Gemini (language model)

Large language model developed by Google

It has been suggested that portions of this article be split out into another article titled Gemma (language model). (Discuss) (July 2025)

|

Gemini

Developer(s)| Google DeepMind
Initial release| December 6, 2023; 19 months ago (2023-12-06)
Stable release|

2.5 / March 25, 2025; 3 months ago (2025-03-25)

Predecessor| PaLM 2
Available in| English
Type| Large language model
License| Proprietary
Website| deepmind.google/technologies/gemini/

Not to be confused with Gemini (chatbot).

Gemini is a family of multimodal large language models (LLMs) developed by Google DeepMind, and the successor to LaMDA and PaLM 2. Comprising Gemini Ultra, Gemini Pro, Gemini Flash, and Gemini Nano, it was announced on December 6, 2023, positioned as a competitor to OpenAI's GPT-4. It powers the chatbot of the same name. In March 2025, Gemini 2.5 Pro Experimental was rated as highly competitive.

## History

[edit]

### Development

[edit]

Further information: Gemini (chatbot) § Background

Google CEO Sundar Pichai (L) and DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis (R) spearheaded the development of Gemini.

Google announced Gemini, a large language model (LLM) developed by subsidiary Google DeepMind, during the Google I/O keynote on May 10, 2023. It was positioned as a more powerful successor to PaLM 2, which was also unveiled at the event, with Google CEO Sundar Pichai stating that Gemini was still in its early developmental stages.[1][2] Unlike other LLMs, Gemini was said to be unique in that it was not trained on a text corpus alone and was designed to be multimodal, meaning it could process multiple types of data simultaneously, including text, images, audio, video, and computer code.[3] It had been developed as a collaboration between DeepMind and Google Brain, two branches of Google that had been merged as Google DeepMind the previous month.[4] In an interview with Wired, DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis touted Gemini's advanced capabilities, which he believed would allow the algorithm to trump OpenAI's ChatGPT, which runs on GPT-4 and whose growing popularity had been aggressively challenged by Google with LaMDA and Bard. Hassabis highlighted the strengths of DeepMind's AlphaGo program, which gained worldwide attention in 2016 when it defeated Go champion Lee Sedol, saying that Gemini would combine the power of AlphaGo and other Google–DeepMind LLMs.[5]

In August 2023, The Information published a report outlining Google's roadmap for Gemini, revealing that the company was targeting a launch date of late 2023. According to the report, Google hoped to surpass OpenAI and other competitors by combining conversational text capabilities present in most LLMs with artificial intelligence–powered image generation, allowing it to create contextual images and be adapted for a wider range of use cases.[6] Like Bard,[7] Google co-founder Sergey Brin was summoned out of retirement to assist in the development of Gemini, along with hundreds of other engineers from Google Brain and DeepMind;[6][8] he was later credited as a "core contributor" to Gemini.[9] Because Gemini was being trained on transcripts of YouTube videos, lawyers were brought in to filter out any potentially copyrighted materials.[6]

With news of Gemini's impending launch, OpenAI hastened its work on integrating GPT-4 with multimodal features similar to those of Gemini.[10] The Information reported in September that several companies had been granted early access to "an early version" of the LLM, which Google intended to make available to clients through Google Cloud's Vertex AI service. The publication also stated that Google was arming Gemini to compete with both GPT-4 and Microsoft's GitHub Copilot.[11][12]

### Launch

[edit]

On December 6, 2023, Pichai and Hassabis announced "Gemini 1.0" at a virtual press conference.[13][14] It comprised three models: Gemini Ultra, designed for "highly complex tasks"; Gemini Pro, designed for "a wide range of tasks"; and Gemini Nano, designed for "on-device tasks". At launch, Gemini Pro and Nano were integrated into Bard and the Pixel 8 Pro smartphone, respectively, while Gemini Ultra was set to power "Bard Advanced" and become available to software developers in early 2024. Other products that Google intended to incorporate Gemini into included Search, Ads, Chrome, Duet AI on Google Workspace, and AlphaCode 2.[15][14] It was made available only in English.[14][16] Touted as Google's "largest and most capable AI model" and designed to emulate human behavior,[17][14][18] the company stated that Gemini would not be made widely available until the following year due to the need for "extensive safety testing".[13] Gemini was trained on and powered by Google's Tensor Processing Units (TPUs),[13][16] and the name is in reference to the DeepMind–Google Brain merger as well as NASA's Project Gemini.[19]

Gemini Ultra was said to have outperformed GPT-4, Anthropic's Claude 2, Inflection AI's Inflection-2, Meta's LLaMA 2, and xAI's Grok 1 on a variety of industry benchmarks,[20][13] while Gemini Pro was said to have outperformed GPT-3.5.[3] Gemini Ultra was also the first language model to outperform human experts on the 57-subject Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) test, obtaining a score of 90%.[3][19] Gemini Pro was made available to Google Cloud customers on AI Studio and Vertex AI on December 13, while Gemini Nano will be made available to Android developers as well.[21][22][23] Hassabis further revealed that DeepMind was exploring how Gemini could be "combined with robotics to physically interact with the world".[24] In accordance with an executive order signed by U.S. President Joe Biden in October, Google stated that it would share testing results of Gemini Ultra with the federal government of the United States. Similarly, the company was engaged in discussions with the government of the United Kingdom to comply with the principles laid out at the AI Safety Summit at Bletchley Park in November.[3]

### Updates

[edit]

Google partnered with Samsung to integrate Gemini Nano and Gemini Pro into its Galaxy S24 smartphone lineup in January 2024.[25][26] The following month, Bard and Duet AI were unified under the Gemini brand,[27][28] with "Gemini Advanced with Ultra 1.0" debuting via a new "AI Premium" tier of the Google One subscription service.[29] Gemini Pro also received a global launch.[30]

In February, 2024, Google launched Gemini 1.5 in a limited capacity, positioned as a more powerful and capable model than 1.0 Ultra.[31][32][33] This "step change" was achieved through various technical advancements, including a new architecture, a mixture-of-experts approach, and a larger one-million-token context window, which equates to roughly an hour of silent video, 11 hours of audio, 30,000 lines of code, or 700,000 words.[34] The same month, Google debuted Gemma, a family of free and open-source LLMs that serve as a lightweight version of Gemini. They come in two sizes, with a neural network with two and seven billion parameters, respectively. Multiple publications viewed this as a response to Meta and others open-sourcing their AI models, and a stark reversal from Google's longstanding practice of keeping its AI proprietary.[35][36][37] Google announced an additional model, Gemini 1.5 Flash, on May 14th at the 2024 I/O keynote.[38]

Gemma 2 was released on June 27, 2024.[39]

Two updated Gemini models, Gemini-1.5-Pro-002 and Gemini-1.5-Flash-002, were released on September 24, 2024.[40]

On December 11, 2024, Google announced Gemini 2.0 Flash Experimental,[41] a significant update to its Gemini AI model. This iteration boasts improved speed and performance over its predecessor, Gemini 1.5 Flash. Key features include a Multimodal Live API for real-time audio and video interactions, enhanced spatial understanding, native image and controllable text-to-speech generation (with watermarking), and integrated tool use, including Google Search.[42] It also introduces improved agentic capabilities, a new Google Gen AI SDK,[43] and "Jules," an experimental AI coding agent for GitHub. Additionally, Google Colab is integrating Gemini 2.0 to generate data science notebooks from natural language. Gemini 2.0 was available through the Gemini chat interface for all users as "Gemini 2.0 Flash experimental".

On January 30, 2025, Google released Gemini 2.0 Flash as the new default model, with Gemini 1.5 Flash still available for usage. This was followed by the release of Gemini 2.0 Pro on February 5, 2025. Additionally, Google released Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking Experimental, which details the language model's thinking process when responding to prompts.[44]

Gemma 3 was released on March 12, 2025.[45][46] On the same day, Google also announced Gemini Robotics, a vision-language-action model based on the Gemini 2.0 family of models. [47]

The next day, Google announced that Gemini in Android Studio would be able to understand simple UI mockups and transform them into working Jetpack Compose code.[48]

Gemini 2.5 Pro Experimental was released on March 25, 2025, described by Google as its most intelligent AI model yet, featuring enhanced reasoning and coding capabilities,[49][50][51] and a "thinking model" capable of reasoning through steps before responding, using techniques like chain-of-thought prompting,[49][51][52] whilst maintaining native multimodality and launching with a 1 million token context window.[49][51]

At Google I/O 2025, Google announced significant updates to its Gemini core models.[53][54] Gemini 2.5 Flash became the default model, delivering faster responses.[53][54] Gemini 2.5 Pro was introduced as the most advanced Gemini model, featuring reasoning, coding capabilities, and the new Deep Think mode for complex tasks.[55] Both 2.5 Pro and Flash support native audio output and improved security.

On June 17, 2025, Google announced general availability for 2.5 Pro and Flash. They also introduced Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite that same day, a model optimized for speed and cost-efficiency.[56]

### Model versions

[edit]

The following table lists the main model versions of Gemini, describing the significant changes included with each version:[57][58]

Version  | Release date  | Status[59][60] | Description

|
|
|

Bard  | 21 March 2023  | Discontinued  | Google's first experimental chatbot service based on LaMDA.[61]
1.0 Nano  | 6 December 2023  | Discontinued  | Designed for on-device tasks and first available in Google's Pixel 8 Pro.[62]
1.0 Pro  | 13 December 2023  | Discontinued  | Designed for a diverse range of tasks.[62]
1.0 Ultra  | 8 February 2024  | Discontinued  | Google's most powerful offering in the Gemini 1.0 family.[62]
1.5 Pro  | 15 February 2024  | Legacy support  | As a successor to the 1.0 series of models, 1.5 Pro offers significantly increased context size (up to 1 million tokens). It is designed to be the most capable model in the Gemini 1.5 family.[63]
1.5 Flash  | 14 May 2024  | Legacy support
2.0 Flash  | 30 January 2025  | Active  | Developed by Google with a focus on multimodality, agentic capabilities, and speed.[64]
2.0 Flash-Lite  | 1 February 2025  | Active  | First-ever Gemini Flash-Lite model designed for cost-efficiency and speed.[65]
2.5 Pro  | 25 March 2025  | Active  |
2.5 Flash  | 17 April 2025  | Active  |
2.5 Flash-Lite  | 17 June 2025  | Experimental  |

## Gemma

[edit]

Gemma is a collection of open models made by Google DeepMind, with the first models released in February of 2024. Based on similar technologies as the Gemini series of models, Gemma is described by Google as helping support its mission of "making AI helpful for everyone."[66] Google offers official Gemma variants optimized for specific use cases, such as MedGemma for medical analysis and DolphinGemma for studying dolphin communication.[67]

Since its release, Gemma models have had over 150 million downloads, with 70,000 variants available on Hugging Face.[68]

The latest generation of models is Gemma 3, offered in 1, 4, 12, and 27 billion parameter sizes with support for over 140 languages. As multimodal models, they support both text and image input.[69] Google also offers Gemma 3n, smaller models optimized for execution on consumer devices like phones, laptops, and tablets.[70]

### Architecture

[edit]

The latest version of Gemma, Gemma 3, is based on a decoder-only transformer architecture with grouped-query attention (GQA) and the SigLIP vision encoder. Every model has a context length of 128K, with the exception of Gemma 3 1B, which has a context length of 32K.[71]

Quantized versions fine-tuned using quantization-aware training (QAT) are also available,[71] offering sizable memory usage improvements with some negative impact on accuracy and precision.[72]

### Variants

[edit]

Google develops official variants of Gemma models designed for specific purposes, like medical analysis or programming. These include:

* ShieldGemma 2 (4B): Based on the Gemma 3 family, ShieldGemma is designed to identify and filter violent, dangerous, and sexually explicit images.[73]
* MedGemma (4B and 27B): Also based on Gemma 3, MedGemma is designed for medical applications like image analysis. However, Google also notes that MedGemma "isn't yet clinical grade."[74]
* DolphinGemma (roughly 400M): Developed in collaboration with researchers at Georgia Tech and the Wild Dolphin Project, DolphinGemma aims to better understand dolphin communication through audio analysis.[75][76]
* CodeGemma (2B and 7B): CodeGemma is a group of models designed for code completion as well as general coding use.[77] It supports multiple programming languages, including Python, Java, C++, and more.[78]

## Technical specifications

[edit]

As Gemini is multimodal, each context window can contain multiple forms of input. The different modes can be interleaved and do not have to be presented in a fixed order, allowing for a multimodal conversation. For example, the user might open the conversation with a mix of text, picture, video, and audio, presented in any order, and Gemini might reply with the same free ordering. Input images may be of different resolutions, while video is inputted as a sequence of images. Audio is sampled at 16 kHz and then converted into a sequence of tokens by the Universal Speech Model. Gemini's dataset is multimodal and multilingual, consisting of "web documents, books, and code, and includ[ing] image, audio, and video data".[79]

Gemini and Gemma models are decoder-only transformers, with modifications to allow efficient training and inference on TPUs. The 1.0 generation uses multi-query attention.[79]

Technical specifications of Gemini models  Generation  | Variant  | Release date  | Parameters  | Context length  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

1.0  | Nano-1  | 6 December 2023  | 1.8B  | 32,768  | Distilled from "larger Gemini models", 4-bit quantized[79]
Nano-2  | 6 December 2023  | 3.25B
Pro  | 13 December 2023  | ?  |
Ultra  | 8 February 2024  | ?  |
1.5  | Pro  | 15 February 2024  | ?  | 10,000,000[80][81] | 1 million tokens in production API
Mini  | 14 May 2024

No whitepapers were published for Gemini 2.0 and Gemini 2.5.

The open-weight Gemma models have more information available.

Technical specifications of Gemma models  Generation  | Release date  | Parameters  | Context length  | Multimodal  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Gemma 1 | 21 February 2024 | 2B, 7B | 8,192 | No | 2B distilled from 7B. 2B uses multi-query attention while 7B uses multi-head attention.
CodeGemma |  | 2B, 7B | 8,192 | No | Gemma 1 finetuned for code generation.
RecurrentGemma | 11 April 2024 | 2B, 9B | Unlimited (trained on 8,192) | No | Griffin-based, instead of Transformer-based.[82]
Gemma 2 | 27 June 2024 | 2B, 9B, 27B | 8,192 | No | 27B trained from web documents, code, science articles. Gemma 2 9B was distilled from 27B. Gemma 2 2B was distilled from a 7B model that remained unreleased. Uses Grouped-Query Attention.[83]
PaliGemma | 10 July 2024 | 3B | 8,192 | Image | A vision-language model that takes text and image inputs, and outputs text. It is made by connecting a SigLIP-So400m image encoder with Gemma v1.0 2B.[84][85]
PaliGemma 2 | 4 December 2024 | 3B, 10B, 28B | 8,192 | Image | Made by mating SigLIP-4o400m with Gemma v2.0 2B, 9B, and 27B. Capable of more vision-language tasks.[86][87]
Gemma 3 | 12 March 2025 | 1B, 4B, 12B, 27B | 131,072 | Image | All models trained with distillation. Post-training focuses on math, coding, chat, instruction following, and multilingual (supports 140 languages). Capable of function calling. 1B is not capable of vision.[88]

Note: open-weight models can have their context length rescaled at inference time. With Gemma 1, Gemma 2, PaliGemma, and PaliGemma 2, the cost is a linear increase of kv-cache size relative to context window size. With Gemma 3 there is an improved growth curve due to the separation of local and global attention. With RecurrentGemma the memory use is unchanged after 2,048 tokens.

## Reception

[edit]

See also: Gemini (chatbot) § Reception

Gemini's launch was preluded by months of intense speculation and anticipation, which MIT Technology Review described as "peak AI hype".[89][20] In August 2023, Dylan Patel and Daniel Nishball of research firm SemiAnalysis penned a blog post declaring that the release of Gemini would "eat the world" and outclass GPT-4, prompting OpenAI CEO Sam Altman to ridicule the duo on X (formerly Twitter).[90][91] Business magnate Elon Musk, who co-founded OpenAI, weighed in, asking, "Are the numbers wrong?"[92] Hugh Langley of Business Insider remarked that Gemini would be a make-or-break moment for Google, writing: "If Gemini dazzles, it will help Google change the narrative that it was blindsided by Microsoft and OpenAI. If it disappoints, it will embolden critics who say Google has fallen behind."[93]

Reacting to its unveiling in December 2023, University of Washington professor emeritus Oren Etzioni predicted a "tit-for-tat arms race" between Google and OpenAI. Professor Alexei Efros of the University of California, Berkeley praised the potential of Gemini's multimodal approach,[19] while scientist Melanie Mitchell of the Santa Fe Institute called Gemini "very sophisticated". Professor Chirag Shah of the University of Washington was less impressed, likening Gemini's launch to the routineness of Apple's annual introduction of a new iPhone. Similarly, Stanford University's Percy Liang, the University of Washington's Emily Bender, and the University of Galway's Michael Madden cautioned that it was difficult to interpret benchmark scores without insight into the training data used.[89][94] Writing for Fast Company, Mark Sullivan opined that Google had the opportunity to challenge the iPhone's dominant market share, believing that Apple was unlikely to have the capacity to develop functionality similar to Gemini with its Siri virtual assistant.[95] Google shares spiked by 5.3 percent the day after Gemini's launch.[96][97]

Google faced criticism for a demonstrative video of Gemini, which was not conducted in real time.[98]

Gemini 2.5 Pro Experimental debuted at the top position on the LMArena leaderboard, a benchmark measuring human preference, indicating strong performance and output quality.[49][51] The model achieved state-of-the-art or highly competitive results across various benchmarks evaluating reasoning, knowledge, science, math, coding, and long-context performance, such as Humanity's Last Exam, GPQA, AIME 2025, SWE-bench and MRCR.[49][99][51][50] Initial reviews highlighted its improved reasoning capabilities and performance gains compared to previous versions.[50][52] Published benchmarks also showed areas where contemporary models from competitors like Anthropic, xAI, or OpenAI held advantages.[99][51]

## See also

[edit]

* Gato, a multimodal neural network developed by DeepMind
* Gemini Robotics
* List of large language models

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Grant, Nico (May 10, 2023). "Google Builds on Tech's Latest Craze With Its Own A.I. Products". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
2. ^ Ortiz, Sabrina (May 10, 2023). "Every major AI feature announced at Google I/O 2023". ZDNet. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
3. ^ a b c d Milmo, Dan (December 6, 2023). "Google says new AI model Gemini outperforms ChatGPT in most tests". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
4. ^ Levy, Steven (September 11, 2023). "Sundar Pichai on Google;s AI, Microsoft's AI, OpenAI, and ... Did We Mention AI?". Wired. Archived from the original on September 11, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
5. ^ Knight, Will (June 26, 2023). "Google DeepMind's CEO Says Its Next Algorithm Will Eclipse ChatGPT". Wired. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
6. ^ a b c Victor, Jon (August 15, 2023). "How Google is Planning to Beat OpenAI". The Information. Archived from the original on August 15, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
7. ^ Grant, Nico (January 20, 2023). "Google Calls In Help From Larry Page and Sergey Brin for A.I. Fight". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
8. ^ Kruppa, Miles; Seetharaman, Deepa (July 21, 2023). "Sergey Brin Is Back in the Trenches at Google". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
9. ^ Carter, Tom (December 7, 2023). "Google confirms that its cofounder Sergey Brin played a key role in creating its ChatGPT rival". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
10. ^ Victor, Jon (September 18, 2023). "OpenAI Hustles to Beat Google to Launch 'Multimodal' LLM". The Information. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
11. ^ "Google nears release of AI software Gemini, The Information reports". Reuters. September 14, 2023. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
12. ^ Nolan, Beatrice (September 23, 2023). "Google is quietly handing out early demos of its GPT-4 rival called Gemini. Here's what we know so far about the upcoming AI model". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
13. ^ a b c d Kruppa, Miles (December 6, 2023). "Google Announces AI System Gemini After Turmoil at Rival OpenAI". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
14. ^ a b c d Liedtike, Michael; O'Brien, Matt (December 6, 2023). "Google launches Gemini, upping the stakes in the global AI race". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
15. ^ Edwards, Benj (December 6, 2023). "Google launches Gemini—a powerful AI model it says can surpass GPT-4". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
16. ^ a b Pierce, David (December 6, 2023). "Google launches Gemini, the AI model it hopes will take down GPT-4". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
17. ^ Fung, Brian; Thorbecke, Catherine (December 6, 2023). "Google launches Gemini, its most-advanced AI model yet, as it races to compete with ChatGPT". CNN Business. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
18. ^ "Google launches Gemini, upping the stakes in the global AI race". CBS News. December 6, 2023. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
19. ^ a b c Knight, Will (December 6, 2023). "Google Just Launched Gemini, Its Long-Awaited Answer to ChatGPT". Wired. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
20. ^ a b Henshall, Will (December 6, 2023). "Google DeepMind Unveils Its Most Powerful AI Offering Yet". Time. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
21. ^ Metz, Cade; Grant, Nico (December 6, 2023). "Google Updates Bard Chatbot With 'Gemini' A.I. as It Chases ChatGPT". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
22. ^ Elias, Jennifer (December 6, 2023). "Google launches its largest and 'most capable' AI model, Gemini". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
23. ^ Alba, Davey; Ghaffary, Shirin (December 6, 2023). "Google Opens Access to Gemini, Racing to Catch Up to OpenAI". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
24. ^ Knight, Will (December 6, 2023). "Google DeepMind's Demis Hassabis Says Gemini Is a New Breed of AI". Wired. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
25. ^ Gurman, Mark; Love, Julia; Alba, Davey (January 17, 2024). "Samsung Bets on Google-Powered AI Features in Smartphone Revamp". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
26. ^ Chokkattu, Julian (January 17, 2024). "Samsung's Galaxy S24 Phones Call on Google's AI to Spruce Up Their Smarts". Wired. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
27. ^ Metz, Cade (February 8, 2024). "Google Releases Gemini, an A.I.-Driven Chatbot and Voice Assistant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
28. ^ Dastin, Jeffrey (February 8, 2024). "Google rebrands Bard chatbot as Gemini, rolls out paid subscription". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
29. ^ Li, Abner (February 8, 2024). "Google One AI Premium is $19.99/mo with Gemini Advanced & Gemini for Workspace". 9to5Google. Archived from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
30. ^ Mehta, Ivan (February 1, 2024). "Google's Bard chatbot gets the Gemini Pro update globally". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
31. ^ Knight, Will (February 15, 2024). "Google's Flagship AI Model Gets a Mighty Fast Upgrade". Wired. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
32. ^ Nieva, Richard (February 15, 2024). "Google Unveils Gemini 1.5, But Only Developers And Enterprise Clients Have Access For Now". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
33. ^ McCracken, Harry (February 15, 2024). "Google's new Gemini 1.5 AI can dive deep into oceans of video and audio". Fast Company. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
34. ^ Stokes, Samantha (February 15, 2024). "Here's everything you need to know about Gemini 1.5, Google's newly updated AI model that hopes to challenge OpenAI". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 19, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
35. ^ Khan, Jeremy (February 21, 2024). "Google unveils new family of open-source AI models called Gemma to take on Meta and others—deciding open-source AI ain't so bad after all". Fast Company. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
36. ^ Alba, Davey (February 21, 2024). "Google Delves Deeper Into Open Source with Launch of Gemma AI Model". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
37. ^ Metz, Cade; Grant, Nico (February 21, 2024). "Google Is Giving Away Some of the A.I. That Powers Chatbots". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
38. ^ Elias, Jennifer (August 12, 2024). "Google rolls out its most powerful AI models as competition from OpenAI heats up". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
39. ^ "Gemma 2 is now available to researchers and developers". Google. June 27, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
40. ^ "Updated production-ready Gemini models, reduced 1.5 Pro pricing, increased rate limits, and more- Google Developers Blog". developers.googleblog.com.
41. ^ "Introducing Gemini 2.0: our new AI model for the agentic era". Google. December 11, 2024. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
42. ^ "The next chapter of the Gemini era for developers- Google Developers Blog". developers.googleblog.com. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
43. ^ "Gemini 2.0 Flash (experimental) | Gemini API". Google AI for Developers. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
44. ^ "Gemini 2.0 is now available to everyone". Google. February 5, 2025.
45. ^ "Introducing Gemma 3: The most capable model you can run on a single GPU or TPU". The Keyword. March 12, 2025.
46. ^ "Welcome Gemma 3: Google's all new multimodal, multilingual, long context open LLM". Hugging Face. March 12, 2025.
47. ^ Parada, Carolina (March 12, 2025). "Gemini Robotics brings AI into the physical world". Google DeepMind. Retrieved July 11, 2025.
48. ^ Abner, Li (March 13, 2025). "Gemini in Android Studio can now turn UI mockups into code". 9to5Google. Retrieved April 12, 2025.
49. ^ a b c d e Kavukcuoglu, Koray (March 25, 2025). "Gemini 2.5: Our most intelligent AI model". The Keyword (Google Blog). Retrieved March 26, 2025.
50. ^ a b c "Gemini 2.5 is now available for Advanced users and it seriously improves Google's AI reasoning". TechRadar. March 26, 2025. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
51. ^ a b c d e f "Google's Gemini 2.5 Pro model tops LMArena by close to 40 points". R&D World. March 25, 2025. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
52. ^ a b "Gemini 2.5 Pro Exp: How to Access, Features, Applications & More". Analytics Vidhya. March 26, 2025. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
53. ^ a b "Gemini 2.5: Our most intelligent models are getting even better". May 20, 2025. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
54. ^ a b "Google I/O 2025 announcements: Gemini 2.5 models, Imagen 4, Veo 3 and Flow". May 21, 2025. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
55. ^ "Deep Think boosts the performance of Google's flagship Gemini AI model". TechCrunch. May 20, 2025. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
56. ^ Doshi, Tulsee (June 17, 2025). "We're expanding our Gemini 2.5 family of models". The Keyword. Google. Retrieved July 11, 2025.
57. ^ "Gemini Release updates". Google. Archived from the original on April 9, 2025. Retrieved April 9, 2025.
58. ^ "Gemini models". Google. Archived from the original on April 9, 2025. Retrieved April 9, 2025.
59. ^ "Model versions and lifecycle". Google Cloud.
60. ^ Doshi, Tulsee (June 17, 2025). "We're expanding our Gemini 2.5 family of models". The Keyword. Retrieved July 12, 2025.
61. ^ Pichai, Sundar (February 6, 2023). "An important next step on our AI journey". The Keyword. Retrieved July 12, 2025.
62. ^ a b c Pichai, Sundar; Hassabis, Demis (December 6, 2023). "Introducing Gemini: our largest and most capable AI model". The Keyword. Retrieved July 12, 2025.
63. ^ Pichai, Sundar; Hassabis, Demiss (February 15, 2024). "Our next-generation model: Gemini 1.5". The Keyword. Retrieved July 12, 2025.
64. ^ Pichai, Sundar; Hassabis, Demis; Kavukcuoglu, Koray (December 11, 2024). "Introducing Gemini 2.0: our new AI model for the agentic era". The Keyword. Retrieved July 12, 2025.
65. ^ Mallick, Shrestha; Kilpatrick, Logan. "Gemini 2.0: Flash, Flash-Lite and Pro". Google for Developers. Retrieved July 12, 2025.
66. ^ Banks, Jeanine; Warkentin, Tris (February 21, 2024). "Gemma: Introducing new state-of-the-art open models". The Keyword. Retrieved July 13, 2025.
67. ^ "Gemma - Google DeepMind". Google DeepMind. Retrieved July 13, 2025.
68. ^ Wiggers, Kyle (May 12, 2025). "Google's Gemma AI models surpass 150M downloads". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 13, 2025.
69. ^ Gosthipaty, Aritra; merve; Cuenca, Pedro; Srivastav, Vaibhav (March 12, 2025). "Welcome Gemma 3: Google's all new multimodal, multilingual, long context open LLM". Hugging Face. Retrieved July 13, 2025.
70. ^ "Gemma 3n model overview". Google AI for Developers. Retrieved July 13, 2025.
71. ^ a b Gemma Team (2025). "Gemma 3 Technical Report". arXiv:2503.19786v1 [cs.CL].
72. ^ Clark, Bryan (May 15, 2025). "What is quantization aware training?". IBM. Retrieved July 14, 2025.
73. ^ ShieldGemma Team (2025). "ShieldGemma 2: Robust and Tractable Image Content Moderation". arXiv:2504.01081 [cs.CV].
74. ^ "MedGemma". Google Health AI Developer Foundations. Retrieved July 15, 2025.
75. ^ "DolphinGemma: How Google AI is helping decode dolphin communication". Georgia Tech. Retrieved July 15, 2025.
76. ^ Herzing, Denise; Starner, Thad (April 14, 2025). "DolphinGemma: How Google AI is helping decode dolphin communication". The Keyword. Retrieved July 15, 2025.
77. ^ Irwin, Kate (April 10, 2024). "Google Launches Coding AIs That Could Rival Microsoft's GitHub Copilot". PCMag. Retrieved July 15, 2025.
78. ^ "CodeGemma". Google AI for Developers. Retrieved July 15, 2025.
79. ^ a b c Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models (PDF) (Technical report). Google DeepMind. December 6, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
80. ^ "Our next-generation model: Gemini 1.5". Google. February 15, 2024. "In our research, we've also successfully tested up to 10 million tokens."
81. ^ Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context (PDF) (Technical report). Google DeepMind. February 15, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
82. ^ "RecurrentGemma: Moving Past Transformers for Efficient Open Language Models". arxiv.org.
83. ^ Gemma Team; Riviere, Morgane; Pathak, Shreya; Sessa, Pier Giuseppe; Hardin, Cassidy; Bhupatiraju, Surya; Hussenot, Léonard; Mesnard, Thomas; Shahriari, Bobak (August 2, 2024), Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size, arXiv:2408.00118
84. ^ "PaLI: Scaling Language-Image Learning in 100+ Languages". research.google. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
85. ^ "PaliGemma: A versatile 3B VLM for transfer". arxiv.org. July 10, 2024.
86. ^ "Introducing PaliGemma 2 mix: A vision-language model for multiple tasks- Google Developers Blog". developers.googleblog.com. Retrieved February 22, 2025.
87. ^ "PaliGemma 2: A Family of Versatile VLMs for Transfer". arxiv.org.
88. ^ "Gemma 3 Technical Report". arxiv.org.
89. ^ a b Heikkilä, Melissa; Heaven, Will Douglas (December 6, 2023). "Google DeepMind's new Gemini model looks amazing—but could signal peak AI hype". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
90. ^ howdhury, Hasan (August 29, 2023). "AI bros are at war over declarations that Google's upcoming Gemini AI model smashes OpenAI's GPT-4". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
91. ^ Harrison, Maggie (August 31, 2023). "OpenAI Rages at Report that Google's New AI Crushes GPT-4". Fortune. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
92. ^ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (August 29, 2023). "Are the numbers wrong?" (Tweet). Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023 – via Twitter.
93. ^ Langley, Hugh (October 12, 2023). "Google VP teases Gemini's multimodal future: 'I've seen some pretty amazing things.'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
94. ^ Madden, Michael G. (December 15, 2023). "Google's Gemini: is the new AI model really better than ChatGPT?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
95. ^ Sullivan, Mark (December 6, 2023). "Gemini-powered Google phones may make Siri even more of an Achilles' heel for the iPhone". Fast Company. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
96. ^ Soni, Aditya (December 7, 2023). "Alphabet soars as Wall Street cheers arrival of AI model Gemini". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
97. ^ Swartz, Jon (December 7, 2023). "Gemini, Google's long-awaited answer to ChatGPT, is an overnight hit". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
98. ^ Elias, Steve Kovach, Jennifer (December 8, 2023). "Google faces controversy over edited Gemini AI demo video". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
99. ^ a b "Gemini Pro - Technical Details and Benchmarks". Google DeepMind. March 25, 2025. Retrieved March 26, 2025.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Honan, Matt (December 6, 2023). "Google CEO Sundar Pichai on Gemini and the coming age of AI". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
* "Gemma explained: An overview of Gemma model family architectures- Google Developers Blog". developers.googleblog.com. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website
* Press release via The Keyword
* White paper for 1.0 and 1.5

* v
* t
* e

Google AI

* Google
* Google Brain
* Google DeepMind

Computer programs|

| AlphaGo|

| Versions|

* AlphaGo (2015)
* Master (2016)
* AlphaGo Zero (2017)
* AlphaZero (2017)
* MuZero (2019)

|

Competitions|

* Fan Hui (2015)
* Lee Sedol (2016)
* Ke Jie (2017)

In popular culture|

* AlphaGo (2017)
* The MANIAC (2023)

Other|

* AlphaFold (2018)
* AlphaStar (2019)
* AlphaDev (2023)
* AlphaGeometry (2024)
* AlphaGenome (2025)

Machine learning|

| Neural networks|

* Inception (2014)
* WaveNet (2016)
* MobileNet (2017)
* Transformer (2017)
* EfficientNet (2019)
* Gato (2022)

|

Other|

* Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab
* TensorFlow
* Tensor Processing Unit

Generative AI|

| Chatbots|

* Assistant (2016)
* Sparrow (2022)
* Gemini (2023)

|

Models|

* BERT (2018)
* XLNet (2019)
* T5 (2019)
* LaMDA (2021)
* Chinchilla (2022)
* PaLM (2022)
* Imagen (2023)
* Gemini (2023)
* VideoPoet (2024)
* Veo (text-to-video model) (2024)

Other|

* DreamBooth (2022)
* NotebookLM (2023)
* Vids (2024)
* Gemini Robotics (2025)

See also|

* "Attention Is All You Need"
* Future of Go Summit
* Generative pre-trained transformer
* Google Labs
* Google Pixel
* Google Workspace
* Robot Constitution

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Google

a subsidiary of Alphabet

Company

| Divisions|

* AI
* Area 120
* ATAP
* Brain
* China
* Cloud Platform
* Energy
* Google.org
* Crisis Response
* Health
* Registry

|

Subsidiaries|

| Active|

* DeepMind
* Fitbit
* ITA Software
* Jigsaw
* Looker
* Mandiant
* Security Operations
* Owlchemy Labs

|

Defunct|

* Actifio
* Adscape
* Akwan Information Technologies
* Anvato
* Apigee
* BandPage
* Bitium
* BufferBox
* Crashlytics
* Dodgeball
* DoubleClick
* Dropcam
* Endoxon
* Flutter
* Global IP Solutions
* Green Throttle Games
* GreenBorder
* Gridcentric
* ImageAmerica
* Impermium
* Invite Media
* Kaltix
* Marratech
* Meebo
* Metaweb
* Neotonic Software
* Neverware
* Nik Software
* Orbitera
* Pyra Labs
* Quest Visual
* Reqwireless
* RightsFlow
* Sidewalk Labs
* SlickLogin
* Titan Aerospace
* Typhoon Studios
* Urban Engines
* Vicarious
* Viewdle
* Wavii
* Wildfire Interactive
* YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group

Programs|

* Business Groups
* Computing University Initiative
* Contact Lens
* Content ID
* CrossCheck
* Data Liberation Front
* Data Transfer Project
* Developer Expert
* DigiKavach
* DigiPivot
* Digital Garage
* Digital News Initiative
* Digital Unlocked
* Dragonfly
* Founders' Award
* Free Zone
* Get Your Business Online
* Google for Education
* Google for Startups
* Living Stories
* Made with Code
* News Lab
* PowerMeter
* Privacy Sandbox
* Project Nightingale
* Project Nimbus
* Project Sunroof
* Project Zero
* Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab
* RechargeIT
* Sensorvault
* Silicon Initiative
* Solve for X
* Street View Trusted
* Student Ambassador Program
* Vevo
* YouTube BrandConnect
* YouTube Creator Awards
* YouTube Select
* YouTube Original Channel Initiative
* Year in Search
* YouTube Rewind
* 2018
* 2019

Events|

* AlphaGo versus Fan Hui
* AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol
* AlphaGo versus Ke Jie
* Android Developer Challenge
* Android Developer Day
* Android Developer Lab
* CNN/YouTube presidential debates
* Code-in
* Code Jam
* Developer Day
* Developers Live
* Doodle4Google
* Future of Go Summit
* G-Day
* Hash Code
* I/O
* Lunar X Prize
* Mapathon
* Science Fair
* Summer of Code
* World Chess Championship 2024
* YouTube Awards
* YouTube Comedy Week
* YouTube Live
* YouTube Music Awards
* 2013
* 2015
* YouTube Space Lab
* YouTube Symphony Orchestra

Infrastructure|

* 111 Eighth Avenue
* Android lawn statues
* Androidland
* Barges
* Binoculars Building
* Central Saint Giles
* Chelsea Market
* Chrome Zone
* Data centers
* GeoEye-1
* Googleplex
* Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
* James R. Thompson Center
* King's Cross
* Mayfield Mall
* Pier 57
* Sidewalk Toronto
* St. John's Terminal
* Submarine cables
* Dunant
* Grace Hopper
* Unity
* WiFi
* YouTube Space
* YouTube Theater

People|

| Current|

* Krishna Bharat
* Vint Cerf
* Jeff Dean
* John Doerr
* Sanjay Ghemawat
* Al Gore
* John L. Hennessy
* Urs Hölzle
* Salar Kamangar
* Ray Kurzweil
* Ann Mather
* Alan Mulally
* Rick Osterloh
* Sundar Pichai (CEO)
* Ruth Porat (CFO)
* Rajen Sheth
* Hal Varian
* Neal Mohan

|

Former|

* Andy Bechtolsheim
* Sergey Brin (co-founder)
* David Cheriton
* Matt Cutts
* David Drummond
* Alan Eustace
* Timnit Gebru
* Omid Kordestani
* Paul Otellini
* Larry Page (co-founder)
* Patrick Pichette
* Eric Schmidt
* Ram Shriram
* Amit Singhal
* Shirley M. Tilghman
* Rachel Whetstone
* Susan Wojcicki

Criticism|

| General|

* Censorship
* DeGoogle
* FairSearch
* "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber"
* No Tech for Apartheid
* Privacy concerns
* Street View
* YouTube
* Trade unions
* Alphabet Workers Union
* YouTube copyright issues

|

Incidents|

* Backdoor advertisement controversy
* Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany
* Data breach
* Elsagate
* Fantastic Adventures scandal
* Kohistan video case
* Reactions to Innocence of Muslims
* San Francisco tech bus protests
* Services outages
* Slovenian government incident
* Walkouts
* YouTube headquarters shooting

Other|

* Android apps
* April Fools' Day jokes
* Doodles
* Doodle Champion Island Games
* Magic Cat Academy
* Easter eggs
* History
* Gmail
* Search
* YouTube
* Logo
* Material Design
* Mergers and acquisitions

Development

| Software|

| A–C|

* Accelerated Linear Algebra
* AMP
* Actions on Google
* ALTS
* American Fuzzy Lop
* Android Cloud to Device Messaging
* Android Debug Bridge
* Android NDK
* Android Runtime
* Android SDK
* Android Studio
* Angular
* AngularJS
* Apache Beam
* APIs
* App Engine
* App Inventor
* App Maker
* App Runtime for Chrome
* AppJet
* Apps Script
* AppSheet
* ARCore
* Base
* Bazel
* BeyondCorp
* Bigtable
* BigQuery
* Bionic
* Blockly
* Borg
* Caja
* Cameyo
* Chart API
* Charts
* Chrome Frame
* Chromium
* Blink
* Closure Tools
* Cloud Connect
* Cloud Dataflow
* Cloud Datastore
* Cloud Messaging
* Cloud Shell
* Cloud Storage
* Code Search
* Compute Engine
* Cpplint

|

D–N|

* Dalvik
* Data Protocol
* Dialogflow
* Exposure Notification
* Fast Pair
* Fastboot
* Federated Learning of Cohorts
* File System
* Firebase
* Firebase Studio
* Firebase Cloud Messaging
* FlatBuffers
* Flutter
* Freebase
* Gadgets
* Ganeti
* Gears
* Gerrit
* GLOP
* gRPC
* Gson
* Guava
* Guetzli
* Guice
* gVisor
* GYP
* JAX
* Jetpack Compose
* Keyhole Markup Language
* Kubernetes
* Kythe
* LevelDB
* Lighthouse
* Looker Studio
* lmctfy
* MapReduce
* Mashup Editor
* Matter
* Mobile Services
* Namebench
* Native Client
* Neatx
* Neural Machine Translation
* Nomulus

O–Z|

* Open Location Code
* OpenRefine
* OpenSocial
* Optimize
* OR-Tools
* Pack
* PageSpeed
* Piper
* Plugin for Eclipse
* Polymer
* Programmable Search Engine
* Project Shield
* Public DNS
* reCAPTCHA
* RenderScript
* SafetyNet
* SageTV
* Schema.org
* Search Console
* Shell
* Sitemaps
* Skia Graphics Engine
* Spanner
* Sputnik
* Stackdriver
* Swiffy
* Tango
* TensorFlow
* Tesseract
* Test
* Translator Toolkit
* Urchin
* UTM parameters
* V8
* VirusTotal
* VisBug
* Wave Federation Protocol
* Weave
* Web Accelerator
* Web Designer
* Web Server
* Web Toolkit
* Webdriver Torso
* WebRTC

Operating systems|

* Android
* Cupcake
* Donut
* Eclair
* Froyo
* Gingerbread
* Honeycomb
* Ice Cream Sandwich
* Jelly Bean
* KitKat
* Lollipop
* Marshmallow
* Nougat
* Oreo
* Pie
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* version history
* smartphones
* Android Automotive
* Android Go
* devices
* Android Things
* Android TV
* devices
* Android XR
* ChromeOS
* ChromeOS Flex
* ChromiumOS
* Fuchsia
* Glass OS
* gLinux
* Goobuntu
* TV
* Wear OS

Machine learning models|

* BERT
* Chinchilla
* DreamBooth
* Gemini
* Imagen (2023)
* LaMDA
* PaLM
* T5
* Veo (text-to-video model)
* VideoPoet
* XLNet

Neural networks|

* EfficientNet
* Gato
* Inception
* MobileNet
* Transformer
* WaveNet

Computer programs|

* AlphaDev
* AlphaFold
* AlphaGeometry
* AlphaGo
* AlphaGo Zero
* AlphaStar
* AlphaZero
* Master
* MuZero

Formats and codecs|

* AAB
* APK
* AV1
* iLBC
* iSAC
* libvpx
* Lyra
* Protocol Buffers
* Ultra HDR
* VP3
* VP6
* VP8
* VP9
* WebM
* WebP
* WOFF2

Programming languages|

* Carbon
* Dart
* Go
* Sawzall

Search algorithms|

* Googlebot
* Hummingbird
* Mobilegeddon
* PageRank
* matrix
* Panda
* Penguin
* Pigeon
* RankBrain

Domain names|

* .app
* .dev
* .google
* .zip
* g.co
* google.by

Typefaces|

* Croscore
* Noto
* Product Sans
* Roboto

Software

| A|

* Aardvark
* Account
* Dashboard
* Takeout
* Ad Manager
* AdMob
* Ads
* AdSense
* Affiliate Network
* Alerts
* Allo
* Analytics
* Android Auto
* Android Beam
* Answers
* Apture
* Arts & Culture
* Assistant
* Attribution
* Authenticator

|

* BebaPay
* BeatThatQuote.com
* Beam
* Blog Search
* Blogger
* Body
* Bookmarks
* Books
* Ngram Viewer
* Browser Sync
* Building Maker
* Bump
* BumpTop
* Buzz

* Calendar
* Cast
* Catalogs
* Chat
* Checkout
* Chrome
* Chrome Apps
* Chrome Experiments
* Chrome Remote Desktop
* Chrome Web Store
* Classroom
* Cloud Print
* Cloud Search
* Contacts
* Contributor
* Crowdsource
* Currents (social app)
* Currents (news app)

* Data Commons
* Dataset Search
* Desktop
* Dictionary
* Digital Wellbeing
* Dinosaur Game
* Directory
* Docs
* Docs Editors
* Domains
* Drawings
* Drive
* Duo

* Earth
* Etherpad
* Expeditions
* Express

* Family Link
* Fast Flip
* FeedBurner
* fflick
* Fi Wireless
* Finance
* Files
* Find Hub
* Fit
* Flights
* Flu Trends
* Fonts
* Forms
* Friend Connect
* Fusion Tables

* Gboard
* Gemini
* Gesture Search
* Gizmo5
* Google+
* Gmail
* Goggles
* GOOG-411
* Grasshopper
* Groups

* Hangouts
* Helpouts

* iGoogle
* Images
* Image Labeler
* Image Swirl
* Inbox by Gmail
* Input Tools
* Japanese Input
* Pinyin
* Insights for Search

* Jaiku
* Jamboard

* Kaggle
* Keep
* Knol

* Labs
* Latitude
* Lens
* Like.com
* Live Transcribe
* Lively

* Map Maker
* Maps
* Maps Navigation
* Marketing Platform
* Meet
* Messages
* Moderator
* My Tracks

* Nearby Share
* News
* News & Weather
* News Archive
* Notebook
* NotebookLM
* Now

* Offers
* One
* One Pass
* Opinion Rewards
* Orkut
* Oyster

* Panoramio
* PaperofRecord.com
* Patents
* Page Creator
* Pay (mobile app)
* Pay (payment method)
* Pay Send
* People Cards
* Person Finder
* Personalized Search
* Photomath
* Photos
* Picasa
* Picasa Web Albums
* Picnik
* Pixel Camera
* Play
* Play Books
* Play Games
* Play Music
* Play Newsstand
* Play Pass
* Play Services
* Podcasts
* Poly
* Postini
* PostRank
* Primer
* Public Alerts
* Public Data Explorer

* Question Hub
* Quick, Draw!
* Quick Search Box
* Quick Share
* Quickoffice

* Read Along
* Reader
* Reply

* Safe Browsing
* SageTV
* Santa Tracker
* Schemer
* Scholar
* Search
* AI Overviews
* Knowledge Graph
* SafeSearch
* Searchwiki
* Sheets
* Shoploop
* Shopping
* Sidewiki
* Sites
* Slides
* Snapseed
* Socratic
* Softcard
* Songza
* Sound Amplifier
* Spaces
* Sparrow (chatbot)
* Sparrow (email client)
* Speech Recognition & Synthesis
* Squared
* Stadia
* Station
* Store
* Street View
* Surveys
* Sync

* Tables
* Talk
* TalkBack
* Tasks
* Tenor
* Tez
* Tilt Brush
* Toolbar
* Toontastic 3D
* Translate
* Travel
* Trendalyzer
* Trends
* TV

* URL Shortener

* Video
* Vids
* Voice
* Voice Access
* Voice Search

* Wallet
* Wave
* Waze
* WDYL
* Web Light
* Where Is My Train
* Widevine
* Wiz
* Word Lens
* Workspace
* Workspace Marketplace

* YouTube
* YouTube Kids
* YouTube Music
* YouTube Premium
* YouTube Shorts
* YouTube Studio
* YouTube TV
* YouTube VR

Hardware

| Pixel|

| Smartphones|

* Pixel (2016)
* Pixel 2 (2017)
* Pixel 3 (2018)
* Pixel 3a (2019)
* Pixel 4 (2019)
* Pixel 4a (2020)
* Pixel 5 (2020)
* Pixel 5a (2021)
* Pixel 6 (2021)
* Pixel 6a (2022)
* Pixel 7 (2022)
* Pixel 7a (2023)
* Pixel Fold (2023)
* Pixel 8 (2023)
* Pixel 8a (2024)
* Pixel 9 (2024)
* Pixel 9 Pro Fold (2024)
* Pixel 9a (2025)

|

Smartwatches|

* Pixel Watch (2022)
* Pixel Watch 2 (2023)
* Pixel Watch 3 (2024)

Tablets|

* Pixel C (2015)
* Pixel Slate (2018)
* Pixel Tablet (2023)

Laptops|

* Chromebook Pixel (2013–2015)
* Pixelbook (2017)
* Pixelbook Go (2019)

Other|

* Pixel Buds (2017–present)

Nexus|

| Smartphones|

* Nexus One (2010)
* Nexus S (2010)
* Galaxy Nexus (2011)
* Nexus 4 (2012)
* Nexus 5 (2013)
* Nexus 6 (2014)
* Nexus 5X (2015)
* Nexus 6P (2015)

|

Tablets|

* Nexus 7 (2012)
* Nexus 10 (2012)
* Nexus 7 (2013)
* Nexus 9 (2014)

Other|

* Nexus Q (2012)
* Nexus Player (2014)

Other|

* Android Dev Phone
* Android One
* Cardboard
* Chromebit
* Chromebook
* Chromebox
* Chromecast
* Clips
* Daydream
* Fitbit
* Glass
* Liftware
* Liquid Galaxy
* Nest
* smart speakers
* Thermostat
* Wifi
* Play Edition
* Project Ara
* OnHub
* Pixel Visual Core
* Project Iris
* Search Appliance
* Sycamore processor
* Tensor
* Tensor Processing Unit
* Titan Security Key

* v
* t
* e

Litigation

Advertising|

* Feldman v. Google, Inc. (2007)
* Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc. (2009)
* Goddard v. Google, Inc. (2009)
* Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc. (2012)
* Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc. (2017)
* Jedi Blue

Antitrust|

* European Union (2010–present)
* United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar (2011)
* Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors. (2019)
* United States v. Google LLC (2020)
* United States v. Google LLC (2023)

Intellectual
property|

* Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. (2007)
* Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. (2010)
* Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.(2015)
* Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. (2015)
* Field v. Google, Inc. (2016)
* Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. (2021)
* Smartphone patent wars

Privacy|

* Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc. (2009)
* Hibnick v. Google, Inc. (2010)
* United States v. Google Inc. (2012)
* Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function (2013)
* Joffe v. Google, Inc. (2013)
* Mosley v SARL Google (2013)
* Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González (2014)
* Frank v. Gaos (2019)

Other|

* Garcia v. Google, Inc. (2015)
* Google LLC v Defteros (2020)
* Epic Games v. Google (2021)
* Gonzalez v. Google LLC (2022)

Related

| Concepts|

* Beauty YouTuber
* BookTube
* BreadTube
* "Don't be evil"
* Gayglers
* Google as a verb
* Google bombing
* 2004 U.S. presidential election
* Google effect
* Googlefight
* Google hacking
* Googleshare
* Google tax
* Googlewhack
* Googlization
* Illegal flower tribute
* Objectives and key results
* Rooting
* Search engine manipulation effect
* Side project time
* Sitelink
* Site reliability engineering
* StudyTube
* VTuber
* YouTube Poop
* YouTuber
* list

|

Products|

| Android|

* Booting process
* Custom distributions
* Features
* Recovery mode
* Software development

|

Street View coverage|

* Africa
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Israel
* Europe
* North America
* Canada
* United States
* Oceania
* South America
* Argentina
* Chile
* Colombia

YouTube|

* Copyright strike
* Education
* Features
* Moderation
* Most-disliked videos
* Most-liked videos
* Most-subscribed channels
* Most-viewed channels
* Most-viewed videos
* Arabic music videos
* Chinese music videos
* French music videos
* Indian videos
* Pakistani videos
* Official channel
* Social impact
* YouTube Premium original programming

Other|

* Gmail interface
* Maps pin
* Most downloaded Google Play applications
* Stadia games

Documentaries|

* AlphaGo
* Google: Behind the Screen
* Google Maps Road Trip
* Google and the World Brain
* The Creepy Line

Books|

* Google Hacks
* The Google Story
* Google Volume One
* Googled: The End of the World as We Know It
* How Google Works
* I'm Feeling Lucky
* In the Plex
* The Google Book
* The MANIAC

Popular culture|

* Google Feud
* Google Me (film)
* "Google Me" (Kim Zolciak song)
* "Google Me" (Teyana Taylor song)
* Is Google Making Us Stupid?
* Proceratium google
* Matt Nathanson: Live at Google
* The Billion Dollar Code
* The Internship
* Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?

Other|

* "Attention Is All You Need"
* elgooG
* Generative pre-trained transformer
* "Me at the zoo"
* Predictions of the end
* Relationship with Wikipedia
* "Reunion"
* Robot Constitution

Italics denote discontinued products.

* Category
* Outline

* v
* t
* e

Generative AI

Concepts|

* Autoencoder
* Deep learning
* Fine-tuning
* Foundation model
* Generative adversarial network
* Generative pre-trained transformer
* Large language model
* Model Context Protocol
* Neural network
* Prompt engineering
* Reinforcement learning from human feedback
* Retrieval-augmented generation
* Self-supervised learning
* Stochastic parrot
* Synthetic data
* Top-p sampling
* Transformer
* Variational autoencoder
* Vibe coding
* Vision transformer
* Waluigi effect
* Word embedding

Models|

| Text|

* Character.ai
* ChatGLM
* Claude
* DeepSeek
* Ernie
* Gemini
* GPT
* 1
* 2
* 3
* J
* ChatGPT
* 4
* 4o
* o1
* o3
* 4.5
* 4.1
* o4-mini
* Grok
* Hunyuan Turbo S
* Kimi
* Llama
* Microsoft Copilot
* MiniMax-M1
* Magistral Medium
* Qwen
* Yi-Lightning

|

Coding|

* Claude Code
* Cursor
* Devstral
* GitHub Copilot
* Granite Code
* Kimi-Dev
* Replit
* Xcode

Image|

* Aurora
* Firefly
* Flux
* GPT Image 1
* Ideogram
* Imagen
* Leonardo
* Midjourney
* Recraft
* Seedream
* Stable Diffusion

Video|

* Dream Machine
* Hailuo AI
* Kling
* Midjourney Video
* Runway Gen
* Seedance
* Sora
* Veo
* Wan

Speech|

* 15.ai
* ElevenLabs
* Speech-02
* WaveNet

Music|

* Endel
* Lyria
* Riffusion
* Suno AI
* Udio

Agents|

* AutoGLM
* AutoGPT
* Devin AI
* Manus
* OpenAI Codex
* Operator
* Replit Agent

Companies|

* 01.AI
* Aleph Alpha
* Anthropic
* Baichuan
* Canva
* Cognition AI
* Cohere
* Contextual AI
* DeepSeek
* Google DeepMind
* HeyGen
* Hugging Face
* Krikey AI
* Kuaishou
* Luma Labs
* Meta AI
* MiniMax
* Mistral AI
* Moonshot AI
* OpenAI
* Runway
* Safe Superintelligence
* Scale AI
* SoundHound
* Stability AI
* Synthesia
* Thinking Machines Lab
* xAI
* Zhipu AI

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Artificial intelligence (AI)

History (timeline)

Concepts|

* Parameter
* Hyperparameter
* Loss functions
* Regression
* Bias–variance tradeoff
* Double descent
* Overfitting
* Clustering
* Gradient descent
* SGD
* Quasi-Newton method
* Conjugate gradient method
* Backpropagation
* Attention
* Convolution
* Normalization
* Batchnorm
* Activation
* Softmax
* Sigmoid
* Rectifier
* Gating
* Weight initialization
* Regularization
* Datasets
* Augmentation
* Prompt engineering
* Reinforcement learning
* Q-learning
* SARSA
* Imitation
* Policy gradient
* Diffusion
* Latent diffusion model
* Autoregression
* Adversary
* RAG
* Uncanny valley
* RLHF
* Self-supervised learning
* Reflection
* Recursive self-improvement
* Hallucination
* Word embedding
* Vibe coding

Applications|

* Machine learning
* In-context learning
* Artificial neural network
* Deep learning
* Language model
* Large language model
* NMT
* Reasoning language model
* Model Context Protocol
* Intelligent agent
* Artificial human companion
* Humanity's Last Exam
* Artificial general intelligence (AGI)

Implementations|

| Audio–visual|

* AlexNet
* WaveNet
* Human image synthesis
* HWR
* OCR
* Computer vision
* Speech synthesis
* 15.ai
* ElevenLabs
* Speech recognition
* Whisper
* Facial recognition
* AlphaFold
* Text-to-image models
* Aurora
* DALL-E
* Firefly
* Flux
* Ideogram
* Imagen
* Midjourney
* Recraft
* Stable Diffusion
* Text-to-video models
* Dream Machine
* Runway Gen
* Hailuo AI
* Kling
* Sora
* Veo
* Music generation
* Suno AI
* Udio

|

Text|

* Word2vec
* Seq2seq
* GloVe
* BERT
* T5
* Llama
* Chinchilla AI
* PaLM
* GPT
* 1
* 2
* 3
* J
* ChatGPT
* 4
* 4o
* o1
* o3
* 4.5
* 4.1
* o4-mini
* Claude
* Gemini
* chatbot
* Grok
* LaMDA
* BLOOM
* DBRX
* Project Debater
* IBM Watson
* IBM Watsonx
* Granite
* PanGu-Σ
* DeepSeek
* Qwen

Decisional|

* AlphaGo
* AlphaZero
* OpenAI Five
* Self-driving car
* MuZero
* Action selection
* AutoGPT
* Robot control

People|

* Alan Turing
* Warren Sturgis McCulloch
* Walter Pitts
* John von Neumann
* Claude Shannon
* Shun'ichi Amari
* Kunihiko Fukushima
* Takeo Kanade
* Marvin Minsky
* John McCarthy
* Nathaniel Rochester
* Allen Newell
* Cliff Shaw
* Herbert A. Simon
* Oliver Selfridge
* Frank Rosenblatt
* Bernard Widrow
* Joseph Weizenbaum
* Seymour Papert
* Seppo Linnainmaa
* Paul Werbos
* Geoffrey Hinton
* John Hopfield
* Jürgen Schmidhuber
* Yann LeCun
* Yoshua Bengio
* Lotfi A. Zadeh
* Stephen Grossberg
* Alex Graves
* James Goodnight
* Andrew Ng
* Fei-Fei Li
* Ilya Sutskever
* Alex Krizhevsky
* Ian Goodfellow
* Demis Hassabis
* David Silver
* Andrej Karpathy
* Ashish Vaswani
* Noam Shazeer
* Aidan Gomez
* Mustafa Suleyman
* François Chollet

Architectures|

* Neural Turing machine
* Differentiable neural computer
* Transformer
* Vision transformer (ViT)
* Recurrent neural network (RNN)
* Long short-term memory (LSTM)
* Gated recurrent unit (GRU)
* Echo state network
* Multilayer perceptron (MLP)
* Convolutional neural network (CNN)
* Residual neural network (RNN)
* Highway network
* Mamba
* Autoencoder
* Variational autoencoder (VAE)
* Generative adversarial network (GAN)
* Graph neural network (GNN)

* Portals
* Technology
* Category
* Artificial neural networks
* Machine learning
* List
* Companies
* Projects

*[L]: left
*[R]: right
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template