Gemini (language model)

Large language model developed by Google

This article is about the language model. For the chatbot, see Gemini (chatbot).

Gemini

Developer(s)| Google DeepMind
Initial release| December 6, 2023; 9 months ago (2023-12-06)
Predecessor| PaLM 2
Available in| English
Type| Large language model
License| Proprietary
Website| deepmind.google/technologies/gemini/

Gemini is a family of multimodal large language models developed by Google DeepMind, serving as the successor to LaMDA and PaLM 2. Comprising Gemini Ultra, Gemini Pro, Gemini Flash, and Gemini Nano, it was announced on December 6, 2023, positioned as a competitor to OpenAI's GPT-4. It powers the chatbot of the same name.

## History

[edit]

### Development

[edit]

Further information: Gemini (chatbot) § Background

Google CEO Sundar Pichai (L) and DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis (R) spearheaded the development of Gemini.

Google announced Gemini, a large language model (LLM) developed by subsidiary Google DeepMind, during the Google I/O keynote on May 10, 2023. It was positioned as a more powerful successor to PaLM 2, which was also unveiled at the event, with Google CEO Sundar Pichai stating that Gemini was still in its early developmental stages.[1][2] Unlike other LLMs, Gemini was said to be unique in that it was not trained on a text corpus alone and was designed to be multimodal, meaning it could process multiple types of data simultaneously, including text, images, audio, video, and computer code.[3] It had been developed as a collaboration between DeepMind and Google Brain, two branches of Google that had been merged as Google DeepMind the previous month.[4] In an interview with Wired, DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis touted Gemini's advanced capabilities, which he believed would allow the algorithm to trump OpenAI's ChatGPT, which runs on GPT-4 and whose growing popularity had been aggressively challenged by Google with LaMDA and Bard. Hassabis highlighted the strengths of DeepMind's AlphaGo program, which gained worldwide attention in 2016 when it defeated Go champion Lee Sedol, saying that Gemini would combine the power of AlphaGo and other Google–DeepMind LLMs.[5]

In August 2023, The Information published a report outlining Google's roadmap for Gemini, revealing that the company was targeting a launch date of late 2023. According to the report, Google hoped to surpass OpenAI and other competitors by combining conversational text capabilities present in most LLMs with artificial intelligence–powered image generation, allowing it to create contextual images and be adapted for a wider range of use cases.[6] Like Bard,[7] Google co-founder Sergey Brin was summoned out of retirement to assist in the development of Gemini, along with hundreds of other engineers from Google Brain and DeepMind;[6][8] he was later credited as a "core contributor" to Gemini.[9] Because Gemini was being trained on transcripts of YouTube videos, lawyers were brought in to filter out any potentially copyrighted materials.[6]

With news of Gemini's impending launch, OpenAI hastened its work on integrating GPT-4 with multimodal features similar to those of Gemini.[10] The Information reported in September that several companies had been granted early access to "an early version" of the LLM, which Google intended to make available to clients through Google Cloud's Vertex AI service. The publication also stated that Google was arming Gemini to compete with both GPT-4 and Microsoft's GitHub Copilot.[11][12]

### Launch

[edit]

On December 6, 2023, Pichai and Hassabis announced "Gemini 1.0" at a virtual press conference.[13][14] It comprised three models: Gemini Ultra, designed for "highly complex tasks"; Gemini Pro, designed for "a wide range of tasks"; and Gemini Nano, designed for "on-device tasks". At launch, Gemini Pro and Nano were integrated into Bard and the Pixel 8 Pro smartphone, respectively, while Gemini Ultra was set to power "Bard Advanced" and become available to software developers in early 2024. Other products that Google intended to incorporate Gemini into included Search, Ads, Chrome, Duet AI on Google Workspace, and AlphaCode 2.[15][14] It was made available only in English.[14][16] Touted as Google's "largest and most capable AI model" and designed to emulate human behavior,[17][14][18] the company stated that Gemini would not be made widely available until the following year due to the need for "extensive safety testing".[13] Gemini was trained on and powered by Google's Tensor Processing Units (TPUs),[13][16] and the name is in reference to the DeepMind–Google Brain merger as well as NASA's Project Gemini.[19]

Gemini Ultra was said to have outperformed GPT-4, Anthropic's Claude 2, Inflection AI's Inflection-2, Meta's LLaMA 2, and xAI's Grok 1 on a variety of industry benchmarks,[20][13] while Gemini Pro was said to have outperformed GPT-3.5.[3] Gemini Ultra was also the first language model to outperform human experts on the 57-subject Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) test, obtaining a score of 90%.[3][19] Gemini Pro was made available to Google Cloud customers on AI Studio and Vertex AI on December 13, while Gemini Nano will be made available to Android developers as well.[21][22][23] Hassabis further revealed that DeepMind was exploring how Gemini could be "combined with robotics to physically interact with the world".[24] In accordance with an executive order signed by U.S. President Joe Biden in October, Google stated that it would share testing results of Gemini Ultra with the federal government of the United States. Similarly, the company was engaged in discussions with the government of the United Kingdom to comply with the principles laid out at the AI Safety Summit at Bletchley Park in November.[3]

### Updates

[edit]

Google partnered with Samsung to integrate Gemini Nano and Gemini Pro into its Galaxy S24 smartphone lineup in January 2024.[25][26] The following month, Bard and Duet AI were unified under the Gemini brand,[27][28] with "Gemini Advanced with Ultra 1.0" debuting via a new "AI Premium" tier of the Google One subscription service.[29] Gemini Pro also received a global launch.[30]

In February, Google launched "Gemini 1.5" in a limited capacity, positioned as a more powerful and capable model than 1.0 Ultra.[31][32][33] This "step change" was achieved through various technical advancements, including a new architecture, a mixture-of-experts approach, and a larger one-million-token context window, which equates to roughly an hour of silent video, 11 hours of audio, 30,000 lines of code, or 700,000 words.[34] The same month, Google debuted Gemma, a family of free and open-source LLMs that serve as a lightweight version of Gemini. They come in two sizes, with a neural network with two and seven billion parameters, respectively. Multiple publications viewed this as a response to Meta and others open-sourcing their AI models, and a stark reversal from Google's longstanding practice of keeping its AI proprietary.[35][36][37] Google announced an additional model, Gemini 1.5 Flash, on May 14th at the 2024 I/O keynote.[38]

Gemma 2 was released on June 27, 2024.[39]

Two updated Gemini models, Gemini-1.5-Pro-002 and Gemini-1.5-Flash-002, were released on September 24, 2024.[40]

## Technical specifications

[edit]

The first generation of Gemini ("Gemini 1") has three models, with the same software architecture. They are decoder-only transformers, with modifications to allow efficient training and inference on TPUs. They have a context length of 32,768 tokens, with multi-query attention. Two versions of Gemini Nano, Nano-1 (1.8 billion parameters) and Nano-2 (3.25 billion parameters), are distilled from larger Gemini models, designed for use by edge devices such as smartphones. As Gemini is multimodal, each context window can contain multiple forms of input. The different modes can be interleaved and do not have to be presented in a fixed order, allowing for a multimodal conversation. For example, the user might open the conversation with a mix of text, picture, video, and audio, presented in any order, and Gemini might reply with the same free ordering. Input images may be of different resolutions, while video is inputted as a sequence of images. Audio is sampled at 16 kHz and then converted into a sequence of tokens by the Universal Speech Model. Gemini's dataset is multimodal and multilingual, consisting of "web documents, books, and code, and includ[ing] image, audio, and video data".[41]

The second generation of Gemini ("Gemini 1.5") has two models. Gemini 1.5 Pro is a multimodal sparse mixture-of-experts, with a context length in the millions, while Gemini 1.5 Flash is distilled from Gemini 1.5 Pro, with a context length above 2 million.[42]

Gemma 2 27B is trained on web documents, code, science articles. Gemma 2 9B was distilled from 27B. Gemma 2 2B was distilled from a 7B model that remained unreleased.[43]

As of 2024 August, the models released include[44]

* Gemma 1 (2B, 7B)

* CodeGemma (2B and 7B) \- Gemma 1 finetuned for code generation.

* Gemma 2 (2B, 9B, 27B) \- 27B trained from scratch. 2B and 9B

* RecurrentGemma (2B, 9B) \- Griffin-based, instead of Transformer-based.

* PaliGemma (3B) \- A vision-language model that takes text and image inputs, and outputs text. It is based on PaLI.[45]

## Reception

[edit]

See also: Gemini (chatbot) § Reception

Gemini's launch was preluded by months of intense speculation and anticipation, which MIT Technology Review described as "peak AI hype".[46][20] In August 2023, Dylan Patel and Daniel Nishball of research firm SemiAnalysis penned a blog post declaring that the release of Gemini would "eat the world" and outclass GPT-4, prompting OpenAI CEO Sam Altman to ridicule the duo on X (formerly Twitter).[47][48] Business magnate Elon Musk, who co-founded OpenAI, weighed in, asking, "Are the numbers wrong?"[49] Hugh Langley of Business Insider remarked that Gemini would be a make-or-break moment for Google, writing: "If Gemini dazzles, it will help Google change the narrative that it was blindsided by Microsoft and OpenAI. If it disappoints, it will embolden critics who say Google has fallen behind."[50]

Reacting to its unveiling in December 2023, University of Washington professor emeritus Oren Etzioni predicted a "tit-for-tat arms race" between Google and OpenAI. Professor Alexei Efros of the University of California, Berkeley praised the potential of Gemini's multimodal approach,[19] while scientist Melanie Mitchell of the Santa Fe Institute called Gemini "very sophisticated". Professor Chirag Shah of the University of Washington was less impressed, likening Gemini's launch to the routineness of Apple's annual introduction of a new iPhone. Similarly, Stanford University's Percy Liang, the University of Washington's Emily Bender, and the University of Galway's Michael Madden cautioned that it was difficult to interpret benchmark scores without insight into the training data used.[46][51] Writing for Fast Company, Mark Sullivan opined that Google had the opportunity to challenge the iPhone's dominant market share, believing that Apple was unlikely to have the capacity to develop functionality similar to Gemini with its Siri virtual assistant.[52] Google shares spiked by 5.3 percent the day after Gemini's launch.[53][54]

Google faced criticism for a demonstrative video of Gemini, which was not conducted in real time.[55]

## See also

[edit]

* Gato, a multimodal neural network developed by DeepMind

## References

[edit]

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40. ^ "Updated production-ready Gemini models, reduced 1.5 Pro pricing, increased rate limits, and more- Google Developers Blog". developers.googleblog.com.
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43. ^ Gemma Team; Riviere, Morgane; Pathak, Shreya; Sessa, Pier Giuseppe; Hardin, Cassidy; Bhupatiraju, Surya; Hussenot, Léonard; Mesnard, Thomas; Shahriari, Bobak (August 2, 2024), Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size, arXiv:2408.00118, retrieved August 15, 2024
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45. ^ "PaLI: Scaling Language-Image Learning in 100+ Languages". research.google. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
46. ^ a b Heikkilä, Melissa; Heaven, Will Douglas (December 6, 2023). "Google DeepMind's new Gemini model looks amazing—but could signal peak AI hype". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
47. ^ howdhury, Hasan (August 29, 2023). "AI bros are at war over declarations that Google's upcoming Gemini AI model smashes OpenAI's GPT-4". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
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51. ^ Madden, Michael G. (December 15, 2023). "Google's Gemini: is the new AI model really better than ChatGPT?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
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55. ^ Elias, Steve Kovach, Jennifer (December 8, 2023). "Google faces controversy over edited Gemini AI demo video". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## Further reading

[edit]

* Honan, Matt (December 6, 2023). "Google CEO Sundar Pichai on Gemini and the coming age of AI". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
* "Gemma explained: An overview of Gemma model family architectures- Google Developers Blog". developers.googleblog.com. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website
* Press release via The Keyword
* White paper for 1.0 and 1.5

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* Flutter
* Gears
* gRPC
* Gson
* Guava
* Guice
* Guetzli
* JAX
* gVisor
* MapReduce
* Matter
* Mobile Services
* Neural Machine Translation
* OpenSocial
* Pack
* Polymer
* Protocol Buffers
* Reqwireless
* Shell
* Skia Graphics Engine
* Tango
* TensorFlow
* Test
* WaveNet
* Weave
* Web Accelerator
* WebRTC

Platforms|

* App Engine
* AppJet
* Apps Script
* Cloud Platform
* Anvato
* Firebase
* Cloud Messaging
* Crashlytics
* Global IP Solutions
* Internet Low Bitrate Codec
* Internet Speech Audio Codec
* Gridcentric, Inc.
* ITA Software
* Kubernetes
* LevelDB
* Neatx
* Project IDX
* SageTV

Apigee|

* Bigtable
* Bitium
* Chronicle
* VirusTotal
* Compute Engine
* Connect
* Dataflow
* Datastore
* Kaggle
* Looker
* Mandiant
* Messaging
* Orbitera
* Shell
* Stackdriver
* Storage

Tools|

* American Fuzzy Lop
* Android Cloud to Device Messaging
* Android Debug Bridge
* Android Studio
* App Maker
* App Runtime for Chrome
* AppSheet
* Bazel
* Chrome Frame
* Closure Tools
* Cpplint
* Data Protocol
* Gadgets
* Gerrit
* GYP
* Kythe
* Lighthouse
* MIT App Inventor
* Mashup Editor
* Native Client
* Optimize
* OpenRefine
* OR-Tools
* PageSpeed
* Plugin for Eclipse
* Programmable Search Engine
* Public DNS
* reCAPTCHA
* Schema.org
* Search Console
* Sitemaps
* Swiffy
* Tesseract (software)
* Trendalyzer
* VisBug
* Wave Federation Protocol
* Web Toolkit

Search algorithms|

* Hummingbird
* PageRank
* applications in biochemistry
* Matrix
* Panda
* Penguin
* Pigeon
* RankBrain

Others|

* BERT
* BigQuery
* Chrome Experiments
* Flutter
* Gemini
* Googlebot
* Keyhole Markup Language
* LaMDA
* Open Location Code
* PaLM
* Programming languages
* Caja
* Carbon
* Dart
* Go
* Sawzall
* Transformer
* Viewdle
* Webdriver Torso
* Web Server

File formats|

* AAB
* APK
* AV1
* On2 Technologies
* VP3
* VP6
* VP8
* libvpx
* VP9
* WebM
* WebP
* WOFF2

Products

| Entertainment|

* Currents (news app)
* Green Throttle Games
* Owlchemy Labs
* Oyster
* PaperofRecord.com
* Podcasts
* Quick, Draw!
* Santa Tracker
* Songza
* Stadia
* games
* Typhoon Studios
* TV
* Vevo
* Video

Play|

* Books
* Games
* most downloaded apps
* Music
* Newsstand
* Pass
* Services

YouTube|

* BandPage
* BrandConnect
* Content ID
* Instant
* Kids
* Music
* Official channel
* Premium
* original programming
* YouTube Rewind
* RightsFlow
* Select
* Shorts
* Studio
* TV

Communication|

* Allo
* Bump
* Buzz
* Chat
* Contacts
* Currents (social app)
* Dodgeball
* Duo
* Fi Wireless
* Friend Connect
* Gizmo5
* Google+
* Gmail
* History
* Inbox
* Interface
* Groups
* Hangouts
* Helpouts
* IME
* Japanese
* Pinyin
* Jaiku
* Marratech
* Meebo
* Meet
* Messages
* Moderator
* Neotonic Software
* Orkut
* Postini
* Quest Visual
* Word Lens
* Schemer
* Spaces
* Sparrow
* Talk
* Translate
* Translator Toolkit
* Voice
* Voice Local Search
* Wave

Search|

* Aardvark
* Alerts
* Answers
* Base
* BeatThatQuote.com
* Blog Search
* Books
* Ngram Viewer
* Code Search
* Data Commons
* Dataset Search
* Dictionary
* Directory
* Fast Flip
* Flu Trends
* Finance
* Goggles
* Google.by
* Images
* Image Labeler
* Image Swirl
* Kaltix
* Knowledge Graph
* Freebase
* Metaweb
* Like.com
* News
* Archive
* Weather
* Patents
* People Cards
* Personalized Search
* Public Data Explorer
* Questions and Answers
* SafeSearch
* Scholar
* Searchwiki
* Shopping
* Catalogs
* Express
* Squared
* Tenor
* Travel
* Flights
* Trends
* Insights for Search
* Voice Search
* WDYL

Navigation|

* Earth
* Endoxon
* ImageAmerica
* Maps
* Latitude
* Map Maker
* Navigation
* Pin
* Street View
* Coverage
* Trusted
* Waze
* Where Is My Train

Business
and finance|

* Ad Manager
* AdMob
* Ads
* Adscape
* AdSense
* Attribution
* BebaPay
* Checkout
* Contributor
* DoubleClick
* Affiliate Network
* Invite Media
* Marketing Platform
* Analytics
* Looker Studio
* Urchin
* Pay (mobile app)
* Wallet
* Pay (payment method)
* Send
* Tez
* PostRank
* Primer
* Softcard
* Wildfire Interactive
* Widevine

Organization
and productivity|

* Bookmarks
* Browser Sync
* Calendar
* Cloud Search
* Desktop
* Drive
* Etherpad
* fflick
* Files
* iGoogle
* Jamboard
* Notebook
* One
* Photos
* Quickoffice
* Quick Search Box
* Surveys
* Sync
* Tasks
* Toolbar

Docs Editors|

* Docs
* Drawings
* Forms
* Fusion Tables
* Keep
* Sheets
* Slides
* Sites
* Vids

Publishing|

* Apture
* Blogger
* Pyra Labs
* Domains
* FeedBurner
* One Pass
* Page Creator
* Sites
* Web Designer

Education|

* Classroom
* Grasshopper
* Socratic
* Photomath
* Read Along
* Toontastic 3D
* Workspace
* Marketplace

Others|

* Account
* Dashboard
* Takeout
* Android Auto
* Android Beam
* Arts & Culture
* Assistant
* Authenticator
* Body
* BufferBox
* Building Maker
* BumpTop
* Cast
* Cloud Print
* Crowdsource
* Digital Wellbeing
* Expeditions
* Family Link
* Find My Device
* Fit
* Google Fonts
* Gboard
* Gemini
* Gesture Search
* Impermium
* Knol
* Lively
* Live Transcribe
* MyTracks
* Nearby Share
* Now
* Offers
* Opinion Rewards
* Person Finder
* Poly
* Question Hub
* Quick Share
* Reader
* Safe Browsing
* Sidewiki
* SlickLogin
* Sound Amplifier
* Speech Recognition & Synthesis
* Station
* Store
* TalkBack
* Tilt Brush
* URL Shortener
* Voice Access
* Wavii
* Web Light
* WiFi

Chrome|

* Apps
* Chromium
* Dinosaur Game
* GreenBorder
* Remote Desktop
* Web Store
* V8

Images and
photography|

* Camera
* Lens
* Snapseed
* Nik Software
* Panoramio
* Photos
* Picasa
* Web Albums
* Picnik

Hardware

| Smartphones|

* Android Dev Phone
* Android One
* Nexus
* Nexus One
* S
* Galaxy Nexus
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 5X
* 6P
* Comparison
* Pixel
* Pixel
* 2
* 3
* 3a
* 4
* 4a
* 5
* 5a
* 6
* 6a
* 7
* 7a
* Fold
* 8
* 8a
* Pixel 9
* Pixel 9 Pro Fold
* Comparison
* Play Edition
* Project Ara

|

Laptops and tablets|

* Chromebook
* Nexus
* 7 (2012)
* 7 (2013)
* 10
* 9
* Comparison
* Pixel
* Chromebook Pixel
* Pixelbook
* Pixelbook Go
* C
* Slate
* Tablet

Wearables|

* Fitbit
* List of products
* Pixel Buds
* Pixel Watch
* Pixel Watch 2
* Pixel Watch 3
* Project Iris (unreleased)
* Virtual reality
* Cardboard
* Contact Lens
* Daydream
* Glass

Others|

* Chromebit
* Chromebox
* Clips
* Digital media players
* Chromecast
* Nexus Player
* Nexus Q
* Dropcam
* Liquid Galaxy
* Nest
* Smart Speakers
* Thermostat
* Wifi
* OnHub
* Pixel Visual Core
* Search Appliance
* Sycamore processor
* Tensor
* Tensor Processing Unit
* Titan Security Key

* v
* t
* e

Litigation

Advertising|

* Feldman v. Google, Inc. (2007)
* Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc. (2009)
* Goddard v. Google, Inc. (2009)
* Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc. (2012)
* Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc. (2017)
* Jedi Blue

Antitrust|

* European Union (2010–present)
* United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar (2011)
* Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors. (2019)
* United States v. Google LLC (2020)
* United States v. Google LLC (2023)

Intellectual property|

* Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. and A9.com Inc. and Google Inc. (2007)
* Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. (2010)
* Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.(2015)
* Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. (2015)
* Field v. Google, Inc. (2016)
* Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. (2021)
* Smartphone patent wars

Privacy|

* Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc. (2009)
* Hibnick v. Google, Inc. (2010)
* United States v. Google Inc. (2012)
* Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function (2013)
* Joffe v. Google, Inc. (2013)
* Mosley v SARL Google (2013)
* Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González (2014)
* Frank v. Gaos (2019)

Other|

* Garcia v. Google, Inc. (2015)
* Google LLC v Defteros (2020)
* Epic Games v. Google (2021)
* Gonzalez v. Google LLC (2022)

* Category

Related

| Terms and phrases|

* "Don't be evil"
* Gayglers
* Google (verb)
* Google bombing
* 2004 U.S. presidential election
* Google effect
* Googlefight
* Google hacking
* Googleshare
* Google tax
* Googlewhack
* Googlization
* "Illegal flower tribute"
* Rooting
* Search engine manipulation effect
* Sitelink
* Site reliability engineering
* YouTube poop

|

Documentaries|

* AlphaGo
* Google: Behind the Screen
* Google Maps Road Trip
* Google and the World Brain
* The Creepy Line

Books|

* Google Hacks
* The Google Story
* Google Volume One
* Googled: The End of the World as We Know It
* How Google Works
* I'm Feeling Lucky
* In the Plex
* The Google Book
* The MANIAC

Popular culture|

* Google Feud
* Google Me (film)
* "Google Me" (Kim Zolciak song)
* "Google Me" (Teyana Taylor song)
* Is Google Making Us Stupid?
* Proceratium google
* Matt Nathanson: Live at Google
* The Billion Dollar Code
* The Internship
* Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?

Others|

* "Attention Is All You Need"
* elgooG
* Predictions of the end
* Registry
* .app (top-level domain)
* .dev
* g.co
* .google
* Pimp My Search
* Relationship with Wikipedia
* Sensorvault
* Stanford Digital Library Project

* Italics indicate discontinued products or services.
* Category
* Commons
* Outline
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Differentiable computing

General|

* Differentiable programming
* Information geometry
* Statistical manifold
* Automatic differentiation
* Neuromorphic engineering
* Pattern recognition
* Tensor calculus
* Computational learning theory
* Inductive bias

Concepts|

* Gradient descent
* SGD
* Clustering
* Regression
* Overfitting
* Hallucination
* Adversary
* Attention
* Convolution
* Loss functions
* Backpropagation
* Batchnorm
* Activation
* Softmax
* Sigmoid
* Rectifier
* Regularization
* Datasets
* Augmentation
* Diffusion
* Autoregression

Applications|

* Machine learning
* In-context learning
* Artificial neural network
* Deep learning
* Scientific computing
* Artificial Intelligence
* Language model
* Large language model

Hardware|

* IPU
* TPU
* VPU
* Memristor
* SpiNNaker

Software libraries|

* TensorFlow
* PyTorch
* Keras
* Theano
* JAX
* Flux.jl
* MindSpore

Implementations|

| Audio–visual|

* AlexNet
* WaveNet
* Human image synthesis
* HWR
* OCR
* Speech synthesis
* Speech recognition
* Facial recognition
* AlphaFold
* Text-to-image models
* DALL-E
* Midjourney
* Stable Diffusion
* Text-to-video models
* Sora
* VideoPoet
* Whisper

|

Text|

* Word2vec
* Seq2seq
* BERT
* Claude
* Gemini
* LaMDA
* Bard
* NMT
* Project Debater
* IBM Watson
* IBM Watsonx
* Granite
* GPT-1
* GPT-2
* GPT-3
* GPT-4
* ChatGPT
* GPT-J
* Chinchilla AI
* PaLM
* BLOOM
* LLaMA
* PanGu-Σ

Decisional|

* AlphaGo
* AlphaZero
* Q-learning
* SARSA
* OpenAI Five
* Self-driving car
* MuZero
* Action selection
* Auto-GPT
* Robot control

People|

* Yoshua Bengio
* Alex Graves
* Ian Goodfellow
* Stephen Grossberg
* Demis Hassabis
* Geoffrey Hinton
* Yann LeCun
* Fei-Fei Li
* Andrew Ng
* Jürgen Schmidhuber
* David Silver
* Ilya Sutskever

Organizations|

* Anthropic
* EleutherAI
* Google DeepMind
* Hugging Face
* OpenAI
* Meta AI
* Mila
* MIT CSAIL
* Huawei

Architectures|

* Neural Turing machine
* Differentiable neural computer
* Transformer
* Recurrent neural network (RNN)
* Long short-term memory (LSTM)
* Gated recurrent unit (GRU)
* Echo state network
* Multilayer perceptron (MLP)
* Convolutional neural network
* Residual neural network
* Mamba
* Autoencoder
* Variational autoencoder (VAE)
* Generative adversarial network (GAN)
* Graph neural network

* Portals
* Computer programming
* Technology
* Categories
* Artificial neural networks
* Machine learning

* v
* t
* e

Natural language processing

General terms|

* AI-complete
* Bag-of-words
* n-gram
* Bigram
* Trigram
* Computational linguistics
* Natural language understanding
* Stop words
* Text processing

Text analysis|

* Argument mining
* Collocation extraction
* Concept mining
* Coreference resolution
* Deep linguistic processing
* Distant reading
* Information extraction
* Named-entity recognition
* Ontology learning
* Parsing
* Semantic parsing
* Syntactic parsing
* Part-of-speech tagging
* Semantic analysis
* Semantic role labeling
* Semantic decomposition
* Semantic similarity
* Sentiment analysis

* Terminology extraction
* Text mining
* Textual entailment
* Truecasing
* Word-sense disambiguation
* Word-sense induction

| Text segmentation|

* Compound-term processing
* Lemmatisation
* Lexical analysis
* Text chunking
* Stemming
* Sentence segmentation
* Word segmentation

|

Automatic summarization|

* Multi-document summarization
* Sentence extraction
* Text simplification

Machine translation|

* Computer-assisted
* Example-based
* Rule-based
* Statistical
* Transfer-based
* Neural

Distributional semantics models|

* BERT
* Document-term matrix
* Explicit semantic analysis
* fastText
* GloVe
* Language model (large)
* Latent semantic analysis
* Seq2seq
* Word embedding
* Word2vec

Language resources,
datasets and corpora|

| Types and
standards|

* Corpus linguistics
* Lexical resource
* Linguistic Linked Open Data
* Machine-readable dictionary
* Parallel text
* PropBank
* Semantic network
* Simple Knowledge Organization System
* Speech corpus
* Text corpus
* Thesaurus (information retrieval)
* Treebank
* Universal Dependencies

|

Data|

* BabelNet
* Bank of English
* DBpedia
* FrameNet
* Google Ngram Viewer
* UBY
* WordNet
* Wikidata

Automatic identification
and data capture|

* Speech recognition
* Speech segmentation
* Speech synthesis
* Natural language generation
* Optical character recognition

Topic model|

* Document classification
* Latent Dirichlet allocation
* Pachinko allocation

Computer-assisted
reviewing|

* Automated essay scoring
* Concordancer
* Grammar checker
* Predictive text
* Pronunciation assessment
* Spell checker

Natural language
user interface|

* Chatbot
* Interactive fiction (c.f. Syntax guessing)
* Question answering
* Virtual assistant
* Voice user interface

Related|

* Formal semantics
* Hallucination
* Natural Language Toolkit
* spaCy

* v
* t
* e

Google free and open-source software

Software|

| Applications|

* Chromium
* Gemma
* OpenRefine
* Tesseract

|

Programming languages|

* Carbon
* Dart
* Go
* Sawzall

Frameworks and
development tools|

* AMP
* Angular
* AngularJS
* Beam
* Bazel
* Blockly
* Closure Tools
* Cpplint
* FlatBuffers
* Flutter
* Gears
* Gerrit
* Guava
* gRPC
* Gson
* Guetzli
* Guice
* gVisor
* Kubernetes
* LevelDB
* libvpx
* NaCl
* OR-Tools
* Polymer
* Protocol Buffers
* TensorFlow
* V8

Operating systems|

* AOSP
* ChromiumOS
* Fuchsia
* gLinux
* Goobuntu

Related|

* Code-in
* Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.
* Open Source Security Foundation
* Summer of Code

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