Gagasan Rakyat

Not to be confused with Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah.

Political party in Malaysia

People's Might

Gagasan Rakyat

Founded| 1990
Dissolved| 1996
Preceded by| Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF)
Succeeded by| Barisan Alternatif (BA)
Headquarters| Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (DAP), (S46) & (KIMMA)
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (PBS)
Batu Caves, Malaysia (PRM)
Seri Kembangan, Malaysia (IPF)
Kota Bharu, Malaysia (HAMIM)
Membership| Democratic Action Party
United Sabah Party
Malaysian People's Party
Indian Progressive Front
Malaysian Solidarity Party
Semangat 46
Muslim People's Party of Malaysia
Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress
Ideology| Reformism

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The Gagasan Rakyat (GR or People's Might) was an opposition Malaysian political coalition. The now defunct political coalition was founded by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's formation of Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46 or Semangat 46) after leaving United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) that was declared illegal.[1] The coalition consisted Semangat 46, Democratic Action Party (DAP), United Sabah Party (PBS), Malaysian People's Party (PRM), Indian Progressive Front (IPF) and Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP) as the coalition components. It were also joined by three other component members from its allied opposition Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) coalition also led by Razaleigh consisting of himself Razaleigh's Spirit of 46 Malay Party (S46), Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA), Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM) and Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA). On 25 January 1995, DAP withdrew from the coalition while retaining its relations with Gagasan component parties.[2]

Both the Gagasan Rakyat and Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah opposition coalitions under the leadership of Razaleigh were defeated in the 1990 and 1995 general elections, and were subsequently dissolved in 1996 after Razaleigh decided to disband Semangat 46 to rejoin the UMNO.[3]

Not to be confused with Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (also abbreviated Gagasan Rakyat), a different party that was established in 2013 with 20 other parties registered under Societies Act 1966 (Malaysia).

## Component parties

[edit]

* Spirit of 46 Malay Party (Parti Melayu Semangat 46)
* Democratic Action Party (Parti Tindakan Demokratik)
* Parti Bersatu Sabah (United Sabah Party)[4]
* Malaysian People's Party (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)
* Indian Progressive Front (Barisan Progresif India)
* Malaysian Solidarity Party (Parti Solidariti Malaysia)

Three others also allied members of the Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah at the same time.

* Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia)
* Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (Kongres India Muslim Malaysia)

## Elected representatives

[edit]

* Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 8th Malaysian Parliament
* Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1990–95)
* Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 9th Malaysian Parliament
* Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1995–99)

## General election results

[edit]

Election  | Total seats won  | Total votes  | Share of votes  | Outcome of election  | Election leader

|
|
|
|
|

1990 |

34 / 180

| 1,113,488  | 19.4%  |  2, Opposition coalition | Lim Kit Siang
Joseph Pairin Kitingan
1995 |

17 / 219

| 910,769  | 15.3%  |  17, Opposition coalition | Lim Kit Siang
Joseph Pairin Kitingan
Included only Democratic Action Party and United Sabah Party

## State election results

[edit]

State election | State Legislative Assembly

|

Perlis State Legislative Assembly | Kedah State Legislative Assembly | Kelantan State Legislative Assembly | Terengganu State Legislative Assembly | Penang State Legislative Assembly | Perak State Legislative Assembly | Pahang State Legislative Assembly | Selangor State Legislative Assembly | Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly | Malacca State Legislative Assembly | Johor State Legislative Assembly | Sabah State Legislative Assembly | Total won / Total contested
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1990 |

0 / 14

1 / 28

0 / 39

0 / 32

14 / 33

13 / 46

1 / 33

6 / 42

4 / 28

3 / 20

3 / 36

36 / 48

1994 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

25 / 48

1995 |

0 / 15

0 / 36

0 / 43

0 / 32

1 / 33

1 / 52

1 / 38

3 / 48

2 / 32

3 / 25

0 / 40

|  |

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Wong Chin Huat (17 August 2007). "Splits in Umno and Opposition unity". The Sun. Retrieved 29 September 2021 - via Malaysian Bar.
2. ^ "DAP CEC decides that the party withdraws from Gagasan Rakyat " Pursuit of a Malaysian Dream". 25 January 1994.
3. ^ "S46-Dissolve: Parti Melayu Semangat '46 To Be Dissolved On Oct 6" (PDF). Bernama. 18 August 1996 - via Perdana Leadership Foundation Library.
4. ^ "The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in Sabah, East Malaysia: An Overview 1990-1994 International" (PDF). Hamdan Aziz (Ph.D) & Syahrin Said, Department of Nationhood and Civilization Studies, Centre for Fundamental and Liberal Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 12. 2017. ISSN 2222-6990. Retrieved 25 September 2021 - via HR Mars.

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Political parties in Malaysia

Parties represented in the Dewan Negara, Dewan Rakyat and/or State Assemblies

| Pakatan Harapan (PH)|

* Democratic Action Party (DAP)
* People's Justice Party (PKR)
* National Trust Party (AMANAH)
* United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO)

|

Barisan Nasional (BN)|

* United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
* Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA)
* Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)
* Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)

Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS)|

* United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB)
* Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP)
* Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS)
* Progressive Democratic Party (PDP)

Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)|

* Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN)
* United Sabah Party (PBS)
* Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR)
* Love Sabah Party (PCS)
* Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP)
* Sabah People's Hope Party (PHRS)

Perikatan Nasional (PN)|

* Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU)
* Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)
* Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN)

Other parties|

* Heritage Party (WARISAN)
* Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA)
* Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM)
* Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM)
* Independent

Parties without representation in the Parliament and State Assemblies

| Friends of Barisan Nasional|

* Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party (MMSP)
* Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA)
* Love Malaysia Party (PCM)
* All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front (IPF)
* Malaysian Indian United Party (MIUP)
* Punjabi Party of Malaysia (PPM)
* Parti Kuasa Rakyat (KUASA)*
* Minority Rights Action Party (MIRA)

|

Perikatan Nasional (PN)|

* Malaysian Indian People’s Party (MIPP)

Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)|

* United Sabah National Organisation (Baru) (USNO)
* Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA)|

* Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA)
* Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA)
* Parti Perikatan India Muslim Nasional (IMAN)

Other parties|

* Malaysian Indian People’s Party
* Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM)
* Sabah Native Co-operation Party (ANAK NEGERI)
* Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)
* People's Alternative Party (PAP)
* Malaysian Hope Party (PHM)
* Homeland Fighters' Party (PEJUANG)
* Socialist Alternative (SA)*
* Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM)
* Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)
* Malaysian People's Progressive Party (myPPP)
* People's Welfare Party (KITA)
* Malaysian United People's Party (BERSAMA)
* Malaysian Advancement Party (KEMAJUAN)
* Sabah People's Unity Party (PPRS)
* Penang Front Party (PFP)
* Malaysian United Party (MUP)
* Malaysian Ceylonese Congress (MCC)
* Sabah Nationality Party (PKS)
* Sabah National People's Unity Organisation (PERPADUAN)
* Sabah Truth Party (KEBENARAN)
* Sabahan Bugis United Party (PBBS)
* Sabah People's Economy Party (PERS)
* Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front (SAPU)
* Parti Damai Sabah (SPP)
* Land of the Hornbills Party (PBK)
* Malaysian Science Aspiration Party (SAINS)
* Economic Sarawak United People's Party (PERSB)
* Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party (PEACE)
* Malaysian Indian Justice Party (MIJP)
* Malaysian National Party (PNM)
* Malaysian Citizen National Party (PNPM)
* Green Party of Malaysia (PHM)
* People First Party (URPARTI)
* Malaysian Arc Party (BAHTERA)
* Barisan Penyatuan Nasional
* Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (ASPIRASI)
* Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (Baru) (PBDS)
* Parti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak (SEDAR)
* Sarawak for Sarawakian (S4S)
* Sarawak Independent Alliance (SIA)

Defunct parties and coalition

| Defunct coalitions|

* All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA)
* Labour Front (LF)
* Socialist Front (SF)
* Alliance Party (AP)
* Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF)
* Barisan Sabah
* Kumpulan Maju (MAJU)
* Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU)
* Gagasan Rakyat (GR)
* Barisan Alternatif (BA)
* Pakatan Rakyat (PR)

|

Defunct former parliamentary parties|

* Malayan Party (MP)
* Sarawak National Party (SNAP)
* Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS)
* Sarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS)
* Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM)
* National Party (Negara)
* Labour Party of Malaya (Lab)
* National Convention Party (NCP)
* Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA)
* Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS)
* Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP)
* Semangat 46 (S46)
* Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB)
* United Sabah National Organisation (USNO)
* United Pasok Momogun Organisation (UPMO)
* United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO)
* Sabah National Party (SANAP)
* Sabah Chinese Association (SCA)
* Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA)
* People's Justice Front (AKAR)
* Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS)
* United Democratic Party (UDP)
* Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP)
* Muslim League of Malaya (ML)
* National Association of Perak (NAP)
* Radical Party (RADICAL)
* Sarawak People's Organisation (SAPO)
* Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP)
* Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)
* Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA)
* Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA)
* Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS)
* Sabah Indian Congress (SIC)
* United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK)
* Sabah Democratic Party (PDS)

Other defunct parties|

* Independence of Malaya Party (IMP)
* Malayan Communist Party (MCP) (Revolutionary Faction) (Marxist-Leninist)
* Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM)
* North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP)
* Selangor Labour Party (SLP)
* Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN)
* Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU)
* Social Democratic Party (SDP)
* Province Wellesley Labor Party (PWLP)
* Purtobohan Bumi Putera (PURTOBOHAN)
* Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air (KITA)
* Independent People's Progressive Party (IPPP)
* Parti Umat Sarawak (UMAT)
* United People's Party (1976) (UPP)
* United Sabah People's Organisation (USPO)
* Sabah People's Democratic Party (SEDAR)
* United Sabah Assembly Party (PUSAKA)
* Parti Anak Jati Sarawak (PAJAR)
* Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS)
* Sarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU)
* Parti Nasionalis Malaysia (NASMA)
* Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah (BERSEPADU)
* Parti Bertindak Rakyat Sabah (BERSIH)
* Sabah Chinese Party (PCS)
* Sabah National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN)
* Sarawak United Labour Party (PLUS)
* Sabah People's Party (PRS)
* Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia (AKIM)
* United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA)
* Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP)
* Democratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP)
* Community Coalition Congress (CCC)
* Sabah People's Front (SPF)
* Parti Merdeka Malaysia (PMM)
* Human Rights Party (HRP)
* Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat (PPM)

* denotes non-registered parties

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