General manager (baseball)

Occupation on a baseball team

In 1927, former umpire Billy Evans became the first person to hold a general manager title with a major-league team, the Cleveland Indians.

In Major League Baseball, the general manager (GM) of a team typically controls player transactions and bears the primary responsibility on behalf of the ballclub during contract discussions with players.

## Roles and responsibilities

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The general manager is normally the person who hires and fires the coaching staff, including the field manager who acts as the head coach. In baseball, the term manager used without qualification almost always refers to the field manager, not the general manager.

Before the 1960s, and in some rare cases since then, a person with the general manager title in sports has also borne responsibility for the non-player operations of the ballclub, such as ballpark administration and broadcasting. Ed Barrow, George Weiss and Gabe Paul were three baseball GMs noted for their administrative skills in both player and non-player duties.[citation needed]

## History and evolution

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In the first decades of baseball's post-1901 modern era, responsibilities for player acquisition fell upon the club owner and/or president and the field manager.[1] In some cases, particularly in the early years of the American League, the owner was a former player or manager himself: Charles Comiskey of the Chicago White Sox, Connie Mack of the Philadelphia Athletics, and Clark Griffith of the Washington Senators are three prominent examples. Other owners tended to be magnates from the business world, although some, like Brooklyn Dodgers' president Charles Ebbets, worked their way from front-office jobs into ownership positions. Most deferred player personnel evaluations to their on-field managers. One notable exception, cited by Mark L. Armour and Daniel R. Leavitt in their book In Pursuit of Pennants, was German immigrant Barney Dreyfuss, owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1900 to 1932. Dreyfuss had no playing background, but was one of the most astute judges of talent of his time;[1] under him, Pittsburgh won six National League pennants and two World Series titles. The New York Giants' John McGraw, who also held a minority ownership stake in the team, is an example of a powerful manager who, during his three decades at the Giants' helm, exerted control over off-field aspects of the team's operation.[1]

According to Baseball Almanac, the first man to hold the title of general manager was Billy Evans when he was appointed by the Cleveland Indians in 1927.[2] However, the duties of the modern general manager already had been assumed by two executives — Barrow of the New York Yankees and Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals — whose formal title at the time was business manager. Both were former field managers of big-league teams, although Barrow had no professional playing background.[3][4]

They assumed those positions (Barrow in 1920 and Rickey five years later) when clubs could legally control only 15 minor league players on option, and most young players were purchased or drafted from independently owned minor league teams. Rickey, creator of the modern and extensive farm system during the 1920s and 1930s, played a critical role in inventing the need for a general manager as well: with most teams coming to own or affiliate with multiple minor league teams from Class D to the top tier, and with dozens (and in some cases hundreds) of players under contract, they needed a front-office infrastructure to oversee the major league club, scouting and player procurement, minor league operations and player development, and business affairs. The general manager, in lieu of the "owner-operator", provided that oversight.

But both the owner-operator and the field-manager-as-GM models would survive into the 1980s. Owners Charlie Finley of the Oakland Athletics and Calvin Griffith of the Minnesota Twins functioned as their own chiefs of baseball operations. During the 1970s and 1980s, Alvin Dark of the Indians, Billy Martin of the Athletics (after Finley sold them in 1981), and Whitey Herzog of the Cardinals combined manager and general manager duties, while Paul Owens of the Philadelphia Phillies and Jack McKeon of the San Diego Padres were general managers who appointed themselves field managers and held both posts.

## Superior executive levels

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Dave Dombrowski has served as president of baseball operations for the Boston Red Sox and Philadelphia Phillies.

During the second decade of the 21st century, a trend began in Major League Baseball that saw the creation of a new layer of authority between ownership and the general manager, typically called the "President of Baseball Operations" (POBO). These executives may work in concert with others in the organization styled as presidents but having non-baseball-centric responsibilities, such as President/CEO or President/COO. Larry Beinfest of the Florida Marlins was the first to hold a POBO title, in 2007.[5]

Writing for Sports Business Daily in March 2015, legal academic and sports lawyer Glenn M. Wong observed: "No longer is it always true that the GM is the final decision-maker with respect to baseball decisions."[5] One of the reasons for the creation of this new position was the soaring costs and revenues associated with modern MLB operations: "Ownership is often heavily involved in major investments and decisions ... Installing another layer creates a sort of checks-and-balances system and a checkpoint for the decision-making process."[5]

Three months later, another article by Wong revisited the topic and compared the evolving job descriptions and career trajectories of GMs and POBOs.[6] In 2016, Sports Business Daily writer Eric Fisher cited the growing importance of data analytics in playing personnel evaluations and long-term planning (in addition to in game strategy), and heavier investments in player development, domestically and internationally, as contributing to the POBO movement and other structural changes in baseball front offices.[7]

The Baseball America Annual Directory of 2019 listed 12 POBOs among the 30 MLB teams, as well as one "chief baseball officer" and four "executive vice presidents of baseball operations", operating above the GM level or also holding the GM title.[8]

In some instances, a team may operate with a POBO or chief baseball officer and leave the GM role vacant. Two examples involve the Boston Red Sox: from 2017 through 2019, Dave Dombrowski served as POBO and the team had no GM; and in 2024, Craig Breslow serves as chief baseball officer and the team again has no GM.

## See also

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* General manager § Sports teams
* Sporting News Executive of the Decade (2009)
* Sports Illustrated Best GM of the Decade (2009)
* Sports Illustrated Top 10 GMs/Executives of the Decade (in all sports) (2009)
* "Esurance MLB Awards" Best Executive
* Sporting News Executive of the Year
* Baseball America Major League Executive of the Year
* Baseball America Roland Hemond Award (for long-term contributions to scouting and player development)
* Baseball America Lifetime Achievement Award
* Honor Rolls of Baseball#Executives
* Sports Illustrated Best Franchise of the Decade (2009)
* Sports Illustrated Top 25 Franchises of the Decade (in all sports) (2009)
* Baseball America Organization of the Year
* MiLB "Rawlings Woman Executive of the Year" award (Baseball awards#U.S. minor leagues)
* Baseball America Minor League Executive of the Year
* Baseball America Bob Freitas Awards (for outstanding minor-league operations at Triple-A, Double-A, Class A, and short-season)
* Baseball America Independent Organization of the Year

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Armour, Mark; Leavitt, Daniel (2015). In Pursuit of Pennants. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3497-0.
2. ^ Baseball Almanac.com
3. ^ National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum official web site, Edward Grant Barrow
4. ^ Leavitt, Daniel R., Ed Barrow. Society for American Baseball Research Biography Project
5. ^ a b c Wong, Glenn (16 March 2015), "How Leadership Shift Has Changed MLB Front Offices," Sports Business Daily
6. ^ Wong, Glenn (15 June 2015), "Profiling MLB Club Leadership: Presidents v. General Managers," Sports Business Daily
7. ^ Fisher, Eric (21 March 2016), "Who Calls the Shots? Baseball's Burgeoning Front Offices," Sports Business Daily
8. ^ Lowe, Kegan, and Norris, Josh, editors (2019), Baseball America Annual Directory. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-1-932391-83-1

* v
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Major League Baseball general managers by team

AL|

| East|

* Mike Elias (Baltimore Orioles)
* Vacant (Boston Red Sox)
* Brian Cashman (New York Yankees)
* Peter Bendix (Tampa Bay Rays)
* Ross Atkins (Toronto Blue Jays)

|

Central|

* Chris Getz (Chicago White Sox)
* Mike Chernoff (Cleveland Guardians)
* Jeff Greenberg (Detroit Tigers)
* J. J. Picollo (Kansas City Royals)
* Thad Levine (Minnesota Twins)

West|

* Dana Brown (Houston Astros)
* Perry Minasian (Los Angeles Angels)
* David Forst (Oakland Athletics)
* Justin Hollander (Seattle Mariners)
* Chris Young (Texas Rangers)

NL|

| East|

* Alex Anthopoulos (Atlanta Braves)
* Vacant (Miami Marlins)
* Vacant (New York Mets)
* Sam Fuld (Philadelphia Phillies)
* Mike Rizzo (Washington Nationals)

|

Central|

* Carter Hawkins (Chicago Cubs)
* Brad Meador (Cincinnati Reds)
* Matt Arnold (Milwaukee Brewers)
* Ben Cherington (Pittsburgh Pirates)
* Mike Girsch (St. Louis Cardinals)

West|

* Mike Hazen (Arizona Diamondbacks)
* Bill Schmidt (Colorado Rockies)
* Brandon Gomes (Los Angeles Dodgers)
* A. J. Preller (San Diego Padres)
* Pete Putila (San Francisco Giants)

* v
* t
* e

Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame

Pitchers|

* Alexander
* Bender
* Blyleven
* M. Brown
* R. Brown
* Bunning
* Carlton
* Chesbro
* Clarkson
* Cooper
* Coveleski
* Day
* Dean
* Dihigo
* Drysdale
* Eckersley
* Faber
* Feller
* Fingers
* Ford
* B. Foster
* Galvin
* B. Gibson
* Glavine
* Gomez
* Gossage
* Grimes
* Grove
* Haines
* Halladay
* Hoffman
* Hoyt
* Hubbell
* Hunter
* Jenkins
* R. Johnson
* W. Johnson
* Joss
* Kaat
* Keefe
* Koufax
* Lemon
* Lyons
* Maddux
* Marichal
* Marquard
* P. Martínez
* Mathewson
* McGinnity
* Méndez
* Morris
* Mussina
* Newhouser
* Nichols
* Niekro
* Paige
* Palmer
* Pennock
* Perry
* Plank
* Radbourn
* Rivera
* Rixey
* Roberts
* Rogan
* Ruffing
* Rusie
* Ryan
* Seaver
* H. Smith
* L. Smith
* Smoltz
* Spahn
* Sutter
* Sutton
* Vance
* Waddell
* Walsh
* Welch
* Wilhelm
* J. Williams
* Willis
* Wynn
* Young

Catchers|

* Bench
* Berra
* Bresnahan
* Campanella
* Carter
* Cochrane
* Dickey
* Ewing
* Ferrell
* Fisk
* J. Gibson
* Hartnett
* Lombardi
* Mackey
* Mauer
* Piazza
* Rodríguez
* Santop
* Schalk
* T. Simmons

First basemen|

* Anson
* Bagwell
* Beckley
* Bottomley
* Brouthers
* Cepeda
* Chance
* Connor
* Foxx
* Gehrig
* Greenberg
* Helton
* Hodges
* G. Kelly
* Killebrew
* Leonard
* McCovey
* McGriff
* Mize
* Murray
* Pérez
* Sisler
* Suttles
* Taylor
* Terry
* Thomas
* Thome

Second basemen|

* Alomar
* Biggio
* Carew
* E. Collins
* Doerr
* Evers
* Fox
* Frisch
* Gehringer
* Gordon
* Herman
* Hornsby
* Lajoie
* Lazzeri
* Mazeroski
* McPhee
* Morgan
* J. Robinson
* Sandberg
* Schoendienst

Third basemen|

* Baker
* Beltré
* Boggs
* Brett
* J. Collins
* Dandridge
* J. Johnson
* Jones
* Kell
* Lindstrom
* Mathews
* Molitor
* B. Robinson
* Rolen
* Santo
* Schmidt
* Traynor
* D. White
* J. Wilson

Shortstops|

* Aparicio
* Appling
* Bancroft
* Banks
* Boudreau
* Cronin
* Davis
* T. Jackson
* Jennings
* Jeter
* Larkin
* Lloyd
* Maranville
* Reese
* Ripken Jr.
* Rizzuto
* Sewell
* O. Smith
* Tinker
* Trammell
* Vaughan
* Wagner
* Wallace
* Ward
* Wells
* Yount

Left fielders|

* Brock
* Burkett
* Clarke
* Delahanty
* Goslin
* Hafey
* Henderson
* Irvin
* Kelley
* Kiner
* Manush
* Medwick
* Miñoso
* Musial
* O'Rourke
* Raines
* J. Rice
* A. Simmons
* Stargell
* Wheat
* B. Williams
* T. Williams
* Yastrzemski

Center fielders|

* Ashburn
* Averill
* Bell
* W. Brown
* Carey
* Charleston
* Cobb
* Combs
* DiMaggio
* Doby
* Duffy
* Griffey Jr.
* Hamilton
* Hill
* Mantle
* Mays
* Puckett
* Roush
* Snider
* Speaker
* Stearnes
* Torriente
* L. Waner
* H. Wilson

Right fielders|

* Aaron
* Clemente
* Crawford
* Cuyler
* Dawson
* Flick
* Guerrero
* Gwynn
* Heilmann
* Hooper
* R. Jackson
* Kaline
* Keeler
* K. Kelly
* Klein
* T. McCarthy
* Oliva
* Ott
* S. Rice
* F. Robinson
* Ruth
* Slaughter
* Thompson
* Walker
* P. Waner
* Winfield
* Youngs

Designated hitters|

* Baines
* E. Martínez
* Ortiz

Managers|

* Alston
* Anderson
* Cox
* Durocher
* R. Foster
* Hanlon
* Harris
* Herzog
* Huggins
* La Russa
* Lasorda
* Leyland
* López
* Mack
* J. McCarthy
* McGraw
* McKechnie
* W. Robinson
* Selee
* Southworth
* Stengel
* Torre
* Weaver
* D. Williams

Executives
and pioneers|

* Barrow
* Bulkeley
* Cartwright
* Chadwick
* Chandler
* Comiskey
* Cummings
* Dreyfuss
* Fowler
* Frick
* Giles
* Gillick
* Grant
* Griffith
* Harridge
* Hulbert
* B. Johnson
* Kuhn
* Landis
* La. MacPhail
* Le. MacPhail
* Manley
* Miller
* O'Malley
* O'Neil
* Pompez
* Posey
* Rickey
* Ruppert
* Schuerholz
* Selig
* Spalding
* Veeck
* Weiss
* S. White
* Wilkinson
* G. Wright
* H. Wright
* Yawkey

Umpires|

* Barlick
* Chylak
* Conlan
* Connolly
* Evans
* Harvey
* Hubbard
* Klem
* McGowan
* O'Day

* v
* t
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Baseball positions

Pitchers|

| by role|

* Starter
* Ace
* Opener
* Reliever
* Middle reliever
* Long reliever
* Setup man
* Closer
* Left-handed specialist
* Swingman

|

by style|

* Power
* Control
* Ground ball
* Fly ball
* Switch

Defensive
players|

| by type|

* Pitcher
* Catcher
* Infielder
* Outfielder
* Utility player
* Position player

|

by number|

* Pitcher (1/P)
* Catcher (2/C)
* First baseman (3/1B)
* Second baseman (4/2B)
* Third baseman (5/3B)
* Shortstop (6/SS)
* Left fielder (7/LF)
* Center fielder (8/CF)
* Right fielder (9/RF)

Offensive
players|

| by role|

* Batter
* Runner
* Batting order (1–9)
* Designated hitter
* Pinch hitter
* Pinch runner
* Leadoff hitter
* Cleanup hitter

|

by style|

* Clutch hitter
* Contact hitter
* Power hitter
* Switch hitter

Non-players|

* Umpire
* Manager
* Coaches
* Bullpen catcher
* Official scorer
* Batboy
* Ball boy/girl
* General manager

Related|

* Captain
* Battery
* Injured list
* Phantom ballplayer
* Platoon system

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