Game engine

Framework for video game development

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Part of a series on the
Video game industry

Development

* Producer
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* Designer
* Artist
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* * *

* Design
* Level design
* Programming
* Engine
* AI
* Creation system
* Graphics
* Music
* Testing

Products

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A game engine is a software framework primarily designed for the development of video games which generally includes relevant libraries and support programs such as a level editor.[1] The "engine" terminology is akin to the term "software engine" used more widely in the software industry.

The term game engine can also refer to the development software supporting this framework, typically a suite of tools and features for developing games.[2][3]

Developers can use game engines to construct games for desktops, mobile devices, video game consoles, and other types of computers. The core functionality typically provided by a game engine may include a rendering engine ("renderer") for 2D or 3D graphics, a physics engine or collision detection (and collision response), sound, scripting, animation, artificial intelligence, networking, streaming, memory management, threading, localization support, scene graph, and video support for cinematics. Game engine implementers often economize on the process of game development by reusing or adapting, in large part, the same game engine to produce different games,[4] or to aid in porting games across multiple platforms.

## Purpose

[edit]

Creating a platform game in Godot

In many cases, game engines provide a suite of visual development tools in addition to reusable software components. These tools are generally provided in an integrated development environment to enable simplified, rapid development of games in a data-driven manner. Game-engine developers often attempt to preempt implementer needs by developing robust software suites, which include many elements a game developer may need to build a game. Most game-engine suites provide facilities that ease development, such as graphics, sound, physics and artificial intelligence (AI) functions. These game engines are sometimes called "middleware" because, as with the business sense of the term, they provide a flexible and reusable software platform which provides all the core functionality needed, right out of the box, to develop a game application while reducing costs, complexities, and time-to-market—all critical factors in the highly competitive video game industry.[5]

Like other types of middleware, game engines usually provide platform abstraction, allowing the same game to run on various platforms (including game consoles and personal computers) with few, if any, changes made to the game source code. Often, programmers design game engines with a component-based architecture that allows specific systems in the engine to be replaced or extended with more specialized (and often more expensive) game-middleware components. Some game engines comprise a series of loosely-connected game middleware components that can be selectively combined to create a custom engine, instead of the more common approach of extending or customizing a flexible integrated product. However achieved, extensibility remains a high priority for game engines due to the wide variety of uses for which they are applied. Despite the specificity of the name "game engine", end users often re-purpose game engines for other kinds of interactive applications with real-time graphical requirements—such as marketing demos, architectural visualizations, training simulations, and modeling environments.[6]

Some game engines only provide real-time 3D rendering capabilities instead of the wide range of functionality needed by games. These engines rely upon the game developer to implement the rest of this functionality or to assemble it from other game-middleware components. These types of engines are generally referred to as a "graphics engine", "rendering engine", or "3D engine" instead of the all-encompassing term "game engine". This terminology is inconsistently used, as many full-featured 3D game engines are simply referred to as "3D engines". Examples of graphics engines include: Crystal Space, Genesis3D, Irrlicht, OGRE, RealmForge, Truevision3D, and Vision Engine. Modern game- or graphics-engines generally provide a scene graph—an object-oriented representation of the 3D game-world which often simplifies game design and can be used for more efficient rendering of vast virtual worlds.[7] Most game engines or graphics engines use a Graphics API, which eases communication with the GPU. But older games did not have hardware acceleration or GPUs and had to build their own software renderer.

As technology ages, the components of an engine may become obsolete or insufficient for the requirements of a given project. Since the complexity of programming an entirely new engine may result in unwanted delays (or necessitate that a project restart from the beginning), an engine-development team may elect to update their existing engine with newer functionality or components.

Game engines are not limited to use in the video game field, and have found uses in other scientific fields. Part of this is due to game engines being optimized for consumer-grade computing equipment rather than high-performance computing, allowing researchers to develop programs for their use on lower cost machines. Game engines also simplify many of the computing operations needed for scientific software, including graphics, networking, and interactivity, reducing the need to develop these features themselves.[8]

## History

[edit]

Some game engines experience an evolution over time and develop a family tree, like for instance id's Quake engine which resulted in the id Tech family.

Before game engines, games were typically written as singular entities: a game for the Atari 2600, for example, had to be designed from the bottom up to make optimal use of the display hardware—this core display routine is today called the kernel by developers of games for older systems. Other platforms had more leeway, but even when the display was not a concern, memory constraints usually sabotaged attempts to create the data-heavy design that an engine needs. Even on more accommodating platforms, very little could be reused between games. The rapid advance of arcade hardware—which was the leading edge of the market at the time—meant that most of the code would have to be thrown out afterwards anyway, as later generations of games would use completely different game designs that took advantage of extra resources. Thus, most game designs through the 1980s were designed through a hard-coded rule set with a small number of levels and graphics data. Since the golden age of arcade video games, it became common for video game companies to develop in-house game engines for use with first-party software.

A notable example of an in-house game engine on home consoles in the mid-1980s was the smooth side-scrolling engine developed by Shigeru Miyamoto's team at Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The engine they had developed for the side-scrolling racing game Excitebike (1984) was later employed for the scrolling platformer Super Mario Bros. (1985). This had the effect of allowing Mario to smoothly accelerate from a walk to a run, rather than move at a constant speed like in earlier platformers.[9]

While third-party game engines were not common until the rise of 3D computer graphics in the 1990s, several 2D game creation systems were produced in the 1980s for independent video game development. These include Pinball Construction Set (1983), ASCII's War Game Construction Kit (1983),[10] Thunder Force Construction (1984),[11] Adventure Construction Set (1984), Garry Kitchen's GameMaker (1985), Wargame Construction Set (1986), Shoot-'Em-Up Construction Kit (1987), Arcade Game Construction Kit (1988), and, most popularly, ASCII's RPG Maker engines from 1998 onward. Klik & Play (1994) is another legacy offering that is still available.[12]

The term game engine emerged in the mid-1990s, particularly with the rise of 3D games like first-person shooters, which often featured a dedicated first-person shooter engine. For instance, Epic Games, founded by Tim Sweeney, debuted its Unreal Engine in the year 1998.[13]

Such was the popularity of Id Software's Doom and Quake games: rather than building from scratch, its developers licensed the core portions of the software and designed their own graphics, characters, weapons, and levels—they were the "game content" or "game assets." Separation of game-specific rules and data from basic concepts like collision detection and game entity meant that teams could grow and specialize.[12]

Later games, such as id Software's Quake III Arena and Epic Games' Unreal (1998), were designed with this approach in mind, with the engine and content developed separately. The practice of licensing such technology has proved to be a useful auxiliary revenue stream for some game developers, as a single license for a high-end commercial game engine can range from $10,000 to millions of dollars, and the number of licensees can reach several dozen companies, as seen with the Unreal Engine. At the very least, reusable engines make developing game sequels faster and easier, which is a valuable advantage in the competitive video game industry. While a strong rivalry existed between Epic Games and id Software around 2000, Epic Game's Unreal Engine has since become far more popular than id Tech 4 and its successor, id Tech 5.[14]

Modern game engines are some of the most complex applications written, often featuring dozens of finely-tuned systems interacting to ensure a precisely-controlled user experience. The continued evolution of game engines has created a strong separation between rendering, scripting, artwork, and level design. As such, it is now common, for example, for a typical game development team to have several times as many artists as actual programmers.[15]

While third-party game engines are predominantly used in the development of first-person shooter games, they are also being used across other genres. For example, Gamebryo is used in The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind and Dark Age of Camelot, whereas Unreal Engine 2 is used in Lineage II. Game engines are also used for games originally developed for home consoles, with RenderWare for the Grand Theft Auto and Burnout franchises as an example.

Due to modern multi-core systems and growing demands in realism, exploiting threads has become more important. Separate threads of execution within a game engine manage intensive operations, including rendering, asset streaming, audio playback, and physics simulation. Racing games have typically been at the forefront of threading with the physics engine running in a separate thread long before other core subsystems were moved, partly because rendering and related tasks need updating at only 30–60 Hz. For example, on PlayStation 3, physics ran in Need For Speed at 100 Hz, versus Forza Motorsport 2 at 360 Hz.

Although the term was first used in the 1990s, few earlier systems in 1980s are considered as game engines, such as Sierra's Adventure Game Interpreter (AGI) and SCI systems, LucasArts' SCUMM system and Incentive Software's Freescape engine (in 1986[16]). Unlike most modern game engines, these game engines were never used in any third-party products (except for the SCUMM system, which was licensed to and used by Humongous Entertainment).

As game engine technology matures and becomes more user friendly, the application of game engines has widened in scope. They are now used for serious games: visualization, training, medical, and military simulation applications, with the CryEngine being one example.[17] To improve accessibility, new hardware platforms are also now targeted by game engines, including mobile phones (e.g. Android, iPhone) and web browsers. (e.g. WebGL, Shockwave, Flash, Trinigy's WebVision, Silverlight, Unity Web Player, O3D and pure DHTML.)[18]

Additionally, more game engines are being built upon higher-level languages, such as Java, C# and .NET (e.g., TorqueX, and Visual3D.NET), Python (Panda3D), or Lua Script (Leadwerks). As most 3D-rich games are now mostly limited by the power of a graphics card, the potential slowdown due to translation overheads of higher-level languages becomes negligible, while productivity gains offered by these languages serve the game engine developers' benefit.[19] These recent trends are being propelled by companies such as Microsoft to support indie game development. Microsoft developed XNA as the primary Software Development Kit (SDK) for all video games released on Xbox and their related products. This includes the Xbox Live Indie Games[20] channel designed specifically for smaller developers who do not have the extensive resources necessary to box games for sale on retail shelves. It is becoming easier and cheaper than ever to develop game engines for platforms that support managed frameworks.[21]

## Game engines as an industry

[edit]

Producers of game engines decide how they allow users to utilize their products. Just as gaming is an industry, so are the engines they are built off. The major game engines come at varying prices, whether it be in the form of subscription fees or license payments.[22] Unity and the Unreal Engine are currently the two most popular choices for game developers.[23] Although the differences among the different game engines blur as they build their own tools on top of them, different game developers may be too used to a system to change, or attracted by the huge benefits of such engines regardless of pay-walls.

## Game middleware

[edit]

Applied more broadly, game engines themselves can be described as middleware. In video games, however, middleware is often used to refer to subsystems of functionality within a game engine. Some game middleware does only one thing, yet does it more convincingly or more efficiently than general purpose middleware.

The four most-widely used middleware packages[24] that provide subsystems of functionality include RAD Game Tools' Bink, Firelight FMOD, Havok, and Scaleform GFx. RAD Game Tools develops Bink for basic video rendering, along with Miles audio, and Granny 3D rendering. Firelight FMOD is a low cost robust audio library and toolset. Havok provides a robust physics simulation system, along with a suite of animation and behavior applications. Scaleform provides GFx for high performance Flash UI and high-quality video playback, and an Input Method Editor (IME) addon for in-game Asian chat support.

Other middleware is used for performance optimization—for example Simplygon helps to optimize and generate level of detail meshes, and Umbra adds occlusion culling optimizations to 3D graphics.

Some middleware contains full source code,[6] or is provided an API reference for a compiled binary library. Some middleware programs can be licensed either way, usually for a higher fee for full source code.

## See also

[edit]

* 3D computer graphics
* Authoring system
* Game physics
* List of first-person shooter engines
* List of game engines
* List of game middleware
* Virtual studio

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Valencia-Garcia, Rafael; et al. (2016). Technologies and Innovation: Second International Conference, CITI 2016, Guayaquil, Ecuador, November 23-25, 2016, Proceedings. Springer. ISBN 9783319480244. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
2. ^ "Common game development terms and definitions | Game design vocabulary | Unity". Unity. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
3. ^ Tan, James. "Introduction - Unreal Engine (Canterbury Software Summit 2013 slides)" (PDF). Unreal Engine. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
4. ^ "What is a Game Engine?". GameCareerGuide.com. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
5. ^ O'Neill, John (January 15, 2008). "My Turn: The Real Cost of Middleware". Gamedaily.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
6. ^ a b Report on Use of Middleware in Games[usurped]
7. ^ "Scene Graph in Unreal Editor for Fortnite | Fortnite Documentation | Epic Developer Community". Epic Games Developer. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
8. ^ Lewis, Michael; Jacobson, Jeffrey (January 2002). "Game Engines in Scientific Research". Communications of the ACM. 45 (1). doi:10.1145/502269.502288.
9. ^ Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction. CRC Press. pp. 152–4\. ISBN 978-1-317-50381-1.
10. ^ "War Game Construction Kit". Oh!FM. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2012. Alt URL
11. ^ "Thunder Force Construction". Oh!FM. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2012. Alt URL
12. ^ a b Fiadotau, Mikhail (2019). "Dezaemon, RPG Maker, NScripter: Exploring and classifying game 'produsage' in 1990s Japan". Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds. 11 (3): 215–230\. doi:10.1386/jgvw.11.3.215_1. S2CID 213694676.
13. ^ Weinberger, Matt. "The CEO behind 'Fortnite' says it's 'evolving beyond being a game' and explains the company's ambitious vision". Business Insider. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
14. ^ Bramwell, Tom (2007-08-09). "id Tech 5 Interview • Page 1 • Interviews •". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
15. ^ "Game Development Team Composition Study - Changes over time". Retrieved 2011-01-17.
16. ^ "Freescape Engine". Universal Videogame List. Retrieved 2020-05-16.
17. ^ "Video Games Starting to Get Serious". Gazette.net. 2007-08-31. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
18. ^ "Gaming: Mobile and Wireless Trends for 2008". M-trends.org. Archived from the original on 2011-01-08. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
19. ^ Zerbst, Stefan; Düvel, Oliver (2004). 3D Game Engine Programming (book). Premier Press. ISBN 9781592003518. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
20. ^ "xboxlivecommunitygames.org". xboxlivecommunitygames.org. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
21. ^ "Microsoft to Enable User-Created XBox 360 Games". Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
22. ^ "The 10 Best Video Game Engines | 2018 Edition". The Ultimate Resource for Video Game Design. 2017-03-11. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
23. ^ "The Two Engines Driving the $120B Gaming Industry Forward". CB Insights Research. 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
24. ^ "Gamasutra Engine and Middleware Technology Survey". Gamasutra.com. 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2011-01-17.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Game engines at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

Game engines (list)

* Source port
* First-person shooter engine
* List of first-person shooter engines
* Game engine recreation
* List of game engine recreations
* Game creation system
* Game IDE
* List of visual novel engines
* id Tech

Proprietary|

| 1980s|

* Adventure Game Interpreter
* Cobra
* Filmation
* Freescape
* Gold Box
* Sierra Creative Interpreter
* SCUMM

|

1990s|

* 3D GameStudio
* Clickteam
* Dark Engine
* GameMaker
* Genie Engine
* GoldSrc
* Jedi
* LithTech
* Mugen
* Pie in the Sky
* Reality Lab
* RenderWare
* RPG Maker
* Sim RPG Maker
* Unreal Engine 1
* Virtools
* Virtual Theatre
* Voxel Space
* Zillions of Games

2000s|

* Anvil
* C4 Engine
* CryEngine
* Crystal Tools
* Euphoria
* Flare3D
* Frostbite
* Gamebryo
* GameSalad
* HeroEngine
* IW
* Leadwerks
* Marmalade
* MT Framework
* PhyreEngine
* Q
* RAGE
* Shark 3D
* Source
* Titan
* Unigine
* Unity
* Unreal Engine 2
* Unreal Engine 3
* Virtools 2.5
* Vicious Engine
* Vision
* Visual3D Game Engine

2010s|

* 4A Engine
* Amazon Lumberyard
* Bitsquid
* Buildbox
* Construct
* Creation Engine
* Decima
* Defold
* Felgo
* ForgeLight
* Fox Engine
* id Tech 5
* id Tech 6
* Ignite
* Luminous Engine
* Pixel Game Maker MV
* RE Engine
* Snowdrop
* Stencyl
* Source 2
* UbiArt Framework
* Unreal Engine 4

2020s|

* id Tech 7
* Unreal Engine 5
* S&box

Free and
open-source|

| 1970s|

* Z-machine

|

1990s|

* Adventure Game Studio
* Build
* Crystal Space
* Doom engine
* Game-Maker
* OHRRPGCE
* Quake engine
* Quake II engine
* Stratagus

2000s|

* Away3D
* Blender Game Engine
* Bork3D Game Engine
* Cocos2d
* Dim3
* Game Editor
* GDevelop
* id Tech 3
* id Tech 4
* Irrlicht Engine
* jMonkeyEngine
* Lightweight Java Game Library
* Löve
* OGRE
* Open Wonderland
* Panda3D
* Papervision3D
* Plasma
* Platinum Arts Sandbox
* Pygame
* Ren'Py
* Scratch
* Solar2D
* Thousand Parsec
* Torque
* Vassal Engine
* Wintermute Engine

2010s|

* Delta3D
* Godot
* GPUOpen
* Horde3D
* libGDX
* Moai
* OpenFL
* ORX
* PlayCanvas
* Raylib
* Snap!
* Stencyl
* Stride

2020s|

* Open 3D Engine

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany

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