Gajapati Empire

Medieval Indian empire (1434–1541)

Gajapati Empire

1434–1541

South Asia
1525 CE

DELHI

SULTANATE
(LODIS)

TIMURID EMPIRE
(Babur)

SHAH MIR
SULTANATE

KANGRA

PHAGMODRUPAS

KHANDESH
SULTANATE

BERAR
SULTANATE

MALWA
SULTANATE

ARGHUNS

KALMAT

LANGAH
SULTANATE

AMARKOT

JAISALMER

SHEKHAWAT

BUNDI

BIKANER

GUJARAT
SULTANATE

MEWAR

MARWAR

AMBER

KARAULI

MEWAT

SIROHI

VAGAD

DIMASA

TRIPWA

AHOM

KAMATAS

SUGAUNAS

BENGAL
SULTANATE

GAJAPATI
EMPIRE

GONDWANA

AHMADNAGAR
SULTANATE

VIJAYANAGARA
EMPIRE

BIJAPUR
SULTANATE

BIDAR
SULTANATE

GOLKONDA
SULTANATE

Location of the Gajapati Empire and neighbouring polities, circa 1500 CE.[1]

Capital| Cuttack
Common languages|

* Odia (court language, literature)[2][3]
* Sanskrit (religious)[4]
* Other Indian languages

Religion

| Hinduism
Government| Monarchy
Gajapati|

• 1434–67

| Kapilendra Deva

• 1467–97

| Purushottama Deva

• 1497–1540

| Prataprudra Deva

• 1540–1541

| Kalua Deva

• 1541

| Kakharua Deva
Historical era| Medieval India

• Established

| 1434

• Disestablished

| 1541

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Eastern Ganga dynasty

|

| Bhoi dynasty |

|

Bahmani Sultanate |
Golconda Sultanate |
Bengal Sultanate |

The Gajapati Empire,[5][6] was an empire established by the Suryavamsa Dynasty (IAST: Sūryavaṃśa, "Solar dynasty")[7][8][9] or Routray dynasty,[10] who were a medieval Hindu dynasty in the Indian subcontinent. It originated in the region of Trikalinga (most of the present-day Odisha and Northern Coastal Andhra) and reigned from 1434 to 1541 CE. It succeeded the reign of the Eastern Gangas.

20°31′25″N 85°47′17″E﻿ / ﻿20.52361°N 85.78806°E﻿ / 20.52361; 85.78806

The Gajapati dynasty was established by Emperor Kapilendra Deva (1434–66 CE) in 1434. During the reign of Kapilendra Deva, the borders of the empire expanded immensely; Gajapati Empire acquired large parts of Andhra Pradesh and western regions of West Bengal,[11] it also included the eastern and central parts of Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand. Purushottama Deva and Prataparudra Deva are two other significant emperors from this dynasty. The last emperor Kakharua Deva was killed by Govinda Vidyadhara in 1541, who founded the Bhoi dynasty.

The Gajapati Emperors patronized Vaishnavite Hinduism and were ardent devotees of the God Vishnu. They also commissioned many temples dedicated to the God Vishnu.[12]

## Etymology

[edit]

In Odia, "Gaja" means elephant and "Pati" means master or husband. As such, Gajapati etymologically means a king with an army of elephants or master of elephants. Gajapati was one of the four titles adopted by kings who ruled in pre-colonial era India, the others being Narapati (e.g. Vijayanagara emperors), Aswapati (e.g. the Bahmani sultans), and Chattrapati.[13]

## History

[edit]

The region known as Kalinga (present-day Odisha) was ruled by the Eastern Gangas.The early Eastern Gangas ruled from Kalinga-nagara (currently Mukhalingam near Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh). They shifted their capital to Cuttack in the 13th century. The Hindu philosopher Ramanujacharya had a great influence on the Raja Choda Ganga Deva, who renovated the temple at Puri. Narasingha Deva I built the Sun Temple at Konark and Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam at Visakhapatnam. The Gangas were succeeded by the Gajapati monarchs. Two copper plates of the early Pallava dynasty have been found in the Kolleru Lake, traced to Gajapati Langula Narasimha Deva, an Oriya ruler (Odia Raja). According to legend, the Gajapati fort was located at Kolleti Kota on one of the eastern islands of the lake, which protected the Odia forces. The enemy general encamped at Chiguru Kota located on the shores and tried to excavate a channel in the modern-day Upputeru, so that the water of the lake would empty into the sea and allow an attack on the Gajapati fort.[citation needed]

Kapileswar Temple at old Bhubaneswar built during the reign of Kapilendra Deva (r. 1434–66).

The Gajapatis at the height of their power in the 15th century, ruled over an empire extending from the Ganges in the north near Hoogly to the Kaveri in the south under the Emperor Kapilendra Deva.[citation needed] But by the early 16th century, the Gajapatis lost great portions of their southern dominion to the Vijayanagara Empire and the Turko-Persian Golconda Sultanate.[14] This period was marked by the influence of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and by the expansion of Jagannath temple across the length and breadth of the empire. One of the causes of the reduction in militarism among the population has been attested to the Bhakti movement initiated by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, who arrived in the empire during the reign of Emperor Prataparudra and stayed for 18 long years at Puri.[citation needed] Emperor Prataparudra was highly influenced by the works of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and gave up the military tradition of the Kalinga emperors.[15] He retired to the life of an ascetic leaving the future of the empire uncertain. Govinda Vidyadhara took the opportunity to assassinate the sons of the emperor and usurped the throne for himself.[citation needed]

## Gajapati military

[edit]

The records of the Suryavamsi Gajapatis gives a picture of their military administration which they had inherited from the Eastern Gangas rulers. The Gangas had a vast and well-organised military which was improved upon by Kapilendra Deva. The empire was built on the lines of a military state, with the protection of the state and its expansion being the responsibilities of the state and population. Militarism had penetrated into different ranks of the society and the Emperor had a large standing army which included a large number of soldiers and local-militants in the standing army. Besides the feudal tributary states of the Gajapatis also provided a stipulated number of soldiers at the time of war and had to fight for the Gajapati in the battle field.[16]

### Military titles

[edit]

Some of the military titles include:[17]

* Senapati, Champati, Routray, Sundaray, Paikaray (commander of the cavalry), Sahani (commander of elephant force), Dandapata, Dandasena, Paschimakavata, Uttarakavata (guardian of the marches), Samantray, Bidyadhara, Bhramarabara, Harichandana, Jagadeva, Mardaraja, Samantasimhara, Raya, Singha, Mansingha, Baliarsingha, Pahadasingha, Nayaka, Pattanayaka, Dandanayaka, Gadanayaka, Patra, Mohapatra, Behera, Dalabehera, Jena, Badajena, Pradhana, Samala, Routa, Khuntia, Parichha, Parija, Padhihari, Dandapani

### Gajapati military divisions

[edit]

Sculpture of Kapilendradeva.

The Odia poet Sarala Das who lived during the reign of Kapilendra Deva, has given descriptions about the military divisions in his Odia Mahabharata.[17] The divisions mentioned are:

* Hantakaru Dala: The first division of the army. It was in the forefront of the marching army and was responsible forward scouting, clearing jungles and marking roads for the army. It was equivalent to the engineering division of the modern armies of the world.

* Aguani Thata: The advance units or the first in line to march or charge in the battle formations. The division marched ahead of the main army.
* Dhenkiya: The attack groups
* Banua/Dhanuki: The archers
* Cavalry

* Pradhana Vala: The main division of the army with maximum concentration of the soldiers.
* Dhenkiya: Warriors wielding Sword and Shield. Forming the frontline of battalion.
* Banua: Marksmen with poisoned arrow and composite bows with formidably accurate shots.
* Phadikara: The fighters bearing mostly close combat weapons. They wore leather armor.
* Cavalry
* Elephant Corps
* Itakara: Mainly used for motivating the army with war time music and dance with Ghumura. Carried with them various musical instruments and reported to the officer with the rank of Bahubalendra, in charge of non-combatants.

* Pachhiani Thata: The fourth and the rear division guarding the flanks.

* Angavala: The groups with the main bodyguards of the monarchs, other royalties, commander, military generals and officers.

* Paridhana: The detachments with commanding officers and fort duty officers left in charge of the captured territory and forts. The rank of the officer involved in this division is Nayak or Gadanayak.
* Dhenkiya
* Banua
* Phadikara
* Prahari: The guards on duty and also serve as military police at home.

### Gajapati Infantry units

[edit]

Depiction of Gajapati Prataparudradeba in Sarpeswara temple, built during his rule at Balarampur village near Kakhadi.

The infantry units of the Gajapati military are as follows:[17]

* Dala: Band of 27 Paikas, mostly from the same locality and commanded by an officer with the rank of Dalabehera.

* Bhuiyan: A platoon of 70 Paikas and commanded by an officer with the rank of Paikaray.

* Vahini: A brigade consisting of multiple Bhuiyan platoons and commanded by an officer with the rank of Vahinipati.

* Chamu: An entire regiment of the army consisting multiple Vahinis and commanded by an officer with the rank of Chamupati or Champati.

### Military instruments and weapons

[edit]

Musical instruments used to motivate soldiers during march and warfare. The names of musical instruments include Damalu, Damame, Tamaka, Bizighosa, Daundi, Ghumura, Bheri, Turi, Ranasingha etc. The names of weapons used by the Gajapati army are also mentioned like Dhanu, Trona, Sara, Asi, Parigha, Pattisa, Kunta, Jathi, Buruja, Saveli etc. Information with regards to breaking of gateways and walls of forts with the help of horses, elephants and iron instruments are also found in the same text.[17]

### Contemporary sources

[edit]

Other contemporary sources also reveal details on characteristics of the Gajapati military. Muslim texts like Buhan-m-Mansir give accounts of the Emperor Kapilendra Deva having an elephantry numbering two hundred thousand. Such a large number of war elephants is highly unusual even when compared with any contemporary military of the existing kingdoms during the times of Kapilendra Deva himself, in India.[citation needed] Nizzamuddin writes that the Gajapati encamped on the banks of the river Godavari with an infantry of seven hundred thousand. Fernão Nunes, the Portuguese-Jewish traveler who spent three years at Vijayanagara, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire estimates size of the army of Emperor Prataparudra to the extent of 13,000 elephants, 20,000 horses, while fighting against the Vijayanagara Empire and also notes that the Odia soldiers were excellent fighters. Rayavachakamu also gives interesting accounts about the feats and exercises practised by the Gajapati soldiers at their capital Cuttack.[18]

## Descendants

[edit]

### Talcher branch

[edit]

Main article: Talcher State

During the reign of the Emperor Purushottama Deva, the overlordship of Bhimanagari was established in 1471 CE by Narahari Singh who was a scion of the family of the ruling Suryavamshi Gajapati Emperors. Later in 1578, under the reign of Padmanabha Birabara Harichandan, the kingdom was renamed as Talcher in the honor of their family goddess Taleshwari.[19][20] The kingdom acceded to India and merged into the state of Odisha following independence in 1947.

## List of rulers

[edit]

List of Gajapati rulers[21] Image  | Ruler  | Reign (CE)  | Notes

|
|
|

| Kapilendra Deva | 1434–1467  | Founder and first ruler of dynasty
| Purushottama Deva | 1467–1497  | Second ruler of dynasty
| Prataparudra Deva | 1497–1540  | Third ruler of dynasty
| Kalua Deva  | 1540–1541  | Fourth ruler of dynasty
| Kakharua Deva  | 1541  | Fifth and last ruler of dynasty

## Gallery

[edit]

History of South Asia

Outline

Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC)

|  Madrasian culture|

|

Soanian culture|

Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC)

|  Bhirrana culture|  (7570–6200 BC)

|

Mehrgarh culture|  (7000–3300 BC)
Edakkal culture|  (5000–3000 BC)

Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC)

|  Anarta tradition|  (c. 3950–1900 BC)

|

Ahar-Banas culture|  (3000–1500 BC)
Pandu culture|  (1600–750 BC)
Malwa culture|  (1600–1300 BC)
Jorwe culture|  (1400–700 BC)

Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC)

|  Indus Valley Civilisation| (3300–1300 BC)

|

– Early Harappan culture| (3300–2600 BC)
– Mature Harappan culture| (2600–1900 BC)
– Late Harappan culture| (1900–1300 BC)
Vedic Civilisation| (2000–500 BC)
– Ochre Coloured Pottery culture| (2000–1600 BC)
– Swat culture| (1600–500 BC)

Iron Age (1500–200 BC)

|  Vedic Civilisation| (1500–500 BC)

|

– Janapadas|  (1500–600 BC)
– Black and Red ware culture| (1300–1000 BC)
– Painted Grey Ware culture|  (1200–600 BC)
– Northern Black Polished Ware|  (700–200 BC)
Pradyota dynasty|  (799–684 BC)
Haryanka dynasty|  (684–424 BC)
Three Crowned Kingdoms|  (c. 600 BC – AD 1600)
Maha Janapadas|  (c. 600–300 BC)
Achaemenid Empire|  (550–330 BC)
Ror Dynasty|  (450 BC – AD 489)
Shaishunaga dynasty|  (424–345 BC)
Nanda Empire|  (380–321 BC)
Macedonian Empire|  (330–323 BC)
Maurya Empire|  (321–184 BC)
Seleucid India|  (312–303 BC)
Sangam period|  (c. 300 BC – c. 300 AD)
Pandya Empire|  (c. 300 BC – AD 1345)
Chera Kingdom|  (c. 300 BC – AD 1102)
Chola Empire|  (c. 300 BC – AD 1279)
Pallava Empire|  (c. 250 AD – AD 800)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire|  (c. 250 BC – c. AD 500)
Parthian Empire|  (247 BC – AD 224)

Middle Kingdoms (230 BC – AD 1206)

|  Satavahana Empire|  (230 BC – AD 220)

|

Kuninda Kingdom|  (200 BC – AD 300)
Mitra Dynasty|  (c. 150 – c. 50 BC)
Shunga Empire|  (185–73 BC)
Indo-Greek Kingdom|  (180 BC – AD 10)
Kanva Empire|  (75–26 BC)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom|  (50 BC – AD 400)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom|  (AD 21 – c. 130)
Western Satrap Empire|  (AD 35–405 )
Kushan Empire|  (AD 60–240)
Bharshiva Dynasty|  (170–350)
Nagas of Padmavati|  (210–340)
Sasanian Empire|  (224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom|  (230–360)
Vakataka Empire|  (c. 250 – c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire|  (c. 250 – c. 600)
Gupta Empire|  (280–550)
Kadamba Empire|  (345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom|  (350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom|  (350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire|  (420–624)
Maitraka Empire|  (475–767)
Huna Kingdom|  (475–576)
Rai Kingdom|  (489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire|  (c. 500 – 1026)
Chalukya Empire|  (543–753)
Maukhari Empire|  (c. 550 – c. 700)
Harsha Empire|  (606–647)
Tibetan Empire|  (618–841)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom|  (624–1075)
Rashidun Caliphate|  (632–661)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire|  (650–1036)
Umayyad Caliphate|  (661–750)
Mallabhum kingdom|  (694–1947)
Bhauma-Kara Kingdom|  (736–916)
Pala Empire|  (750–1174)
Rashtrakuta Empire|  (753–982)
Paramara Kingdom|  (800–1327)
Yadava Empire|  (850–1334)
Somavamshi Kingdom|  (882–1110)
Chaulukya Kingdom|  (942–1244)
Western Chalukya Empire|  (973–1189)
Lohara Kingdom|  (1003–1320)
Hoysala Empire|  (1040–1347)
Sena Empire|  (1070–1230)
Eastern Ganga Empire|  (1078–1434)
Kakatiya Kingdom|  (1083–1323)
Zamorin Kingdom|  (1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri|  (675–1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani|  (1156–1184)
Chutiya Kingdom|  (1187–1673)
Deva Kingdom|  (c. 1200 – c. 1300)

Late medieval period (1206–1526)

|  Ghaznavid Dynasty|  (977–1186)

|

Ghurid Dynasty|  (1170–1206)
Delhi Sultanate|  (1206–1526)
– Mamluk Sultanate|  (1206–1290)
– Khalji Sultanate|  (1290–1320)
– Tughlaq Sultanate|  (1320–1414)
– Sayyid Sultanate|  (1414–1451)
– Lodi Sultanate|  (1451–1526)
Ahom Kingdom|  (1228–1826)
Chitradurga Kingdom|  (1300–1779)
Reddy Kingdom|  (1325–1448)
Vijayanagara Empire|  (1336–1646)
Bengal Sultanate|  (1352–1576)
Garhwal Kingdom|  (1358–1803)
Mysore Kingdom|  (1399–1947)
Gajapati Empire|  (1434–1541)
Ladakh Kingdom |  (1470–1842)
Deccan sultanates|  (1490–1596)
– Ahmadnagar Sultanate|  (1490–1636)
– Berar sultanate|  (1490–1574)
– Bidar Sultanate|  (1492–1619)
– Bijapur Sultanate|  (1492–1686)
– Golkonda Sultanate|  (1518–1687)
Keladi Kingdom|  (1499–1763)
Koch Kingdom|  (1515–1947)

Early modern period (1526–1858)

|  Mughal Empire|  (1526–1858)

|

Sur Empire|  (1540–1556)
Madurai Kingdom|  (1529–1736)
Thanjavur Kingdom|  (1532–1673)
Bhoi dynasty|  (1541–1804)
Bengal Subah|  (1576–1757)
Marava Kingdom|  (1600–1750)
Sikkim Kingdom|  (1642–1975)
Thondaiman Kingdom|  (1650–1948)
Maratha Empire|  (1674–1818)
Sikh Confederacy|  (1707–1799)
Travancore Kingdom|  (1729–1947)
Sikh Empire|  (1799–1849)

Colonial states (1510–1961)

|  Portuguese India|  (1510–1961)

|

Dutch India|  (1605–1825)
Danish India|  (1620–1869)
French India|  (1759–1954)
Company Raj|  (1757–1858)
British Raj|  (1858–1947)

National histories

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* India
* Maldives
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Sri Lanka

Regional histories

* Assam
* Balochistan
* Bengal
* Bihar
* Gujarat
* Himachal Pradesh
* Kabul
* Karnataka
* Kashmir
* Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Rajasthan
* Maharashtra
* Uttar Pradesh
* Punjab
* Odisha
* Sindh
* South India
* Tamil Nadu
* Tibet

Specialised histories

* Agriculture
* Architecture
* Coinage
* Demographics
* Dynasties
* Economy
* Education
* Indology
* Influence on Southeast Asia
* Language
* Literature
* Maritime
* Metallurgy
* Military
* Partition of India
* Pakistan studies
* Philosophy
* Religion
* Science and technology
* Timeline

* v
* t
* e

* 15th century copper plate grant of Gajapati emperor Purushottama Deva

* Lingaraj Temple Inscription of Kapilendra Deva

* Narendra tank at Puri built during the rule of Kapilendra Deva

* Meghanada wall fortifications of the Puri Jagannath temple constructed during the rule of Kapilendra Deva

## See also

[edit]

* Eastern Ganga dynasty
* Poosapati

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 148, map XIV.4 (c). ISBN 0226742210.
2. ^ Tripathī, Kunjabihari (1962). The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script. Utkal University. p. 19. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
3. ^ Mansinha, Mayadhar (1962). History of Oriya Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 50. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
4. ^ Srichandan, G. K. (February–March 2011). "Classicism of Odia Language" (PDF). Orissa Review. p. 54. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
5. ^ Mishra, Patit Paban (11 January 2016). "Eastern Ganga and Gajapati empires". The Encyclopedia of Empire. The Encyclopedia of Empire. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402. ISBN 9781118455074.
6. ^ Panda, Shishir Kumar (2008), "Gajapati Kingship and the Cult of Jagannatha: A Study on the Chhamu Chitaus (Royal Letters)", Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 69, Indian History Congress: 225–229, JSTOR 44147183, "empire...Suryavamsi Gajapatis"
7. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People Volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 365. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
8. ^ Hermann Kulke (1976), Kshatriyaization and social change: A Study in Orissa setting (PDF), Popular Prakashan, p. 402, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2021, retrieved 2 July 2021, "Suryavamsa...kings of the Suryavamsa(1435-1540)"
9. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (15 March 2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Midpoint Trade Books Incorporated. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-93-80607-34-4.
10. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
11. ^ R.C.Majumdar, A.D.Pusalker, A.K.Majumdar (1967). The History and Culture of the Indian People, The Delhi Sultanate, Volume:-6. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 366.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
12. ^ B. Hemalatha (1991). Life in Medieval Northern Andhra: Based on the Inscriptions from the Temples of Mukhalingam, Srikurmam, and Simhachalam. Navrang Publishing. p. 81\. ISBN 9788170130864. "The study of Gajapati temples reveals that they patronized Vaishnavism . Purushottama Gajapati called himself Parama - Vaishnava in an undated inscription found at Draksharama."
13. ^ Bal, Ashok Kumar; Singh, Karan (2022). Gajapati: a king without a kingdom. New Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-81-949286-2-1.
14. ^ Sastri, K.A.N. (1976). A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. Oxford India paperbacks. Oxford University Press. p. 255\. ISBN 978-0-19-560686-7. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
15. ^ Das, H.C. (1989). Sri Chaitanya in the Religious Life of India. Punthi Pustak. p. 145\. ISBN 978-81-85094-22-9. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
16. ^ "MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
17. ^ a b c d "MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. pp. 153, 154. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
18. ^ "MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. p. 155. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
19. ^ ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS ANGUL (PDF), GAD, Govt of Odisha, 2010, pp. 51–54
20. ^ Mishra, DP (1998). People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher. Atlantic. pp. 51–54. ISBN 978-81-7074-014-8. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
21. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 365–372.
* Subrahmanyam, R, ed. (1957). The Sūryavaṁśi Gajapatis of Orissa. Waltair: Andhra University. OCLC 613268261.

* v
* t
* e

State of Odisha

Capital: Bhubaneswar

State symbols|

* Emblem: Emblem of Odisha
* Anthem: Bande Utkala Janani
* Animal: Sambar
* Bird: Indian roller
* Flower: Ashoka
* Tree: Sacred fig
* Fish: Mahanadi mahseer

Governance|

* Governors
* Chief ministers
* Legislative Assembly
* Constituencies
* High Court
* Police
* Elections
* Politics
* Human Rights Commission

History|

* Kalinga
* Rulers
* Mahameghavahana dynasty
* Murunda dynasty
* Nala dynasty
* Mathara dynasty
* Pitrbhakta dynasty
* Shailodbhava dynasty
* Bhauma-Kara dynasty
* Bhanja dynasty
* Somavamshi dynasty
* Eastern Ganga dynasty
* Gajapati Empire
* Bhoi dynasty
* Orissa Tributary States
* Utkal Sammilani
* Historic sites
* Maritime history of Odisha

Geography|

* Flora and Fauna
* Forests
* Utkal Plains
* Garhjat Hills
* Chilika Lake
* Deomali (Highest point)
* Abdul Kalam Island

Districts

division|

| Northern|

* Angul
* Balangir
* Bargarh
* Debagarh
* Dhenkanal
* Jharsuguda
* Kendujhar
* Sambalpur
* Subarnapur
* Sundergarh

|

Central|

* Balasore
* Bhadrak
* Cuttack
* Jagatsinghpur
* Jajpur
* Kendrapara
* Khordha
* Mayurbhanj
* Nayagarh
* Puri

Southern|

* Boudh
* Gajapati
* Ganjam
* Kalahandi
* Kandhamal
* Koraput
* Malkangiri
* Nabrangpur
* Nuapada
* Rayagada

Cities|

* Angul
* Balangir
* Balasore
* Barbil
* Bargarh
* Baripada
* Bhadrak
* Bhawanipatna
* Bhubaneswar
* Berhampur
* Cuttack
* Dhenkanal
* Jajpur
* Jharsuguda
* Jeypore
* Joda
* Kendrapara
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* Berhampur Patta
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* Pattachitra
* Pipili appliqué work
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* Sambalpuri sari

Topics|

* Arts
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State of Andhra Pradesh

Capital: Amaravati

Topics|

* History
* Geography
* Government
* Language
* People
* Demographics
* Culture
* Economy
* Politics
* Education
* Cuisine
* Cinema
* Tourism
* Sports
* Transport

Symbols|

Song
Maa Telugu Thalliki
Language
Telugu
Dance
Kuchipudi
Sport
Kabaddi
Animal
Blackbuck
Bird
Rose-ringed parakeet
Fish
Great Snakehead
Flower
Jasmine
Fruit
Banginapalli Mango
Tree
Neem

Regions|

* North Andhra
* Coastal Andhra
* Rayalaseema

Districts|

* Alluri Sitharama Raju
* Anakapalli
* Anantapur
* Annamayya
* Bapatla
* Chittoor
* Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema
* East Godavari
* Eluru
* Guntur
* Kakinada
* Krishna
* Kurnool
* Nandyal
* NTR
* Palnadu
* Parvathipuram Manyam
* Prakasam
* Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore
* Srikakulam
* Sri Sathya Sai
* Tirupati
* Visakhapatnam
* Vizianagaram
* West Godavari
* YSR

Metropolis|

* Vijayawada
* Visakhapatnam

Cities|

* Adoni
* Anantapur
* Bhimavaram
* Chilakaluripet
* Chittoor
* Dharmavaram
* Kadiri
* Eluru
* Gudivada
* Guntakal
* Guntur
* Hindupur
* Kadapa
* Kakinada
* Kurnool
* Machilipatnam
* Madanapalle
* Nandyal
* Narasaraopet
* Nellore
* Nuzvid
* Ongole
* Palakollu
* Proddatur
* Rajahmundry
* Srikakulam
* Tadepalligudem
* Tadipatri
* Tenali
* Tirupati
* Tuni
* Vijayawada
* Visakhapatnam
* Vizianagaram

Transport|

* Airports
* Railways
* Roadways
* Seaports

Tourism|

* Dams
* Forts
* Lakes
* National parks
* Hindu temples
* Churches
* Wildlife sanctuaries
* Waterfalls

History|

* Satavahana dynasty
* Andhra Ikshvaku
* Ananda Gotrika
* Salankayana dynasty
* Vishnukundina dynasty
* Chalukya dynasty
* Pallava dynasty
* Eastern Chalukyas
* Western Chalukya Empire
* Rashtrakuta Empire
* Kakatiya dynasty
* Velanati Chodas
* Eastern Ganga dynasty
* Gajapati Empire
* Musunuri Nayakas
* Bahmanis
* Sultanate of Golconda
* Vijayanagara Empire

Related lists|

* List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population
* List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh
* List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh
* List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh
* List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh

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