement du CPOCAA), based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
* le Centre de formation à la survie et au sauvetage (CFSS) ;Centre de formation à la survie et au sauvetage 61.566 (CFSS). base aérienne 120 de Cazaux.
* Detachment for officer training for land combat (détachement CFA) at the École de l'air et de l'espace
* Air Force Firefighters Brigade (Brigade des pompiers de l’air (BPA)), formed in 2021. It brings together the rescue and firefighting personnel (called incident technicians and grouped into squadrons of company size) of the Air Force into 25 units of around 1 500 personnel. HQ is in Cazaux Air Base (BA 120);[52]
* Air Force Aerial Weapon Systems Brigade (French: Brigade Aérienne des Systèmes d'Armes Aériens (BASAA)) provides the maintenance and repair of aerial weapons and target systems.
* Air Force Maneuver Support Brigade (French: Brigade Aérienne d'Appui à la Manœuvre Aérienne (BAAMA)) provides the ground-based engineer and logistics personnel (including expeditionary) needed for the sustainment of air operations.,[53] based at Bordeaux–Mérignac Air Base (BA 106):
* Expeditionary Command and Control Air Force Wing 00.550 (Escadre aérienne de commandement et de conduite projetable 00.550 (EAC2P 00.550)), based at Évreux-Fauville Air Base (BA 105) and formed on August 27, 2015, on the basis of the former Groupement tactique des systèmes d’information et de communication (GTSICAéro).
* Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.550)
* Tactical Telecommunications Systems Squadron 11.550 (Escadron des systèmes de télécommunication tactiques 11.550)
* Tactical Surveillance Systems Squadron 12.550 (Escadron des systèmes de surveillance tactiques 12.550)
* Tactical Information Systems Squadron 13.550 (Escadron des systèmes d’information tactiques 13.550)
* Tactical Training and Expertise Squadron 14.550 (Escadron d'expertise et d'instruction tactiques 14.550)
* Operational Support Air Force Wing 00.513 (Escadre aérienne d'appui aux opérations 00.513 (EAAO 00.513)), based at Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base (BA 106) and formed on November 24, 2021, on the basis of the former Groupement aérien d’appui aux opérations (GAAO).
* Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.513)
* Operational Infrastructure Squadron 11.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 11.513)
* Operational Infrastructure Squadron 13.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 13.513)
* Operational Infrastructure Squadron 15.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 15.513)
* Expeditionary Training Squadron 17.513 (Escadron d'instruction au déploiement 17.513)
* 25th Air Force Engineer Regiment (25ème Régiment du Génie de l’Air), army regiment permanently attached to the air force. Based at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base (BA 125).
* 2nd Operational Air Force Engineer Company (2e Compagnie opérationnelle du génie de l’air (2e COGA)), based at Mont-de-Marsan Air Base (BA 118).
* 4th Operational Air Force Engineer Company (4e Compagnie opérationnelle du génie de l’air (4e COGA)), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702).
* Aeronautical Installations Air Force Groupment (Groupement aérien des installations aéronautiques (GAIA)), based at Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base (BA 106)
* French Space Command (French: Commandement de l'espace (CDE)),[54] HQ at Toulouse Space Centre
* Operational Preparation and Employment Division (Division préparation opérationnelle et emploi (DPOE)), Hexagone Balard, Paris
* Space Operations Air Force Brigade (Brigade aérienne des opérations spatiales (BAOS)), based at Toulouse Space Center. By 2025 the CMOS and the COSMOS will relocate to Toulouse Space Center as well. In preparation for this the French Air and Space Force has formed the military installation FA 101 (Formation administrative (FA 101)) on the premises of the space center.[55]
* Space Operations Command and Control Center (Centre de Commandement et de Contrôle des opérations spatiales (C3OS)), based at Toulouse Space Center
* Satellite Observation Military Center 01.092 "Bourgogne" (French: Centre militaire d’observation par satellites (CMOS) 01.092 Bourgogne), based at Creil-Senlis Air Base (BA 110)
* Operational Center for Military Surveillance of Space Objects (French: Centre opérationnel de surveillance militaire des objets spatiaux (COSMOS)), based at Lyon – Mont Verdun Air Base (BA 942)

These last two brigades belonged until 2013 to the Air Force Support Command (CSFA), which maintained the arms systems, equipment, information and communication systems (SIC) as well as infrastructure. The CSFA supported the human element, the military logistics (supply and transport), wherever, previously, forces of the French Air and Space Force operated or trained. These two brigades are now subordinate to the CFA.

The official designation of the service was changed in July 2019 from Air Army (Armée de l'Air) to Air and Space Army (Armée de l'air et de l'espace), when the previous joint Inter-Service Space Command (Commandement interarmées de l'espace (CIE)) under the French General Staff was transformed into the Space Command (Commandement de l'espace (CDE)) and absorbed into the Air and Space Force as its fourth command.

All air regions were disestablished on 1 January 2008. In the 1960s, there were five air regions (RA). The number was then reduced to four by a decree of 30 June 1962 with the disestablishment of the 5th Aerial Region (French North Africa). The decree of 14 July 1991 reduced the air regions to three: « RA Atlantic », « RA Mediterranean » and « RA North-East ». On 1 July 2000 was placed into effect an organization consisting of « RA North » (RAN) and « RA South » (RAS). The territorial division was abolished by decree n°2007-601 of 26 April 2007.[56][57]

From 2008 to 2010 the French Air Force underwent the "Air 2010" streamlining process. The main targets of this project were to simplify the command structure, to regroup all military and civil air force functions and to rationalise and optimise all air force units. Five major commands, were formed, instead of the former 13, and several commands and units were disbanded.[58]

### Support services

[edit]

The Directorate of Human Resources of the Air and Space Force (DRH-AAE) recruits, trains, manages, administers, and converts personnel of the Air and Space Force. Since January 2008, the DRH-AAE groups the former Air Force directorate of military personnel (DPMMA) and some tasks of the former Air Force Training Command. The directorate is responsible for Air and Space Force recruitment via the recruiting bureau.

French joint defence service organisations, supporting the air and space force, include:[46]

* The Integrated Structure of Maintaining Operational Conditioning of Aeronautical Defense Materials (French: Structure Intégrée de Maintien en Condition Opérationnelle des Matériels Aéronautiques de la Défense) (SIMMAD).
* The Service industriel de l'aéronautique (French: Service Industriel de l'Aéronautique) (SIAE), a 4700-person maintenance organization, internal to the French air force, in charge of 20% of the heavy maintenance of French armed forces, the other 80% being the responsibility of private aeronautics companies.
* The " Air Commissariat " (French: " Commissariat de l'Air ") between 1947 and 2007, then " Financial and General Administration Service " (French: " Service de l'Administration Générale et des Finances " (SAGF)) from 2008 until 2009, and finally the " Commissariat Service of the Armed Forces " (SCA) (French: Service du Commissariat des Armées) since 2010, have successively been designated as administrative services of the French Air and Space Force. The Commissioners as well as Civilians of this service carry out : operations support, individual legal rights, judicial, internal control accountability, financial and purchase executions, and support and protection of the combatant.[59]

### Wings

[edit]

Commanded by a Lieutenant-colonel or Colonel, the Escadre is a formation that assembles various units and personnel dedicated to the same mission. In 1932, the "regiment" designation was replaced with "Escadre", which until 1994 was a unit consisting of the following:

* units (escadrons or groups) generally equipped with the same type of aircraft or at least assuring the same type of mission
* units of maintenance and support.

Escadres (wings) were dissolved from 1993 as part of the Armées 2000 reorganisation, were reestablished in 2014.[60] The problems caused by having the aircraft maintenance units not responsible to the flying squadrons they supported eventually forced the change.

Four Escadres were reformed in the first phase:[60]

* 31e Escadre Aérienne de Ravitaillement et de Transport Stratégiques at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base on 27 August 2014
* 36e Escadre de Commandement et de Conduite Aéroportée at Avord Air Base on 5 September 2014
* Escadre Sol-Air de Défense Aérienne – 1er Régiment d'Artillerie de l'Air (ESADA – 1er RAA) at Avord Air Base (3 September 2014)
* the 3e Escadre de Chasse at Nancy-Ochey Air Base (5 September 2014)

In the second phase, the French Air Force announced in August 2015 the creation of six additional wings:[60]

* the 8e Escadre de Chasse at Cazaux Air Base (25 August 2015)
* the 4e Escadre de Chasse at Saint-Dizier ( 26 August 2015)
* the 64e Escadre de Transport at Évreux-Fauville Air Base (27 August 2015)
* the 2e Escadre de Chasse at Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base (3 September 2015)
* the 61e Escadre de Transport (fr:61e escadre de transport) at Orléans – Bricy Air Base (1 September 2015)
* the 30e Escadre de Chasse at Mont-de-Marsan Air Base (3 September 2015).

Also established was the Escadre Aérienne de Commandement et de Conduite Projetable at Évreux-Fauville Air Base on 27 August 2015.

The French Air and Space Force announced in August 2015 that unit numbering, moves of affected aircraft, and the transfer of historic material (flags, traditions and names) would be completed in 2016.[60]

* the 62e Escadre de Transport was re-constituted at Orléans – Bricy Air Base on 5 September 2017, taking over C-130 Hercules operations from 61e Escadre de Transport so the latter could specialise in A400M Atlas operations.

Another air force wing was added on September 5, 2019:

* the 33e Escadre de surveillance, de reconnaissance et d'attaque at Cognac – Châteaubernard Air Base, operating the air and space force's drone fleet.

### Squadrons and flights

[edit]

Commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, the Escadron is the basic operational unit. This term replaced that of Group as of 1949 with the aim to standardize usage with the allies of NATO who were using the term 'squadron'. However, the term Group did not entirely disappear: the term was retained for the Aerial Group 56 Mix Vaucluse, specialized in Special Operations or Group – Groupe de Ravitaillement en Vol 02.091 Bretagne (French: Groupe de Ravitaillement en Vol 02.091 Bretagne) which is still carrying the same designation since 2004.[citation needed]

A fighter squadron (escadron) can number some twenty machines, spread in general in three Escadrilles. A Transport Escadron (Escadron de Transport) can theoretically count a dozen Transall C-160, however, numbers are usually much less for heavier aircraft (three Airbus A310-300 and two Airbus A340-200 for the Transport Escadron 3/60 Estérel (French: Escadron de Transport 3/60 Estérel)).[citation needed]

The squadrons have retained the designations of the former Escadres disbanded during the 1990s. For instance: Transport Escadron 1/64 Béarn (French: escadron de transport 1/64 Béarn) (more specifically Transport Escadron 01.064 Béarn), which belonged to the 64th Transport Escadre (French: 64e Escadre de Transport) during the dissolution of the later (recreated in August 2015). Not all escadrons (Squadrons) are necessarily attached to an Escadre.[citation needed]

The Escadrille (flight) has both an administrative and operational function, even of the essential operational control is done at the level of the Esacdron. A pilot is assigned to the Escadrille, however the equipment and material devices, on the other hand, are assigned to the Escadron. Since the ESTA (Aeronautic Technical Support Escadrons) came into being, material devices and the mechanics have been assigned directly to the base then put at disposition of the based Escadrons.[citation needed]

The Escadrilles adopted the traditions of the prestigious units out of which most (SPA and SAL),[note 1] are those traditions of the First World War.[citation needed]

### Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air

[edit]

The Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air comprise:[61]

* Protection squadrons (French: Escadrons de protection) (EP)
* Air Parachute Commando 10 (French: Commando parachutiste de l'air) (CPA 10)
* Air Parachute Commando 20 (CPA 20)
* Air Parachute Commando 30 (CPA 30)

Protection Squadrons protect airbases inside and outside the national territory, and in exterior operations as well.

The CPAs carry out common missions, as well as specialized tasks including intervention and reinforcement of protection at the profit of sensible points " air " inside and outside the national territory.

## Air bases

[edit]

Main article: List of French Air and Space Force bases

Air bases in Metropolitan France

Flying activity in France is carried out by a network of bases, platforms and French air and space defence radar systems. It is supported by bases, which are supervised and maintained by staff, operational centres, warehouses, workshops, and schools. Both in France and abroad, bases have similar infrastructure to provide standardised support.

The French Air and Space Force has, as of 1 August 2014:

* Within the metropolitan territory of France, 27 airbases, out of the which 18 aeronautical platform with perceived runways and 5 Bases non-platform, two schools, 3 air detachments and " one attached air element " (EAR).
* Beyond the metropole/Europe, 7 Aerial Bases or permanent detachments in overseas or country.

A French Air and Space Force Dassault Rafale B at RIAT in 2009 Crotale missile-launchers of the Air Defense Ground-to-Air Squadron of the French Air and Space Force

Some French airbases house radar units (e.g. Lyon, Mont-Verdun, Drachenbronn, Cinq-Mars-la-Pile, Nice, Mont-Agel) to carry out air defence radar surveillance and air traffic control. Others house material warehouses or command posts. Temporary and semi-permanent foreign deployments include transport aircraft at Dushanbe (Tajikistan, Operation Héraclès), and fighter aircraft in N'Djamena (Tchad, Opération Épervier), among others.

As swift as the French Air and Space Force operates, the closure of aerial bases is more constant and immediate, having known a strong acceleration since the 1950s. An air base commander has authority over all units stationed on their base. Depending on the units' tasks, this means that they are responsible for approximately 600 to 2500 personnel.

On average, a base, made up of about 1500 personnel (nearly 3500 people including family), provides a yearly economic boost to its area of about 60 million euros. Consequently, determining the sites for air bases constitutes a major part of regional planning.[62]

Orange-Caritat Air Base

* BA 105 Évreux-Fauville Air Base. Command, operational and logistic support. Air transport units with 27× CASA CN-235M, 9× Transall C-160 NG.
* BA 107 Vélizy – Villacoublay Air Base. Helicopter and heavy air transport units.
* BA 113 Saint-Dizier – Robinson Air Base 4e Escadre de Chasse, 50× Rafale B and Rafale C.
* BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base. Air defence fighter base with 28× Mirage 2000-5F.
* BA 123 Orléans – Bricy Air Base. Air transport units with 17× Airbus A400M Atlas and 18× Lockheed C-130 Hercules. CFPSAA operational command.
* BA 133 Nancy – Ochey Air Base. Three strike fighter squadrons units with 70× Mirage 2000D,[63] SAM sqns.
* BA 279 Châteaudun Air Base. Airplane maintenance, repair and storage airbase.
* BA 702 Avord Air Base. CFAS nuclear strike stockpile. AWACS 4× E-3F Sentry unit.
* BA 705 Tours airbase. Fighter pilot training school were equipped with Alpha Jet. This school has been moved to BA 709 in 2020.
* DA 273 Romorantin air detachment. Logistics unit.
* BA 106 Bordeaux-Mérignac Airport. Transport support base for the air staff.
* BA 115 Orange-Caritat Air Base. 6× Mirage 2000B-S5.
* BA 118 Mont-de-Marsan Air Base. Home to 52× Rafale B and Rafale C. Home of CEAM, the Air and Space Force military experimentation and trials organisation, Air defence radar command reporting centre, and the air traffic control and air defence control training centre.
* BA 120 Cazaux Air Base, situated South-west of the port city of Bordeaux. Fighter pilot training squadron equipped with 45× Alpha Jet. Air and Space Force airplane stockpile.
* BA 125 Istres-Le Tubé Air Base. Two Transall C-160G strategic communication flight. Inflight refueling unit with 4× Airbus A330 MRTT. CEAM – the Air and Space Force military test centre.
* BA 126 Solenzara Air Base. Fighter gunnery range. SAR unit.
* DA 277 Varennes-sur-Allier. Air and Space Force supply depot. DA 277 was dissolved on 30 June 2015.
* Air Base 278 Ambérieu. Logistic support base.
* BA 701 Salon-de-Provence Air Base. Presentation Team equipped with 12× Alpha Jet. Officer instruction school. Enlisted instruction school.
* BA 709 Cognac – Châteaubernard Air Base. Basic flight training school equipped with 17× Pilatus PC-21 and UAV squadron with 8× MQ-9 Reaper.
* Air Base 721 Rochefort. Home of the NCO school, the École de formation des sous-officiers de l'armée de l'air.
* BA 942 Lyon – Mont Verdun Air Base. Air defence radar command reporting centre. National Air Operations Command (CNOA) location.
* EAR 943 Nice Mont-Agel. Air defence radar GM 406.
* DA 204 Bordeaux-Beauséjour air detachment. Logistic unit.
* EETAA 722 Saintes. Air and Space Force electronic, technical instruction also as Military basic Bootcamp.
* EPA 749 Grenoble. Air and Space Force child support school.

### Overseas

[edit]

Brétigny-sur-Orge Air Base

* BA 160 Dakar, Senegal. Mixed units.
* Réunion, Indian Ocean.
* BA 188 Djibouti, Africa. Mixed units.
* Air elements Libreville/Gabon.
* Air elements N’Djamena/Chad. Mixed units.
* BA 190 French Polynesia (Overseas collectivity). Mixed unit.
* BA 365 Martinique (French department), West Indies. Mixed unit.
* BA 367 French Guiana (French department), South America. Mixed units.
* BA 376 Base aérienne 186 Nouméa, New Caledonia (special collectivity of France)
* BA 104 Abu Dhabi

More than ten bases have been closed since 2009. Doullens Air Base (BA 922) was a former command and reporting centre; Toulouse - Francazal Air Base (BA 101), was closed on 1 September 2009; Colmar-Meyenheim Air Base (BA 132) was closed on 16 June 2010; Metz-Frescaty Air Base (BA 128) was closed on 30 June 2011; Brétigny-sur-Orge Air Base (BA 217), closed 26 June 2012; Cambrai - Épinoy Air Base (BA 103), was closed on 28 June 2012; Reims – Champagne Air Base (June 2012); Drachenbronn Air Base (BA 901) closed on 17 July 2015; Dijon Air Base (BA 102), was vacated on 30 June 2016;[64] Creil Air Base (BA 110) vacated on 31 August 2016; and Taverny Air Base (DA 921), the former Strategic Air Forces Command headquarters.

## Inventory

[edit]

### Aircraft

[edit]

This section duplicates the scope of other articles, specifically List of active military aircraft of the French Armed Forces#Air Force. Please discuss this issue and help introduce a summary style to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by splitting the content into a new article. (April 2024)

|

See also: List of active military aircraft of the French Armed Forces

Dassault Rafale B Dassault Mirage 2000 Boeing E-3F Sentry Airbus A330 MRTT Phénix Airbus A400M Atlas Airbus A330-200 presidential aircraft Dassault Falcon 2000EX Airbus H225M Caracal Dassault Mirage 2000B conversion trainer General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper UAV Aircraft  | Origin  | Type  | Introduced  | In service  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Combat aircraft[65]
Dassault Rafale B/C | France | Multirole fighter | 2006  | 97  |

* Additional units on order (185 Rafale in total planned for the Air Force)
* The Rafale B replaced the Mirage 2000N in the pre-strategic nuclear strike role
* 40 additional units (Rafale M) in naval service[5][66]
* The Rafale has undergone continuous evolution since its introduction through cyclical modernization programs. The F2 standard was the first to be delivered to the French Air Force and was introduced in 2006 (the F1 standard representing the first 10 Rafale production units delivered to the French Navy as an emergency replacement for its F-8 Crusader carrier-based fighters). The Rafale F3 entered operational service in 2009 and the F3-R standard in 2018. The Rafale F4 is scheduled to enter operational service in 2025 and the Rafale F5 in the early 2030s.[67][68]

Dassault Mirage 2000D | France  | Tactical bomber | 1995  | 64  |

* 48 units being modernized (mid-life upgrade program launched in 2016), with first modernized aircraft being delivered in January 2021
* 36 modernized units in service as of 2023[69][70]

Dassault Mirage 2000-5F | France  | Multirole fighter  | 1993  | 28  |
Mirage 2000B  | France  | Conversion trainer  | 1984  | 7  |
AWACS
Boeing E-3F Sentry | United States | AEW&C | 1990  | 4  |

* Fitted with the newer CFM56-2 engines
* All upgraded to the Block 40/45 standard, with the first modernized unit delivered in July 2014[71]
* To be succeeded by the Alliance Future Surveillance and Control (AFSC) in the early 2030s[72]

Reconnaissance
Dassault Falcon Archange | France  | SIGINT / ELINT / EW | TBD  | 0  |

* New generation strategic electromagnetic intelligence gathering and electronic warfare aircraft program launched in November 2019 to succeed France's aging Transall C-160 Gabriel (the 2 aircraft were withdrawn from service in May 2022).
* Under development by Dassault and Thales and based on the Dassault Falcon 8X
* 2 on order and an additional unit planned.
* Service entry expected in 2028.[73]

ASLR VADOR | United States  | ISTAR / SIGINT | 2022  | 2  |

* Based on the Beechcraft Super King Air 350 and equipped with sensors dedicated to both image-based intelligence and electromagnetic intelligence (sensors developed by Thales and Sabena Technics). Also scheduled to integrate Safran's Euroflir 410 optronic ball.
* 1 additional unit on order
* Purchase of 8 units in total originally planned but reduced to 3 in 2023. The leasing of additional ISTAR and SIGINT aircraft to complement the 3 VADOR and as an interim solution until the Archange's service entry is now the preferred option.[74]

Tanker
Airbus A330 MRTT Phénix | Europe | Aerial refueling / Airborne command and control node / Transport | 2018  | 12  | 15 planned in total (3 civilian Airbus A330-200 purchased in 2020 will be converted to complement the 12 MRTT ordered by 2025)[75]
Lockheed KC-130J | United States  | Aerial refueling / Transport  | 2019  | 2[76] |
Boeing KC135 | United States  | Aerial refueling  | 1964  | 3  | The original C135FR were retired between October 2020 and December 2023. The remaining 3 KC135 should remain in service until 2025[77]
Transport
Airbus A400M Atlas | Europe  | Tactical airlifter with strategic capabilities / Aerial refueling  | 2013  | 24  | 26 additional units on order[78]
Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules | United States  | Tactical airlifter  | 2018  | 2[79] |
Lockheed C-130 Hercules | United States  | Tactical airlifter  | 1987  | 14  | To be replaced by the Future Medium-size Tactical Cargo (FMTC) aircraft[80]
CASA CN235 | Spain  | Tactical airlifter  | 1993  | 27  | To be replaced by the FMTC aircraft[81][82]
Airbus A330-200 | Europe  | VIP transport | 2010

* * *

2020  | 4  |

* The first unit, in service since November 2010, is the main transport aircraft of the French President and part of the presidential fleet (7 aircraft in total)
* 3 additional units were ordered in August 2020 and delivered between November 2020 and November 2022. They will be converted into MRTT aircraft by 2025 in order to complement the 12 A330 MRTT purchased[75]

Dassault Falcon 7X | France  | VIP transport  | 2009  | 2  |

* Part of presidential fleet
* In service since 2009 and 2010 respectively[83]

Dassault Falcon 2000EX/LX | France  | VIP transport  | 2011  | 2  | Part of the presidential fleet
Dassault Falcon 900 | France  | VIP transport  | 1991  | 2  | Part of the presidential fleet[84]
Socata TBM 700 | France  | Liaison aircraft | 1990  | 15  | [85]
DHC-6 Twin Otter | Canada | Liaison aircraft  | 1978  | 5  |
Helicopter
Airbus Helicopters H225M Caracal | Europe  | Transport / CSAR helicopter  | 2006  | 10  |

* 32 H225M Caracal and H225 units scheduled to be in service by 2030 and all 36 planned by 2035
* 10 Caracal in service as of 2021, with additional units on order[86]
* All Caracal helicopters in service with the French Army (8 units) will also be transferred to the Air and Space Force after delivery of 18 NH90 Forces Spéciales to the army's 4th Special Forces Helicopter Regiment.

Airbus Helicopters H225 | Europe  | Transport / SAR helicopter  | 2016  | 2  | Additional units on order
Airbus Helicopters H215 Super Puma | France  | VIP transport helicopter  | 1984  | 3  |

* Dedicated to presidential and governmental transport
* Being replaced by the Airbus H225

Aérospatiale SA330 Puma | France  | Medium utility helicopter  | 1974  | 18  | Being replaced by the H225M Caracal
Eurocopter AS555 Fennec | Europe  | Light utility helicopter  | 1990  | 40  | To be replaced by the Airbus Helicopters H160M Guépard
Airbus Helicopters H160M Guépard | Europe  | Medium multirole helicopter  | TBD  | 0  | 40 units out of the 180 planned for the French Armed Forces are destined for the Air and Space Force.
Trainer aircraft
Dassault Mirage 2000B-S5 | France  | Conversion trainer | 1993  | 7  |
Pilatus PC-21 | Switzerland | Advanced trainer | 2018  | 26  |
Embraer EMB 121 Xingu | Brazil | Multi-engine trainer | 1982  | 22  |
Beechcraft Super King Air 350 Extended Range | United States  | Multi-engine trainer / Navigation trainer | 2020  | 1  | Training outsourced to CAE Aviation
Grob 120A-F | Germany | Basic trainer | 2007  | 18  | Fleet outsourced to Airbus Flight Academy[87]
Cirrus SR20 | United States  | Ab initio trainer | 2013  | 16  | Fleet outsourced to Airbus Flight Academy
Cirrus SR22 | United States  | Ab initio trainer | 2013  | 9  | Fleet outsourced to Airbus Flight Academy[88]
Diamond HK36 Super Dimona | Austria | Motor glider | 2010  | 5  |
Airbus Helicopters H225M Caracal | Europe  | Rotorcraft trainer | 2006  | 1  | [89]
Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet | France
Germany  | Advanced jet trainer
Aerobatic display | 1978  | 18  |

* The last six student fighter pilots trained on the Alpha Jet have received their badges in March 2023. The 53 aircraft dedicated to advanced jet training were thus retired and as of April 2024, discussions are taking place with the United Kingdom and Spain for a joint program to replace the jet trainer. The new aircraft is expected by 2032.
* 18 units remain in service with the Patrouille de France.[90]

Extra EA-300 | Germany  | Aerobatic display | 2005  | 3  |
UAVs
General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper | United States  | ISTAR / UCAV | 2013  | 12  |

* 4 systems (12 drones) in service as of 2023
* To be replaced by at least 6 Eurodrone systems by 2035 (first system to be delivered by 2030)[91][92]

### Satellites

[edit]

Mock-up of a CSO satellite Mock-up of a Pléiades satellite Mock-up of a CERES satellite Mock-up of the two Syracuse IV satellites Name  | Origin  | Type  | Introduced  | In service  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Airbus Defence and Space / Thales Alenia Space

CSO

| France  | Earth observation constellation | 2018  | 2 satellites  |

* Successor of the Helios 2 constellation
* CSO-1 launched in December 2018 and CSO-2 in December 2020
* The last satellite, CSO-3, is scheduled to be launched in 2024
* To be succeeded by a new generation optical intelligence constellation (IRIS) from 2028 onwards[93]

Airbus Defence and Space

Pléiades Neo

| France  | Earth observation constellation  | 2021  | 2 satellites  |

* Successor of the Pléiades constellation
* Pléiades Neo 3 and 4 launched in April and August 2021 respectively
* 4 satellites originally planned but the Pléiades Neo 5 and 6 were lost in December 2022 as a result of the failure of Vega C flight VV22

Airbus Defence and Space

Pléaides

| France  | Earth observation constellation  | 2011  | 2 satellites  |

* Pléiades 1A launched in December 2011 and Pléiades 1B in December 2012
* Still operational as of 2023

Airbus Defence and Space

Helios 2

| France  | Earth observation constellation  | 2004  | 2 satellites  |

* Successor of the Helios 1 constellation (launched in 1995 and decommissioned in 2012)
* Helios 2A launched in December 2004 and Helios 2B in December 2009
* Still operational as of 2023

Airbus Defence and Space / Thales Alenia Space

CERES

| France  | Electromagnetic intelligence constellation | 2021  | 3 satellites  |

* All 3 CERES satellites launched in November 2021
* To be succeeded by a new generation electromagnetic intelligence constellation (CELESTE) from 2029 onwards

Thales Alenia Space / Airbus Defence and Space

Syracuse IV

| France  | Telecommunication satellite constellation | 2021  | 2 satellites  |

* Successor of the Syracuse III constellation
* Syracuse 4A launched in October 2021 and Syracuse 4B launched in July 2023.
* 3 satellites originally planned but in April 2023, it was announced the first two satellites would be more than sufficient and that the last, Syracuse 4C (previously scheduled to be launched by 2025), would be cancelled in favor of financing the European Union's IRIS² satellite internet constellation. It was also announced a program to develop the next generation of communications satellite constellation (Syracuse V) would be launched in the 2024–2030 French Military Planning Law to succeed the Syracuse 4A and Syracuse 4B satellites in the 2030s.[94]

Thales Alenia Space

Syracuse III

| France  | Telecommunication satellite constellation  | 2005  | 2 satellites  |

* Syracuse 3A launched in October 2005 and Syracuse 3B in August 2006.
* Still operational as of 2023

Thales Alenia Space

Sicral 2

| France
Italy | Telecommunication satellite  | 2015  | 1 satellite  | Launched in April 2015
Thales Alenia Space

Athena-Fidus

| France
Italy  | Telecommunication satellite  | 2014  | 1 satellite  | Launched in February 2014
Galileo | Europe  | Global navigation satellite system | 2011  | 24 satellites  | Being launched since October 2011

### Air defense

[edit]

A SAMP/T launch module deployed Crotale NG Name  | Origin  | Type  | Introduced  | In service  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Eurosam SAMP/T Mamba | France
Italy  | High to medium air defense system  | 2011  | 8 batteries  |

* First French MAMBA squadron achieved operational status in October 2011
* To be succeeded by the SAMP/T NG (New Generation)
* 12 SAMP/T NG batteries planned in total (8 to be in service by 2030 and 12 by 2035)[95]

Thales Crotale NG | France  | Short range air defense system  | 1990  | 8–10 units  |

* To be replaced by the VL MICA NG medium-range surface-to-air missile system
* 12 VL MICA NG batteries planned in total (9 to enter service by 2030 et 12 by 2035)[96]

Thales/CS Group PARADE  | France  | Modular counter-drone platform  | 2023  | Unknown  |

* Development led by Thales and CS Group
* 6 systems to be delivered to the French Armed Forces in 2023 (the number of systems going to the Air and Space Force is unknown)
* 15 systems planned in total, with full delivery to be completed by 2030[97]

MC2 Technologies NEROD F5  | France  | Man-portable anti-drone jamming system  | 2020  | Unknown  | The NEROD F5 is a microwave jammer capable of disrupting and neutralizing all communication protocols used by drones. It neutralizes:

* the usual or improvised mini and micro drones by acting simultaneously on 4 remote control frequencies among 5 available
* the satellite navigation system of the targeted drone.[98]

### Surveillance systems

[edit]

The Air and Space Force operates a wide range of air and space surveillance systems. Among them, the:

* 23 CM
* ALADIN NGD tactical and air-transportable low- and very-low-altitude coverage radars
* ARES
* CENTAURE primary and secondary panoramic radars
* GRAVES space surveillance system
* Ground Master 406 and 403 AESA long-range air defense 3D radars
* Ground Master 200 AESA medium-range air defense 3D radars
* PAR NG new-generation precision approach radars
* SAT 3D
* SATAM
* TRAC 2400 long-range two-dimensional electronically scanned radars
* TRS 22XX and TRS 2215 three-dimensional long-range electronically scanned radars

## Personnel

[edit]

Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air at the opening of a war memorial Side cap of the French Air and Space Force personnel

Since the end of the Algerian War, the French Air and Space Force has comprised about 17 to 19% of the French Armed Forces.[99] In 1990, at the end of the Cold War, numbers reached 56,400 military personnel under contract, out of which 36,300 were part of conscription and 5,400 civilians.[100]

In 2008, forecasts for personnel of the French Air Force were expected to number 50,000 out of which 44,000 aviators on the horizon in 2014.

In 2010, the number personnel of the French Air Force was reduced to 51,100 men and women (20%) out of which: 13% officers; 55% sous-officier; 29% air military technicians (MTA); 3% volunteers of national service and aspirant volunteers; 6,500 civilians (14%). They form several functions:

Non-flying personnel

Non-navigating personnel of the French Air and Space Force include and are not limited to : Systems Aerial Mechanics (French: mécanicien système aéronautique), Aerial Controllers (French: contrôleur aérien), Meteorologists (French: météorologue), Administrative Personnel, Air Parachute Commandos (French: Commandos parachutistes de l'air), in Informatics, in Infrastructures, in Intelligence, Commissioner of the Armies (French: Commissaire) (Administrator Task).

Flying personnel

Pilots, Mechanical Navigating Officer (French: Mécanicien Navigant), Navigating Arms Systems Officer (French: Navigateur Officier Système d'Armes) (NOSA), Combat Air Medic (French: Convoyeur de l'Air) (CVA).

### Training of personnel

[edit]

Students of the École de l'air (Air School) during the military parade of July 14th in 2007 on the Champs-Élysées

Officers, within their recruitment and future specialty, are trained at:

* École de l'air (French: École de l'air) (Air School) de Provence[101]
* École Militaire de l'Air (French: École militaire de l'air) (Military Air School)
* École des commissaires des armées (French: École des commissaires des armées) (Commissioners Armies School)
* École de pilotage de l'Armée de l'air (French: École de pilotage de l'Armée de l'air) (Piloting School of the French Air and Space Force)
* École de l'aviation de transport (French: École de l'aviation de transport) (Aviation Transport School)
* École de l'aviation de chasse (French: École de l'aviation de chasse) (Aviation Hunter Fighter Pilot School)
* École de transition opérationnelle (French: École de transition opérationnelle) (Operational Transition School)

Officers of the French Air and Space Force are spread in three corps:

* Air Officer (French: Officiers de l'air)
* Officer Mechanics (French: Officiers Mécaniciens)
* Aerial Base Officer (French: officiers des bases de l'air), amongst which, officers of the Air Parachute Commandos (French: Commandos parachutistes de l'air) are featured.

Non-commissioned officers (Sous-Officiers) are trained at:

* École de formation des sous-officiers de l'Armée de l'air (French: École de formation des sous-officiers de l'Armée de l'air) (EFSOAA) de Rochefort
* École interarmées (French: École interarmées) (Inter-arm School) for administrative specialists
* Escadron de formation des commandos de l'air (French: Escadron de formation des commandos de l'air) (EFCA) at Orange-Caritat Air Base (BA 115) for the personnel concerned

Military Air Technicians (French: militaires techniciens de l’air) having been trained until 1 July 2015 at the Center of Elementary Military Formation (French: " Centre de formation militaire élémentaire ") of the Technical Instruction School of the French Air and Space Force (French: École d'enseignement technique de l'Armée de l'air) of Saintes. Since 1 July 2015, training has taken place at Orange-Caritat Air Base, within the " Operational Combatant Preparation Center of the Air Force " (French: Centre de préparation opérationnelle du combattant de l'Armée de l'air).

Air traffic controllers are trained at the Center of Instruction Control and Air Defense (French: Centre d'Instruction du Contrôle et de la Défense Aérienne).[102]

## Ranks

[edit]

Main article: Ranks in the French Air and Space Force

### Commissioned officer ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1

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Général d´armée aérienne | Général de corps aérien | Général de division aérienne | Général de brigade aérienne | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Commandant | Capitaine | Lieutenant | Sous-lieutenant
Rank group | Aspirant student | Officer cadet

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Aspirant élève de l'École de l'air | Aspirant élève de l'École militaire de l'air | Élève officier de l'École de l'air | Elève officier du personnel navigant

### Other ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1

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Major | Adjudant-chef | Adjudant | Sergent-chef | Sergent | Caporal-chef | Caporal | Aviateur 1e classe | Aviateur 2e classe

## See also

[edit]

* France portal

* List of Escadres of the French Air Force
* List of French Air and Space Force aircraft squadrons
* French Naval Aviation
* List of military aircraft of France

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Designations of Escadrilles composed of the identifying number of material devices (for instance SPA for escadrille equipped with SPAD, N for Nieuport, SAL for Salmson, etc.) and an order number.

## References

[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

* Olivier, Jean-Marc, (ed.), Histoire de l'armée de l'air et des forces aériennes françaises du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours" [History of the Air Force and French aerial forces since the 18th century to the present], Toulouse, Privat, 2014, 552 p.
* Pither, Tony (1998). The Boeing 707 720 and C-135. England: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85130-236-2.
* Diego Ruiz Palmer, "France's Military Command Structures in the 1990s," in Thomas-Durell Young, Command in NATO After the Cold War: Alliance, National and Multinational Considerations, U.S. Army Strategic Studies Institute, June 1997

## External links

[edit]

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* (in French) Official website
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Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War space race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* South Korean space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO 2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR 2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA 2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

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