Geghard

Medieval monastery in Armenia

For the town, see Geghard, Armenia.

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Geghard

Գեղարդ

Religion
Affiliation| Armenian Apostolic Church
Location
Location| near Goght, Kotayk Province, Armenia

Shown within Armenia

Geographic coordinates| 40°08′26″N 44°49′07″E﻿ / ﻿40.140425°N 44.818511°E﻿ / 40.140425; 44.818511
Architecture
Style| Armenian
Groundbreaking| 4th century

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Official name: Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley
Type| Cultural
Criteria| ii
Designated| 2000 (24th session)
Reference no.| 960
Region| Western Asia
Plan of Geghard, with identification of the main structures.

Geghard (Armenian: Գեղարդ, meaning "spear") is a medieval monastery in the Ararat province of Armenia, being partially carved out of the adjacent mountain, surrounded by cliffs. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site with enhanced protection[1] status.

While the main chapel was built in 1215, the monastery complex was founded in the 4th century by Gregory the Illuminator at the site of a sacred spring inside a cave. The monastery had thus been originally named Ayrivank (Այրիվանք), meaning "the Monastery of the Cave". The name commonly used for the monastery today, Geghard, or more fully Geghardavank (Գեղարդավանք), meaning "the Monastery of the Spear", originates from the spear which had wounded Jesus at the Crucifixion, allegedly brought to Armenia by Apostle Jude, called here Thaddeus, and stored amongst many other relics. Now it is displayed in the Echmiadzin treasury.

The spectacular towering cliffs surrounding the monastery are part of the Azat River gorge, and are included together with the monastery in the World Heritage Site listing. Some of the churches within the monastery complex are entirely dug out of the cliff rocks, others are little more than caves, while others are elaborate structures, with both architecturally complex walled sections and rooms deep inside the cliff. The combination, together with numerous engraved and free-standing khachkars is a unique sight, being one of the most frequented tourist destinations in Armenia.

Most visitors to Geghard also choose to visit the nearby pagan Temple of Garni, located further down the Azat River. Visiting both sites in one trip is so common that they are often referred to in unison as Garni-Geghard.

## History

[edit]

The monastery was founded in the 4th century, according to tradition by Gregory the Illuminator. The site is that of a spring arising in a cave which had been sacred in pre-Christian times, hence one of the names by which it was known, Ayrivank (the Monastery of the Cave). The first monastery was destroyed by Arabs in the 9th century.

Nothing has remained of the structures of Ayrivank. According to Armenian historians of the 4th, 8th and 10th centuries the monastery comprised, apart from religious buildings, well-appointed residential and service installations. Ayrivank suffered greatly in 923 from Nasr, a vice-regent of an Arabian caliph in Armenia, who plundered its valuable property, including unique manuscripts, and burned down the magnificent structures of the monastery. Earthquakes also did it no small damage.

Though there are inscriptions dating to the 1160s, the main church was built in 1215 under the auspices of the brothers Zakare and Ivane, the Zakarid generals of Queen Tamar of Georgia, who took back most of Armenia from the Turks.[2] The gavit, partly free-standing, partly carved in the cliff, dates to before 1225, and a series of chapels hewn into the rock dates from the mid-13th century following the purchase of the monastery by Prince Prosh Khaghbakian, vassal of the Zakarians and founder of the Proshian principality. Over a short period the Proshyans built the cave structures which brought Geghard well-merited fame — the second cave church, the family sepulcher of zhamatun Papak and Ruzukan, a hall for gatherings and studies (collapsed in the middle of the 20th century) and numerous cells. The chamber reached from the North East of the gavit became Prince Prosh Khaghbakian’s tomb in 1283. The adjacent chamber has carved in the rock the arms of the Proshian family, including an eagle with a lamb in its claws. A stairway W of the gavit leads up to a funerary chamber carved out in 1288 for Papak Proshian and his wife Ruzukan. The Proshyan princes provided Geghard with an irrigation system in the 13th century. At this time it was also known as the Monastery of the Seven Churches and the Monastery of the Forty Altars. All around the monastery are caves and khachkars. The monastery was defunct, the main church used to shelter the flocks of the Karapapakh nomads in winter, until resettled by a few monks from Ejmiatsin after the Russian conquest. Restored for tourist purposes but now with a small ecclesiastical presence, the site is still a major place of pilgrimage.

The monastery was famous because of the relics that it housed. The most celebrated of these was the spear which had wounded Christ on the Cross, allegedly brought there by the Apostle Thaddeus, from which comes its present name, Geghard-avank ("the Monastery of the Spear"), first recorded in a document of 1250. This made it a popular place of pilgrimage for Armenian Christians over many centuries. Relics of the Apostles Andrew and John were donated in the 12th century, and pious visitors made numerous grants of land, money, manuscripts, etc., over the succeeding centuries. In one of the cave cells there lived, in the 13th century, Mkhitar Ayrivanetsi, the well-known Armenian historian.

No works of applied art have survived in Geghard, except for the legendary spear (geghard). The shaft has a diamond-shaped plate attached to its end; a Greek cross with flared ends is cut through the plate. A special case was made for it in 1687, now kept in the museum of Echmiadzin monastery. The gilded silver case is an ordinary handicraft article of 17th-century Armenia.

## Complex

[edit]

Entrance to the monastic complex

Today the monastery complex is located at the end of the paved road, and the walk up from the parking lot is lined with women selling sweet bread, sheets of dried fruit (fruit lavash), sweet sujukh (grape molasses covered strings of walnuts) and various souvenirs. A group of musicians usually plays for a few seconds as visitors approach, perhaps willing to play longer for money.

At the approach to the main entrance on the west there are small caves, chapels, carvings and constructions on the hillside. Right before the entrance are some shallow shelves in the cliff onto which people try to throw pebbles in order to make their wish come true. Just inside the entrance to the compound are the 12th–13th century ramparts protecting three sides of the complex, and the cliffs behind protect the fourth. Walking across the complex will take one to the secondary entrance on the east, outside of which is a table for ritual animal offerings (matagh), and a bridge over the stream.

The one- and two-storey residential and service structures situated on the perimeter of the monastery's yard were repeatedly reconstructed, sometimes from their foundations, as happened in the 17th century and in 1968–1971. It is known that most of the monks lived in cells excavated into the rock-face outside the main enceinte, which have been preserved, along with some simple oratories. The rock-faces over the whole area bear elaborate crosses (khatchkar) carved in relief. More than twenty spaces, varying in shape and size, were carved, at different levels, in solid rock massifs surrounding the main cave structures. Those in the western part of the complex were for service purposes, and the rest are small rectangular chapels with a semicircular apse and an altar. There are twin and triple chapels with one entrance, some of the entrances ornamented with carvings. There are many often richly ornamented khachkars cut on rock surfaces and on the walls of the structures or put up on the grounds of Geghard in memory of a deceased or in commemoration of someone's donation to the monastery.

### The main church (Katoghike, 1215)

[edit]

The main church (Katoghike)

Though there are inscriptions dating to the 1160s, the main church "Kathoghike" was built in 1215 under the auspices of the brothers Zakare and Ivane (of the Zakarid-Mkhargrzeli family), the generals of Queen Tamar of Georgia, who took back most of Armenia from the Turks.[3]

The main church, or "Kathogike"

This is the main church of the complex, and traditional in most respects. This church is built against the mountain, which is not exposed even in the interior. The plan forms an equal-armed cross, inscribed in a square and covered with a dome on a square base. In the corners there are small barrel-vaulted two-storey chapels with steps protruding from the wall. The internal walls have many inscriptions recording donations.

The southern facade of the Katoghike has a portal with fine carvings.[4] The tympanum is decorated with a representation of trees with pomegranates hanging from their branches, and of leaves intertwining with grapes. The pictures of doves are placed between the arch and the outside frame; the doves’ heads are turned to the axis of the portal. Above the portal is carved a lion attacking an ox, symbolizing the prince's power.

The arched top of the arcature of the cupola's drum has detailed reliefs showing birds, human masks, animals heads, various rosettes and jars.

### The vestry, gavit (1215-1225)

[edit]

Geghard gavit

West of the main temple there is a rock-attached vestry, in Armenian gavit (Latin narthex) built between 1215 and 1225, linked to the main church. Four massive free-standing columns in the centre support a roof of stone with a hole in the centre to admit light. The peripheral spaces resulting from the location of the columns are variously roofed, whilst the central space is crowned by a dome with stalactites, the best example of this technique anywhere in Armenia. This style of "stalactite vault" with a central hole for natural light is thought to have been derived from the muqarnas of Islamic architecture, starting from the 11th century in Armenia.[5] They are very similar to the muqarnas of the Seljuk Sultan Han caravanserai in Aksaray (dated to 1229). The gavit was used for teaching and meetings, and for receiving pilgrims and visitors.

The western portal differs from other portals of those times by van-shaped door bands, decorated with a fine floral pattern. The ornamentation of the tympanum consists of large flowers with petals of various shapes in the interlaced branches and oblong leaves.

### Rock-cut church with spring (c.1240)

[edit]

The first rock-cut church, Zakarid period, circa 1240.

The first cave chamber, Avazan (basin), situated north-west of the vestry, was hewn in the 1240s in an ancient cave with a spring. It was built during the reign of Avag (died in 1250), son of Ivane and nephew of the Amirspasalar (Commander in chief) of the Zakarid army, nicknamed "Long Arm" (Zakare II Zakarian).[6] There is an inscription "Remember Archimandrite Galdzag", recording the construction of the architect for the caves.[7]

It is entirely dug out of the rock and has an equal-armed cruciform plan. The interior is lined by two crossed arches with a central stalactite dome. An inscription records that it was the work of the architect Galdzak, who also constructed the other rock-cut church and the jhamatuns within a period of some forty years. His name is inscribed at the base of the tent decorated with reliefs showing pomegranates.

The main rectangular space of the church is crowned with a tent and complicated with an altar apse and two deep niches, which gave the interior an incomplete cross-cupola shape. Two pairs of intersecting pointed arches, forming the base of the tent, rest on the half-columns of the walls. Just as in the vestry, the inner surface of the tent is hewn in the graceful shape of stalactites which also decorate the capitals of the half-columns and the conch of the altar apse. The decoration of the southern wall is most interesting compositionally. Carved on it are small triple arches with conchs of various shapes, connected at the top and at the bottom by a complicated and finely carved floral ornament.

### The main zhamatun (1283)

[edit]

Mausoleum of Prince Prosh Khaghbakian (1283).[8] The tombs are behind the twin arches.[9] The entrance to the Proshyan chapel is to the right.[10]

After Prosh Khaghbakian acquired the monastery from the Zakarids, he transformed it in the Proshyans’ family monastery and mausoleum. The sepulchre and the second cave church of Astvatsatsin situated east of Avazan, were hewn in 1283, presumably by the same Galdzak, too. These are also accessed through the gavit. The "main zhamatun" is a roughly square chamber cut into the rock, with deeply cut reliefs in the walls. Of interest is a rather primitive high relief on the northern wall, above the archways. In the center, there is a ram's head with a chain in its jaws; the chain is wound around the necks of two lions with their heads turned to the onlooker. Instead of the tail tufts there are heads of upward looking dragons — symbolic images gong all the way back to heathen times. Between the lions and below the chain there is an eagle with half-spread wings and a lamb in its claws. This is likely the coat-of-arms of the Proshian Princes.

The reliefs of the eastern wall are no less picturesque. The entrances to a small chapel and to Astvatsatsin church have rectangular platbands connected by two relief crosses. Cut on the portals of the chapel are sirens (fantasy harpy-like birds with women's crowned heads) and on the church walls there appear human figures with their elbows bent, wearing long attires and having nimbuses around their heads. These are probably members of the princely family who had these structures built. In its floor there are burial vaults.

### Proshyan chapel (1283)

[edit]

The "Chapel of the Proshyans" in Rock-This is the rock-cut church past the zhamatun. It was dedicated by Prince Prosh in 1283.[11]

The rock-cut tomb gives access to the second rock-cut church, the "Chapel of the Proshians". This church is known from an inscription to have been built in 1283, the donation of Prince Prosh.[12] It is cruciform in plan. The corners are curved and the drum is lined with semi-columns alternating with blind windows. The dome is decorated, with a circular opening in the centre. The walls have relief decoration depicting animals, warriors, crosses, and floral motifs.

Apart from stalactites in the shape of trefoils and quatrefoils, the decoration of Astvatsatsin church features ornaments of rosettes and various geometrical figures. The front wall of the altar dais is decorated with a pattern of squares and diamonds. A realistic representation of a goat is found at the butt of the altar stair. Men's figures are found on a khachkar left of the altar apse. The man with a staff in his right hand and in the same attitude as that of the figures on the portal may be Prince Prosh, a founder of the church. Another figure, holding a spear in the left hand, point down, and blowing an uplifted horn, is depicted almost in profile.

### Upper Zhamatun (1288)

[edit]

The Upper Zhamatun (1288), tomb of Papak Proshyan and his wife Ruzukana

The "Upper Zhamatun", was the tomb of Papak Proshyan and his wife Ruzukana, as known from an inscription, but their tombstones have disappeared.[13] It was hewn in 1288 on a second level, north of the Proshians’ burial-vault, by way of an external staircase (near the door to the gavit). Also carved into the rock, its form reproduces that of a gavit. It contains the tombs of the princes Merik and Grigor, and others are known to have been there but have now disappeared. An inscription shows it to have been completed in 1288.

On the southern side of the corridor leading to this jhamatun, numerous crosses are cut. The columns hewn in solid rock support rather low semicircular arches fitted into trapeziform frames which, forming a square in the plan, serve as a foundation for the spherical cupola above them with a light opening in its zenith. A hole in the back right corner gives a view of the tomb downstairs.

The acoustics in this chamber are extraordinary.

### Chapel of S. Grigor

[edit]

The chapel of S. Gregory the Illuminator (formerly the Chapel of the Mother of God – St Astvatzatzin), built before 1177, stands high above the road, a hundred meters away from the entrance to the monastery. It is partly hewed in massive solid rock; its composition was, in all probability, largely influenced by the shape of the cave which existed there. The chapel, rectangular in plan and having a horseshoe-shaped apse, is adjoined, from the east and from the northeast, by passages and annexes hewed at various levels and even one on top of another.

Traces of plaster with remnants of dark frescoes indicate there were murals inside the chapel. Khachkars with various ornaments are inserted into the exterior walls and hewn on the adjacent rock surfaces.

## Gallery

[edit]

*   *   *   * Rock-cut chamber: tomb of Prosh Khaghbakian (1283).[14]

* Emblem of the Proshyan family.

* 17th-century service buildings (foreground)

* Arched entrance to the caves adjacent to the monastery.

* Khachkars inset in rock outcropping

* Geghard in the snow

* Cupola on arches. Proshyan chapel (1283).[15]

* Cupola on arches. Proshyan chapel (1283).[16]

* Entrance to the Proshyan chapel (1283).[17]

* Muqarna Vault of the First church in the rock, 13th century.

* Column from the gavit

* Column, tomb of Papak Proshyan, 1288.[18]

* Ceiling and Muqarna vault of the gavit.[19]

* Engraved crosses on the cave church wall in the Geghard Monastery.

*   *   *   *   *   *   * Copies of khachars at the Armenian cemetery in Julfa, Nakhichevan destroyed by Azerbaijan

*   *   *   *   *   *   *

* From James Justinian Morier's 1818 book

## See also

[edit]

* List of colossal sculptures in situ

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "UNESCO grants Monastery of Geghard status of Enhanced protection". armenpress.am. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
2. ^ Mathews, Thomas F.; Sanjian, Avedis Krikor (1991). Armenian Gospel Iconography: The Tradition of the Glajor Gospel. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-88402-183-4.
3. ^ Geghard. p. 6\. "The main church (Kathoghike) (5, 8, 9, 10) According to the inscription above the West entrance the church was built in 1215, during the Zakarian reign. The architectural scheme follows that of the many domed buildings in use in Armenia during the XII-XIII centuries. The plan, in the shape of a cross, is inscribed in a slightly extended square, and is covered by a dome on a square base in line with the building axis. The drum is linked to the base by means of curved vaulting. The East arm of the cross terminates in an apse while the others are square. In the four corners are small chapels on two levels with apses to the East and covered with barrel vaults. On the internal walls one can read the donators' inscriptions. The external walls are built with particular care, the stones are precisely cut and connected together. The building is characterised by a noticeable unity between the internal space and the external volume."
4. ^ Ara Baliozian Armenia observed – 1979 "Katoghike is the only church built in the usual way with outside walls and an outside dome. ... The underground passages, the outside walls of Katoghike and the adjacent rocks are carved with innumerable crosses (khachkars) of the most.."
5. ^ Guidetti, Mattia (2017). "7 - The 'Islamicness' of Some Decorative Patterns in the Church of Tigran Honents in Ani". Architecture and landscape in medieval Anatolia, 1100-1500. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 170–177. ISBN 9781474411301.
6. ^ Geghard. p. 8\. "The first stone church is situated to the north-west of the "Kathoghikd" church, and according to the inscription on the south wall, was built during the Avang reign (died in 1250) son of Ivan and nephew of the Amirspahsalar - (commander in chief of the army) Zaccaria nicknamed Long Arm. In the church interior exists a natural spring, anciently worshipped, and today scrupulously conserved."
7. ^ "GEGHARDAVANK". Service for the Protection of Historical Environment and Cultural Museum-Reservations.
8. ^ Geghard. p. 8\. "The inscription carved on the north wall of the church, shows the date of foundation in 1283, and the name of the donator, Prince Prosh."
9. ^ "Unesco. Geghard Monastery" (PDF). "The prosperity of the monastery in the thirteenth century was due to the patronage of the Proshyan prince, who carved out the second cave church in 1283, reached through a rock-cut antechamber which served as their mausoleum. The burials are in a recess behind twin arches, over which two felines on leashes and an eagle with a lamb in its talons, the family's armoured bearings have been sculpted in bold relief."
10. ^ Geghard. p. 42.
11. ^ Geghard. p. 8\. "The inscription carved on the north wall of the church, shows the date of foundation In 1283, and the name of the donator, Prince Prosh"
12. ^ Geghard. p. 8\. "The inscription carved on the north wall of the church, shows the date of foundation In 1283, and the name of the donator, Prince Prosh"
13. ^ Geghard. p. 8\. "According to the inscription on one of the central columns, it was built in the year 1288. during the epoche of Papak (son of Prince Prosh) and his wife Rousakan The plan is typical of the Armenian gavits: a square space with a domed roof supported by four freestanding central columns. It is interesting to note that several Khatchkar carved into the rock face, are not carved but painted. In the interior there are the tombs carrying the inscriptions "Merik" and "G(h)rig(h)or"; however the tombs of Papak and Rousakan have disappeared."
14. ^ Geghard. p. 42.
15. ^ Geghard. p. 35, image 18.
16. ^ Geghard. p. 35, image 18.
17. ^ Geghard. p. 35, image 18.
18. ^ Geghard. p. 36, image 21.
19. ^ Geghard. p. image 13.

## Sources

[edit]

* "Architectural Ensembles of Armenia", by O. Khalpakhchian, published in Moscow by Iskusstvo Publishers in 1980.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geghard.

* Armeniapedia.org: Geghard Monastery
* Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
* About Geghard Monastery
* UNESCO entry on Geghard – See "Advisory Body Evaluation" for detailed history.
* Worldy.info: Geghard Monastery

* v
* t
* e

Ancient, medieval, and historical Armenian churches and monasteries

Armenia|

Aragatsotn

* Arshakid Mausoleum
* Aruchavank
* Astvatsankal
* Byurakan
* Garnahovit
* Hovhannavank
* Karbi
* Karmravor
* Kasagh
* Kosh
* Kristapori Vank
* Mastara
* Oshakan (St. Mesrop, Tukh Manuk)
* Saghmosavank
* Mughni
* Talin
* Tegher
* Ushi
* Vahramashen
* Voskevaz
* Yeghipatrush
* Zarinja

Ararat

* Aghjots Vank
* Artavazik
* Dvin
* Khor Virap

Armavir

* Targmanchats Vank
* Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin, St. Gayane, St. Hripsime, St. Mary, Shoghakat)
* Zvartnots

Gegharkunik

* Ddmashen
* Hayravank
* Kotavank
* Makenyats Vank
* Noratus (Cemetery, St. George)
* Sevanavank
* Tsovinar
* Vanevan
* Yot Verk

Kotayk

* Geghard
* Gharghavank
* Havuts Tar
* Kecharis
* Makravank
* Mashtots Hayrapet
* Mayravank
* Neghutsi Vank
* Ptghavank
* Tejharuyk
* Yeghvard (St. Mary)

Lori

* Monastery
* Bardzrakash
* Haghpat
* Hnevank
* Horomayri
* Khuchap
* Kobayr
* Odzun
* Sanahin
* Sverdlov
* Vanadzor (St. Mary)

Shirak

* Gyumri (St. Mary, Holy Saviour)
* Harichavank
* Lmbatavank
* Marmashen
* Pemzashen
* Yererouk

Syunik

* Bgheno-Noravank
* Tatev (Monastery, Tatevi Anapat)
* Vahanavank
* Vorotnavank

Tavush

* Goshavank
* Haghartsin
* Jukhtak Vank
* Kirants (Arakelots)
* Makaravank
* Matosavank
* Samsonavank
* Tsrviz
* Voskepar

Vayots Dzor

* Areni
* Gndevank
* Noravank
* Spitakavor
* Tanahat
* Tsakhats Kar

Yerevan

* Avan (Tsiranavor)
* Kanaker (St. James)
* Yerevan (Gethsemane, Katoghike, St. Gregory, St. John, St. Paul and Peter, Zoravor)

Azerbaijan (List)|

* Agulis (St. Thomas)
* Amaras
* Aprakunis
* Baku (St. Gregory, St. Mary, St. Thaddeus)
* Dadivank
* Gag
* Gandzasar
* Gtichavank
* Hakobavank
* Jugha (Holy Savour)
* Katarovank
* Kish
* Kusanats Anapat
* Shusha (Ghazanchetsots, Kanach Zham)
* Targmanchats
* Tsar
* Tsitsernavank
* Vankasar
* Yeghishe Arakyal
* Yerits Mankants

Georgia (List)|

* Tbilisi (Vank, Bethlehem, Chugureti, Ejmiatsnetsots, St. George, St. Gregory, Jigrasheni Avetyats, Kamoyants, Karapet, Karapi, Karmir Avetaran, Geghardavank, Mughni, Norashen, Holy Sign, St. Sarkis, St. Stephen, Zrkinyants)
* Tskhinvali

Turkey (List)|

* Adana (St. Mary)
* Agarak
* Aghperig
* Aghtamar
* Akner
* Bagnayr
* Akori
* Ani (Cathedral, Tigran Honents, Kizkale, Holy Apostles)
* Aparank
* Arakelots Vank
* Arapgir
* Arkakaghni
* Arter
* Bana
* Barthoghimevos Vank
* Constantinople (Galata, Kuzguncuk, Fatih, Kartal, Samatya, Taksim, Beyoğlu, Beyoğlu)
* Drazark
* Elazig
* Eskişehir
* Gaziantep
* Goms
* Hogots
* Horomos
* Ishkhan
* Kanzak
* Karapet Vank
* Karmravank
* Kars (Cathedral, St. Mary)
* Kes
* Khtzkonk
* Ktuts
* Marinos Vank
* Mren
* Mush (St. Marine, Holy Sign)
* Narekavank
* Por
* Sivrihisar
* Skanchelagordz Vank
* Smyrna
* Soradir
* Tekor
* Tigranakert
* Trebizond
* Varagavank
* Varzahan
* Yeghegnamor
* Yeghrdut
* Yerazgavors

Iran (List)|

* Thadei Vank
* Maghardavank
* Dzordzori Vank
* Hovi
* Darashamb
* Haftvan
* Khoy
* Mahlezan
* Tabriz (St. Mary, St. Sarkis, Mariam)
* Mujumbar
* Sohrol
* Sarnaq
* Nor Jugha (Vank, St. Mary, St. George, St. Stephen, St. John, St. Catherine, Bethlehem, St. Nicholas, St. Gregory, St. Sarkis, Isfahan, St. Minas, St. Nerses)
* Tehran (St. Thaddeus, St. George)

Jerusalem (Palestine/Israel)|

* Armenian Quarter
* Cathedral of St. James
* Church of St. Toros
* Church of the Holy Archangels
* Monastery of St. Saviour
* Chapel of St. Helena

Rest of Asia|

Syria

* Aleppo

India

* Chennai
* Calcutta
* Chinsura
* Saidabad

Bangladesh

* Dhaka

Israel

* St. Nicholas Monastery

Cyprus

* Magar Vank
* Notre Dame de Tyre
* Ganchvor

Singapore

* Saint Gregory the Illuminator

Rest of Europe|

Crimea

* Holy Cross
* Yalta

Ukraine

* Lviv (St. Mary)

Russia

* Nor Nakhichevan (Holy Cross)
* Sultan-Saly
* St. Petersburg (St. Catherine)

Romania

* Zamca

Italy

* San Lazzaro degli Armeni

* v
* t
* e

World Heritage Sites in Armenia

* Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin
* Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley
* Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin (Saint Hripsime, Saint Gayane, Shoghakat) and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots

* v
* t
* e

Protected areas of Armenia

National parks|

* Arevik
* Dilijan
* Lake Arpi
* Sevan

State reserves|

* Erebuni
* Khosrov Forest
* Shikahogh

Botanical gardens|

* Ijevan
* Sevan
* Stepanavan
* Vanadzor
* Yerevan

Wildlife sanctuaries|

* Akhnabad Taxus Grove Sanctuary
* Aragats Alpine Sanctuary
* Arjatkhelni Hazel Sanctuary
* Arzakan-Meghradzor
* Banks' Pine Grove Sanctuary
* Boghakar Sanctuary
* Gandzakar Sanctuary
* Getik Sanctuary
* Goravan Sands
* Goris Sanctuary
* Gyulagarak Sanctuary
* Hankavan Hydrological Sanctuary
* Herher Open Woodland Sanctuary
* Ijevan Sanctuary
* Jermuk Forest Sanctuary
* Jermuk Hydrological Sanctuary
* Juniper Woodlands Sanctuary
* Khor Virap Sanctuary
* Margahovit Sanctuary
* Rhododendron caucasicum Sanctuary
* Plane Grove Sanctuary
* Sev Lake Sanctuary
* Vordan Karmir Sanctuary
* Yeghegnadzor Sanctuary
* Zangezur Sanctuary
* Zikatar Sanctuary

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* IdRef

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template