Gaza–Israel conflict

Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

For the ongoing 2023–2024 war, see Israel–Hamas war.

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Gaza–Israel conflict

* Palestinian rocket attacks
* Lists
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Israeli war crimes

* * *

* Rafah massacre
* Khan Yunis massacre
* First Intifada
* Second Intifada
* Gaza cross-border raid
* Summer Rains
* Autumn Clouds
* 2006 shelling of Beit Hanoun
* Gaza–Egypt border breach
* Hot Winter
* 2008–2009 Gaza War
* March 2010 clashes
* 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign
* Southern Israel cross-border attacks
* March 2012 clashes
* Pillar of Defense
* 2014 Gaza War
* Shuja'iyya
* Beach bombing incidents
* 2018-2019 border protests
* November 2018 clashes
* May 2019 clashes
* November 2019 clashes
* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* 2022 clashes
* May 2023 clashes
* Israel–Hamas war
* Hamas attack on Israel
* Israeli invasion of Gaza

The Gaza–Israel conflict is a localized part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict beginning in 1948, when 200,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homes, settling in the Gaza Strip as refugees.[1] Since then, Israel has fought 15[2] wars against the Gaza Strip. The number of Gazans killed in the most recent 2023 war — 27,000 — is higher than the death toll of all other wars of the Arab-Israeli conflict.[3][4]

Israel fought four wars against Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip:[5] 1948 Palestine War, border attacks of 1949–1956, first occupation of Gaza during the Suez Crisis and the capture of Gaza in 1967. During the first occupation, 1% of Gaza Strip's population was either killed, tortured or imprisoned by Israel.[6] Following two periods of low-level insurgencies, a major conflict between Israelis and Palestinians erupted in the First Intifada (523 Gazans killed). The 1993 Oslo Accords brought a period of calm. But, in 2000 the Second Intifada erupted. Towards the end of the Second Intifada, Israel disengaged from Gaza in 2005, Hamas won the 2006 election and seized control of Gaza in 2007.[7]

In 2007, Israel imposed a land, air and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip,[8] turning it into an "open-air prison".[9][8] The blockade was widely condemned as a form of collective punishment,[10] while Israel defended it as necessary to stop Palestinian rocket attacks.[11] Hamas considered it a declaration of war.[12] A 2008–2009 Israeli invasion of Gaza resulted in more than 1,000 deaths and widespread destruction of homes, schools and hospitals. A 2012 Israeli operation also killed more than 100 people.

In 2014, Israel invaded Gaza in a major war that resulted in the deaths of 73 Israelis (mostly soldiers) and 2,251 Palestinians (mostly civilians). The invasion resulted in "unprecedented"[13] destruction, damaging 25% of homes in Gaza city and 70% of homes in Beit Hanoun.[13] After 2014, notable events in the conflict included the "Great March of Return" (2018-2019) and clashes in November 2018, May 2019 and November 2019. The 2021 crisis saw 256 Palestinians and 15 Israelis killed.

On October 7, 2023, Palestinian militants attacked Israel, killing 1,200 people (mostly civilians). Israel responded with bombing Gaza Strip and launching an invasion that has killed more than 29,000 Gazans as of February 2024.[14]

## Overview[edit]

List of Israeli-Gaza military conflicts  Number[a] | Conflict | Period | Arabs killed | Israelis killed | Infrastructure damaged or destroyed | Population displaced | Other impact

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1  | 1948 Palestine war and 1948 Arab–Israeli War[5] | 1948–1949 |  |  |  | 200,000 Arabs fled or were expelled by Israel into Gaza | Creation of Gaza Strip as an entity
2  | Israel's border wars[5] | 1949–1956 | 216[15]
(Up to 1955) | 8[15]
(Up to 1955) |  |  | Conflict over Palestinian "infiltrators" - often refugees trying to return back home[5]
3  | Israeli occupation of Gaza during the Suez Crisis | 1956–1957 | 1,231[6]-1,446[b] |  |  |  | 1% of the total population of Gaza Strip was either killed, wounded, tortured or imprisoned by Israel.[6]
4  | Conquest of Gaza during the Six day war | 1967 |  |  | 90% of UNRWA schools[16] | ~45,000 civilians (10% of Gaza's population) fled or were expelled by Israel[17] |
5  | Low-level insurgency[5] | 1967–1971 | 39 civilians, 71 combatants [18] | 9 civilians, 8 soldiers[18] |  |  | Israel detained approximately 10,000 Gazans without trial between 1967-1970.[18]
6  | Three-way conflict between Israel, Palestinian nationalists and Islamist militants | 1979–1983 |  |  |  |  |
7  | First Intifada | 1987–1993 | 523,[19] 78,338 hospitalized[19] |  |  |  | 42% of Gaza's children reported being assaulted by the IDF[19]
8  | Second Intifada | 2001–2005 | ~3,000[20] |  |  |  |
9  | Post-disengagement incursions into Gaza | 2005–2007 | 359 civilians,[21] 309 combatants[c] | 4 soldiers,[21] 4 civilians |  |  |
10  | Operation Cast Lead | 2008–2009 | 1,181 civilians,[d] 236 combatants[22] | 10 soldiers, 3 civilians | 46,000 homes,[23] 34 hospitals and clinics,[23] 214 schools,[23] 52 mosques and churches[23] | 100,000 people made homeless[23] | 80% of agricultural produce and equipment destroyed[23]
11  | Operation Pillar of Defense | 2012 | 103 civilians, 55 combatants[24] | 4 civilians, 2 soldiers | 97 schools,[25] 49 mosques and churches,[25] 15 hospitals and clinics[25] | 350-700 families[26] |
12  | Operation Protective Edge | 2014 | 2,251 killed (65% civilians)[27] | 67 soldiers, 6 civilians | 203 mosques and 2 churches,[28]
25% of homes in Gaza city[13] | 520,000 (30% of Gaza's population) internally displaced[29] |
\-  | 2021 crisis | 2021 | 128 civilians,[30] 128 combatants | 14 civilians, 1 soldiers | 15,000 homes,[30] 58 schools,[30] 9 hospitals,[30] 19 clinics[30] | 113,000 internally displaced[30] |
\-  | Israel-Hamas war | 2023 | Ongoing
Israeli and Palestinian deaths preceding the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. Of the Palestinian deaths 5,360 were in Gaza, 1,007 in the West Bank, 37 in Israel. Most were civilians on both sides.[31][32]

## 1947–1987[edit]

Main article: Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Israel fought 6 wars with Gaza from 1947 to 1987.[5]

Israel occupied the Gaza Strip during the Suez Crisis in 1956. During this occupation, 930-1,200 Palestinians were killed, most notably in the Khan Younis massacre and Rafah massacre. In total, about 1% of the population of Gaza Strip was either killed, wounded, tortured or imprisoned by Israel.[6] In 1957, Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip after American pressure.[33]

In the 1967 war, Israel occupied Gaza Strip, along with Sinai, Golan Heights and the West Bank. During the war, and shortly after, between 40,000 and 45,000 civilians fled or were expelled from the Gaza Strip.[17] Many Palestinian civilians were killed as they fled. On June 11, a grenade killed 8 Gaza civilians and a shooting killed another 10.[17]

## 1988–2007: Intifadas[edit]

During the First intifada, in the Gaza Strip alone, 142 Palestinians were killed, while no Israelis died: 77 were shot dead, and 37 died from tear-gas inhalation. 17 died from beatings at the hand of Israeli police or soldiers.[34]

### Israel–Gaza barrier[edit]

Main article: Israel–Gaza barrier

Israel completed the initial Israel–Gaza barrier in 1996. It has helped reduce infiltration from Gaza Strip into Israel.[citation needed] Special permits to enter Israel for medical purposes were also greatly reduced,[citation needed] which has made travel for Palestinians difficult.[35]

Daniel Schueftan, in his 1999 book, Disengagement: Israel and the Palestinian Entity[36][37] ("The Need for Separation: Israel and the Palestinian Authority"), reviews new and existing arguments underlying different separation stances, in order to make the case for separation from the Palestinians, beginning with those in the West Bank and Gaza. Schueftan favors the "hard separation" stances of politicians like Yitzhak Rabin and Ehud Barak.[37]

Yitzhak Rabin was the first to propose the creation of a physical barrier between the Israeli and Palestinian populations in 1992, and by 1994, construction on the first barrier – the Israel–Gaza barrier – had begun; it is actually a wire fence equipped with sensors. Following an attack on Bet Lid, near the city of Netanya, Rabin specified the objectives behind the undertaking, stating that:

> This path must lead to a separation, though not according to the borders prior to 1967. We want to reach a separation between us and them. We do not want the majority of the Jewish residents of the state of Israel, 98% of whom live within the borders of sovereign Israel, including a united Jerusalem, to be subject to terrorism."[38][39]

### Second Intifada[edit]

Main article: Second Intifada

The Israeli Air Force (IAF) AH-64 Apache were used as platform for shooting guided missiles at Palestinian targets and employed at the targeted killings policy against both militants and political leaders.

The Second Intifada, also known as the al-Aqsa Intifada, began in September 2000. Many Palestinians considered the Intifada to be a struggle of national liberation against Israeli occupation imposed on them following the 1967 War, whereas many Israelis considered it to be a terrorist campaign.[40]

Palestinian tactics ranged from carrying out mass protests and general strikes, as in the First Intifada, to mounting suicide bombing attacks and firing Qassam rockets into southeastern Israeli residential areas. Israeli tactics ranged from conducting mass arrests and locking up Palestinians in administrative detention to setting up checkpoints and building the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier and West Bank barrier to carrying out assassinations targeting militants and leaders of Palestinian organizations.

After the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Israel negotiated with Mahmoud Abbas and the PLO, but simultaneously targeted and bombed Hamas activists and militants and arrested Hamas's elected legislative council politicians.

The death toll, both military and civilian, over the entire period in question (2000–2007) is estimated to be over 4,300 Palestinians and over 1,000 Israelis; 64 foreign citizens were also killed (54 by Palestinians, and 10 by Israeli security forces).[41]

### Israel's unilateral disengagement[edit]

Main article: Israeli disengagement from Gaza

Israel implemented its Disengagement Plan in August–September 2005, withdrawing its civilian and military presence from the Gaza Strip, and retaining control over the Gaza airspace, maritime access and borders even with Egypt according to the 2005 agreement with the Palestinian authority. Qassam rockets were fired regularly prior to the Israeli disengagement and the frequency of Qassam attacks increased after the Disengagement from Gaza. Palestinian militants have targeted a number of military bases and civilian towns in Southern Israel.[42]

Since 2001, Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip,[43] killing, injuring and traumatizing Israeli civilians.[44][45]

In July 2006, Israel briefly re-occupied parts of northern Gaza Strip and used the occupied areas as bases for raids into Jabalya and Beit Lahya.[46] Hamas responded by launching rockets.

### Ascendancy of Hamas[edit]

Main article: Fatah–Hamas conflict

When the Islamic party Hamas won the January 2006 Palestinian legislative election, gaining a majority of seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council,[47] the conflict between Israel and Gaza intensified. Israel sealed its border with the Gaza Strip, largely preventing the free flow of people and many imports and exports. Palestinians shot Qassam rockets at Israeli settlements located near the Gaza borders, and staged cross-border raids aimed at killing or capturing Israeli soldiers. In one such raid, on 25 June 2006, Palestinians captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, leading to massive retaliation by the Israeli army which included air strikes against Hamas targets.

In June 2007, internal fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah, and Hamas fully consolidated its power by staging an armed coup d'état and taking control of the Gaza Strip. Following the internecine fighting that occurred between 7 and 15 June 2007, also known as the Battle of Gaza in which 118 Palestinians were killed and over 550 were wounded,[48] the entire Gaza Strip came under full control of a Hamas government.

As a response to the Hamas takeover, Israel sharply restricted the flow of people and goods into and out of Gaza. About 70% of Gaza's workforce became unemployed or without pay, and about 80% of its residents lived in poverty.[49]

Since Hamas' takeover, Palestinian armed groups in Gaza and Israel continued to clash. Palestinian armed groups fired rockets into Israel, killing Israeli civilians, including children, and wounding others, as well as causing damage to infrastructure; and Israel launched attacks and shelled Gaza with artillery, killing Palestinian combatants as well as civilians, including children,[50][51][52] and causing devastating damage to infrastructure.[53] According to Human Rights Watch, the Palestinian deliberate attacks against civilians violated international humanitarian law. Because Hamas exercised power inside Gaza, it was responsible for stopping unlawful attacks even when carried out by other groups.[54]

### 2006–2007[edit]

Main articles: 2006 Hamas cross-border raid, Operation Summer Rains, and Operation Autumn Clouds (2006)

Large-scale conventional warfare beyond the peripheries of the Gaza Strip began when Palestinian militants abducted Corporal Gilad Shalit, and Israel responded by launching Operation "Summer Rains" on 28 June 2006. The operation became the first major mobilization within the Gaza Strip since Israel unilaterally disengaged from the region between August and September 2005.

The Gaza beach blast was an event on 9 June 2006 in which eight Palestinians were killed - including nearly the entire family of seven-year-old Huda Ghaliya - and at least thirty others were injured in an explosion on a beach near the municipality of Beit Lahia in the Gaza Strip.[55] The incident received considerable attention from news media worldwide, with blame for the explosion hotly disputed in the following weeks.

Israel maintains that it mobilized thousands of troops in order to suppress Qassam rocket fire against its civilian population and to secure the release of Gilad Shalit. It is estimated that between 7,000 and 9,000 Israeli artillery shells were fired into Gaza between September 2005 and June 2006, killing 80 Palestinians in 6 months.[56] On the Palestinian side, over 1,300 Qassam rockets have been fired into Israel from September 2000 to 21 December 2006.[citation needed] Israeli forces also continued to search for tunnels, used by militants to smuggle weapons, as well as monitor operations at checkpoints (with some assistance from the European Union at Rafah) for security reasons, specifically possible weapons transfers and uninhibited return of exiled extremist leaders and terrorists.[57][58][59][60][61] As of 18 October 2006, Israel has discovered 20 tunnels used for illegal arms smuggling under the border of the Gaza Strip and Egypt.[62]

Israel had said it would withdraw from the Strip and end the operation as soon as Shalit was released.[63] The Palestinians had said that they were willing to return Shalit in exchange for the release of some of the Palestinians held in Israeli jails. The Palestinians and others have also said the assault was aimed at toppling the democratically elected Hamas-led government and at destabilizing the Palestinian National Authority, citing the targeting of civilian infrastructure such as a power station and the captures of government and parliament members. Some 300 Palestinians had been targeted by the IDF in the Gaza Strip since the kidnapping of Corporal Gilad Shalit.[64]

In July 2006, first reports emerged about mystery injuries after Israeli attacks. Previously unseen injuries included severely damaged internal organs, severe internal burning and deep internal wounds often resulting in amputations or death. Bodies arrived severely fragmented, melted and disfigured. There were speculations about a new experimental weapon, particularly Dense inert metal explosives (DIMEs).[65]

Attempting to curb Qassam rocket attacks fired at Southern Israel by Palestinian militants from the northern Gaza Strip, Israel launched Operation "Autumn Clouds" on 1 November 2006.

On 8 November 2006, a day after Israel's withdrawal following Operation "Autumn Clouds," Israel Defense Forces shells missed their target—possibly due to a "technical malfunction"—and hit a row of houses in the Gaza Strip town of Beit Hanoun,[66] killing 19 Palestinians and wounding more than 40.[67][68] Israeli Defense Forces launched an investigation into the Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident (and later apologized for the incident), and the then Israeli President Ehud Olmert offered humanitarian assistance to those affected.[69]

The 2006 Franco–Italian–Spanish Middle East Peace Plan was proposed after Israel invaded the Gaza Strip in Operation "Autumn Clouds" by Spanish Premier José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero during talks with French president Jacques Chirac. Italy's prime minister Romano Prodi gave his full support to the plan.

On 26 November, a ceasefire was signed by Palestinian organisations and Israel, and Israel withdrew its troops while the Palestinian Authority forces deployed to stop Qassam rocket launchings. Following the truce over 60 Qassam rockets were fired from the Gaza Strip at Israel, and 1 Palestinian (armed with guns and grenades) was killed by the IDF. On 19 December, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad began taking open responsibility for the Qassam rocket firing, because they said Israel killed two of their members in Jenin.[70][71][72]

A series of battles between Palestinian militants in Hamas-governed Gaza and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that began in mid-May 2007, with the inter-Palestinian violence flaring in the meantime. Palestinians fired more than 220 Qassam rocket attacks on Israel (Sderot and the western Negev) in more than a week. The Israeli Air Force fired missiles and bombs at the launching sites. The fighting came amid serious Palestinian factional violence and reports of growing level of humanitarian crisis in the region.[73] Hamas said they will continue to retaliate against Israeli strikes.

## 2007–2022[edit]

Main article: Blockade of the Gaza Strip

In September 2007, Israel declared Gaza "hostile territory."[74] Historian Jean-Pierre Filiu finds this assertion "absurd", given that up to this point Israel had already fought 9 wars against Gaza.[5] The declaration allowed Israel to prevent the transfer of electricity, fuel, and other supplies into Gaza. Hamas considered this a declaration of war,[75] while Israel stated its purpose was to pressure Hamas into ending Qassam rocket attacks (which Israel said were intensifying).[76][77][78] Israel's decision to cut fuel supplies to Gaza were widely condemned (including by the European Union) as "collective punishment."[79][80][81]

Israel has also arrested Hamas officials in the West Bank, including two cabinet members. Such arrests have been strongly condemned by international organizations and politicians.[82][83][84][85]

By January 2008, according to a United Nations study, the economic effects of Israel's blockade on Gaza reached a critical threshold. Finally, on 17 January 2008, Israel sealed the border completely following a rise in rocket attacks. The breach of the Gaza-Egypt border began on 23 January 2008, after gunmen in the Gaza Strip set off an explosion near the Rafah Border Crossing, destroying part of the former Israeli Gaza Strip barrier. The United Nations estimates that as many as half the 1.5 million population of the Gaza Strip crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies.[citation needed]

### Operation "Hot Winter"[edit]

Main article: Operation Hot Winter

On 27 February 2008, Palestinian militants fired more than 40 Qassam rockets into southern Israel and the Israeli army fired three missiles at the Palestinian Interior Ministry in Gaza destroying the building.[86] On 28 February 2008 Israeli aircraft bombed a police station near the Gaza City home of Hamas leader Ismail Haniya, killing several children.[87] The Israeli military says its air and ground operations against militants firing rockets from northern Gaza have hit at least 23 armed Palestinians, while Palestinian sources have reported higher death tolls and say many civilians have also been killed.[88]

Israel began its air and ground operations on 29 February.[89] The IDF's offensive in Gaza has killed more than 100 Palestinians in less than a week.[90] Palestinians fired 150 rockets at Israel which killed three Israelis.[89] The United States called for an end to clashes between Israel and the Palestinians.[91] The Palestinian president, Mahmoud Abbas, has accused Israel of "international terrorism", saying its assault on Gaza constitutes "more than a holocaust."[92] On 3 March Abbas suspended all contact with Israel over its assault on Gaza as the Israeli government sent warplanes to hit more targets early on Monday and vowed to continue its offensive.[93] The European Union condemned what it called "disproportionate use of force" by the Israeli military in Gaza after 54 Palestinians were killed in the highest casualty toll for a single day since fighting erupted in 2000.[94] United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also issued a condemnation of what he termed Israel's "excessive and disproportionate" response, and called on Israel "to cease such attacks", while denouncing the ongoing rocket attacks on Sderot and Ashkelon.[95]

In the Muslim world, demonstrators took to the streets to protest the IDF attacks. Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called on Muslims to rise up and their leaders to hit Israel "in the face with their nations' anger." In Lebanon, hundreds of Hezbollah supporters gathered at the Fatima Gate at the border between Lebanon and Israel, shouting "Death to Israel" and waving Lebanese and Palestinian flags. In Egypt, thousands of students held protests at universities across the country calling on Arab leaders to stop Israeli aggression and support the Palestinians. Some protesters burned Israeli and American flags.[91] About 10,000 protesters, mainly from Jordan's mainstream Muslim Brotherhood and smaller opposition groups, took to the streets in one of the country's most vocal and largest anti-Israeli demonstrations in recent years. Saudi Arabia meanwhile compared the IDF offensive to "Nazi war crimes" and called on the international community to stop what it called the "mass killings" of Palestinians. Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan said that the IDF attacks can have "no humanitarian justification" and added that Israel was rejecting a "diplomatic solution" to the dispute.[91] Most Israeli tanks and troops pulled out of northern Gaza 3 March 2008, and an Israel Defense Forces spokesman confirmed that the Israeli military was ending offensive operations there after five days.[96]

On 29 February 2008, the Israeli military launched Operation "Hot Winter" (also called Operation "Warm Winter") in response to Qassam rockets fired from the Strip by Hamas. The Israeli army killed 112 Palestinians, and Palestinian militants killed three Israelis. More than 150 Palestinians and seven Israelis have been injured.[97]

There was widespread international alarm at the scale of the operation, with the US state department encouraging Israel to exercise caution to avoid the loss of innocent life, and the European Union and the United Nations criticising Israel's "disproportionate use of force". The European Union also demanded an immediate end to Palestinian militant rocket attacks on Israel and urged Israel to halt activities that endanger civilians, saying they were "in violation of international law."[98]

### 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire[edit]

Main article: 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire

Monthly rocket hits in Israel in 2008, according to Israeli military-tied Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center.

The 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire was an Egyptian-brokered six-month Tahdia (an Arabic term for a lull) "for the Gaza area", which went into effect between Hamas and Israel on 19 June 2008.[99] Hamas' obligation was to stop the rocket attacks on Israel. During the initial 5-months of the ceasefire, and after a shaky start during the initial week,[100] these attacks from Gaza decreased significantly for a total of 19 rocket and 18 mortar shell launchings,[100][101] compared to 1199 rockets and 1072 mortar shells in 2008 up to 19 June, a reduction of 98%.[102] Mark Regev, spokesman for the Israeli Prime Minister acknowledged that "there were no Hamas rockets during the ceasefire before November the 4th".[102][103] Israel's obligation was to cease attacks on Gaza and once the ceasefire held, to gradually begin to ease its punishing blockade of Gaza.[99] The agreement called on Israel to increase the level of goods entering Gaza by 30 percent over the pre-lull period within 72 hours and to open all border crossings and "allow the transfer of all goods that were banned and restricted to go into Gaza" within 13 days after the beginning of the ceasefire.[104][better source needed] The increase in supplies of food, water, medicine and fuel did improve, but the increase was only to an average of about 20 percent of normal levels,[105] compared to the Hamas compliance in reducing rocket fire by 98%.[102] Two months later the volume of goods arriving was too low to significantly improve living conditions,[106] preventing UNRWA from replenishing its stores.[107] Israel told U.S. officials in 2008 it would keep Gaza's economy "on the brink of collapse".[108]

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A Grad rocket hitting Beersheba, January 2009

On 4 November 2008 Israel broke the ceasefire with an attack on Gaza. The Israeli military claimed the target of the raid was a tunnel that they said Hamas was planning to use to capture Israeli soldiers positioned on the border fence 250m away.[109] Hamas officials differed, however, claiming that the tunnel was being dug for defensive purposes, not to capture IDF personnel, according to Dr Robert Pastor (of the Carter Institute), and an IDF official confirmed that fact to him. Hamas replied to the Israeli attack with a barrage of rocket fire. With this incursion into Gaza territory and its non-compliance with the easing of the embargo, Israel had failed to comply with two aspects of the June 2008 ceasefire.[102]

When the six-month truce officially expired on 19 December, Hamas launched 50 to more than 70 rockets and mortars into Israel over the next three days, though no Israelis were injured.[110][111] On 21 December, Hamas said it was ready to stop the attacks and renew the truce if Israel stopped its "aggression" in Gaza and opened up its border crossings.[111][112] On 27 and 28 December, Israel implemented Operation Cast Lead against Hamas. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said "We warned Hamas repeatedly that rejecting the truce would push Israel to aggression against Gaza."[113]

### Gaza War (2008–09)[edit]

Main article: Gaza War (2008–2009)

Destroyed buildings in Gaza City, January 2009

The Gaza War[114] started when Israel launched a large military campaign in the Gaza Strip on 27 December 2008, codenamed Operation "Cast Lead" (Hebrew: מבצע עופרת יצוקה),[115] with the stated aim of stopping Hamas rocket attacks on southern Israel and arms smuggling into Gaza.[116][117] The conflict has also been called the Gaza massacre in the Arab world (Arabic: مجزرة غزة).[118] A fragile six-month truce between Hamas and Israel expired on 19 December 2008.[119] The Israeli operation began with an intense bombardment of the Gaza Strip,[120] targeting Hamas bases, police training camps,[121] police headquarters and offices.[122][123] Civilian infrastructure, including mosques, houses, medical facilities and schools, were also attacked, as Israel stated that many of them were used by combatants, and as storage spaces for weapons and rockets.[124] Hamas intensified its rocket and mortar attacks against targets in Israel throughout the conflict, hitting previously untargeted cities such as Beersheba and Ashdod.[125][126] On 3 January 2009, the Israeli ground invasion began.[127][128] During the war Hamas would execute many Palestinians and Fatah members during a period of political violence. Human rights groups and aid organisations have accused Hamas and Israel of war crimes.[129][130][131] An estimated 1,166-1,417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis died in the conflict.[132][133][134] The conflict came to an end on 18 January after first Israel and then Hamas announced unilateral ceasefires.[135][136] On 21 January, Israel completed its withdrawal from the Gaza Strip.[137] On 2 March, it was reported that international donors had pledged $4.5 billion in aid for the Palestinians, mainly for rebuilding Gaza after Israel's offensive.[138] This war was considered to be the largest, most devastating and deadliest military operation in Gaza since the Six-day war in 1967 and until the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[139]

### March 2010 events[edit]

Further information: March 2010 Israel–Gaza clashes

On 26 March 2010, two Israeli soldiers and two Hamas militants were killed during clashes on the Gaza Strip's southern border. Two other soldiers were wounded during the fighting which broke out east of the town of Khan Younis. They are the first Israeli soldiers to have been killed in hostile fire in or around Gaza since Israel's major offensive there in January 2009, according to the BBC.[140]

Charred remains of an Israeli bus hit in the 2011 attacks

### 2011 cross-border attack[edit]

Main article: 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks

On 18 August 2011, a series of cross-border attacks was carried out in southern Israel near the Egyptian border, by a squad of militants. The militants first opened fire at civilian bus.[141][142] Several minutes later, a bomb was detonated next to an Israeli army patrol along Israel's border with Egypt. In a third attack, an anti-tank missile hit a private vehicle, killing four civilians.

### Operation "Returning Echo"[edit]

Main article: March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes

Destroyed house in Gaza City, December 2012

During the second week of March 2012, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) initiated Operation "Returning Echo". It was the worst outbreak of violence covered by the media in the region since the 2008–09 Operation "Cast Lead" (the Gaza War).

### Operation "Pillar of Defense"[edit]

Main article: Operation Pillar of Defense

Israeli soldiers shielding a 4-year-old boy during a rocket attack, July 2014 US Ambassador to Israel's tour of attack tunnel. Rocket attacks fired at Israel from the Gaza Strip, 2001–2021.[143]

Attacks by Israel and Gazans grew intense late in October 2012. An Israeli air strike killed Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Hamas military wing in Gaza.[144] During the operation, four Israeli civilians and one soldier were killed by Palestinian rocket fire,[145] according to Palestinian Centre for Human Rights 158 Palestinians had been killed, of which: 102 were civilians, 55 militants and one was policeman. 30 children and 13 women were among the killed,[146] while the Israel Defense Forces presented statistics showing that out of 177 Palestinians killed, 120 were militants.[147] Most of the fighting was by bombs, aerial attacks, artillery, and rockets; the rockets being primarily used by the Palestinians and air strikes primarily by the Israelis. Attacked locations include Beersheva, Tel Aviv, Ashdod, Ofakim, Gaza, the rest of the Gaza Strip, the Shaar Hanegev, and Eshkol Regional Council. The United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany and other Western countries expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself, and/or[clarification needed] condemned the Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel.[148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156] Iran, Egypt, Turkey, North Korea and several other Arab and Muslim countries condemned the Israeli operation.[157][158][159]

### 2014 Gaza War[edit]

Main articles: 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Battle of Shuja'iyya, and 2014 Israeli shelling of UNRWA Gaza shelters

In 2014, fighting intensified between Israel and Hamas, leading to another full-scale Gaza War, this one far deadlier than the previous in 2008–2009. The IDF launched Operation Protective Edge on 8 July 2014, in response to Hamas rocket attacks,[160] which were launched following an earlier Israeli air strike against Gaza[161] and on 17 July 2014, Israel troops entered the Gaza Strip.[162] UN OCHA says 2,205 Palestinians (including at least 1,483 civilians) and 71 Israelis (including 66 soldiers) and one foreign national in Israel were killed in the conflict.[163] The war came to an end after 50 days of conflict when a ceasefire was agreed upon on 26 August 2014.[164]

### 2018 Border Protest[edit]

Main article: 2018 Gaza border protests

During the 2018 Land Day protests, 168 Palestinians have been killed and thousands were injured during clashes with Israeli troops at the Gaza-Israel border.[165]

### Clashes in November 2018[edit]

Main article: Gaza–Israel clashes (November 2018)

Violence flared up again on 11 November 2018 when seven Palestinian militants were killed during a botched raid by the Israel Defense Forces in the southeastern Gaza Strip. One IDF officer was killed and another was injured. Over a dozen rockets were subsequently fired from Gaza, three of which were shot down. After a series of intense fire exchanges, ceasefire was agreed upon on 13 November 2018.

### March 2019[edit]

On 25 March, seven people were injured in Israel after a rocket attack destroyed a home in Mishmeret. The Israel Defense Forces confirmed that Hamas was responsible for the attack.[166] The Israeli Air Force sent jets to strike multiple targets in the Gaza Strip, including the office of senior Hamas official Ismail Haniyeh, and Hamas' military intelligence headquarters in Gaza City.[167][168]

### May 2019[edit]

Main article: May 2019 Gaza-Israel clashes

On 3 May, two Israeli soldiers were injured by a Palestinian Islamic Jihad sniper from in the Gaza Strip during the weekly protests at the Gaza–Israel border. In response, the Israeli Air Force carried out an airstrike, killing four Palestinians. In addition, two other Palestinians were killed and 60 wounded, 36 of them by Israeli gunfire.[169]

Following this, Gazan militants launched hundreds of rockets at Israel. In response, the Israeli Air Force struck numerous targets within the Gaza Strip. In addition, Israel increased its troop presence near the Gaza–Israel border.[170]

### November 2019[edit]

Main article: Gaza–Israel clashes (November 2019)

The 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes code-named by Israel as Operation Black Belt, took place in November 2019, between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) following the targeted killing of senior PIJ commander Baha Abu al-Ata in Gaza, and the attempted killing of senior PIJ commander Akram al-Ajouri in Damascus, Syria by the IDF. PIJ responded with rocket fire into Israel, including long-range rockets fired towards Tel Aviv, leading to several civilians being wounded. In response to the rocket fire, Israel carried out airstrikes and artillery shelling in the Gaza Strip, killing and wounding several militants as well as civilians. A ceasefire went into effect after 48 hours of clashes,though it was breached by some Palestinian militants.[171][172][173][174]

### April 2021[edit]

On 15 April, Israeli military conducted military strikes targets in Gaza after a rocket was fired at southern Israel. Targets included an armaments production facility, a tunnel for smuggling weaponry and a Hamas military post.[175]

### May 2021[edit]

Main article: 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis

Hamas demanded Israel remove its forces from Al-Aqsa Mosque by May 10, 6pm. Minutes after the deadline passed, Hamas fired more than 150 rockets into Israel from Gaza.[176] In response, Israel launched air strikes in the Gaza strip on the same day.[177]

### August 2022[edit]

Main article: 2022 Gaza–Israel clashes

On 5 August 2022, Israel launched airstrikes on Gaza after a senior Palestinian Islamic Jihad militant had been arrested in the West Bank 4 days earlier, due to fears of retaliation.[178]

## 2023–present[edit]

### April 2023[edit]

Main article: 2023 Al-Aqsa clashes

In the aftermath of the 2023 Al-Aqsa clashes, Palestinian militant groups[179] fired rockets into Israel from the Gaza Strip and Lebanon.[179]

### May 2023[edit]

Main article: May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes

On 9 May 2023, Israel conducted a series of airstrikes on the Gaza Strip, called Operation Shield and Arrow Palestinians launched Rocket attacks against Israel until a Ceasefire was agreed upon on 13 May 2023.[180]

### October 2023[edit]

Main article: Israel–Hamas war

Map of the 2023 Israel-Hamas war in Gaza and Southern Israel

On 7 October 2023, Palestinian militant groups, mainly Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, with other groups such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, launched a major attack on Israel from the Gaza Strip. The attack included rocket barrages and vehicle-transported attacks across the border on Israeli communities and forces, causing many casualties; a thousand civilians were massacred. In response, the government of Israel declared a state of emergency and war; The Israeli military retaliated by conducting a counteroffensive and an extensive aerial bombardment campaign on Gaza followed by an invasion.[181][182][183][184][185][186][187] This war is considered to be the largest, most devastating and deadliest conflict in Gaza since the Gaza War in 2008 and 2009 and the deadliest war in Israel since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War of 1948 and 1949.

## International response[edit]

United Nations
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon stated he believed that the Qassam rocket attacks by factions in Gaza were "completely unacceptable." He also said he believed that the Palestinian Authority should "take the necessary steps to restore law and order, and for all factions to abide by the ceasefire." Ban also stated he was "deeply concerned by the mounting number of civilian casualties from Israeli military operations in Gaza." The Secretary General also called on Israel "to abide by international law and to ensure that its actions do not target civilians or put them under risk."[188] Ban had appointed Michael Williams to the Middle East for talks with both sides.[189] Williams soon said "I'm troubled when I see Israeli soldiers arresting Palestinian legislators. I'm troubled that the education minister was arrested," after Israel arrested several Hamas officials in the West Bank.[190] Williams met with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Foreign Minister Ziad Abu Amr in Gaza City. After continuing Israeli attacks and arrests, and the continuing rocket fire from Gaza, Williams said that "I'm very troubled by the level of violence here [...] I think the UN, the international community in general, have been very concerned about the level of intra-Palestinian violence, but also by the Israeli attacks which I know have caused civilian deaths, considerable numbers."[191] The international condemnation of Israeli incursion was further augmented with a scathing report prepared by eight British-based rights organizations, highlighting humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip that reached its worst point since Israel captured the territory in 1967. The report indicates more than 1.1 million people, about 80 percent of Gaza's residents, were dependent on food aid, and hospitals faced power cuts of up to 12 hours a day, and the water and sewage systems were close to collapse.[192]

United States
After the death of a woman from a rocket attack in Sderot, a representative for the U.S. Government reaffirmed the position that Israel has the right to self-defense. State Department spokesman Sean McCormack also stated that his country is aware of the difficulty of targeting terrorists without civilian casualties. He added that Israel must "take all possible actions in order to avoid any civilian casualties, to avoid any undue damage to the Palestinian infrastructure and always to consider the effects of their actions on the political process, the Israeli-Palestinian track and moving that forward."[188] The Republican plan, approved by the United States House of Representatives, allocates $14.5bn in military aid for Israel. Also, Israel has received the highest amount of military assistance from the US compared to any other nation since World War II, with aid exceeding $124bn.[193]

Turkey
In response to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, to the interdiction of the activity of the Moslem Brothers in Egypt and to what he interpreted as Egyptian support for Israel, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi an "illegitimate tyrant".[194] He also stated that "If Israel continues with this attitude, it will definitely be tried at international courts."[195]

Bolivia
In July 2014, Bolivia declared Israel a "terrorist state", tightening visa restrictions for Israelis seeking to travel to Bolivia.[196]

Indonesia
The Indonesian people and government were very concerned for Gaza during the conflict. They donated humanitarian aid and some volunteered to come to Gaza and work on the ground. Indonesia also built a hospital in Gaza named "Indonesia hospital," which opened in 2015.[197] Its construction was not impacted during the fighting and remained on schedule. This hospital was bombed by Israel three years later.[198]

Egypt
The Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is not allowing a refugee camp on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt because he says it would allow the Palestinians to launch terrorist attacks from there against Israel, and Egypt would get blamed for it. Egypt has closed their border from Gaza to Egypt but are allowing humanitarian aid to flow into Gaza from Egypt during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[199]

South Africa

### Other responses[edit]

Pro-Israel-Demo in Berlin in 2009.Pro-Palestinian demonstration in Paris, France in 2014 Pro-Palestine protest in Melbourne, Australia in October 2023

On 31 July 2014 on the 23rd day of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Ireland's Foreign Minister Charlie Flanagan said he shared "the horror and revulsion of senators and very many of our citizens at the horrendous scenes we have witnessed since the start of the Israeli military operation." The Irish government, he said, condemned "both the unacceptably high civilian casualty rate resulting from disproportionate military action on Israel's part as well as the firing of rockets by Hamas and other militants into Israel."[200] On 5 August 2014 a member of the British cabinet resigned over the UK government's approach to the 2014 conflict.

During the U.S. Presidential campaigns of 2016, Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders criticized Israel for its treatment of Gaza, and in particular criticized Netanyahu for "overreacting" and causing unnecessary civilian deaths.[201] In April 2016 the Anti-Defamation League called on Sanders to withdraw remarks he made to the New York Daily News, which the ADL said exaggerated the death toll of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. Sanders said "over 10,000 innocent people were killed", a number far in excess of Palestinian or Israel sources' estimates.[202] In response, Sanders said that he accepted a corrected number of the death toll as 2,300 in the course of the interview and that he would make every effort to set the record straight. The transcript of the interview failed to note that Sanders said "Okay" to the corrected number presented by the interviewer during the course of the interview.[203]

Public opinion poll conducted on 23–28 October 2023 by the polling company iPanel in collaboration with Tel Aviv University found that 57.5% of Israeli Jews believed that the Israeli military was using "too little" firepower during the retaliatory strikes in Gaza, while 36.6% believed the amount of firepower was "appropriate", 4.2% were not sure, and only 1.8% said the IDF was using "too much" firepower. In contrast, 50.5% of Israeli Arabs believed that the Israeli military was using "too much" firepower in Gaza.[204] The Direct Polls survey published in December 2023 found that 83% of Israelis supported encouraging the voluntary emigration of residents of the Gaza Strip.[205]

### Analysis[edit]

Some analysts believe the conflict has drawn in Egypt, Iran, Turkey, and Qatar, supporting different sides of the conflict in light of the regional standoff between Iran and Saudi Arabia[206] on one hand and between Qatar and Saudi Arabia on the other, as well as crisis in Egyptian-Turkish relations.[207]

## Impact[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2023)

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### Gaza[edit]

According to NGOs and the UN, the recent wars and the blockade have led to worsening living conditions in Gaza, and it could become unlivable by 2020.[208][209]

#### 2023[edit]

Main article: 2023 Israel–Hamas war

Residents inspect the ruins of an apartment destroyed by Israeli airstrikes

The humanitarian situation in Gaza has been termed a "crisis" and a "catastrophe."[210][211] As a result of Israel's siege, Gaza faces shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and medical supplies.[210] UN Humanitarian Aid chief Martin Griffiths said, "the noose around the civilian population in Gaza is tightening."[212] On 13 October, UNRWA commissioner Philippe Lazzarini said, "The scale and speed of the unfolding humanitarian crisis is bone-chilling."[213]

On 16 October, doctors warned of an impending disease outbreak due to hospital overcrowding and unburied bodies.[211] The same day, the World Health Organization stated there were only "24 hours of water, electricity and fuel left" before "a real catastrophe."[214] On 18 October, the United States vetoed a UN resolution urging humanitarian aid to Gaza.[215] The World Health Organization stated the situation in Gaza was "spiraling out of control."[216]

On 20 October, Doctors Without Borders stated it was "deeply concerned for the fate of everyone in Gaza right now."[217] On 21 October, a joint statement by UNICEF, WHO, UNDP, UNFPA, and WFP stated, "the world must do more" for Gaza.[218] On 22 October, UNRWA announced it would run out of fuel within three days, resulting in "no water, no functioning hospitals and bakeries."[219]

### Israel[edit]

Due to the conflict, Israel has stepped up its defense measures in the southern communities and cities of Israel. This includes building fortifications on existing structures and bomb shelters and developing an alarm system (Red Color).[220]

## See also[edit]

* Israeli disengagement from Gaza
* Israeli–Lebanese conflict
* List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
* Palestinian political violence
* Sinai insurgency
* Outline of the Israel–Hamas war

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Follows the numbering scheme given in Jean-Pierre Filiu's The Twelve Wars on Gaza[5]
2. ^ 1,231 dead plus 215 disappeared[6]
3. ^ 309 figure comes from source[21] giving total casualties of 668
4. ^ 1,181 figure comes from source[22] giving total casualties of 1,417

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171. ^ Gross, Judah Ari (12 November 2019). "IDF girds for several days of fighting". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
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174. ^ Gross, Judah Ari. "IDF launches fresh strikes in Gaza in response to rocket attacks". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
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* v
* t
* e

Gaza–Israel conflict

Background|

* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Palestinian refugees

Pre-2006|

* 1956
* Khan Yunis massacre
* Rafah massacre
* First Intifada
* Second Intifada and aftermath in 2000–2005
* Killing of Muhammad al-Durrah
* 2004 Israeli operation in Rafah
* 2004 Beit Hanoun raid
* 2004 Israeli operation
* Israeli disengagement

2006|

* Jan
* Palestinian legislative election
* Jun
* Gaza beach explosion
* Gaza cross-border raid
* Jun–Nov
* 2006 Gaza–Israel conflict
* Oct–Nov
* 2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun
* Nov
* Beit Hanoun shelling

2007|

* Jun
* Battle of Gaza

2008|

* Jan–Feb
* Egypt–Gaza border breach
* Feb–Mar
* Operation Hot Winter
* Apr
* Beit Hanoun incident
* Jun–Dec
* Israel–Hamas ceasefire
* Dec
* Gaza War (2008–2009)

2009|

* Jan
* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* Timeline
* Incidents
* Casualties
* Effects
* Feb–Mar
* Israeli attacks
* Apr
* UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict

2010|

* Mar
* Israel–Gaza clashes
* May
* Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* Gaza flotilla raid

2011|

* Jul
* Freedom Flotilla II
* Aug
* 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks

2012|

* Mar
* March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes
* Nov
* 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip
* Timeline
* Reactions

2014|

* Jul
* 2014 Gaza War
* Aug
* UN Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 conflict

2015|

* May–Jun
* Freedom Flotilla III

2018|

* Mar
* Gaza border protests
* Palestinian airborne arson attacks
* Nov
* Gaza–Israel clashes

2019|

* May
* Gaza–Israel clashes
* November
* Gaza–Israel clashes

2020|

* Feb
* Killing of Muhammad al-Na'im

2021|

* May
* Israel–Palestine crisis

2022|

* Aug
* 2022 Gaza–Israel clashes

2023|

* Apr
* Al-Aqsa clashes
* May
* Clashes
* October
* Israel–Hamas war

2024|

Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip

Lists|

* Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
* Lists
* 2001
* 2002–2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Gaza War

* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Gaza–Israel barrier
* Governance of the Gaza Strip
* Fatah–Hamas conflict
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Gaza Strip blockade (since 2007)

* v
* t
* e

Gaza War (2008–2009)

Main topics|

* Timeline of the conflict
* Incidents
* Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque missile strike
* Al-Fakhura school incident
* Abd Rabbo family incident
* Zeitoun killings
* Antisemitic incidents
* Casualties

Background|

* Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
* 2002–2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* 2008 Israel-Hamas ceasefire

Reactions and effects|

* International reaction
* UNSC Resolution 1860
* UN Fact Finding Mission
* International law
* Media coverage
* Effects of the conflict
* 2008–2009 Gaza Strip aid

Other|

* 2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza
* 2009 Sudan airstrikes
* 2008–2009 Oslo riots
* Roof knocking
* Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Propaganda and psychological warfare

Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

* v
* t
* e

2014 Gaza War

Main topics|

* Timeline
* Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties
* Battle of Shuja'iyya
* Zikim attack
* Deaths and ransoming of Oron Shaul and Hadar Goldin
* Beach bombing incidents
* Ben Gurion Airport flight bans
* Israeli shelling of UNRWA Gaza shelters

Background|

* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
* 2014
* Beitunia killings
* Kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers
* Kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir

Effects|

* Reactions
* Media coverage
* Speeches given at the United Nations
* UN Fact Finding Mission
* Sarcelles riots
* Impact on video games

Other|

* Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2014
* Palestinian tunnel warfare
* Palestinian government of 2014
* Roof knocking
* IDF field hospital for Gazans
* Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Propaganda and psychological warfare
* Iron Dome
* 2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks

Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

* v
* t
* e

Israel–Hamas war

* Timeline
* Outline

Engage-
ments|

| Hamas-led
attack on Israel|

| Massacres|

* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nahal Oz
* Nirim
* Nova music festival
* Psyduck music festival

|

Battles|

* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Zikim
* Israeli female tank crew fight

General topics|

* Allegations of genocide
* Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees
* Denial of the 7 October attacks
* Sexual and gender-based violence

Israeli invasion
of Gaza|

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Khan Yunis

| Refugee camps|

* Jabalia
* 31 October
* Al-Shati
* Al-Maghazi

|

Schools|

* Al-Maghazi
* Al-Fakhoora
* Al-Falah
* Shadia Abu Ghazala School

Health facilities|

* Killing of health workers
* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
* Al-Shifa Hospital siege
* alleged military use
* ambulance airstrike
* Kamal Adwan Hospital siege

Other attacks|

* Palestinians evacuating Gaza City
* Church of Saint Porphyrius
* Sabra mosque
* Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza

Other theaters|

* Israel–Lebanon border clashes
* Attacks on journalists
* Israeli incursions in the West Bank
* Givat Shaul shooting
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Red Sea crisis
* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* 2024 missile strikes in Yemen
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Tower 22 drone attack

Hostage
crisis|

* 2023 hostage–prisoner exchange
* Kidnapped from Israel
* Hostages and Missing Persons Families Forum
* Hostages Square

| Hostages|

* Noa Argamani
* Bibas family
* Alex Dancyg
* Oded Lifshitz
* Hersh Goldberg-Polin

|

Released hostages|

* Rachel Edry
* Yarden Roman-Gat
* Mia Schem

Dead hostages|

* Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka

General
topics|

* 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Arab-Israeli conflict
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Collective punishment
* Communal violence
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic violence
* Extrajudicial killing
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip
* Palestinian rocket attacks
* Palestinian tunnel warfare
* anti-tunnel barrier
* Political cleansing of population
* Population cleansing
* Human shields
* Ceasefire
* Israeli interrogations
* Social cleansing
* Women
* Children
* Wikipedia

Effects|

* Israeli government response
* Israeli war cabinet
* Mass detentions
* Economic impact
* Evacuations
* Gaza Strip evacuations
* Humanitarian crisis
* Healthcare collapse
* Premature baby crisis
* Famine
* Media coverage
* Violence against journalists
* Misinformation
* Pallywood
* South African Palestinian genocide accusation
* War crimes
* Cemetery destruction and necroviolence
* Alleged Gaza genocide
* Israeli torture in the occupied territories
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza
* Torture in the State of Palestine

| Reactions|

* Diplomatic impact
* US support for Israel
* Islamic Summit Conference
* Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit
* Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference
* Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip

| Discrimination|

* Antisemitism
* Riots in the North Caucasus
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Islamophobia
* Violent incidents
* Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume
* Death of Paul Kessler
* Vermont student shooting

|

Protests|

* France
* March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism
* Indonesia
* 2023 Bitung clashes
* Israel
* United Kingdom
* United States
* National March on Washington: Free Palestine
* March for Israel
* DNC protests
* March on Washington for Gaza

UN resolutions|

* A/RES/ES-10/21
* S/RES/2712
* A/RES/ES-10/22
* S/RES/2720

World Court|

* South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)
* Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices

Courts|

* Defense for Children International-Palestine v. Biden

Casualties|

| Israel|

| Security
forces|

* Alim Abdallah
* Yitzhak Ben-Bashat
* Jayar Davidov
* Eli Ginsberg
* Salman Habaka
* Asaf Hamami
* Roi Levy
* Yonatan Steinberg

|

Civilians|

* Lior Asulin
* Yuval Castleman
* Hayim Katsman
* Ofir Libstein
* Shani Louk
* Izhar Peled
* Aner Shapira
* Vivian Silver
* Yahav Winner

Palestine|

| Hamas|

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Abdul Fatah Dukhan
* Mohammed Dababish
* Wissam Farhat
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Fursan Khalifa
* Osama Mazini
* Ayman Nofal
* Jamila al-Shanti
* Ali Al Qadi

|

Other
militants|

* Fouad Abu Butihan
* Jihad Shehadeh

Civilians|

* Refaat Alareer
* Hammam Alloh
* Naheda and Samr Anton
* Ibrahim al-Astal
* Ahmad Bahar
* Rashid Dabour [ar]
* Mohamed al-Dalou
* Awni El-Dous
* Omar Ferwana
* Hiba Abu Nada
* Ibrahim Qusaya
* Mohammed Shabir
* Omar Abu Shawish
* Sufian Tayeh
* Wael Al Zard

Spillover|

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Ali Hussein Barji
* Razi Mousavi
* Wissam al-Tawil
* Sadegh Omidzadeh
* Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi

Journalists|

* Issam Abdallah
* Samer Abu Daqqa
* Roee Edan
* Belal Jadallah

General topics|

* Friendly fire

Related
people|

| Israelis|

* Nimrod Aloni
* Eitan Okun [he]
* Yagel Oshri
* Inbal Rabin-Lieberman
* Amir Tibon

|

Palestinians|

* Wael Al-Dahdouh
* Plestia Alaqad
* Motaz Azaiza
* Bisan Owda

Other
topics|

* Al-Saqqa House [ar]
* Al Qarara Cultural Museum
* Central Archives of Gaza City
* Bearing Witness
* "Harbu Darbu"
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* "Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population"
* Rajieen
* Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Participants

| Israelis|

* Israel Defense Forces
* Israel Police
* Mossad
* Shabak (Shin Bet)

|

Palestinians|

| Principals|

* All-Palestine Protectorate
* Palestine Liberation Organization
* Fatah
* Hamas
* Palestinian National Authority

|

Other groups|

* al-Aqsa Brigades
* DFLP
* Jenin Brigades
* Lions' Den
* PIJ
* PLF
* PPSF
* PFLP
* PFLP-GC
* PRC
* Sabireen Movement

Third-party groups|

* Arab League
* Hezbollah

Individuals

| Israelis|

* Moshe Arens
* Ami Ayalon
* Ehud Barak
* David Ben-Gurion
* Naftali Bennett
* Menachem Begin
* Meir Dagan
* Moshe Dayan
* Avi Dichter
* Yuval Diskin
* Benny Gantz
* Efraim Halevy
* Dan Halutz
* Tzipi Livni
* Golda Meir
* Shaul Mofaz
* Yitzhak Mordechai
* Benjamin Netanyahu
* Ehud Olmert
* Shimon Peres
* Yaakov Peri
* Yitzhak Rabin
* Amnon Lipkin-Shahak
* Yitzhak Shamir
* Ariel Sharon
* Shabtai Shavit
* Moshe Ya'alon
* Danny Yatom
* Zvi Zamir

|

Palestinians|

* Abu Abbas
* Mahmoud Abbas
* Moussa Arafat
* Yasser Arafat
* Yahya Ayyash
* Marwan Barghouti
* Mohammed Dahlan
* Mohammed Deif
* George Habash
* Wadie Haddad
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Nayef Hawatmeh
* Amin al-Husayni
* Ghazi Jabali
* Ahmed Jibril
* Abu Jihad
* Salah Khalaf
* Leila Khaled
* Sheikh Khalil
* Khaled Mashal
* Zuheir Mohsen
* Abu Ali Mustafa
* Abu Nidal
* Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
* Jibril Rajoub
* Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
* Ali Hassan Salameh
* Salah Shehade
* Ramadan Shalah
* Fathi Shaqaqi
* Ahlam Tamimi
* Ahmed Yassin

* Timeline
* military operations

| Background|

| 1920–1948|

* 1920
* Nebi Musa riots
* Battle of Tel Hai
* 1921 Jaffa riots
* 1929 Palestine riots
* Hebron massacre
* 1936–1939 Arab revolt
* 1944–1947 Jewish insurgency
* 1947–1948 Civil War

|

| 1948–1970|

* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* massacres
* 1948–present Fedayeen insurgency
* 1951–1967 Attacks against Israeli civilians
* 1950s–1960s Reprisal operations
* 1953 Qibya massacre
* 1956 Kafr Qasim / Khan Yunis / Rafah massacres
* 1967 Six-Day War
* 1967–1970 War of Attrition
* 1968 Battle of Karameh

|

Palestinian
insurgency

| 1968–1982|

* 1970 Avivim school bus bombing
* 1972 Sabena Flight 571 / Munich massacre / "Bayonet" (1973 Lillehammer affair)
* 1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre / Ma'alot massacre
* 1975 Savoy Hotel attack
* 1976 Entebbe raid
* 1978 Coastal Road massacre / South Lebanon conflict
* 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis

|

| 1973–1987|

* 1973 Yom Kippur War
* 1975 Zion Square bombing
* 1982 Lebanon War
* Siege of Beirut
* 1983 1983 West Bank fainting epidemic
* 1984 Bus 300 affair
* 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking / "Wooden Leg"
* 1987 Night of the Gliders

|

First Intifada|

| 1987–1991|

* 1988 Tunis raid
* 1989 Bus 405 attack
* 1990 Temple Mount killings
* 1990s Palestinian suicide attacks
* 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

|

Second Intifada|

| 2000–2005|

* Palestinian rocket attacks
* lists
* Palestinian suicide attacks
* Israeli assassinations
* 2000 October events
* 2001 Santorini
* 2002 Karine A / "Defensive Shield" / Battle of Jenin / Battle of Nablus / "Determined Path"
* 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike
* 2004 "Rainbow" / Beit Hanoun raid / "Days of Penitence"

|

Palestinian dissident
campaigns

| 2006–present|

* 2006 "Bringing Home the Goods"
* 2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack / Jerusalem bulldozer attack
* 2009 Al-Aqsa clashes
* 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign
* 2015–2016 violence
* 2017 Temple Mount crisis
* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* 2022 Al-Aqsa clashes

|

Gaza–Israel
conflict

| 2006–present|

* 2006 Gaza beach explosion / Gaza cross-border raid / "Summer Rains" / "Autumn Clouds" / Beit Hanoun shelling
* 2008 Egypt–Gaza border breach / "Hot Winter"
* 2008–2009 Gaza War
* 2010 Gaza flotilla raid
* 2012 "Returning Echo" / "Pillar of Defense"
* 2014 "Protective Edge"
* 2015 Freedom Flotilla III
* 2018 Gaza border protests / November clashes
* 2019 May clashes / "Black Belt"
* 2021 "Guardian of the Walls"
* 2022 "Breaking Dawn"
* 2023 "Shield and Arrow" / Israel–Hamas war

|

Diplomacy

| Timeline|

| 1948–1991|

* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* depopulated towns and villages
* 1949 Lausanne Conference
* 1967–present Israeli settlement
* settler violence
* international law

|

1990s|

* 1981–1982 Fahd Plan
* 1991 Madrid Conference
* 1993–1995 Oslo Accords
* 1994 Paris Protocol
* 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement
* 1994–present US security assistance to the PA
* 1997 Hebron Agreement
* 1998 Wye River Memorandum
* 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum

2000s|

* 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters
* 2001 Taba Summit
* 2002 Quartet established
* 2003 Road Map
* 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza
* 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access
* 2006 Valley of Peace initiative
* 2007 Annapolis Conference
* 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy

2010s|

* 2010–11 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* 2011 Palestine Papers
* 2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks

United Nations|

* Israel and the UN
* Palestine and the UN
* 1947 UN Resolution 181
* 1948 UN Resolution 194
* 1967 UN Resolution 242

* v
* t
* e

Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Background|

* Iranian Revolution
* Iran–Iraq war
* 1999 arrest of Iranian Jews

Hezbollah–Israel conflict|

* Israeli–Lebanese conflict
* South Lebanon Conflict
* 1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
* 1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing
* AMIA bombing
* 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict
* 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid
* 2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid
* 2006 Lebanon War
* 2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange
* 2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt
* Francop Affair
* January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident
* Operation Northern Shield
* 2019 Beirut drone crash
* 2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
* Projectile attacks from Lebanon

Israeli–Palestinian conflict|

* Karine A affair
* Victoria Affair
* Operation Full Disclosure

Gaza–Israel conflict|

* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* 2014 Gaza War
* May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes
* Israel–Hamas war

Syrian civil war|

* January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike
* May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes
* December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes
* January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident
* April 2015 Qalamoun incident
* March 2017 Israel–Syria incident
* February 2018 Israel–Syria incident
* Operation House of Cards
* September 2018 Syria missile strikes
* August 2019 Syria missile strikes
* November 2019 Syria missile strikes
* January 2021 Syria airstrikes
* July 2022 Damascus airstrikes
* 2023 Damascus airstrike
* Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents
* Hezbollah involvement

International incidents|

* Operation Outside the Box
* 2009 Sudan airstrikes
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats
* 2012 Bangkok bombings
* 2012 Cyprus terrorist plot
* 2012 Burgas bus bombing
* Yarmouk munitions factory explosion
* 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq
* 2022 Erbil missile attacks
* 2022 Istanbul terror plot
* 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria

Nuclear program of Iran|

* Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists
* Ardeshir Hosseinpour
* Massoud Ali-Mohammadi
* Majid Shahriari
* Fereydoon Abbasi
* Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan
* Mohsen Fakhrizadeh
* AMAD Project
* Bid Kaneh explosion
* Stuxnet
* 2020 Iran explosions
* 2021 Natanz incident
* 2023 Iran drone attacks

Related|

* Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Russia–Hamas relations
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Ahmad Reza Djalali
* Axis of Resistance
* Arab–Israeli alliance
* Abraham Accords
* Communal violence
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic violence
* Warsaw Middle East conference
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Little Satan
* Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel
* Views on military action against Iran
* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Iranian support for Hamas
* Israel and state-sponsored terrorism
* Quds Day
* Prisoner X2
* Tehran

Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict

* v
* t
* e

Ongoing armed conflicts

Africa|

| Central|

* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
* Anglophone Crisis
* Cabinda War
* Central African Republic Civil War
* Insurgency in Chad
* Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Ituri conflict
* Kivu conflict
* M23 offensive
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

|

East|

* ADF insurgency
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* Afar–Somali clashes
* OLA insurgency
* Oromo conflict
* War in Amhara
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Insurgency in Mozambique
* Somali Civil War
* Operation Atalanta

North|

* Insurgency in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb
* Insurgency in the Sahel
* Islamic State insurgency in Tunisia
* Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
* Jihadist insurgency in Niger
* Libyan Crisis
* Sinai insurgency
* Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
* Sudanese nomadic conflicts
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* War in Darfur
* Western Sahara conflict
* Western Saharan clashes

West|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria
* Boko Haram insurgency
* Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
* Nigerian bandit conflict
* Religious violence in Nigeria
* Conflict in the Niger Delta
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
* Mali War
* Azawad conflict
* Western Togoland Rebellion

Americas|

| North|

* Jamaican political conflict
* Mexican drug war
* Salvadoran gang crackdown
* Honduran gang crackdown
* Gang war in Haiti

|

South|

* Colombian conflict
* Ecuadorian security crisis
* Insurgency in Paraguay
* Peruvian conflict
* Mapuche conflict

Asia|

| East|

* Korean conflict

|

Central|

* Xinjiang conflict

South|

* Afghan conflict
* Islamic State–Taliban conflict
* Republican insurgency

* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Meghalaya
* Manipur
* Nagaland
* Tripura
* Internal conflict in Bangladesh
* Drugs
* Kashmir conflict
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

* Insurgency in Pakistan
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sectarian violence in Pakistan

South-
east|

* Myanmar conflict
* Myanmar civil war
* Kachin conflict
* Kalay clashes
* Karen conflict
* Karen–Mon conflict
* Conflict in Rakhine State
* Rohingya conflict
* Conflicts in the Philippines
* Communist
* Drug war
* Papua conflict
* South Thailand insurgency

West|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Iraq conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in Iraq
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Qatif conflict
* Yemeni Crisis
* Saudi–led intervention
* Yemeni Civil war
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Hezbollah–Israel conflict
* Iran–Israel conflict in Syria
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran–PJAK conflict
* Western Iran clashes
* Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
* 2015–present
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* Syrian civil war
* Daraa insurgency
* Desert campaign
* Inter-rebel conflict
* Rojava conflict
* Russian intervention
* Syrian–Turkish border clashes
* Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor

Europe|

| East|

* Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian invasion of Ukraine

|

West|

* Dissident Irish republican campaign
* Loyalist feud

* v
* t
* e

Post–Cold War conflicts in Asia

South Asia|

| India|

* Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
* 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Kargil War (1999)
* Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
* Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
* Religious violence in India
* Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)

|

Pakistan|

* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
* 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
* India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
* Kargil War (1999)
* Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
* Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
* Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)

Sri Lanka|

* JVP insurrection (1971)
* Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
* JVP insurrection (1987–1989)

Others|

* Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)
* Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
* Operation All Clear

East Asia|

| China|

* Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
* Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
* Tibetan unrest (2008)

|

Korea (North
and South)|

* Korean conflict
* Maritime border incidents
* 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
* 2017–2018 crisis

Taiwan|

* Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)

Southeast Asia|

| Cambodia|

* Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)

|

Indonesia|

* Papua conflict (1969–present)
* Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)
* East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)

Myanmar|

* Myanmar conflict (1948–present)
* Karen conflict
* Kachin conflict
* Rohingya conflict
* Civil war (2021–present)

Thailand|

* South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
* Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)

East Timor|

* Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
* 1999 crisis
* 2006 crisis

Others|

* Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)
* Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)
* NPA
* Moro
* FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)

Central Asia|

| Afghanistan|

* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Afghan conflict
* Civil War
* 1989–1992
* 1992–1996
* 1996–2001
* 2001–2021 War
* Republican insurgency

|

Kazakhstan|

* Ethnic conflicts

Kyrgyzstan|

* 1990 Osh clashes
* 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution
* 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes

Tajikistan|

* Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
* Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)

Uzbekistan|

* Fergana massacre (1989)
* Andijan massacre (2005)

Western Asia|

| Azerbaijan|

* Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
* First War
* 2016 conflict
* Second War

|

Bahrain|

* Bahraini uprising (2011)

Iran|

* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
* Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)
* Western Iran clashes (2016–present)
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
* Qatif conflict
* Iran–Israel (1985–present)
* South Lebanon (1985–2000)
* Lebanon War (2006)
* Syrian arena (2012–present)
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)

Iraq|

* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)
* Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997
* Iraqi conflict
* Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)
* Iraq War (2003–2011)
* Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* ISIL insurgency (2017–present)

Israel|

* Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
* Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
* Iran–Israel (1985–present)
* Syrian arena (2012–present)

Lebanon|

* South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
* Lebanon War (2006)
* Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)
* Lebanon conflict (2008)

Palestine|

* Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
* Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
* Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)

Saudi Arabia|

* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
* Qatif conflict
* Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)

Syria|

* Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
* Regional spillover

Turkey|

* Maoist insurgency
* DHKP/C insurgency
* Kurdish–Turkish conflict
* Turkey–ISIL conflict

Yemen|

* Civil War (1994)
* al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
* Houthi (2004–2015)
* South Yemen (2009–2015)
* Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)
* Houthi takeover (2014–2015)
* Civil War (2014–present)

Inter-continental
conflict|

* Sinai insurgency (2011–present)

Related topics|

* War on terror
* Operation Inherent Resolve
* Arab Spring
* Arab Winter
* Colour revolutions

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