Gardens of Maecenas

Famed formal garden of the early Roman Empire

Gardens of Maecenas

Map of excavations, Lanciani, 1901

Horti of ancient Rome

Click on the map for a fullscreen view

Coordinates| 41°53′24″N 12°30′0″E﻿ / ﻿41.89000°N 12.50000°E﻿ / 41.89000; 12.50000

The Gardens of Maecenas, or Horti Maecenatis, constituted the luxurious ancient Roman estate of Gaius Maecenas, an Augustan-era imperial advisor and patron of the arts. The property was among the first in Italy to emulate the style of Persian gardens.[1] The walled villa, buildings, and gardens were located on the Esquiline Hill, atop the agger of the Servian Wall and its adjoining necropolis, as well as near the Horti Lamiani.

## History

[edit]

Lucullus started the fashion of building luxurious garden-palaces in the 1st century BC with the construction of his gardens on the Pincian Hill, soon followed by Sallust's gardens between the Quirinal, Viminal and Campus Martius, which were the largest and richest in the Roman world. In the 3rd century AD the total number of gardens (horti) occupied about a tenth of Rome and formed a green belt around the centre. The horti were a place of pleasure, almost a small palace, and offered the rich owner and his court the possibility of living in isolation, away from the hectic life of the city but close to it. A fundamental feature of the horti was the large quantity of water necessary for the rich vegetation and for the functioning of the numerous fountains and nymphaea. The area was particularly suitable for these residences as eight of the eleven large aqueducts of the city reached the Esquiline.

### Site

[edit]

In the Roman Republican era the eastern Esquiline outside of the Servian Walls was a cemetery with open pits (puticuli) for the poor.[2] The Esquiline gate was where criminals were executed and their bodies left for scavengers. Around 40 BC reform of public cemeteries was promoted by Maecenas, the friend and later minister of Augustus, and begun under his reign. In 38 BC, the Roman Senate banned open-air corpse cremation within a 2 mile radius of the city.[3] The original phase of the garden was constructed by the conclusion of the 30s BC[4] (the use of opus reticulatum brickwork is the basis for this dating).[5] This was achieved by burying the whole district alongside the Agger of Servius Tullius under 6–8 m of earth and creating luxurious gardens on top. The results were celebrated in a song by Maecenas' friend, Horace:

Nunc licet Esquiliis habitare salubribus, atque
Aggere in aprico spatiari, quo modo tristes
Albis informem spectabant ossibus agrum.

Today one may live on a wholesome Esquiline, and
stroll on the sunny ramparts where of late one sadly
looked out on ground ghastly with bleaching bones.

--Horace, Satires 1, VIII

Many of the burial pits of the ancient necropolis, attested to predate the gardens, have been found near the north-west corner of the Piazza Vittorio Emanuele, that is, outside the porta Esquilina and the Servian Wall and north of the via Tiburtina vetus. Probably the horti extended north from that gate and road on both sides of the agger.[6]

### House and gardens

[edit]

Augustus preferred to stay in the gardens of his friend whenever he became ill.[7] When Maecenas died in 8 BC, he left the gardens to Augustus in his will, and they became imperial property. Tiberius lived there after his return to Rome in 2 AD.[8] Nero connected them with the Palatine Hill via his Domus Transitoria,[9] and was alleged to view the burning of that palatial house from the turris Maecenatiana[10] This turris might be the molem propinquam nubibus arduis ("the pile, among the clouds") mentioned by Horace.[11]

Towards the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Seneca the Younger contended with the legacy of Maecenas through the lens of decadence-despising Stoic philosophy. He said the gardens' immersive blend of art, nature, and water allowed Maecenas to "divert his worried mind with the sound of rippling waters."[12] This negative reception of the gardens as a weak hermit's retreat is rooted in an indictment of the overarching effeminacy, illiberalism, and intoxication of the class and time which they symbolised. Sensory manipulation and distraction, on the scale of the garden or Maecenas' patronage within, spelled a loss of control incompatible with proper patriarchal goals.[13]

The imperial tutor and consul Marcus Cornelius Fronto purchased the gardens by the mid-2nd century AD. In addition to his surviving correspondence with Marcus Aurelius, which boasts of a special connection to Horace forged by owning the land of Maecenas,[14] nine lead water-pipes inscribed with his name were found adjacent to the so-called auditorium.[15] A domus Frontoniana, mentioned during the twelfth century in the topographical guide to Rome by Magister Gregorius, also may refer to these gardens.[16]

### Archaeology

[edit]

Plan of excavations at Brancaccio Theatre (1914)

Rodolfo Lanciani reported on the discoveries made during the feverish post-unification development of Rome into an urban capital city and of the new Esquiline district in 1874.[17] Structures of the residential sector of the villa were found, including the so-called Auditorium (as shown on Lanciani's Map 23) and further excavations took place from 1876 to 1880.[18] However, some adjoining remains were minimally described and quickly destroyed.[19] The archaeology must have been extremely complex as excavations reported several levels of buildings. Those located higher up in brickwork were perhaps pertinent to a thermal baths of the third century. In the deeper layers were walls of opus reticulatum attributable to the era of Maecenas.

The buildings on the outside of the vaults of the oldest rooms reused sculptures presumably belonging to the decoration of the horti as building material. Here were found the beautiful statue of Marsyas in Pavonazzo marble, the statue of the muse Erato, the statue of a dog from Egypt, a splendid statue of Demeter, etc. In addition, Lanciani pointed out " several torsos of fauns and Venus, a flower vase worked in the form of a puteal and decorated with ivy and flowers; a broken altar (...), the lower part of a group of a hero and a draped woman; seven herms of Indian Bacchus, philosophers, athletes ... ". Together with the sculptures there were also numerous mosaics, including those in opus vermiculatum mounted on tiles, to be used as central emblematic of precious floors.

In 1914, another notable building nucleus, including both reticulatum structures and brick walls was found a few metres from the Auditorium of Maecenas at the intersection of via Merulana and via Mecenate during the reconstruction of the Politeama Brancaccio Theatre. A map of the finds[20] illustrates a coherent archaeological situation probably attributable, at least in part, to the original layout of a sector of the horti.

## Features

[edit]

The Latin all-encompassing term for gardens, horti, is an effective misnomer, as in antiquity it referred generally to luxury villas on the outskirts of Rome, so-named for especially prominent vegetation and urban removal.[21] The rustic yet holistic complex seems to have featured libraries, pavilions, riding grounds, baths, and an aviary. Each part of the gardens was visually and physically accessible by successive terraces and porticos.[22]

The Aqua Marcia, an essential aqueduct for the city, delivered high-quality water directly past Maecenas's property on the Esquiline, making the grounds uniquely poised to be maintained as one of the first private, landmark Roman gardens.[23] This was crucial to another purported logistical feat of the gardens; Maecenas is said to be the first Roman to build a hot water swimming pool.[24]

Maecenas's sponsored retinue of influential Latin poets recorded some direct observations of his Esquiline gardens. Propertius mentions that Maecenas “preferred a shady oak and falling waters and a few reliable acres of fruitful soil."[25] In his ode to Maecenas, his close associate Horace emphasizes the sweeping elevation of the garden estate over the expanse of Rome, ultimately symbolic of his friend's detached yet esteemed semi-retirement, spent closely advising Augustus.[26]

### The so-called Auditorium of Maecenas

[edit]

The Late Republican-era room preserved on the grounds of the horti, termed the "auditorium of Maecenas" in modernity, was most likely a triclinium, functioning as a private banqueting hall attached to residential quarters.[27] The structure was built directly into the Servian Wall, as the city had long outgrown the defensive fortifications, and on top of the agger. Verse of Horace attests to the domestic architectural takeover of the Servian Wall in Esquiline garden estates, as when he writes of a "stroll on the sunny rampart."[28]

Interior of auditorium

The long rectangular hall was bisected by a channel of water. The room terminated with seven monumentalized, marble-clad steps in a semicircular apse.[29] Drill-holes, accommodative of pipes, indicate this to be the cascade fixture of a fountain. The inside of the room was doubly secluded, with an ancient ramp leading visitors to a subterranean level.[30]

The room's functions as both an ekklesiasterion-like recitation hall and a triclinium were not mutually exclusive, but could have been subject to seasonal conversion.[31] Couches would have been placed in the middle of the room, perhaps facing a performance on the transept end.[32]

Evidence as to the social and chronological context of the building includes an erotic epigram by the Greek poet Callimachus, painted onto the interior wall, which entreats a male lover to forgive misbehavior caused by lust and wine.[33] A visually prominent Hellenistic precedent reinforced the individualistic emotionalism and witty experimentation valued by Augustan neoteric and elegiac writers,[34] who would have frequented the weighty functions of Maecenas, a renowned cultivator of culture.[35] In fact, a Latin adaptation of the same poem appears in the works of Propertius, who certainly spent significant time on the estate.[36]

Detail of apse

The interior wall sports seventeen niches, five along the apse and six on either side, decorated with naturalistic frescos depicting landscapes and gardens.[37] However, their correlation to the Pompeian Third Style of Roman painting makes this decoration a likely product of later renovations done by Tiberius.[38] Painting motifs evocative of the Dionysian Mysteries, such as drunken processional scenes with thyrsi and maenads prominent, match the early imperial fascination with cult initiation rites.[39]

The wall enclosing the southeastern side is a post-excavation addition. In its ancient form, the room seems to have been theatrically opened to the city below. Panoramic exposure to both the Alban Hills and the surrounding neighborhoods ensured that occupants could view all while themselves being seen.[40]

### Works of art

[edit]

Charioteer of the Esquiline, Roman copy of Greek 5th c. BC (Capitoline)

The numerous works of art found at the end of the 19th century testify to the collecting taste of Maecenas and the luxury lavished in the furnishings of this suburban residence, like other horti. Several marble fountains, mirroring the unparalleled gardens around them, blur the line between the tamed cultivation and human imitation of nature.[41] These likenesses included the horn-shaped rhyton signed by the Greek artist Pontios, the statue of Marsyas in pavonazzetto marble, and a dog statue in green marble (serpentine moschinato).[42]

Many of these statues were reduced to fragments and reused as building material within late-ancient walls, following a well-established custom in Rome - especially on the Esquiline Hill.[43] The "Charioteer of the Esquiline" group, a work from the early imperial age created in the style of the 5th century BC, together with the statue of Marsyas, are examples of a successful recovery reassembled with fragments found in the same area.[44]

## Gallery

[edit]

* Rhyton by Pontios (Capitoline museum)

* Hygeia from horti Maecenas (Capitoline museum)

* Eros Thanatos from horti Maecenas (Capitoline museum)

* Mosaic of Orestes and Iphigenia from horti Maecenas (Capitoline museum)

* Egyptian granodiorite statue of Apis found in the vicinity of the Gardens of Maecenas (Palazzo Altemps)

* Capitoline Marsyas tied

* Fountain with Snake (Capitoline)

* Head of an Amazon

* Hercules fighting

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horti Maecenatiani.

## See also

[edit]

* Roman gardens

## References

[edit]

1. ^ León, Vicki. The Joy of Sexus: Lust, Love, and Longing in the Ancient World. Walker. p. 42.
2. ^ "LacusCurtius • the Graves of the Poor (Platner & Ashby, 1929)".
3. ^ Cassius Dio 48.43.3
4. ^ Claridge, Amanda (2010). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 330.
5. ^ Kontokosta, Anne (January 2019). "Building the Thermae Agrippae: Private Life, Public Space, and the Politics of Bathing in Early Imperial Rome". American Journal of Archaeology. 123 (1): 45–77\. doi:10.3764/aja.123.1.0045. S2CID 158271598.45-77&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.3764/aja.123.1.0045&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158271598#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Kontokosta&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gardens+of+Maecenas" class="Z3988">
6. ^ HJ 345‑7; BC 1874, 166‑171; Richter, 313; LR 411‑413; Cons. 155 ff. for works of art found here.
7. ^ Suetonius, Divus Augustus 72.2
8. ^ Suetonius, Tiberius 15
9. ^ Tac. Ann. XV.39
10. ^ Suet. Nero 38
11. ^ Horace, Odes, iii.29.10.
12. ^ Sen., Prov. 1.3.10
13. ^ Graver, Margaret (Winter 1998). "The Manhandling of Maecenas: Senecan Abstractions of Masculinity". The American Journal of Philology. 119 (4): 607–632\. doi:10.1353/ajp.1998.0054. S2CID 161661237.607-632&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353/ajp.1998.0054&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161661237#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Graver&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gardens+of+Maecenas" class="Z3988">
14. ^ Fronto, ad M. Caesarem 2.2 \- "Plane multum mihi facetiarum contulit istic Horatius Flaccus, memorabilis poeta mihique propter Maecenatem ac Maecenatianos hortos meos non alienus. Is namque Horatius Sermonum libr(o) s(ecundo) fabulam istam Polemonis inseruit, si recte memini, hisce versibus..."
15. ^ Häuber, Chrystina. "The Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
16. ^ Journal of Roman Studies, 53.1 (1919:35)
17. ^ Rodolfo Lanciani, Bulletin of the Municipal Archaeological Commission of Rome 2 , p. 137
18. ^ "Rodolfo Lanciani and His Archive: A Visual History of Rome". https://exhibits.stanford.edu/lanciani
19. ^ Wiseman, T.P. (20 September 2016). "Maecenas and the Stage". Papers of the British School at Rome. 84: 131–155\. doi:10.1017/S0068246216000040. S2CID 193579486.131-155&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/S0068246216000040&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193579486#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=T.P.&rft_id=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/papers-of-the-british-school-at-rome/article/maecenas-and-the-stage/AA7559762DEFDBE30774CD1A3D572BB0/core-reader&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gardens+of+Maecenas" class="Z3988">
20. ^ Emanuele Gatti, Documenti inediti di scoperte conservati presso la Soprintendenza archeologica di Roma in Archeologia Laziale 5 (= Quaderni di archeologia etrusco-italica 7), Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 1982, p. 135.
21. ^ Häuber, Chrystina. "The Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
22. ^ Kontokosta, Anne (January 2019). "Building the Thermae Agrippae: Private Life, Public Space, and the Politics of Bathing in Early Imperial Rome". American Journal of Archaeology. 123 (1): 45–77\. doi:10.3764/aja.123.1.0045. S2CID 158271598.45-77&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.3764/aja.123.1.0045&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158271598#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Kontokosta&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gardens+of+Maecenas" class="Z3988">
23. ^ Kontokosta, Anne (January 2019). "Building the Thermae Agrippae: Private Life, Public Space, and the Politics of Bathing in Early Imperial Rome". American Journal of Archaeology. 123 (1): 45–77\. doi:10.3764/aja.123.1.0045. S2CID 158271598.45-77&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.3764/aja.123.1.0045&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158271598#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Kontokosta&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gardens+of+Maecenas" class="Z3988">
24. ^ Cassius Dio LV.7.6
25. ^ Propertius, Sextus. Elegiae in Maecenatem. p. 1.33–36.
26. ^ Hornsby, Roger (December 1958). "Horace, "Ode" 3. 29". The Classical Journal. 54 (3): 129–36.129-36&rft.date=1958-12&rft.aulast=Hornsby&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gardens+of+Maecenas" class="Z3988">
27. ^ University of Virginia, Rectors and Visitors. ""Auditorium" of the Gardens of Maecenas". Rome Reborn. Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
28. ^ Flaccus, Horatius. Satires. p. 1.8.13–6.
29. ^ Kontokosta, Anne (January 2019). "Building the Thermae Agrippae: Private Life, Public Space, and the Politics of Bathing in Early Imperial Rome". American Journal of Archaeology. 123 (1): 45–77\. doi:10.3764/aja.123.1.0045. S2CID 158271598.45-77&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.3764/aja.123.1.0045&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158271598#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Kontokosta&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gardens+of+Maecenas" class="Z3988">
30. ^ Claridge, Amanda (2010). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 330.
31. ^ Wyler, Stéphanie (2013). "An Augustan Trend towards Dionysos: Around the 'Auditorium of Maecenas'". In Bernabe, Alberto; Herrero deJáuregui, Miguel; San Cristóbal, Ana; Martín Hernández, Raquel (eds.). Redefining Dionysos.
32. ^ Claridge, Amanda (2010). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 330.
33. ^ Acosta-Hughes, Benjamin (2019). Henriksen, Christer (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Epigram. John Wiley & Sons. p. 329.
34. ^ Arkins, Brian (1988). "The Freedom of Influence: Callimachus and Latin Poetry". Latomus: 285–293.285-293&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Arkins&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gardens+of+Maecenas" class="Z3988">
35. ^ Häuber, Chrystina. "The Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
36. ^ Wyler, Stéphanie (2013). "An Augustan Trend towards Dionysos: Around the 'Auditorium of Maecenas'". In Bernabe, Alberto; Herrero deJáuregui, Miguel; San Cristóbal, Ana; Martín Hernández, Raquel (eds.). Redefining Dionysos.
37. ^ University of Virginia, Rectors and Visitors. ""Auditorium" of the Gardens of Maecenas". Rome Reborn. Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
38. ^ Häuber, Chrystina. "The Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
39. ^ Wyler, Stéphanie (2013). "An Augustan Trend towards Dionysos: Around the 'Auditorium of Maecenas'". In Bernabe, Alberto; Herrero deJáuregui, Miguel; San Cristóbal, Ana; Martín Hernández, Raquel (eds.). Redefining Dionysos.
40. ^ Claridge, Amanda (2010). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 333.
41. ^ Wyler, Stéphanie (2013). "An Augustan Trend towards Dionysos: Around the 'Auditorium of Maecenas'". In Bernabe, Alberto; Herrero deJáuregui, Miguel; San Cristóbal, Ana; Martín Hernández, Raquel (eds.). Redefining Dionysos.
42. ^ Wyler, Stéphanie (2013). "An Augustan Trend towards Dionysos: Around the 'Auditorium of Maecenas'". In Bernabe, Alberto; Herrero deJáuregui, Miguel; San Cristóbal, Ana; Martín Hernández, Raquel (eds.). Redefining Dionysos.
43. ^ Robert Coates-Stephens (2001). "Muri dei bassi secoli in Rome": observations on the re-use of statuary in walls found on the Esquiline and Caelian after 1870. Journal of Roman Archaeology 14: pp. 217-238. ISSN 1047-7594 (WC · ACNP)
44. ^ Eugenio La Rocca, L'auriga dell'Esquilino, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 1987. ISBN 88-7062-639-3

## Sources

[edit]

* Horace, Satires i.8.14 - "nunc licet Esquiliis habitare salubribus atque / aggere in aprico spatiari, quo modo tristes / albis informem spectabant ossibus agrum,/cum mihi non tantum furesque feraeque suetae/hunc vexare locum curae sunt atque labori/quantum carminibus quae versant atque venenis/humanos animos: has nullo perdere possum/nec prohibere modo, simul ac vaga luna decorum/protulit os, quin ossa legant herbasque nocentis."
* Acro, Porphyrio, and Comm. Cruq. ad loc.
* Topographical Dictionary

## External links

[edit]

* The Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline in Rome - a diachronic topography

Preceded by
Ludus Magnus | Landmarks of Rome
Gardens of Maecenas  | Succeeded by
Gardens of Sallust

|
|

* v
* t
* e

Augustus

Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) · Imperator Caesar Augustus

Titles|

* Princeps
* Augustus
* Caesar
* Imperator
* Divi filius
* Pater patriae
* Pontifex maximus

Wars of Augustus|

| Second Triumvirate|

* War of Mutina
* battle
* Forum Gallorum
* Liberators' Civil War
* Philippi
* Perusine War
* Bellum Siculum
* War of Actium
* battle
* Alexandria

|

Roman Empire|

* Cantabrian Wars
* Bellum Batonianum
* Germanic War
* Teutoburg

Legislative activity|

* Constitutional Reforms
* leges Juliae
* Coinage reform
* Bierzo Edict
* Propaganda

Buildings|

* Forum of Augustus
* Campus Martius
* Baths of Agrippa
* Porticus Argonautarum
* Mausoleum
* Solarium Augusti
* obelisk
* Saepta Julia
* Diribitorium
* Campus Agrippae
* Porticus Vipsania
* Porticus Octaviae
* Porticus of Livia
* Macellum Liviae
* Library of Palatine Apollo
* Theatre of Marcellus
* Roman Agora
* Tropaeum Alpium
* Actian dekanaia
* Caesareum of Alexandria
* Campsite Memorial of Augustus

| Palaces|

* House of Augustus
* Gardens of Maecenas
* Palazzo a Mare
* Villa Giulia
* Villa of Augustus

|

Religious structures|

* Ara Pacis
* Pantheon
* Basilica of Neptune
* Temples
* Caesar
* Apollo Palatinus
* Apollo Sosianus
* Mars Ultor
* Castor and Pollux
* Augustus
* Rome and Augustus

Aqueducts|

* Aqua Virgo
* Aqua Alsietina
* Aqua Julia

Roads|

* Milliarium Aureum
* Via Julia Augusta
* Via Augusta

Archs|

* Aosta
* Berà
* Fano
* Orange
* Rome
* Rimini
* Susa

Works|

* Res Gestae Divi Augusti
* Memoirs of Augustus

Culture|

* Literature
* Augustan and Julio-Claudian art
* Gaius Maecenas

Family|

| Parents and siblings|

* Gaius Octavius (father)
* Julius Caesar (adoptive father)
* Atia (mother)
* Octavia the Elder (sister)
* Octavia the Younger (sister)

|

Wives|

* Claudia
* Livia
* Scribonia

Children|

* Julia (daughter)
* Gaius & Lucius (adopted)
* Agrippa Postumus (adopted)
* Nero Drusus (stepson)
* Tiberius (adopted)
* Cornelia (stepdaughter)

Circle|

| Generals|

* Agrippa‎
* Piso Caesoninus
* Germanicus
* Marcellus

|

Freedmen|

* Julius Licinus
* Gaius Julius Hyginus
* Epaphroditus

Portraits|

* Prima Porta
* Via Labicana
* Meroë Head

Legacy|

* Temples of Augustus
* Rome
* Athens
* Nola
* Barcelona
* Roman Temple of Évora
* Imperial cult
* Sodales Augustales
* Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano
* Cultural depictions

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Landmarks of Rome

Walls and gates|

* Aurelian Walls
* Ardeatina
* Asinaria
* Latina
* Maggiore
* Metronia
* Nomentana
* Pia
* Pinciana
* Popolo
* Portese
* San Pancrazio
* San Paolo
* San Giovanni
* San Sebastiano
* Settimiana
* Tiburtina
* Leonine Wall
* Cavalleggeri
* Pertusa
* Santo Spirito
* Castra Praetoria
* Janiculum Wall
* Terreus Wall
* Romuli Wall
* Servian Wall
* Caelimontana
* Capena
* Collina
* Dolabella
* Esquilina
* Fontinalis
* Gallienus
* Viminale
* Naevia
* Querquetulana
* Trigemina

Ancient obelisks|

* Lateran Obelisk
* Flaminian Obelisk
* Obelisk of Minerveo
* Obelisk of Montecitorio

Ancient Roman
landmarks|

| Triumphal arches|

* Arch of Constantine
* Arch of Dolabella
* Arch of Drusus
* Arch of Gallienus
* Arch of Janus
* Arch of Septimius Severus
* Arch of Titus
* Arcus Novus

|

Aqueducts|

* Aqua Appia
* Aqua Alexandrina
* Aqua Anio Vetus
* Aqua Anio Novus
* Aqua Claudia
* Aqua Julia
* Aqua Marcia
* Aqua Tepula

Sewers|

* Cloaca Maxima
* Cloaca Circi Maximi

Public baths|

* Baths of Agrippa
* Baths of Caracalla
* Baths of Diocletian
* Baths of Nero
* Baths of Trajan

Religious|

* Ara Pacis
* Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
* Temple of Apollo Palatinus
* Temple of Apollo Sosianus
* Temple of Hadrian
* Temple of Hercules Victor
* Temple of Janus
* Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
* Temple of Jupiter Tonans
* Temple of Minerva Medica
* Temple of Portunus
* Temple of Saturn
* Temple of Vesta
* House of the Vestals
* Largo di Torre Argentina
* Lupercal
* Pantheon
* Porta Maggiore Basilica

Fora|

* Roman Forum
* Imperial fora
* Forum of Augustus
* Forum of Caesar
* Forum of Nerva
* Forum of Vespasian
* Trajan's Forum
* Forum Boarium
* Forum Holitorium

Civic|

* Basilica Argentaria
* Basilica Julia
* Basilica of Junius Bassus
* Basilica of Maxentius
* Basilica of Neptune
* Basilica Ulpia
* Comitium
* Curia Julia
* Portico Dii Consentes
* Porticus Octaviae
* Tabularium

Entertainment|

* Circus Maximus
* Circus of Maxentius
* Circus of Nero
* Colosseum
* Ludus Magnus
* Gardens of Maecenas
* Gardens of Sallust
* Stadium of Domitian
* Theatre of Marcellus
* Theatre of Pompey

Palaces and villae|

* Domus Augustana
* Domus Aurea
* Domus Transitoria
* Flavian Palace
* House of Augustus
* Palace of Domitian
* Villa Gordiani
* Villa of Livia
* Insula dell'Ara Coeli
* Villa of the Quintilii
* Villa of the sette bassi

Column monuments|

* Column of Antoninus Pius
* Column of Marcus Aurelius
* "Column of Phocas"
* Trajan's Column
* Five-Columns Monument

Commerce|

* Porticus Aemilia
* Trajan's Market

Tombs|

* Casal Rotondo
* Catacombs of Domitilla
* Catacombs of Rome
* Catacombs of San Sebastiano
* Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
* Mausoleum of Augustus
* Mausoleum of Helena
* Mausoleum of Maxentius
* Pyramid of Cestius
* Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
* Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus
* Tomb of the Haterii
* Tomb of the Scipios
* Tombs of Via Latina
* Tomb of Priscilla
* Vigna Randanini

Bridges|

* Pons Cestius
* Pons Fabricius
* Ponte Milvio
* Ponte Sant'Angelo

Roman Catholic
basilicas|

* Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
* Basilica of Saint Mary Major
* Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
* Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
* S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
* S. Agnese fuori le mura
* S. Agostino
* S. Anastasia al Palatino
* S. Andrea delle Fratte
* S. Andrea della Valle
* S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
* S. Apollinare alle Terme
* Ss. Apostoli
* S. Balbina
* S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
* Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
* S. Camillo de Lellis
* S. Carlo al Corso
* S. Cecilia in Trastevere
* Ss. Celso e Giuliano
* S. Clemente
* Ss. Cosma e Damiano
* S. Crisogono
* S. Croce in Via Flaminia
* S. Croce in Gerusalemme
* S. Eugenio
* S. Eustachio
* S. Francesca Romana
* S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
* S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
* Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
* S. Lorenzo in Damaso
* S. Lorenzo in Lucina
* S. Maria Ausiliatrice
* S. Marco
* S. Maria degli Angeli
* S. Maria dei Miracoli
* S. Maria in Montesanto
* S. Maria in Cosmedin
* S. Maria in Domnica
* S. Maria in Aracoeli
* S. Maria del Popolo
* S. Maria sopra Minerva
* S. Maria in Trastevere
* S. Maria in Via
* S. Maria in Via Lata
* S. Maria della Vittoria
* S. Martino ai Monti
* Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
* S. Nicola in Carcere
* S. Pancrazio
* Pantheon
* S. Pietro in Vincoli
* S. Prassede
* S. Pudenziana
* Ss. Quattro Coronati
* S. Saba
* S. Sabina
* Sacro Cuore di Maria
* Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
* Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio
* S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
* S. Silvestro in Capite
* S. Sisto Vecchio
* S. Sofia a Via Boccea
* S. Stefano Rotondo
* S. Teresa
* S. Vitale

Other churches|

* List of churches in Rome

Castles and palaces|

* Arx
* Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi
* Castel Sant'Angelo
* Domus Internationalis Paulus VI
* Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga
* Palazzo Barberini
* Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari
* Palazzo Borghese
* Palazzo della Cancelleria
* Palazzo Chigi
* Palazzo Colonna
* Palazzo della Consulta
* Palazzo Farnese
* Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini
* Palazzo Giustinani
* Lateran Palace
* Palazzo Madama
* Palazzo Malta
* Palazzo di Giustizia
* Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne
* Palazzo Mattei
* Palazzo del Quirinale
* Palazzo Pamphilj
* Palazzo Poli
* Palazzo Riario
* Palazzo Ruspoli
* Palazzo Spada
* Palazzo Valentini
* Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli
* Palazzo del Viminale
* Palazzo Wedekind
* Palazzo Zuccari
* Villa Farnesina
* Villa Giulia
* Villa Madama

Fountains|

* Api
* Acqua Felice
* Acqua Paola
* Babuino
* Barcaccia
* Il Facchino
* Marforio
* Moro
* Nasone
* Navicella
* Neptune
* Nettuno
* del Pantheon
* Pianto
* di Piazza d'Aracoeli
* di Piazza Colonna
* di Piazza Farnese
* della Piazza dei Quiriti
* di Piazza Nicosia
* in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere
* di Ponte Sisto
* Quattro Fiumi
* Quattro Fontane
* Tartarughe
* Trevi Fountain
* Tritons
* Tritone

Other landmarks|

* Altare della Patria (Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy)
* Campo Verano
* Capocci Tower
* Column of the Immaculate Conception
* Conti Tower
* Hospital of the Holy Spirit
* Milizie Tower
* Sisto Bridge
* Spanish Steps

Squares, streets
and public spaces|

* Appian Way
* Campo de' Fiori
* Clivus Capitolinus
* Piazza Colonna
* Piazza d'Aracoeli
* Piazza del Popolo
* Piazza della Minerva
* Piazza della Repubblica
* Piazza Farnese
* Piazza Navona
* Piazza San Pietro
* Piazza di Spagna
* Piazza Venezia
* Via dei Coronari
* Via del Corso
* Via della Conciliazione
* Via dei Fori Imperiali
* Via Sacra
* Via Veneto

Parks, gardens
and zoos|

* Bioparco
* Villa Ada
* Villa Borghese gardens
* Villa Doria Pamphili
* Villa Medici
* Villa Torlonia
* Parco degli Acquedotti

Museums and
art galleries|

* Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
* Capitoline Museums
* Casa di Goethe
* Galleria Borghese
* Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna
* Galleria Doria Pamphilj
* Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
* Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
* Giorgio de Chirico House Museum
* Galleria Spada
* Jewish Museum of Rome
* Keats–Shelley Memorial House
* MAXXI
* Museo Archeologico Ostiense
* Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
* Museo Civico di Zoologia
* Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
* Museo delle Mura
* Museo di Roma
* Museo di Roma in Trastevere
* Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia
* Museo Nazionale Etrusco
* Museo Nazionale Romano
* Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria
* Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome
* Museum of Roman Civilization
* Museum of the Ara Pacis
* Museum of the Liberation of Rome
* National Museum of Oriental Art
* Palazzo Colonna
* Palazzo delle Esposizioni
* Pigorini National Museum
* Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
* Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum
* Venanzo Crocetti Museum

Art|

* Apollo Belvedere
* Augustus of Prima Porta
* Colossus of Constantine
* La Bocca della Verità
* Laocoön and His Sons
* Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
* Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
* Pietà
* Portonaccio sarcophagus
* Raphael Rooms
* Sistine Chapel ceiling
* Velletri Sarcophagus

Landscape|

| Seven Hills|

* Aventine
* Caelian
* Capitoline
* Esquiline
* Palatine
* Quirinal
* Viminal

|

* Tiber Island
* Monte Testaccio

Metropolitan City
of Rome Capital|

* Appian Way Regional Park
* Capo di Bove
* Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
* Frascati
* Hadrian's Villa
* Ostia Antica
* Villa Aldobrandini
* Villa d'Este
* Villa Farnese

Events and traditions|

* Festa della Repubblica
* Rome Quadriennale
* Rome Film Festival

Enclave|

* Vatican City

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template