G7

Intergovernmental political and economic forum

"Group of Six" redirects here. For the unofficial European group, see G6 (EU). For other uses, see G7 (disambiguation).

"Group of Seven" redirects here. For the Canadian group of artists, see Group of Seven (artists). For other uses, see Group of Seven (disambiguation).

For the Wikipedia speedy deletion policy, see WP:G7.

Group of Seven

* French: Groupe des sept
* German: Gruppe der Sieben
* Italian: Gruppo dei Sette
* Japanese: 主要国首脳会議, romanized: Shuyōkoku Shunōkaigi

G7 leaders attend a working session at the 2024 Italian G7 Summit in Borgo Egnazia (Fasano) in Apulia, Italy

The G7-states (blue) and the EU (teal)

* * *

Member states and key leaders:

* * *

|  Canada| Mark Carney,
Prime Minister

|

France| Emmanuel Macron,
President
Germany| Olaf Scholz,
Chancellor
Italy| Giorgia Meloni,
Prime Minister
Japan| Shigeru Ishiba,
Prime Minister
United Kingdom| Keir Starmer,
Prime Minister
United States| Donald Trump,
President
European Union|

* António Costa,
Council President
* Ursula von der Leyen,
Commission President

* * *

Formation|

* 25 March 1973
(51 years ago) (25 March 1973)
* (Library Group)
* 15 November 1975
(49 years ago) (15 November 1975)
* (1st G6 summit)

Founder|

Library Group:

* George Shultz
* Helmut Schmidt
* Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
* Anthony Barber

1st G6 summit:

* Gerald Ford
* Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
* Helmut Schmidt
* Aldo Moro
* Takeo Miki
* Harold Wilson

Founded at|

* Washington, D.C. (Library Group)
* Rambouillet (1st G6 summit)

Type| Intergovernmental organisation
Purpose| Political and economic forum

Formerly called

* Library Group
* Group of Six (G6)
* Group of Eight (G8) (reversion)

The Group of Seven (G7) is an intergovernmental political and economic forum consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States; additionally, the European Union (EU) is a "non-enumerated member". It is organized around shared values of pluralism, liberal democracy, and representative government.[1][2][3] G7 members are major IMF advanced economies.

Originating from an ad hoc gathering of finance ministers in 1973, the G7 has since become a formal, high-profile venue for discussing and coordinating solutions to major global issues, especially in the areas of trade, security, economics, and climate change.[4] Each member's head of government or state, along with the EU's Commission President and European Council President, meet annually at the G7 Summit; other high-ranking officials of the G7 and the EU meet throughout the year. Representatives of other states and international organizations are often invited as guests, with Russia having been a formal member (as part of the G8) from 1997 until its expulsion in 2014.

The G7 is not based on a treaty and has no permanent secretariat or office. It is organized through a presidency that rotates annually among the member states, with the presiding state setting the group's priorities and hosting the summit; Canada presides for 2025.[5] While lacking a legal or institutional basis, the G7 is widely considered to wield significant international influence;[6] it has catalyzed or spearheaded several major global initiatives, including efforts to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic, provide financial aid to developing countries, and address climate change through the 2015 Paris Agreement.[6][1][7] However, the group has been criticized by observers for its allegedly outdated and limited membership, narrow global representation, and ineffectualness.[8][9][10] The rise of BRICS+ for example, with its expanded membership and focus on South-South cooperation, reflects a broader shift in global power dynamics, with emerging economies gaining greater influence in international affairs.[11]

The G7 countries have together a population of about 780 million people (or almost 10% of the world population), comprise around 50% of worldwide nominal net wealth and as of 2024 about 30% of world GDP (as by purchasing power parity) and more than 44% of nominal gross domestic product.[12][13][14]

## History

[edit]

### Origins

[edit]

The concept of a forum for the capitalist world's major industrialized countries emerged before the 1973 oil crisis. On 25 March 1973, the United States secretary of the treasury, George Shultz, convened an informal gathering of finance ministers from West Germany (Helmut Schmidt), France (Valéry Giscard d'Estaing), and the United Kingdom (Anthony Barber) before an upcoming meeting in Washington, DC. United States president Richard Nixon offered the White House as a venue, and the meeting was subsequently held in its library on the ground floor;[15] the original group of four consequently became known as the "Library Group".[16] In mid-1973, at the Spring Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, Shultz proposed the addition of Japan, which all members accepted.[15] The informal gathering of senior financial officials from the United States, United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan, and France became known as the "Group of Five".[17]

In 1974, all five members endured sudden and often troubled changes in leadership. French president Georges Pompidou abruptly died, leading to a fresh presidential election that was closely won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. West German chancellor Willy Brandt, American president Richard Nixon, and Japanese prime minister Kakuei Tanaka all resigned due to scandals. In the United Kingdom, a hung election led to a minority government whose subsequent instability prompted another election the same year. Consequently, Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford, proposed a retreat the following year for the group's new leaders to learn about one another.

### First summit and expansion

[edit]

First G6 summit at the Château de Rambouillet in November 1975

At the initiative of Giscard d'Estaing and his German counterpart, Helmut Schmidt, France hosted a three-day summit in November 1975, inviting the Group of Five plus Italy, forming the "Group of Six" (G6).[18] Taking place at the Château de Rambouillet, the meeting focused on several major economic issues, including the oil crisis, the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, and the ongoing global recession.[19] The result was the 15-point "Declaration of Rambouillet", which, among other positions, announced the group's united commitment to promoting free trade, multilateralism, cooperation with the developing world, and rapprochement with the Eastern Bloc.[20] The members also established plans for future gatherings to take place regularly every year.

In 1976, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson, who had participated in the first G6 summit, resigned from office; Schmidt and Ford believed the group needed an English speaker with more political experience, and advocated for inviting Pierre Trudeau, who had been Prime Minister of Canada for eight years - significantly longer than any G6 leader. Canada was also the next largest advanced economy after the G6 members.[21] The summit in Dorado, Puerto Rico later that year became the first of the current Group of Seven (G7).[19]

In 1977, the United Kingdom, which hosted that year's summit, invited the European Economic Community to join all G7 summits; beginning in 1981, it has attended every gathering through the president of the European Commission and the leader of the country holding the presidency of the Council of the European Union.[22] Since 2009, the then-newly established position of the President of the European Council, who serves as the Union's principal foreign representative, also regularly attends the summits.

### Rising profile

[edit]

Flags of G7 members as seen on University Avenue, Toronto (September 2016)

Until the 1985 Plaza Accord, meetings between the seven governments' finance ministers were not public knowledge. The Accord, which involved only the original Group of Five, was announced the day before it was finalized, with a communiqué issued afterward.[23] The 1980s also marked the G7's expanded concerns beyond macroeconomic issues, namely with respect to international security and conflict; for example, it sought to address the ongoing conflicts between Iran and Iraq and between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan.

Following the 1994 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7. This informal arrangement was dubbed the "Political 8" (P8), colloquially the G7+1. At the invitation of the G7 leaders, Russian President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, and later as a full participant. After the 1997 meeting, Russia was formally invited to the next meeting and formally joined the group in 1998, resulting in the Group of Eight (G8).[19] Russia was an outlier in the group, as it lacked the national wealth and financial weight of other members, and at the time was not an established liberal democracy.[24][25] Its invitation, made during a difficult transition to a post-communist economy, is believed to have been motivated by a desire to encourage its political and economic reforms and international engagement.

Russia's membership was suspended in March 2014 in response to its annexation of Crimea.[26][27][28] Members stopped short of permanently ejecting the country,[29] and in subsequent years expressed an openness or express desire to reinstate Russian participation. In January 2017, Russia announced it would permanently leave the G8, which came into effect June 2018.[30][31] In 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump, backed by Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, advocated for Russia's return; all other members rejected the proposal, and Russia expressed no interest.[32]

## Renewed calls for expanded membership

[edit]

There have been various proposals to expand the G7. The U.S.-based Atlantic Council has held the D-10 Strategy Forum since 2014 with representatives from what it calls "leading democracies" which support a "rules-based democratic order", consisting of all members of the G7 (including the European Union) plus Australia and South Korea. Several democratic countries - including India, Indonesia, Poland, and Spain - participate as observers.[33] Centered around a similar mandate as the G7, the D-10 has been considered by some analysts to be an alternative to the group;[34] This is also favored by various think tanks and former British leader Boris Johnson.[33]

In 2019 under Putin, Russia had signaled support for the inclusion of China, India, and Turkey if the G7 had reinstated Russian membership.[35]

In 2020 under Trump, the U.S. had signaled support for the inclusion of Australia, Brazil, India, and South Korea, plus the reincorporation of Russia.[36][37] The leaders of the other six G7 members unanimously rejected this proposal.[38]

Also in November 2020, Jared Cohen and Richard Fontaine, writing in Foreign Affairs, suggested that the G7 might be expanded to a "T-12" of "Techno Democracies". Earlier, in June of that same year, the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) was announced. Something of a spin-out of the G7, founded by members Canada and France, GPAI's initial membership was 15, including both the EU and India, as well as Australia, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, and the Republic of Korea.[39]

Boris Johnson invited representatives of Australia and the Republic of Korea to the June 2021 G7 summit.[34] India was also invited to the 2021 summit, with an aim to "deepen the expertise and experience around the table" along with the other guests, according to a U.K. government statement.[40]

In 2021, French jurist and consultant Eric Garner de Béville, a member of the Cercle Montesquieu, proposed Spain's membership to the G7.[41] American Chargé d'Affaires in Spain, Conrad Tribble, stated that the United States "enthusiastically supports" a "greater" role of Spanish leadership at the international level.[42]

In April 2022, Germany confirmed it would be inviting India,[43] against rumours to the contrary.[44][45][needs update]

In March 2023, Japan's prime minister Fumio Kishida invited South Korea, Australia, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Vietnam, the Comoros (African Union president from February 2023 to February 2024), the Cook Islands (Pacific Islands Forum president from February 2021 to May 2024) and Ukraine to the 49th summit hosted in Hiroshima.[46][47][48][49][50][51]

Ronald A. Klain writing for the Carnegie Endowment, proposed creating the G9 by adding South Korea and Australia due to the Eurocentrism of the current alliance and rising challenges posed by China in Asia.[52]

In March 2025, Prime Minister of Canada Mark Carney invited President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy to attend the 51st G7 summit in Kananaskis, Alberta.[53]

## Activities and initiatives

[edit]

1st

3rd, 10th, 17th

4th, 11th

6th, 13th

8th

15th

18th

20th

22nd

24th

25th

27th

29th

31st

32nd

33rd

35th

37th

39th

40th

41st, 48th

43rd'

45th

47th

50th

class=notpageimage|

Host venues of G7 summits in Europe

The G7 was founded primarily to facilitate shared macroeconomic initiatives in response to contemporary economic problems; the first gathering was centered around the Nixon shock, the 1970s energy crisis, and the ensuing global recession.[54] Since 1975, the group has met annually at summits organized and hosted by whichever country occupies the annually-rotating presidency;[55] since 1987, the G7 Finance Ministers have met at least semi-annually, and up to four times a year at stand-alone meetings.[56]

Beginning in the 1980s, the G7 broadened its areas of concern to include issues of international security, human rights, and global security; for example, during this period, the G7 concerned itself with the ongoing Iran-Iraq War and Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.[55] In the 1990s, it launched a debt-relief program for the 42 heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC);[57] provided $300 million to help build the Shelter Structure over the damaged reactor at Chernobyl;[58] and established the Financial Stability Forum to help in "managing the international monetary system".[59]

2nd

7th

9th

14th

16th

21st

23rd

28th, 51st

30th

36th

38th

44th

class=notpageimage|

Host venues of G7 summits in North America

At the turn of the 21st century, the G7 began emphasizing engagement with the developing world. At the 1999 summit, the group helped launch the G20, a similar forum made up of the G7 and the next 13 largest economies (including the European Union), in order to "promote dialogue between major industrial and emerging market countries";[59] the G20 has been touted by some of its members as a replacement for the G7.[60] Having previously announced a plan to cancel 90% of bilateral debt for the HIPC, totaling $100 billion, in 2005 the G7 announced debt reductions of "up to 100%" to be negotiated on a "case by case" basis.[61]

Following the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, which was the worst of its kind since the 1970s,[62] the G7 met twice in Washington, D.C. in 2008 and in Rome, the following February.[63][64] News media reported that much of the world was looking to the group for leadership and solutions.[65] G7 finance ministers pledged to take "all necessary steps" to stem the crisis,[66] devising an "aggressive action plan" that included providing publicly funded capital infusions to banks in danger of failing.[67] Some analysts criticized the group for seemingly advocating that individual governments develop individual responses to the recession, rather than cohere around a united effort.[68]

5th, 12th, 19th

26th

34th

42nd

49th

class=notpageimage|

Host venues of G7 summits in Japan

In subsequent years, the G7 has faced several geopolitical challenges that have led some international analysts to question its credibility,[69] or propose its replacement by the G20.[70] On 2 March 2014, the G7 condemned the Russian Federation for its "violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine" through its military intervention.[71] The group also announced its commitment to "mobilize rapid technical assistance to support Ukraine in addressing its macroeconomic, regulatory and anti-corruption challenges", while adding that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was best suited to stabilizing the country's finances and economy.[71]

In response to Russia's subsequent annexation of Crimea, on 24 March the G7 convened an emergency meeting at the official residence of the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, the Catshuis in The Hague; this location was chosen because all G7 leaders were already present to attend the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit hosted by the Netherlands. This was the first G7 meeting neither taking place in a member state nor having the host leader participating in the meeting.[72] The upcoming G8 summit in Sochi, Russia was moved to Brussels, where the EU was the host. On 5 June 2014 the G7 condemned Moscow for its "continuing violation" of Ukraine's sovereignty and stated they were prepared to impose further sanctions on Russia.[73] This meeting was the first since Russia was suspended from the G8,[73] and subsequently it has not been involved in any G7 summit.

The G7 has continued to take a strong stance against Russia's "destabilising behaviour and malign activities" in Ukraine and elsewhere around the world, following the joint communique from the June 2021 summit in the U.K.[74] The group also called on Russia to address international cybercrime attacks launched from within its borders, and to investigate the use of chemical weapons on Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny.[74] The June 2021 summit also saw the G7 commit to helping the world recover from the global COVID-19 pandemic (including plans to help vaccinate the entire world); encourage further action against climate change and biodiversity loss; and promote "shared values" of pluralism and democracy.[40]

In 2022, G7 leaders were invited to attend an extraordinary summit of NATO called in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[75][76]

In April 2024, the G7 countries agreed to close all coal power plants in 2030-2035 unless their greenhouse gases will be captured or the countries will find another way to align their emissions with the 1.5 degree pathway.[77][78]

### 2019 Amazon rainforest fires and Brazil

[edit]

Further information: 45th G7 summit and 2019 Brazil wildfires

The G7 nations pledged US$20 million to help Brazil and other countries in South America fight the wildfires. This money was welcomed, although it was widely seen as a "relatively small amount" given the scale of the problem. Macron threatened to block a major trade deal between the European Union and Brazil (Mercosur) that would benefit the agricultural interests accused of driving deforestation. Soon after, Germany and the United Kingdom criticized the threat.[79]

### Summit organization

[edit]

The annual G7 summit is attended by each member's head of government.[80] The member country holding the G7 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting the year's summit. The serial annual summits can be parsed chronologically in arguably distinct ways, including as the sequence of host countries for the summits has recurred over time and series.[81] Generally every country hosts the summit once every seven years.[82]

Besides a main meeting in June or July, a number of other meetings may take place throughout the year; in 2021 for example, seven tracks existed for finance (4–5 June 2021), environmental (20 and 21 May 2021), health (3–4 June 2021), trade (27–28 May 2021), interior (7–9 September 2021) digital and technology (28–29 April 2021), development (3–5 May 2021) and foreign ministers.[83]

#### Friction with the United States

[edit]

Further information: Russo-Ukrainian War

The 2018 meeting in Charlevoix, Canada, was marred by fractious negotiations concerning tariffs and Donald Trump's position that Russia should be reinstated to the G7. The Trump administration had just imposed steel and aluminium tariffs on many countries, including European countries that are fellow members of the G7, and Canada, the host country for the 2018 meeting. Trump expressed dismay at Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau for holding a press conference in which Canada restated its position on tariffs (a public criticism of Trump's economic policy), and directed his representatives at the meeting not to sign the economic section of the joint communiqué that is typically issued at the conclusion of the meeting. German Chancellor Angela Merkel described Trump's behaviour as a "depressing withdrawal", while French President Emmanuel Macron invited him "to be serious".[84] In the final statement signed by all members except the US, the G7 announced its intention to recall sanctions and to be ready to take further restrictive measures within the next months against the Russian Federation for its failure to completely implement the Minsk Agreement.[85]

## List of summits

[edit]

Overview of G7 summits  #  | Date  | Host  | Host leader  | Location held  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

As the G6
1st | 15–17 November 1975 |  France | Valéry Giscard d'Estaing | Château de Rambouillet, Yvelines | The first and last G6 summit.
As the G7
2nd | 27–28 June 1976 |  United States | Gerald R. Ford | Dorado, Puerto Rico[86] | Also called "Rambouillet II". Canada joined the group, forming the G7.[86]
3rd | 7–8 May 1977 |  United Kingdom | James Callaghan | London, England | The President of the European Commission was invited to join the annual G7 summits.
4th | 16–17 July 1978 |  West Germany | Helmut Schmidt | Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia |
5th | 28–29 June 1979 |  Japan | Masayoshi Ōhira | Tokyo |
6th | 22–23 June 1980 |  Italy | Francesco Cossiga | Venice, Veneto | Prime Minister Ōhira died in office on 12 June; Foreign Minister Saburō Ōkita led the delegation that represented Japan.
7th | 20–21 July 1981 |  Canada | Pierre E. Trudeau | Montebello, Québec |
8th | 4–6 June 1982 |  France | François Mitterrand | Versailles, Yvelines |
9th | 28–30 May 1983 |  United States | Ronald Reagan | Williamsburg, Virginia |
10th | 7–9 June 1984 |  United Kingdom | Margaret Thatcher | London, England |
11th | 2–4 May 1985 |  West Germany | Helmut Kohl | Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia |
12th | 4–6 May 1986 |  Japan | Yasuhiro Nakasone | Tokyo |
13th | 8–10 June 1987 |  Italy | Amintore Fanfani | Venice, Veneto |
14th | 19–21 June 1988 |  Canada | Brian Mulroney | Toronto, Ontario |
15th | 14–16 July 1989 |  France | François Mitterrand | Paris, Paris | The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was formed.
16th | 9–11 July 1990 |  United States | George H. W. Bush | Houston, Texas |
17th | 15–17 July 1991 |  United Kingdom | John Major | London, England |
18th | 6–8 July 1992 |  Germany | Helmut Kohl | Munich, Bavaria | The first G7 summit in reunified Germany.
19th | 7–9 July 1993 |  Japan | Kiichi Miyazawa | Tokyo |
20th | 8–10 July 1994 |  Italy | Silvio Berlusconi | Naples, Campania |
21st | 15–17 June 1995 |  Canada | Jean Chrétien | Halifax, Nova Scotia |
22nd | 27–29 June 1996 |  France | Jacques Chirac | Lyon, Rhône | The first summit to debut international organizations, namely the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization.[87]
As the G8
23rd | 20–22 June 1997 |  United States | Bill Clinton | Denver, Colorado | Russia joined the group, forming the G8.
24th | 15–17 May 1998 |  United Kingdom | Tony Blair | Birmingham, West Midlands |
25th | 18–20 June 1999 |  Germany | Gerhard Schröder | Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia | The first summit of the G20 major economies at Berlin.
26th | 21–23 July 2000 |  Japan | Yoshirō Mori | Nago, Okinawa | South Africa was invited to the summit for the first time, and was thereafter invited annually without interruption until the 38th G8 summit in 2012. With permission from a G8 leader, other nations were invited to the summit on a periodical basis for the first time. Nigeria, Algeria, and Senegal accepted their invitations here. The World Health Organization was also invited for the first time.[87]
27th | 20–22 July 2001 |  Italy | Silvio Berlusconi | Genoa, Liguria | Leaders from Bangladesh, Mali, and El Salvador accepted their invitations here.[87] Demonstrator Carlo Giuliani was shot and killed by the Carabinieri during a violent demonstration. One of the largest and most violent anti-globalization movement protests occurred during the summit.[88] Following those events and the 11 September attacks two months later in 2001, the summits have been held at more remote locations.
28th | 26–27 June 2002 |  Canada | Jean Chrétien | Kananaskis, Alberta | Russia gained permission to officially host a G8 Summit. Also, this meeting was the first Kananaskis G7/G8 Summit, as the area will host it again in 2025.
29th | 1–3 June 2003 |  France | Jacques Chirac | Évian-les-Bains, Haute-Savoie | The G8+5 was unofficially formed when China, India, Brazil, and Mexico were invited to this summit for the first time (the other member of the +5 was South Africa). Other first-time nations that were invited by the French president included Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, and Switzerland.[87]
30th | 8–10 June 2004 |  United States | George W. Bush | Sea Island, Georgia | A record number of leaders from 12 different nations accepted their invitations here. Amongst a couple of veteran nations, the others were: Ghana, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Yemen, and Uganda.[87] The state funeral of former President Ronald Reagan took place in Washington during the summit. Many of the G8 leaders attended this funeral, along with 20 other heads of state.
31st | 6–8 July 2005 |  United Kingdom | Tony Blair | Gleneagles, Scotland | The G8+5 was officially formed. On the second day of the meeting, suicide bombers killed 52 people on the London Underground and a bus. Ethiopia and Tanzania were invited for the first time. The African Union and the International Energy Agency made their debut here.[87] 225,000 people took to the streets of Edinburgh as part of the Make Poverty History campaign calling for Trade Justice, Debt Relief and Better Aid. Numerous other demonstrations also took place challenging the legitimacy of the G8.[89]
32nd | 15–17 July 2006 |  Russia
(G8 member, not G7)[24] | Vladimir Putin | Strelna, Saint Petersburg | The only G8 summit held in Russia. The International Atomic Energy Agency and UNESCO made their debut here.[87]
33rd | 6–8 June 2007 |  Germany | Angela Merkel | Heiligendamm, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | Seven different international organizations accepted their invitations to this summit. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Commonwealth of Independent States made their debut here.[87]
34th | 7–9 July 2008 |  Japan | Yasuo Fukuda | Tōyako, Hokkaidō | Australia, Indonesia, and South Korea accepted their G8 summit invitations for the first time.[87]
35th | 8–10 July 2009 |  Italy | Silvio Berlusconi | L'Aquila, Abruzzo | This G8 summit was originally planned to be held in La Maddalena (Sardinia), but was moved to L'Aquila as a way of showing Prime Minister Berlusconi's desire to help the region after the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake.[90] With 15 invited countries, it was the most heavily attended summit in the history of the group. Angola, Denmark, Netherlands, and Spain accepted their invitations for the first time.[91] A record of 11 international organizations were represented in this summit. For the first time, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the World Food Programme, and the International Labour Organization accepted their invitations.[92]
36th | 25–26 June 2010[93] |  Canada | Stephen Harper | Huntsville, Ontario[94] | Malawi, Colombia, Haiti, and Jamaica accepted their invitations for the first time.[95]
37th | 26–27 May 2011 |  France | Nicolas Sarkozy | Deauville,[96][97] Calvados | Guinea, Niger, Côte d'Ivoire, and Tunisia accepted their invitations for the first time. The League of Arab States made its debut in the meeting.[98]
38th | 18–19 May 2012 |  United States | Barack Obama | Camp David, Maryland | The summit was originally planned for Chicago, along with the NATO summit,[99] but on 5 March 2012 an official announcement was made that the summit would be held at the more private location of Camp David, and starting one day earlier than previously scheduled.[100] The second summit in which one of the leaders, in this case Vladimir Putin, declined to participate. The summit concentrated on the core leaders only, as no non-G8 leaders or international organizations were invited.
39th | 17–18 June 2013 |  United Kingdom | David Cameron | Lough Erne, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland[101] | As in 2012, only the core members of the G8 attended this meeting. The four main topics that were discussed here were trade, government transparency, tackling tax evasion, and the ongoing Syrian crisis.[102]
As the G7
40th | 4–5 June 2014 |  European Union | Herman Van Rompuy
José Manuel Barroso | Brussels, Belgium | This summit was originally planned to be held in Sochi, Russia, but was relocated, with Russia disinvited, due to the latter's annexation of Crimea.[103][104] Thus, the grouping reverted from G8 back to G7. (There was an emergency meeting in March 2014 in The Hague.)
41st | 7–8 June 2015 |  Germany | Angela Merkel | Schloss Elmau, Bavaria[105] | The summit was focused on the global economy, as well as on key issues regarding foreign, security, and development policy.[106] The Global Apollo Programme was also on the agenda.[107]
42nd | 26–27 May 2016[108][109] |  Japan | Shinzō Abe | Shima, Mie Prefecture[110] | The G7 leaders aimed to address challenges affecting the growth of the world economy, like slowdowns in emerging markets and drops in price of oil. The G7 also issued a warning to the United Kingdom that "a UK exit from the EU would reverse the trend towards greater global trade and investment, and the jobs they create and is a further serious risk to growth."[111] Commitment to an EU–Japan Free Trade Agreement.
43rd | 26–27 May 2017[112] |  Italy | Paolo Gentiloni | Taormina, Sicily[113] | The G7 leaders emphasized common endeavours: ending the Syrian crisis, fulfilling the UN mission in Libya, and reducing the presence of ISIS in Syria and Iraq. North Korea was urged to comply with UN resolutions, and Russian responsibility for the Ukrainian conflict was stressed. Supporting economic activity and ensuring price stability was demanded, while inequalities in trade and gender were called to be challenged. It was agreed to help countries in creating conditions that address the drivers of migration: ending hunger, increasing competitiveness, and advancing global health security.[114][115]
44th | 8–9 June 2018 |  Canada[116] | Justin Trudeau | La Malbaie, Québec (Charlevoix)[117] | The summit took place at the Manoir Richelieu. Prime Minister Trudeau announced five themes for Canada's G7 presidency, which began in January 2018. Climate, along with commerce trades, was one of the main themes. "Working together on climate change, oceans and clean energy."[118] The final statement contained 28 points. US President Donald Trump did not agree to the economic section of the final statement.[119] The G7 members also announced to recall sanctions and to be ready to take further restrictive measures against Russian Federation for its failure to implement the Minsk Protocol completely.[85]
45th | 24–26 August 2019 |  France[120] | Emmanuel Macron | Biarritz, Pyrénées-Atlantiques | It was agreed at the summit that the World Trade Organization, "with regard to intellectual property protection, to settle disputes more swiftly and to eliminate unfair trade practices", "to simplify regulatory barriers and modernize international taxation within the framework of the OECD", "to ensure that Iran never acquires nuclear weapons and to foster peace and stability in the region", and "to support a truce in Libya that will lead to a long-term ceasefire". The summit also addressed the Russian military intervention in Ukraine and the 2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests.[121][122][123][124]
46th | Cancelled |  United States (original host, none)[120] | Donald Trump (original host figure) | Camp David, Maryland (cancelled) | The summit was originally to be held in Camp David, Maryland, but was officially postponed on 19 March 2020 due to the concerns over the worldwide coronavirus pandemic, and was planned to be replaced by a global videoconference,[125] but in the end, no meeting was held.
47th | 11–13 June 2021[126] |  United Kingdom | Boris Johnson | Carbis Bay, Cornwall, England[127] | The summit reached provisional agreement on a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15%.[128]
48th | 26–28 June 2022[129] |  Germany[114] | Olaf Scholz | Schloss Elmau, Bavaria[130] | Discussed with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy virtually, and the statement on support for Ukraine was issued.[131][132] Also discussed with invited guests about global food security, gender equality and "Investing in a Better Future" on climate, energy and health, and G7 Leaders' Communiqué was issued after the summit meetings.[133][134]
49th | 19–21 May 2023[135] |  Japan[114] | Fumio Kishida | Hiroshima[136] | At the situation of the world facing multiple crises, including Russian invasion of Ukraine, climate crisis, pandemic, and geopolitical crisis, the G7 discussed to counter these crisis. The G7 affirmed to uphold "the free and open international order" based on "the rule of law", and strengthened the G7's outreach to the emerging and developing countries.[137] The long guest list reflects the attempts to woo what many call the "Global South", a term used for developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, all of whom have complex political and economic ties to both Russia and China.[138] President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy attended two sessions as guest and got a lot of attention.[139]
50th | 13–15 June 2024 |  Italy[114] | Giorgia Meloni | Fasano, Puglia | The 50th G7 summit hosted many guest international leaders representing Nations and International organizations such as the UN, IMF, and the World Bank. The summit also hosted Pope Francis of the Vatican in his first appearance at a G7 Summit. The Summit also hosted President Zelensky of Ukraine for the 3rd year since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Indian Prime Minister too attended the summit. The topics discussed included the ongoing war in Ukraine, The Middle East, climate change, China, Migration, and the Economy.[140][141]
51st | 15–17 June 2025[142] |  Canada[143] | Mark Carney | Kananaskis, Alberta[143] | The second time the Kananaskis area will host the G7 Summit.[144] The Host leader is the Prime Minister of Canada, originally Justin Trudeau. He announced his resignation on January 6, 2025. The 2025 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election concluded on March 9, 2025, and the Liberal party elected Mark Carney to be its next leader and Prime Minister of Canada.[145]

## Current leaders

[edit]

* Canada
Mark Carney,
Prime Minister

* France
Emmanuel Macron,
President

* Germany
Olaf Scholz,
Chancellor

* Italy
Giorgia Meloni,
Prime Minister

* Japan
Shigeru Ishiba,
Prime Minister

* United Kingdom
Keir Starmer,
Prime Minister

* United States
Donald Trump,
President

* European Union
António Costa,
President of the European Council

* European Union
Ursula von der Leyen,
President of the European Commission

Leaders of G7 members  Member  | Leader(s)  | Minister of Finance  | Central Bank Governor

|
|
|

Canada | Prime Minister | Mark Carney | Minister of Finance | François-Philippe Champagne | Governor | Tiff Macklem
France | President | Emmanuel Macron | Minister of the Economy and Finance | Éric Lombard | Governor | François Villeroy de Galhau
Germany | Chancellor | Olaf Scholz | Minister of Finance | Jörg Kukies | President | Joachim Nagel
Italy | Prime Minister | Giorgia Meloni | Minister of Economy and Finance | Giancarlo Giorgetti | Governor | Fabio Panetta
Japan | Prime Minister | Shigeru Ishiba | Minister of Finance | Katsunobu Katō | Governor | Kazuo Ueda
United Kingdom | Prime Minister | Keir Starmer | Chancellor of the Exchequer | Rachel Reeves | Governor | Andrew Bailey
United States | President | Donald Trump | Secretary of the Treasury | Scott Bessent | Chair | Jerome Powell
European Union | Council President[146] | António Costa | Commissioner for Economy | Valdis Dombrovskis | President | Christine Lagarde
Commission President[146] | Ursula von der Leyen

## Member country data

[edit]

The G7 is composed of the seven wealthiest advanced countries. The People's Republic of China, according to its data, would be the second-largest with 17.90% of the world net wealth,[147] but is excluded because of its relatively low net wealth per adult and Human Development Index.[24] As of 2021, Crédit Suisse reports the G7 (without the European Union) represents around 53% of the global net wealth;[148] including the EU, the G7 accounts for over 60% of the global net wealth.[148] The combined population of the G7 countries is about 10% of world population.[149]

Overview of G7 members  Member  | Trade mil. USD (2014)  | Nominal GDP (USD million)[150] | PPP GDP (Int$ million)[150] | Nominal GDP per capita ($)[150] | PPP GDP per capita (Int$)[150] | HDI (2022)  | Population (2022–2023)  | P5 | OECD | DAC | OIF | C'wth | NATO | Economic classification (IMF)[150] | Currency

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Canada | 947,200  | 2,089,672  | 2,385,124  | 52,722  | 60,177  | 0.935  | 39,891,963  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Advanced  | Canadian dollar
France | 1,212,300  | 2,923,489  | 3,872,729  | 44,408  | 58,828  | 0.910  | 68,042,591  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Euro
Germany | 2,866,600  | 4,308,854  | 5,545,656  | 51,383  | 66,132  | 0.950  | 84,270,625  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes
Italy | 948,600  | 2,169,745  | 3,195,548  | 36,812  | 44,160  | 0.906  | 58,815,463  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes
Japan | 1,522,400  | 4,409,738  | 6,456,527  | 35,385  | 51,809  | 0.920  | 124,470,000  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | global partner | Yen
United Kingdom | 1,189,400  | 3,158,938  | 3,846,931  | 46,371  | 56,471  | 0.940  | 67,026,292  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Pound
United States | 3,944,000  | 26,854,599  | 26,854,599  | 80,034  | 80,034  | 0.927  | 334,748,000  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | US dollar
European Union | 4,485,000  | 17,818,782  | 25,399,093  | 39,940  | 56,929  | 0.899 (2021)  | 446,828,803  | No  | participating partner | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | Advanced / Emerging and Developing[151] | Euro
Total (excl. EU)  | 12,630,500  | 45,915,035  | 52,157,114  | 59,072  | 67,103  | 0.922  | 777,264,934  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Reception

[edit]

According to the group hegemony theory, the G7 has helped stabilise and perpetuate an inequitable world economic order.[152]

### 2015 protests

[edit]

Further information: 41st G7 summit

About 7,500 protesters led by the group 'Stop-G7' demonstrated during the 2015 summit in Bavaria, Germany. About 300 of those reached the 3 m high and 7 km long security fence surrounding the summit location. The protesters questioned the legitimacy of the G7 to make decisions that could affect the whole world. Authorities had banned demonstrations in the area closest to the summit location and 20,000 police were on duty in Southern Bavaria to keep activists and protesters from interfering with the summit.[153][154]

### China

[edit]

In March 2025, the People's Republic of China's foreign ministry criticized the G7 for a statement that raised concerns about the PRC's nuclear buildup, maritime actions in the South China Sea, and market policies.[155][156]

## See also

[edit]

* Build Back Better World
* Capitalism
* D-10 Strategy Forum
* Developed country
* G4 (EU)
* G6 (EU)
* G8
* G8+5
* G10 currencies
* G20
* Great power
* Group of Twelve (G12)
* Junior 8
* List of country groupings
* List of G7 leaders
* List of multilateral free trade agreements
* OECD
* Quint
* BRICS
* MIKTA

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[edit]

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125. ^ Perano, Ursula; Treene, Alayna (19 March 2020). "White House cancels in-person G7 summit at Camp David due to coronavirus". Media. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
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## External links

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* 2023 G7 presidency Japan Archived 28 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
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* 2021 G7 presidency UK
* 2019 G7 presidency France
* G7/8 Information Centre – University of Toronto
* The EU engages in actions and discussions with other members of the G7 on topics relating to agriculture

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

G7 (Group of Seven)

* G6
* G8
* G8+5
* G14

Member countries|

| G7|

* Canada
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Japan
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

G8|

* Russia (Suspended)

Representative|

* European Union

G8+5|

* G8
* Brazil
* China
* India
* Mexico
* South Africa

G14|

* G8+5
* Egypt

Current politicians|

| Leaders|

* Carney
* Macron
* Scholz
* Meloni
* Kishida
* Starmer
* Trump
* Michel
* von der Leyen

|

Foreign ministers|

* Joly
* Colonna
* Baerbock
* Tajani
* Hayashi
* Lammy
* Blinken
* Borrell

Finance ministers|

* Champagne
* Le Maire
* Lindner
* Giorgetti
* Suzuki
* Reeves
* Yellen
* Gentiloni

Defence ministers|

* Blair
* Lecornu
* Lambrecht
* Crosetto
* Hamada
* Healey
* Austin

Justice ministers|

* Anandasangaree
* Dupond-Moretti
* Buschmann
* Nordio
* Furukawa
* Mahmood
* Garland
* Reynders

Interior ministers|

* McGuinty
* Darmanin
* Faeser
* Piantedosi
* Kaneko
* Cooper
* Mayorkas
* Johansson

Central bank governors|

* Macklem
* Villeroy de Galhau
* Nagel
* Visco
* Kuroda
* Bailey
* Powell
* Lagarde

Summits|

* 1975
* 1976
* 1977
* 1978
* 1979
* 1980
* 1981
* 1982
* 1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1986
* 1987
* 1988
* 1989
* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* 1993
* 1994
* 1995
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999
* 2000
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024

Agreements|

* Louvre Accord
* Heiligendamm Process
* Muskoka Initiative
* Gleneagles Dialogue
* Climate Change Roundtable

Lists|

* Leaders
* Summit resorts
* Junior 8

See also|

* G-20
* OECD

* Category
* Multimedia

* v
* t
* e

Heads of state of the Group of Seven

* Charles III (of Canada)
* Macron (of France)
* Steinmeier (of Germany)
* Mattarella (of Italy)
* Naruhito (of Japan)
* Charles III (of the UK)
* Trump (of the US)
* Costa (of the EU)

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the Group of Seven

* Canada: Carney
* France: Macron
* Germany: Scholz
* Italy: Meloni
* Japan: Ishiba
* United Kingdom: Starmer
* United States: Trump
* European Union: Costa / Von der Leyen

* v
* t
* e

Foreign ministers of the Group of Seven

* Joly
* Barrot
* Baerbock
* Tajani
* Iwaya
* Lammy
* Rubio
* Kallas

* v
* t
* e

Finance ministers of the Group of Seven

* Champagne
* Lombard
* Kukies
* Giorgetti
* Katō
* Reeves
* Bessent
* Dombrovskis

* v
* t
* e

Defence ministers of the Group of Seven

* Blair
* Lecornu
* Pistorius
* Crosetto
* Nakatani
* Healey
* Hegseth

* v
* t
* e

Interior ministers of the Group of Seven

* McGuinty
* Retailleau
* Faeser
* Piantedosi
* Murakami
* Cooper
* Noem
* Brunner

* v
* t
* e

Justice ministers of the Group of Seven

* Anandasangaree
* Darmanin
* Wissing
* Nordio
* Suzuki
* Mahmood
* Bondi
* McGrath

* v
* t
* e

Central bank governors of the Group of Seven

* Macklem
* Villeroy de Galhau
* Nagel
* Visco
* Ueda
* Bailey
* Powell
* Lagarde

* v
* t
* e

G6 / G7 / G8 summits

(1975)|

* 1st (Rambouillet 1975)

(1976–1996)|

* 2nd (Dorado 1976)
* 3rd (London 1977)
* 4th (Bonn 1978)
* 5th (Tokyo 1979)
* 6th (Venice 1980)
* 7th (Montebello 1981)
* 8th (Versailles 1982)
* 9th (Williamsburg 1983)
* 10th (London 1984)
* 11th (Bonn 1985)
* 12th (Tokyo 1986)
* 13th (Venice 1987)
* 14th (Toronto 1988)
* 15th (Grande Arche 1989)
* 16th (Houston 1990)
* 17th (London 1991)
* 18th (Munich 1992)
* 19th (Tokyo 1993)
* 20th (Naples 1994)
* 21st (Halifax 1995)
* 22nd (Lyon 1996)

(1997–2013)|

* 23rd (Denver 1997)
* 24th (Birmingham 1998)
* 25th (Cologne 1999)
* 26th (Kyusyu-Okinawa 2000)
* 27th (Genoa 2001)
* 28th (Kananaskis 2002)
* 29th (Évian-les-Bains 2003)
* 30th (Sea Island 2004)
* 31st (Gleneagles 2005)
* 32nd (Saint Petersburg 2006)
* 33rd (Heiligendamm 2007)
* 34th (Hokkaido-Toyako 2008)
* 35th (L'Aquila 2009)
* 36th (Huntsville 2010)
* 37th (Deauville 2011)
* 38th (Camp David 2012)
* 39th (Lough Erne 2013)

(2014–present)|

* 40th (Brussels 2014)
* 41st (Schloss Elmau 2015)
* 42nd (Ise-Shima 2016)
* 43rd (Taormina 2017)
* 44th (La Malbaie 2018)
* 45th (Biarritz 2019)
* ~~46th (Camp David 2020)~~
* 47th (Carbis Bay 2021)
* 48th (Schloss Elmau 2022)
* 49th (Hiroshima 2023)
* 50th (Fasano 2024)
* 51st (Kananaskis 2025)

* v
* t
* e

Power in international relations

| Types|

* Climate
* Economic
* Energy
* Food
* Hard
* Maritime
* National
* Politics
* Realpolitik
* Sharp
* Smart
* Soft

|

Status|

* Small
* Middle
* Regional
* Emerging
* Great (Least Great)
* Super (Potential)

Geopolitics|

* African
* American (Pax)
* Asian
* Chinese
* Indian
* Pacific

History|

* List of ancient great powers
* List of medieval great powers
* List of modern great powers
* International relations (1814–1919)
* Post-Western era

Theory|

* American decline
* Balance of power
* European
* Deterrence theory
* Hegemonic stability theory
* Internationalism
* Multilateralism
* Philosophy of power
* Polarity
* Power projection
* Power transition theory
* Second Superpower
* Sphere of influence
* Superpower collapse
* Superpower disengagement

Studies|

* Composite Index of National Capability
* Comprehensive National Power

Organizations and groups by region

| Africa|

* African Union
* Union for the Mediterranean

|

Africa–Asia|

* Arab League
* Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Americas|

* Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
* Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
* Central American Integration System (SICA)
* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
* Mercosur
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Organization of American States (OAS)
* Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)

Asia|

* Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
* Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
* Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
* Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)

Europe|

* Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
* Council of Europe (CoE)
* European Political Community (EPC)
* European Union (EU)
* Nordic Council
* Visegrád Group (V4)

Eurasia|

* Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
* Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
* Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
* Organization of Turkic States

North America–Europe|

* Arctic Council
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Africa–Asia–Europe|

* Union for the Mediterranean

Africa–South America|

* South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

Oceania–Pacific|

* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
* Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
* Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
* Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)

Non–regional|

* Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
* Commonwealth of Nations
* Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
* E9
* G4
* G7
* G8
* G8+5
* G20
* G24
* G77
* India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
* Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
* Uniting for Consensus

Global|

* United Nations (UN)

* v
* t
* e

Western world and culture

Foundations|

* Cradle of civilization
* Old World
* Greco-Roman world
* Greece
* Hellenistic Kingdoms
* Rome
* Roman Empire
* Western
* Eastern
* Roman legacy
* Romanization
* Romano-Germanic culture
* Gallo-Roman
* Christendom

History|

* European Bronze Age
* Classical antiquity
* Late antiquity
* Middle Ages
* early
* high
* late
* Renaissance
* Modern period
* Early modern period
* Age of Discovery
* Reformation
* Age of Enlightenment
* Scientific Revolution
* Age of Revolution
* Romanticism
* Abolitionism
* Emancipation
* Capitalism
* Industrial Revolution
* Great Divergence
* Modernism
* World War I
* Interwar period
* Universal suffrage
* World War II
* Cold War
* Post–Cold War era
* Information age
* War on terror

Culture|

* Alphabet
* Greek
* Latin
* Cyrillic
* Architecture
* Art
* Periods
* Calendar
* Cuisine
* Diet
* Classical tradition
* Studies
* Clothing
* History
* Dance
* Education
* Esotericism
* Astrology
* Folklore
* Immigration
* Law
* Languages
* Eurolinguistics
* Standard Average European
* Literature
* Canon
* Media
* Internet
* Music
* Chant
* Classical
* Folk
* Mythology
* Painting
* contemporary
* Philosophy
* Science
* Values
* Physical culture
* Sport
* Religion
* East–West Schism
* Western Christianity
* Decline
* Secularism

Philosophy|

* Ancient Greek philosophy
* Hellenistic philosophy
* Ancient Roman philosophy
* Christian ethics
* Judeo-Christian ethics
* Christian philosophy
* Scholasticism
* Rationalism
* Empiricism
* Existentialism
* Christian existentialism
* Humanism
* Christian humanism
* Secular humanism
* Liberalism
* Conservatism
* Socialism
* Continental philosophy
* Analytic philosophy
* Post-structuralism
* Tolerance
* Paradox
* Relativism
* Peritrope
* Atlanticism
* Sovereigntism
* Values
* European

Religion|

* Abrahamic
* Christianity
* Culture
* Western/Eastern
* Catholicism
* Latin Church
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Greek Orthodox Church
* Protestantism
* Judaism
* Culture
* Paganism
* Baltic
* Celtic
* Finnish
* Germanic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Frankish
* Gothic
* Old Norse
* Hellenistic
* Roman
* Slavic
* Neo
* Agnosticism
* Atheism

Law|

* Natural law
* Rule of law
* Equality before the law
* Constitutionalism
* Human rights
* Life
* Thought
* Speech
* Press
* Religion
* Property
* Democracy
* International law

Contemporary
integration|

* ABCANZ Armies
* AER
* Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
* ANZUK
* ANZUS
* Arctic Council
* AUKUS
* AUSCANNZUKUS
* Baltic Assembly
* Benelux
* British–Irish Council
* BSEC
* Bucharest Nine
* CANZUK
* CBSS
* CEFTA
* Council of Europe
* Craiova Group
* Eastern European Group
* Eastern Partnership
* EEA
* EFTA
* EPC
* ESA
* EU
* EU Customs Union
* Eurozone
* EU–UK TCA
* Five Eyes
* G7
* Lancaster House Treaties
* Lublin Triangle
* NATO
* Nordic Council
* OAS
* OECD
* Open Balkan
* OSCE
* Pacific Islands Forum
* PROSUR/PROSUL
* Rio Treaty
* Schengen
* Special Relationship
* Three Seas Initiative
* UKUSA Agreement
* USMCA
* Visegrád Group
* West Nordic Council
* Western Bloc
* Western European and Others Group
* Westernization

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Latvia
* Poland
* Israel

Other|

* IdRef

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