Ga (Indic)

Letter "Ga" in Indic scripts

Example glyphs
Bengali-Assamese|
Tibetan|
Thai|

Malayalam|

Sinhala|

Ashoka Brahmi|
Devanagari|
Cognates
Hebrew| ג
Greek| Γ
Latin| C, G, Ɣ
Cyrillic| Г, Ґ
Properties
Phonemic representation| /g/ /k/B /kʰ/C
IAST transliteration| ga Ga
ISCII code point| B5 (181)

^B In Khmer, Tai Viet, Tai Lü, Northern Thai and Tai Khün
^C In Thai and Lao

This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

Indic letters

Consonants
|  Ka|  Ca|  Ṭa|  Ta|  Pa|  Ya|  Śa

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Kha|  Cha|  Ṭha|  Tha|  Pha|  Ra|  Ṣa
Ga|  Ja|  Ḍa|  Da|  Ba|  La|  Sa
Gha|  Jha|  Ḍha|  Dha|  Bha|  Va|  Ha
Ṅa|  Ña|  Ṇa|  Na|  Ma| |
|  Ḷa|  Ḻa|  Ṟa| | |
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Vowels
|  A|  I|  U|  Ṛ|  Ḷ|  E|  O

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Ā|  Ī|  Ū|  Ṝ|  Ḹ|  Ai|  Au
Other marks

* Chandrabindu
* Anusvara
* Visarga
* Virama
* Nuqta
* Avagraha

Punctuation

* Daṇḍa

* v
* t
* e

Ga is the third consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ga is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter , which is probably derived from the Aramaic letter  (gimel, /g/) after having gone through the Gupta letter .

## Āryabhaṭa numeration[edit]

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ग are:[1]

* ग [gə] = 3 (३)
* ग [gɪ] = 300 (३००)
* गु [gʊ] = 30,000 (३० ०००)
* गृ [gri] = 3,000,000 (३० ०० ०००)
* गॣ [glə] = 3×108 (३०८)
* गे [ge] = 3×1010 (३०१०)
* गै [gɛː] = 3×1012 (३०१२)
* गो [goː] = 3×1014 (३०१४)
* गौ [gɔː] = 3×1016 (३०१६)

## Historic Ga[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoshthi, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ga as found in standard Brahmi,  was a simple geometric shape, with slight variations toward the Gupta . The Tocharian Ga  did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ga, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

### Brahmi Ga[edit]

The Brahmi letter , Ga, is probably derived from the Aramaic Gimel , and is thus related to the modern Latin G and C, and the Greek Gamma. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ga can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ga historic forms  Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE) | Girnar
(~150 BCE) | Kushana
(~150-250 CE) | Gujarat
(~250 CE) | Gupta
(~350 CE)

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### Tocharian Ga[edit]

The Tocharian letter  is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ga with vowel marks  Ga | Gā | Gi | Gī | Gu | Gū | Gr | Gr̄ | Ge | Gai | Go | Gau | Gä

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### Kharoshthi Ga[edit]

The Kharoshthi letter  is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Gimel , and is thus related to G and C, and Gamma, in addition to the Brahmi Ga.

## Devanagari script[edit]

Main article: Ga (Devanagari)

Devanāgarī

* Abugida
* Brahmic scripts
* Inherent vowel

Languages

* Hindi
* Marathi
* Nepali
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Sindhi
* Bodo
* Pali
* Prakrit
* Sanskrit and more

Transliteration

* IAST
* Hunterian
* NLK
* ISO 15919
* Harvard-Kyoto
* ITRANS
* Velthuis
* SLP1
* WX notation
* (ISCII)

Vowels and syllabic consonants

|  अ a|  ॲ æ|  ऄ|  आ (का) ā

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इ (कि) i| | |  ई (की) ī
उ (कु) u| | |  ऊ (कू) ū
ॶ (कॖ)| | |  ॷ (कॗ)
ऋ (कृ) r̥| | |  ॠ (कॄ) r̥̄
ऌ (कॢ) l̥| | |  ॡ (कॣ) l̥̄
ए (के) ē|  ऍ (कॅ) ê|  ऎ (कॆ) e|  ऐ (कै) ai
(कॕ)| | |  (कॎ)
ओ (को) ō|  ऑ (कॉ) ô|  ऒ (कॊ) o|  औ (कौ) au
ॳ (कऺ)| | |  ॴ (कऻ)
| | |  ॵ (कॏ)

* (Schwa deletion)

Consonants

|  क k|  क़ q| | |  ख kh|  ख़ k̲h̲| |

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ग g|  ग़ ġ|  ॻ gg| |  घ gh| |  ङ ṅ|

च c| | | |  छ ch| | |
ज j|  ज़ z|  ॼ jj|  ॹ ž|  झ jh|  झ़ zh|  ञ ñ|

ट ṭ| | | |  ठ ṭh| | |
ड ḍ|  ड़ ṛ|  ॾ ḍḍ|  ॸ ḍ|  ढ ḍh|  ढ़ ṛh|  ण ṇ|

त t| | | |  थ th| | |
द d| | | |  ध dh| |  न n|  ऩ ṉ

प p| | | |  फ ph|  फ़ f| |
ब b| |  ॿ bb| |  भ bh| |  म m|

य y|  य़ ẏ| |  ॺ|  र r|  ऱ ṟ|  ळ ḷ|  ऴ ḻ
ल l| | | |  व v| | |

श ś|  ष ṣ|  स s| |  ह h| |  ॽ|

* (Conjuncts)

Diacritics, punctuation, symbols

|  अं ṁ|  अः ḥ|  अँ m̐|  अऀ|  ऽ ’

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क़|  क्|  ३ 3|  ᳵ ẖ|  ᳶ ḫ
अ॑  `|  अ॒  _|  अ॓|  अ॔|  ॐ aum̐
।|  ॥|  ॰|  ॱ|  ₹ INR

* and more (Devanagari (Unicode block)
* Devanagari Extended
* Devanagari Extended-A
* Vedic Extensions)

Numerals

|  ० 0|  १ 1|  २ 2|  ३ 3|  ४ 4|  ५ 5|  ६ 6|  ७ 7|  ८ 8|  ९ 9

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* Āryabhaṭa
* Akṣarapallī
* Bhūtasaṃkhyā
* Kaṭapayādi

* v
* t
* e

Ga (ग) is the third consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ગ and the Modi letter 𑘐.

### Devanagari Gga[edit]

Gga (ॻ) is the character ग with an underbar to represent the voiced velar implosive [ɠ] that occurs in Sindhi. This underbar is distinct from the Devanagari stress sign anudātta. The underbar is fused to the stem of the letter while the anudātta is a stress accent applied to the entire syllable. This underbar used for Sindhi implosives does not exist as a separate character in Unicode. When the ु or ू vowel sign is applied to jja (ॻ), the ु and ू vowel signs are drawn beneath jja. When the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is applied to ja with an anudātta (ग॒), the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is first placed under ja (ग) and then the anudātta is placed underneath the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign.[3]

Character Name  | उ ( ु) vowel sign  | ऊ ( ू) vowel sign

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ॻ (Implosive ga)  | ॻु  | ॻू
ग॒ (Ga with anudātta)  | ग॒ु  | ग॒ू

An example of a Sindhi word that uses gga (ॻ) is ॻुड़ु (ڳُڙُ), which is of the masculine grammatical gender and means jaggery.[4]

### Devanagari Ġa[edit]

Ġa (ग़) is the character ग with a single dot underneath, corresponding with the Urdu (غ). It is used in Hindi words of Persian and Arabic origin to denote the voiced velar fricative [ɣ].[5][6]

### Devanagari-using Languages[edit]

In all languages, ग is pronounced as [gə] or [g] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ग with vowel marks  Ga | Gā | Gi | Gī | Gu | Gū | Gr | Gr̄ | Gl | Gl̄ | Ge | Gai | Go | Gau | G

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ग  | गा  | गि  | गी  | गु  | गू  | गृ  | गॄ  | गॢ  | गॣ  | गे  | गै  | गो  | गौ  | ग्

### Conjuncts with ग[edit]

Half form of Ga.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[7]

#### Ligature conjuncts of ग[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form  for an initial "R" instead of repha.

* Repha र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga: note

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

* ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature gra:

* ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature grya:

* ग্ (g) + न (na) gives the ligature gna:

* ग্ (g) + न্ (n) + य (ya) gives the ligature gnya:

* द্ (d) + ग (ga) gives the ligature dga:

* द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

#### Stacked conjuncts of ग[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

* ब্ (b) + ग (ga) gives the ligature bga:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature cʰga:

* ड্ (ḍ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ḍga:

* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ḍʱga:

* ग্ (g) + ज (ja) gives the ligature gja:

* ग্ (g) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature gjña:

* ग্ (g) + ल (la) gives the ligature gla:

* ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

* Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:

* ट্ (ṭ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ṭga:

* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ṭʰga:

* व্ (v) + ग (ga) gives the ligature vga:

## Bengali script[edit]

The Bengali script গ is derived from Siddhaṃ , and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line, and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ग. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter গ will sometimes be transliterated as "go" instead of "ga". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /go/. Like all Indic consonants, গ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali গ with vowel marks  ga | gā | gi | gī | gu | gū | gr | gr̄ | ge | gai | go | gau | g

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গ  | গা  | গি  | গী  | গু  | গূ  | গৃ  | গৄ  | গে  | গৈ  | গো  | গৌ  | গ্

### গ in Bengali-using languages[edit]

গ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

### Conjuncts with গ[edit]

Bengali গ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[8]

* দ্ (d) + গ (ga) gives the ligature dga:

* গ্ (g) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature gdʱa:

* গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

* গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature gdʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

* গ্ (g) + ল (la) gives the ligature gla:

* গ্ (g) + ম (ma) gives the ligature gma:

* গ্ (g) + ন (na) gives the ligature gna:

* গ্ (g) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature gṇa:

* গ্ (g) + ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature gnya, with the ya phala suffix:

* গ্ (g) + র (ra) gives the ligature gra, with the ra phala suffix:

* গ্ (g) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature grya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

* গ্ (g) + ব (va) gives the ligature gva, with the va phala suffix:

* গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature gya, with the ya phala suffix:

* ল্ (l) + গ (ga) gives the ligature lga:

* ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

* ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋgya, with the ya phala suffix:

* র্ (r) + গ (ga) gives the ligature rga, with the repha prefix:

* র্ (r) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature rgya, with repha and ya phala affixes:

## Gurmukhi script[edit]

Gagaa [gəgːɑ] (ਗ) is the eighth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [gəgːɑ] and is pronounced as /g/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter ga, and ultimately from Brahmi ga. Gurmukhi gagaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /g/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

## Gujarati Ga[edit]

Gujarati Ga.

Ga (ગ) is the third consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from Devanagari Ga , and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

### Gujarati-using Languages[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ગ is pronounced as [gə] or [g] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ga | Gā | Gi | Gī | Gu | Gū | Gr | Gl | Gr̄ | Gl̄ | Gĕ | Ge | Gai | Gŏ | Go | Gau | G

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Gujarati Ga syllables, with vowel marks in red.

### Conjuncts with ગ[edit]

Half form of Ga.

Gujarati ગ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

* ર્ (r) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature RGa:

* ગ્ (g) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GRa:

* ગ્ (g) + ન (na) gives the ligature GNa:

* દ્ (d) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature DGa:

## Telugu Ga[edit]

Telugu independent and subjoined Ga.

Ga (గ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಗ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

## Malayalam Ga[edit]

Malayalam letter Ga

Ga (ഗ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter  Ga. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ga matras: Ga, Gā, Gi, Gī, Gu, Gū, Gr̥, Gr̥̄, Gl̥, Gl̥̄, Ge, Gē, Gai, Go, Gō, Gau, and G.

### Conjuncts of ഗ[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

* ഗ് (g) + ഗ (ga) gives the ligature gga:

* ഗ് (g) + ഘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature gɡʱa:

* ഗ് (g) + ദ (da) gives the ligature gda:

* ഗ് (g) + ന (na) gives the ligature gna:

* ഗ് (g) + മ (ma) gives the ligature gma:

* ഗ് (g) + ര (ra) gives the ligature gra:

## Thai script[edit]

Kho khwai (ค) and kho khon (ฅ) are the fourth and fifth letters of the Thai script. They fall under the low class of Thai consonants. In IPA, kho khwai and kho khon are pronounced as [kʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [k̚] at the end of a syllable. The previous two letters of the alphabet, kho khai (ข) and kho khuat (ฃ), are also named kho, however, they all fall under the high class of Thai consonants. The next letter of the alphabet, kho ra-khang (ฆ), correspond to the Sanskrit letter ‘घ’. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants.

### Kho Khwai[edit]

In the acrophony of the Thai script, khwai (ควาย) means ‘water buffalo’. Kho khwai corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘ग’.

### Kho Khon[edit]

In the acrophony of the Thai script, khon (คน) means ‘person’. Kho khon (ฅ) represents the voiced velar fricative sound /ɣ/ that existed in Old Thai at the time the alphabet was created but no longer exists in Modern Thai. When the Thai script was developed, the voiceless velar fricative sound did not have a Sanskrit or Pali counterpart so the character kho khwai was slightly modified to create kho khon. During the Old Thai period, this sounds merged into the stop /ɡ/, and as a result the use of this letters became unstable. Although kho khon is now obsolete, it remains in dictionaries, preserving the traditional count of 44 letters in the Thai alphabet. When the first Thai typewriter was developed by Edwin Hunter McFarland in 1892, there was simply no space for all characters, thus kho khon was one of the two letters left out along with kho khuat.[9] Although kho khon does not appear in modern Thai orthography, some writers and publishers are trying to reintroduce its usage.

## Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Ke[edit]

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics

| E| Pe| Te
(Tte, Tye, Tthe)| Ke
(Qe)| Ce

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Me| Ne| Se| Ye| Re
She| Le| We| He| Fe
The| Ze| | |

* v
* t
* e

ᑫ, ᑭ, ᑯ and ᑲ are the base characters "Ke", "Ki", "Ko" and "Ka" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᒃ (K) is a small version of the A-series letter ᑲ, although the Western Cree letter ᐠ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for K. The character ᑫ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ग, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.[10][11] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant  | E-series  | I-series  | O-series  | A-series  | Other

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K + vowel  | ᑫ | ᑭ | ᑯ | ᑲ | ᢸ
Ke | Ki | Ko | Ka | Kay
Small  | - | ᣖ | ᒄ | ᒃ | ᐠ
- | Ojibway K | Kw | K | Cree K
K with long vowels  | - | ᑮ | ᑰ | ᑱ | ᑳ | ᑬ
- | Kī | Kō | Cree Kō | Kā | Kāi
K+ W- vowels  | ᑴ | ᑵ | ᑶ | ᑷ | ᑺ | ᑻ | ᑾ | ᑿ | ᢹ
Kwe | Cree Kwe | Kwi | Cree Kwi | Kwo | Cree Kwo | Kwa | Cree Kwa | Kway
K+ W- long vowels  | - | ᑸ | ᑹ | ᑼ | ᑽ | ᒀ | ᒂ | ᒁ | \-
- | Kwī | Cree Kwī | Kwō | Cree Kwō | Kwā | Naskapi Kwā | Cree Kwā | \-
Q  | - | ᕿ | ᖁ | ᖃ | ᖅ
- | Qi | Qo | Qa | Q
Q with long vowels  | - | ᖀ | ᖂ | ᖄ | ᕾ
- | Qī | Qō | Qā | Qāi
Slavey K forms  | ᒅ | ᒆ | ᒇ | ᒈ | \-
Ke | Ki | Ko | Ka |

## Odia Ga[edit]

Odia independent and subjoined letter Ga.

Ga (ଗ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  Ga. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ga with vowel matras  Ga | Gā | Gi | Gī | Gu | Gū | Gr̥ | Gr̥̄ | Gl̥ | Gl̥̄ | Ge | Gai | Go | Gau | G

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ଗ | ଗା | ଗି | ଗୀ | ଗୁ | ଗୂ | ଗୃ | ଗୄ | ଗୢ | ଗୣ | ଗେ | ଗୈ | ଗୋ | ଗୌ | ଗ୍

### Conjuncts of ଗ[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

* ର୍ (r) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

* ଗ୍ (g) + ର (ra) gives the ligature gra:

## Kaithi Ga[edit]

Kaithi consonant and half-form Ga.

Ga (𑂏) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  Ga. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ga with vowel matras  Ga | Gā | Gi | Gī | Gu | Gū | Ge | Gai | Go | Gau | G

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𑂏 | 𑂏𑂰 | 𑂏𑂱 | 𑂏𑂲 | 𑂏𑂳 | 𑂏𑂴 | 𑂏𑂵 | 𑂏𑂶 | 𑂏𑂷 | 𑂏𑂸 | 𑂏𑂹

### Conjuncts of 𑂏[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂏୍ (g) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature gra:

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂏 (ga) gives the ligature rga:

## Khmer Ko[edit]

| គ | ្គ

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Independent | Subscript
Khmer independent and subjoined letter Ko.

Ko (គ) is a consonant of the Khmer abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Pallava letter  Ga. Like in other Indic scripts, Khmer consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel. Actually, the sounds of the vowels are modified by the consonant; see the article on the Khmer writing system for details.

Khmer Ko with vowel matras  Ga | Gā | Gi | Gī  | Gu | Gū | Gr̥ | Gr̥̄  | Gl̥ | Gl̥̄ | Ge | Gai  | Go | Gau  | Gẏ | Gȳ | Gua | Goe  | Gẏa | Gia | Gae  | Gà | G

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គ | គា | គិ | គី | គុ | គូ | គ្ឫ | គ្ឬ | គ្ឭ | គ្ឮ | គេ | គៃ | គោ | គៅ | គឹ | គឺ | គួ | គើ | គឿ | គៀ | គែ | គៈ | គ៑

Note: The vowels (other than vocalic liquids) are shown using the ALA-LC scheme.[12]

Pali and Sanskrit are written as abugidas with the lack of a vowel between consonants notated as consonants indicated by vertically stacking the consonants without their touching. For phonetically final consonants, the lack of a vowel is marked by virama.

The Khmer language works the same, except that a different method is used for the last consonant of a word. The final consonant in a consonant stack is indicated as having no implicit vowel by applying tôndôkhéad to it. By default, a consonant surmounted by robat is silent and lacks an inherent vowel. The yŭkôlpĭntŭ positively indicates the presence of a final implicit vowel, plus its automatic glottal stop. Otherwise, there is no final vowel, unless the word is of Pali or Sanskrit origin, in which case the spelling is ambiguous. Up until the start of the 20th century, the lack of a final vowel could be indicating by subscripting the consonant, as then done in Lao and in other non-Indic languages using the Tai Tham script.

## Tai Tham Script[edit]

Tai Tham independent (ᨣ), subjoined (◌᩠ᨣ) and modified letter Low Ka (ᨤ).

Low Ka (ᨣ) is a consonant of the Tai Tham abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Pallava letter  Ga. The Tai Tham script was originally used to write Pali (the name 'Tham' is a local form of dharma), and faced the same limitations in writing Tai languages as Khmer had. The Thai solutions were adopted, with consonants being systematically modified by the addition of a tail to supply new consonants, mostly for fricatives. Low Ka was modified, yielding what for convenience we call Low Khha here. Both consonants are low consonants in the Tai alphabets. The two sounds, /ɡ/ and /ɣ/, subsequently merɡed in Lao as /kʰ/, and Low Khha is absent from the Lao variant of Tai Tham. The other Tai languages keep them separate, as /k/ and /x/.

### Low Ka[edit]

Like in other Indic scripts, Tai Tham consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel.

Tai Tham Low Ka with vowel matras  Syllable type | ga | gā | gi | gī | gư | gư̄ | gu | gū | gē | gǣ | gō

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Closed or open  | ᨣ | ᨣᩤ | ᨣᩥ | ᨣᩦ | ᨣᩧ | ᨣᩨ | ᨣᩩ | ᨣᩪ | ᨣᩮ | ᨣᩯ | ᨣᩮᩤ
| gai | gaư | gau | gō̹i
Open  | ᨣᩱ | ᨣᩲ | ᨣᩮᩢᩤ | ᨣᩮᩫᩢᩤ | ᨣᩮᩫᩤ | ᨣᩳ | ᨣᩭ
| go | ga | gō | gœ̄ | gō̹ | go̹
Open  | ᨣᩰᩡ | ᨣᩡ | ᨣᩰ | ᨣᩮᩬᩥ | ᨣᩮᩦ | ᨣᩬᩴ | ᨣᩴ | ᨣᩬᩳ | ᨣᩳ | ᨣᩰᩬᩡ | ᨣᩰᩬ
Closed  | ᨣᩫ | ᨣᩢ | ᨣᩰᩫ | ᨣᩮᩥ | ᨣᩮᩦ | ᨣᩬ | ᨣᩬᩢ
| gūa | gīa | gư̄a
Open  | ᨣ᩠ᩅᩫ | ᨣ᩠ᨿᩮ | ᨣᩮᩢ᩠ᨿ | ᨣᩮᩬᩥᩋ | ᨣᩮᩬᩨᩋ | ᨣᩮᩬᩨ
Closed  | ᨣ᩠ᩅ | ᨣ᩠ᨿ | ᨣᩮᩬᩥ | ᨣᩮᩬᩨ

Notes:

1. The transliteration scheme is an amalgamation of the ALA-LC schemes of Khmer[12], Pali[13] and Lao[14].
2. Many of the matras include subscript wa (), subscript ya (), subscript a () or even the letter a () itself. Anusvara () and visarga () are also used.
3. In the relevant Tai languages, a short vowel in an open syllable includes an underlyinɡ ɡlottal stop.

Additional short vowels not shown above may be synthesised from the corresponding long vowel by appending visarga for open syllables (as shown for go) or applying mai sat () for closed syllables (as shown for go̹). Unlike the other languages, Lao instead replaces an ī or ư̄ glyph by the corresponding short vowel.

The lack of a vowel between consonants notated as consonants is indicated by vertically stacking the consonants, generally without their touching. The Brahmi style of writing final consonants small and low developed, as vestigially seen in Khmer and Lao, into using subscripting to indicate that a consonant had no vowel of its own. In theory this leaves it ambiguous as to whether a consonant precedes or follows the vowel, but ambiguous cases are rare. Finally, if there is no room for the consonant below, it may be left as an 'independent' consonant or. in some cases, written superscript. Occasionally the visible virama (ra haam) is used, but this may signify that the consonant so marked is silent. The vowel /a/ will be made explicit if the final consonant is notated by a letter and is included in the same stack as the initial consonant or is written in a stack just consisting of that consonant.

Low Ka can serve as the initial consonant of a stack, and several examples can be seen above. It can also occur as the final element of a consonant stack in words of Indic origin, both in the cluster gg of a Pali word ᨾᨣ᩠ᨣ magga 'road' and as the final consonant after apocation of the final vowel, e.g. ᨶᩣ᩠ᨣ nāg 'nāga'.

In writing systems that make use of tall aa, as the initial letter of an akshara the letter is followed by tall aa. as shown in the table of matras above. This is because the sequence of letter and round aa ᨣᩣ could formerly be very similar to the independent letter high ka (). This rule is frequently neglected when a mark above would clearly disambiguate the two.

### Low Khha[edit]

Like in other Indic scripts, Tai Tham consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel.

Tai Tham Low Khha with vowel matras  Syllable type | G̣a | G̣ā | G̣i | G̣ī | G̣ư | G̣ư̄ | G̣u | G̣ū | G̣ē | G̣ǣ | G̣ō

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Closed or open  | ᨤ | ᨤᩣ | ᨤᩥ | ᨤᩦ | ᨤᩧ | ᨤᩨ | ᨤᩩ | ᨤᩪ | ᨤᩮ | ᨤᩯ | ᨤᩮᩣ
| G̣ai | G̣aư | G̣au | G̣ō̹i
Open  | ᨤᩱ | ᨤᩲ | ᨤᩮᩢᩣ | ᨤᩮᩫᩣ | ᨤᩳ | ᨤᩭ
| G̣o | G̣a | G̣ō | G̣œ̄ | G̣ō̹ | G̣o̹
Open  | ᨤᩰᩡ | ᨤᩡ | ᨤᩰ | ᨤᩮᩬᩥ | ᨤᩬᩴ | ᨤᩴ | ᨤᩬᩳ | ᨤᩳ | ᨤᩰᩬᩡ | ᨤᩰᩬ
Closed  | ᨤᩫ | ᨤᩢ | ᨤᩰᩫ | ᨤᩮᩥ | ᨤᩬ | ᨤᩬᩢ
| G̣ūa | G̣īa | G̣ư̄a
Open  | ᨤ᩠ᩅᩫ | ᨤ᩠ᨿᩮ | ᨤᩮᩬᩥᩋ | ᨤᩮᩬᩨᩋ | ᨤᩮᩬᩨ
Closed  | ᨤ᩠ᩅ | ᨤ᩠ᨿ | ᨤᩮᩬᩥ | ᨤᩮᩬᩨ

Notes:

1. The transliteration scheme is an amalgamation of the ALA-LC schemes of Khmer[12], Pali[15] and Lao[16].
2. Many of the matras include subscript wa (), subscript ya (), subscript a () or even the letter a () itself. Anusvara () and visarga () are also used.
3. In the relevant Tai languages, a short vowel in an open syllable includes an underlyinɡ ɡlottal stop.

This form occurs only as the initial consonant of a syllable. This letter combined in aksharas with the dependent vowel Ā uses round aa, as shown in the table of matras above, rather than tall aa.

## Comparison of Ga[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ga, are related as well.

Comparison of Ga in different scripts

| | | | | | Aramaic
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Kharoṣṭhī
𐨒| | | | | | Ashoka Brahmi
| | Kushana Brahmi[a]
| | Tocharian[b]
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| | | | Gupta Brahmi
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pallava
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kadamba
-| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | Bhaiksuki
𑰐| | Siddhaṃ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Grantha
𑌗| | Cham
ꨈ| |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sinhala
ග| | | Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-| | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Tibetan
| | | | Newa
𑐐| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ahom
𑜕| | | Malayalam
ഗ| |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Telugu
గ| | | Burmese
ဂ| | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Lepcha
ᰃ| | | | | Ranjana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saurashtra
ꢔ| | Dives Akuru
𑤎| |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kannada
ಗ| | Kayah Li
ꤌ| | | | | | | | | | | |
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Limbu
ᤃ| | | | | Soyombo[d]
𑩞| | | | | | | | | | | | | Khmer
គ| | Tamil
-| |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chakma
𑄉| | | Tai Tham
ᨣ / ᨤ| | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Meitei Mayek
ꯒ| | | | | Gaudi
-| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Thai
ค / ฅ| | Lao
ຄ| |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tai Le
-| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Marchen
𑱴| | | | | Tirhuta
𑒑| | | | | | | | | | New Tai Lue
ᦅ / ᦆ| | Tai Viet
ꪆ / ꪇ| | Aksara Kawi

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| 'Phags-pa
ꡂ| | | Odia
ଗ| | | | Sharada
𑆓| | Rejang
ꤱ| | | Batak
ᯎ| | | Buginese

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Zanabazar Square
𑨍| | | | | Bengali-Assamese
| | Takri
𑚌| | | | Javanese
ꦒ| | | Balinese
ᬕ| | Makasar

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Hangul[e]
ㄱ| | | | Northern Nagari
-| | Dogri
𑠌| | Laṇḍā
-| | | Sundanese
ᮌ| | Baybayin

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Modi
𑘐| | Gujarati
ગ| | | | | Khojki
𑈊| | | Khudabadi
𑊼| | | Mahajani
𑅗| | | Tagbanwa

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Devanagari
| | Nandinagari
𑦰| | Kaithi
| | | | Gurmukhi
ਗ| | Multani
𑊆| | | | Buhid

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Canadian Syllabics[f]
ᑫ| | Soyombo[g]
𑩞| | Sylheti Nagari
ꠉ| | Gunjala Gondi
𑵶| | | Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴎| | | Hanuno'o

Notes

1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

## Character encodings of Ga[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ga in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ga from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information  Preview |  |  | గ | ଗ | ಗ | ഗ | ગ | ਗ

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Unicode name  | DEVANAGARI LETTER GA  | BENGALI LETTER GA  | TELUGU LETTER GA  | ORIYA LETTER GA  | KANNADA LETTER GA  | MALAYALAM LETTER GA  | GUJARATI LETTER GA  | GURMUKHI LETTER GA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 2327 | U+0917 | 2455 | U+0997 | 3095 | U+0C17 | 2839 | U+0B17 | 3223 | U+0C97 | 3351 | U+0D17 | 2711 | U+0A97 | 2583 | U+0A17
UTF-8 | 224 164 151 | E0 A4 97 | 224 166 151 | E0 A6 97 | 224 176 151 | E0 B0 97 | 224 172 151 | E0 AC 97 | 224 178 151 | E0 B2 97 | 224 180 151 | E0 B4 97 | 224 170 151 | E0 AA 97 | 224 168 151 | E0 A8 97
Numeric character reference | &#2327; | &#x917; | &#2455; | &#x997; | &#3095; | &#xC17; | &#2839; | &#xB17; | &#3223; | &#xC97; | &#3351; | &#xD17; | &#2711; | &#xA97; | &#2583; | &#xA17;
ISCII | 181 | B5 | 181 | B5 | 181 | B5 | 181 | B5 | 181 | B5 | 181 | B5 | 181 | B5 | 181 | B5

Character information  Preview |

Ashoka

Kushana

Gupta

| 𐨒 |  | 𑌗

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Unicode name  | BRAHMI LETTER GA  | KHAROSHTHI LETTER GA  | SIDDHAM LETTER GA  | GRANTHA LETTER GA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 69653 | U+11015 | 68114 | U+10A12 | 71056 | U+11590 | 70423 | U+11317
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 149 | F0 91 80 95 | 240 144 168 146 | F0 90 A8 92 | 240 145 150 144 | F0 91 96 90 | 240 145 140 151 | F0 91 8C 97
UTF-16 | 55300 56341 | D804 DC15 | 55298 56850 | D802 DE12 | 55301 56720 | D805 DD90 | 55300 57111 | D804 DF17
Numeric character reference | &#69653; | &#x11015; | &#68114; | &#x10A12; | &#71056; | &#x11590; | &#70423; | &#x11317;

Character information  Preview |  | ྒ | ꡂ | 𑨍 | 𑐐 | 𑰐 | 𑆓

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Unicode name  | TIBETAN LETTER GA  | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER GA  | PHAGS-PA LETTER GA  | ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER GA  | NEWA LETTER GA  | BHAIKSUKI LETTER GA  | SHARADA LETTER GA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 3906 | U+0F42 | 3986 | U+0F92 | 43074 | U+A842 | 72205 | U+11A0D | 70672 | U+11410 | 72720 | U+11C10 | 70035 | U+11193
UTF-8 | 224 189 130 | E0 BD 82 | 224 190 146 | E0 BE 92 | 234 161 130 | EA A1 82 | 240 145 168 141 | F0 91 A8 8D | 240 145 144 144 | F0 91 90 90 | 240 145 176 144 | F0 91 B0 90 | 240 145 134 147 | F0 91 86 93
UTF-16 | 3906 | 0F42 | 3986 | 0F92 | 43074 | A842 | 55302 56845 | D806 DE0D | 55301 56336 | D805 DC10 | 55303 56336 | D807 DC10 | 55300 56723 | D804 DD93
Numeric character reference | &#3906; | &#xF42; | &#3986; | &#xF92; | &#43074; | &#xA842; | &#72205; | &#x11A0D; | &#70672; | &#x11410; | &#72720; | &#x11C10; | &#70035; | &#x11193;

Character information  Preview | ဂ | ᨣ | ᨤ | ᦅ | ᦆ

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Unicode name  | MYANMAR LETTER GA  | TAI THAM LETTER LOW KA  | TAI THAM LETTER LOW KXA  | NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW KA  | NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW XA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 4098 | U+1002 | 6691 | U+1A23 | 6692 | U+1A24 | 6533 | U+1985 | 6534 | U+1986
UTF-8 | 225 128 130 | E1 80 82 | 225 168 163 | E1 A8 A3 | 225 168 164 | E1 A8 A4 | 225 166 133 | E1 A6 85 | 225 166 134 | E1 A6 86
Numeric character reference | &#4098; | &#x1002; | &#6691; | &#x1A23; | &#6692; | &#x1A24; | &#6533; | &#x1985; | &#6534; | &#x1986;

Character information  Preview | គ | ຄ | ค | ฅ | ꪆ | ꪇ

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Unicode name  | KHMER LETTER KO  | LAO LETTER KHO TAM  | THAI CHARACTER KHO KHWAI  | THAI CHARACTER KHO KHON  | TAI VIET LETTER LOW GO  | TAI VIET LETTER HIGH GO
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 6018 | U+1782 | 3716 | U+0E84 | 3588 | U+0E04 | 3589 | U+0E05 | 43654 | U+AA86 | 43655 | U+AA87
UTF-8 | 225 158 130 | E1 9E 82 | 224 186 132 | E0 BA 84 | 224 184 132 | E0 B8 84 | 224 184 133 | E0 B8 85 | 234 170 134 | EA AA 86 | 234 170 135 | EA AA 87
Numeric character reference | &#6018; | &#x1782; | &#3716; | &#xE84; | &#3588; | &#xE04; | &#3589; | &#xE05; | &#43654; | &#xAA86; | &#43655; | &#xAA87;

Character information  Preview | ග | ꤌ | 𑄉 | 𑜕 | 𑤎 | ꢔ | ꨈ

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Unicode name  | SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA GAYANNA  | KAYAH LI LETTER GA  | CHAKMA LETTER GAA  | AHOM LETTER GA  | DIVES AKURU LETTER GA  | SAURASHTRA LETTER GA  | CHAM LETTER GA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 3484 | U+0D9C | 43276 | U+A90C | 69897 | U+11109 | 71445 | U+11715 | 71950 | U+1190E | 43156 | U+A894 | 43528 | U+AA08
UTF-8 | 224 182 156 | E0 B6 9C | 234 164 140 | EA A4 8C | 240 145 132 137 | F0 91 84 89 | 240 145 156 149 | F0 91 9C 95 | 240 145 164 142 | F0 91 A4 8E | 234 162 148 | EA A2 94 | 234 168 136 | EA A8 88
UTF-16 | 3484 | 0D9C | 43276 | A90C | 55300 56585 | D804 DD09 | 55301 57109 | D805 DF15 | 55302 56590 | D806 DD0E | 43156 | A894 | 43528 | AA08
Numeric character reference | &#3484; | &#xD9C; | &#43276; | &#xA90C; | &#69897; | &#x11109; | &#71445; | &#x11715; | &#71950; | &#x1190E; | &#43156; | &#xA894; | &#43528; | &#xAA08;

Character information  Preview | 𑘐 | 𑦰 | 𑩞 | ꠉ | 𑵶 |

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Unicode name  | MODI LETTER GA  | NANDINAGARI LETTER GA  | SOYOMBO LETTER GA  | SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER GO  | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER GA  | KAITHI LETTER GA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 71184 | U+11610 | 72112 | U+119B0 | 72286 | U+11A5E | 43017 | U+A809 | 73078 | U+11D76 | 69775 | U+1108F
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 144 | F0 91 98 90 | 240 145 166 176 | F0 91 A6 B0 | 240 145 169 158 | F0 91 A9 9E | 234 160 137 | EA A0 89 | 240 145 181 182 | F0 91 B5 B6 | 240 145 130 143 | F0 91 82 8F
UTF-16 | 55301 56848 | D805 DE10 | 55302 56752 | D806 DDB0 | 55302 56926 | D806 DE5E | 43017 | A809 | 55303 56694 | D807 DD76 | 55300 56463 | D804 DC8F
Numeric character reference | &#71184; | &#x11610; | &#72112; | &#x119B0; | &#72286; | &#x11A5E; | &#43017; | &#xA809; | &#73078; | &#x11D76; | &#69775; | &#x1108F;

Character information  Preview | 𑒑 | ᰃ | ᤃ | ꯒ | 𑱴

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Unicode name  | TIRHUTA LETTER GA  | LEPCHA LETTER GA  | LIMBU LETTER GA  | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER GOK  | MARCHEN LETTER GA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 70801 | U+11491 | 7171 | U+1C03 | 6403 | U+1903 | 43986 | U+ABD2 | 72820 | U+11C74
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 145 | F0 91 92 91 | 225 176 131 | E1 B0 83 | 225 164 131 | E1 A4 83 | 234 175 146 | EA AF 92 | 240 145 177 180 | F0 91 B1 B4
UTF-16 | 55301 56465 | D805 DC91 | 7171 | 1C03 | 6403 | 1903 | 43986 | ABD2 | 55303 56436 | D807 DC74
Numeric character reference | &#70801; | &#x11491; | &#7171; | &#x1C03; | &#6403; | &#x1903; | &#43986; | &#xABD2; | &#72820; | &#x11C74;

Character information  Preview | 𑚌 | 𑠌 | 𑈊 | 𑊼 | 𑅗 | 𑊆

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Unicode name  | TAKRI LETTER GA  | DOGRA LETTER GA  | KHOJKI LETTER GA  | KHUDAWADI LETTER GA  | MAHAJANI LETTER GA  | MULTANI LETTER GA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 71308 | U+1168C | 71692 | U+1180C | 70154 | U+1120A | 70332 | U+112BC | 69975 | U+11157 | 70278 | U+11286
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 140 | F0 91 9A 8C | 240 145 160 140 | F0 91 A0 8C | 240 145 136 138 | F0 91 88 8A | 240 145 138 188 | F0 91 8A BC | 240 145 133 151 | F0 91 85 97 | 240 145 138 134 | F0 91 8A 86
UTF-16 | 55301 56972 | D805 DE8C | 55302 56332 | D806 DC0C | 55300 56842 | D804 DE0A | 55300 57020 | D804 DEBC | 55300 56663 | D804 DD57 | 55300 56966 | D804 DE86
Numeric character reference | &#71308; | &#x1168C; | &#71692; | &#x1180C; | &#70154; | &#x1120A; | &#70332; | &#x112BC; | &#69975; | &#x11157; | &#70278; | &#x11286;

Character information  Preview | ᬕ | ᯎ | ᨁ | ꦒ | 𑻡 | ꤱ | ᮌ

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Unicode name  | BALINESE LETTER GA  | BATAK LETTER GA  | BUGINESE LETTER GA  | JAVANESE LETTER GA  | MAKASAR LETTER GA  | REJANG LETTER GA  | SUNDANESE LETTER GA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 6933 | U+1B15 | 7118 | U+1BCE | 6657 | U+1A01 | 43410 | U+A992 | 73441 | U+11EE1 | 43313 | U+A931 | 7052 | U+1B8C
UTF-8 | 225 172 149 | E1 AC 95 | 225 175 142 | E1 AF 8E | 225 168 129 | E1 A8 81 | 234 166 146 | EA A6 92 | 240 145 187 161 | F0 91 BB A1 | 234 164 177 | EA A4 B1 | 225 174 140 | E1 AE 8C
UTF-16 | 6933 | 1B15 | 7118 | 1BCE | 6657 | 1A01 | 43410 | A992 | 55303 57057 | D807 DEE1 | 43313 | A931 | 7052 | 1B8C
Numeric character reference | &#6933; | &#x1B15; | &#7118; | &#x1BCE; | &#6657; | &#x1A01; | &#43410; | &#xA992; | &#73441; | &#x11EE1; | &#43313; | &#xA931; | &#7052; | &#x1B8C;

Character information  Preview | ᜄ | ᝤ | ᝄ | ᜤ | 𑴎

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Unicode name  | TAGALOG LETTER GA  | TAGBANWA LETTER GA  | BUHID LETTER GA  | HANUNOO LETTER GA  | MASARAM GONDI LETTER GA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 5892 | U+1704 | 5988 | U+1764 | 5956 | U+1744 | 5924 | U+1724 | 72974 | U+11D0E
UTF-8 | 225 156 132 | E1 9C 84 | 225 157 164 | E1 9D A4 | 225 157 132 | E1 9D 84 | 225 156 164 | E1 9C A4 | 240 145 180 142 | F0 91 B4 8E
UTF-16 | 5892 | 1704 | 5988 | 1764 | 5956 | 1744 | 5924 | 1724 | 55303 56590 | D807 DD0E
Numeric character reference | &#5892; | &#x1704; | &#5988; | &#x1764; | &#5956; | &#x1744; | &#5924; | &#x1724; | &#72974; | &#x11D0E;
Character information  Preview | ᑫ | ᑭ | ᑯ | ᑲ | ᒃ

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Unicode name  | CANADIAN SYLLABICS KE  | CANADIAN SYLLABICS KI  | CANADIAN SYLLABICS KO  | CANADIAN SYLLABICS KA  | CANADIAN SYLLABICS K
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 5227 | U+146B | 5229 | U+146D | 5231 | U+146F | 5234 | U+1472 | 5251 | U+1483
UTF-8 | 225 145 171 | E1 91 AB | 225 145 173 | E1 91 AD | 225 145 175 | E1 91 AF | 225 145 178 | E1 91 B2 | 225 146 131 | E1 92 83
Numeric character reference | &#5227; | &#x146B; | &#5229; | &#x146D; | &#5231; | &#x146F; | &#5234; | &#x1472; | &#5251; | &#x1483;

* The full range of KE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 146B-1488, 166F, 18B8-18B9, & 18D6.

## See also[edit]

* Gimel

## References[edit]

1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
2. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
3. ^ Everson, Michael (30 March 2005). "Proposal to add four characters for Sindhi to the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
4. ^ Lekhwani, Kanhaiyalal. 1987 (1909). An intensive course in Sindhi. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages; [New York]: Hippocrene Books. OCLC 18986594
5. ^ Shapiro, Michael C. (1989). A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 20\. ISBN 978-81-208-0508-8. "In addition to the basic consonantal sounds discussed in sections 3.1 and 3.2, many speakers use any or all five additional consonants (क़ ḳ, ख़ ḳh,ग़ ġ, ज़ z, फ़ f) in words of foreign origin (primarily from Persian, Arabic, English, and Portuguese). The last two of these, ज़ z and फ़ f, are the initial sounds in English zig and fig respectively. The consonant क़ ḳ is a voiceless uvular stop, somewhat like k, but pronounced further back in the mouth. ख़ ḳh is a voiceless fricative similar in pronunciation to the final sound of the German ach. ग़ ġ is generally pronounced as a voiceless uvular fricative, although it is occasionally heard as a stop rather than a fricative. In devanāgari each of these five sounds is represented by the use of a subscript dot under one of the basic consonant signs."
6. ^ Morelli, Sarah (20 December 2019). A Guru’s Journey: Pandit Chitresh Das and Indian Classical Dance in Diaspora. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-05172-2. "Hindi has a nasal sound roughly equivalent to the n in the English sang, transliterated here as ṅ or ṁ, and has two slightly differing sh sounds, transliterated as ś and ṣ. ... A few words contain consonants used in Urdu or in loanwords from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and English: क़ (ق) is transliterated as q, ख़ (خ) as kh, ग़ (غ) as g, ज़ (ظ ,ز, or ض) as z, झ़ (ژ) as zh, and फ़ (ف) as f."
7. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
8. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
9. ^ "The origins of the Thai typewriter". Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
10. ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
11. ^ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
12. ^ a b c ALA-LC Romanization Tables, Khmer, rev. 2012.
13. ^ Pali (in various scripts) romanization table (ALA-LC)
14. ^ [https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/lao.pdf Lao romanization table (ALA-LC)
15. ^ Pali (in various scripts) romanization table (ALA-LC)
16. ^ [https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/lao.pdf Lao romanization table (ALA-LC)

* Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
* Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
* B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
* Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25189823.
* Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR 25189823.

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

* v
* t
* e

Devanāgarī

* Abugida
* Brahmic scripts
* Inherent vowel

Languages|

* Hindi
* Marathi
* Nepali
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Sindhi
* Bodo
* Pali
* Prakrit
* Sanskrit and more

Transliteration|

* IAST
* Hunterian
* National Library at Kolkata
* ISO 15919
* Harvard-Kyoto
* ITRANS
* Velthuis
* SLP1
* WX notation
* (ISCII)

Vowels and
syllabic consonants|

|  अ a|  ॲ æ|  ऄ|  आ (का) ā| | |

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इ (कि) i| | |  ई (की) ī| | |
उ (कु) u| | |  ऊ (कू) ū|  ॶ (कॖ)|  ॷ (कॗ)|
ऋ (कृ) r̥| | |  ॠ (कॄ) r̥̄| | |
ऌ (कॢ) l̥| | |  ॡ (कॣ) l̥̄| | |
ए (के) ē|  ऍ (कॅ) ê|  ऎ (कॆ) e|  ऐ (कै) ai|  (कॕ)|  (कॎ)|
ओ (को) ō|  ऑ (कॉ) ô|  ऒ (कॊ) o|  औ (कौ) au|  ॳ (कऺ)|  ॴ (कऻ)|  ॵ (कॏ)

* Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages

Consonants|

|  क k|  क़ q| | |  ख kh|  ख़ k̲h̲| | |  ग g|  ग़ ġ|  ॻ gg| |  घ gh| |  ङ ṅ|

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च c| | | |  छ ch| | | |  ज j|  ज़ z|  ॼ jj|  ॹ ž|  झ jh|  झ़ zh|  ञ ñ|
ट ṭ| | | |  ठ ṭh| | | |  ड ḍ|  ड़ ṛ|  ॾ ḍḍ|  ॸ ḍ|  ढ ḍh|  ढ़ ṛh|  ण ṇ|
त t| | | |  थ th| | | |  द d| | | |  ध dh| |  न n|  ऩ ṉ
प p| | | |  फ ph|  फ़ f| | |  ब b| |  ॿ bb| |  भ bh| |  म m|
य y|  य़ ẏ| |  ॺ|  र r|  ऱ ṟ|  ळ ḷ|  ऴ ḻ|  ल l| | | |  व v| | |
श ś| | | |  ष ṣ| | | |  स s| | | |  ह h| | |  ॽ
* Consonant conjuncts

Diacritics,
punctuation
and other symbols|

|  अं ṁ (anusvāra)|  अः ḥ (visarga)|  अँ m̐ (candrabindu)|  अऀ (inverted candrabindu)|  ऽ ’ (avagraha)

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क़ (nuqta)|  क् (virāma)|  ३ 3 (pluta)|  ᳵ ẖ (jihvāmūlīya)|  ᳶ ḫ (upadhmānīya)
अ॑ ` (svarita)|  अ॒ (anudātta)|  अ॓ (grave)|  अ॔ (acute)|  ॐ aum̐
। (daṇḍa)|  ॥ (double daṇḍa)|  ॰ (lāghava cihna)|  ॱ (high spacing dot)|  ₹ INR (Indian rupee sign)
* Devanagari (Unicode block)
* Devanagari Extended
* Devanagari Extended-A
* Vedic Extensions
* Devanagari Braille

Numerals|

|  ० 0|  १ 1|  २ 2|  ३ 3|  ४ 4|  ५ 5|  ६ 6|  ७ 7|  ८ 8|  ९ 9

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* Āryabhaṭa numeration
* Akṣarapallī
* Bhūtasaṃkhyā system
* Kaṭapayādi system
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*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template