Genocide denial

Attempt to deny the scale and severity of genocide

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Genocide

Issues

* List of genocides
* Genocides in history
* Genocides in history (before 1490)
* 1490–WWI
* WWI–WWII
* 1946–1999
* 21st century
* Effects on youth
* Denial
* Massacre
* Rape
* Incitement
* In relation to Colonialism / War
* Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders
* Prevention
* Psychology
* Recognition politics
* Risk factors
* Stages
* Types
* Anti-Indigenous
* Cultural
* Paper
* Utilitarian
* Studies
* Outline
* Bibliography
* Education

Related topics

* Compulsory sterilization
* Democide
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnocide
* Forced assimilation

Category

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Denial of mass killings

Instances of denial

* Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples
* Armenian genocide
* Kantō Massacre
* Holodomor
* Romani genocide
* The Holocaust
* trivialization
* Congo Free State
* Nanjing Massacre
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* Indonesian mass killings
* Bangladesh genocide
* Cambodian genocide
* Tiananmen Square massacre
* Katyn massacre
* Khojaly massacre
* Rwandan genocide
* Bosnian genocide
* Rohingya genocide

Scholarly controversy over mass killings

* Mongol conquest
* Native American population decline
* Colonization of Australia
* Holodomor
* Joseph Stalin
* Japanese history textbooks
* Mao Zedong
* 1944–1950 expulsion of Germans

Related topics

* Genocide justification
* Historical negationism
* Historical revisionism

* v
* t
* e

Genocide denial is the attempt to deny or minimize the scale and severity of an instance of genocide. Denial is an integral part of genocide[1][2][3] and includes the secret planning of genocide, propaganda while the genocide is going on,[1] and destruction of evidence of mass killings.

Denial is considered a genocidal process,[4] the final stage,[1][5][6] and a catalyst or indicator of future atrocities.[7][8][9] Prominent examples include: the denial of the Armenian, Bosnian, Cambodian and Rwandan genocides, denial of the Holocaust, and denial of genocides against colonized indigenous peoples.[10]

The distinction between historical revisionism and historical negationism, including genocide denial, rests upon the techniques and motivations which are used.

Historical revisionists and negationists rewrite history in order to support an agenda, which is usually political or ideological, by using falsification and rhetorical fallacies in order to obtain their desired results. Exposure of genocide denial and revisionism surged in the early 21st century, facilitated by the propagation of conspiracy theories and hate speech on social media.[10]

## Academic analysis

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Genocide Watch states that denial "is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres".[11]

Historian, Richard Hovannisian states, "Complete annihilation of a people requires the banishment of recollection and suffocation of remembrance. Falsification, deception and half-truths reduce what was, to what might have been or perhaps what was not at all."[12] According to historian Taner Akçam, "the practice of 'denialism' in regard to mass atrocities is usually thought of as a simple denial of the facts, but this is not true. Rather, it is in that nebulous territory between facts and truth where such denialism germinates."[13]

David Tolbert, president of the International Center for Transitional Justice, states:

> Denial is the final fortress of those who commit genocide and other mass crimes. Perpetrators hide the truth to avoid accountability and protect the political and economic advantages they sought to gain by mass killings and theft of the victims' property, and to cement the new reality by manufacturing an alternative history. Recent studies have established that such denial not only damages the victims and their destroyed communities, it promises a future based on lies, sowing the seeds of future conflict, repression and suffering.[14]

### Motives

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The main reasons for denying genocide are to evade moral or even criminal responsibility and to protect the perpetrators' reputation[15][16] or justify their actions.[17] For scholars, another may be careerism.[18]

### Strategies

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Denialist strategies include questioning statistics,[19] denial of intent, definitional debates,[20] blaming the victim (sometimes called "mirroring"[21][22][23] ), claiming self-defense, media disinformation campaigns,[24] and challenging the victims' group identity.[25][6] Genocide scholar Israel Charny outlines five psychological characteristics of denials of genocide.[26]

Certain denialist phrases are elaborated by genocide scholars Adam Jones:[19]

* "Hardly anybody died" When the genocides lie far in the past, denial is easier.
* "It wasn't intentional" Disease and famine-causing conditions such as forced labor, concentration camps and slavery (even though they may be manufactured by the perpetrator) may be blamed for casualties.
* "There weren't that many people to begin with" Minimizing the casualties of the victims, while the criminals destroy or hide the evidence.
* "It was self defense" The killing of civilians, especially able bodied males is rationalized in preemptive attack, as they are accused of plotting against the perpetrators. The perpetrator may exterminate witnesses and relatives of the victims.
* "There was no central direction" Perpetrators can use militias, paramilitaries, mercenaries, or death squads to avoid being seen as directly participating.
* "It wasn't or isn't 'genocide,' because ..." They may enter definitional or rhetorical argumentation.
* "We would never do that" Self-image cannot be questioned: the perpetrator sees itself as benevolent by definition. Evidence doesn't matter.
* "We are the real victims" They deflect attention to their own casualties/losses, without historical context.

## Prominent examples of denial by non-governmental entities

[edit]

* In his 1984 book The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas argued that only "a few hundred thousand" Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, the Jews brought the Holocaust upon themselves because of their behavior, and Zionists had collaborated with the Nazis in an attempt to send more Jews to Israel. In a 2006 interview, without retracting these specific claims, he stated: "The Holocaust was a terrible, unforgivable crime against the Jewish nation, a crime against humanity that cannot be accepted by humankind."[27]
* In February 2006 David Irving was imprisoned in Austria for Holocaust denial; he served 13 months in prison before being released on probation.[28][29]
* David Campbell has written of the now defunct British magazine Living Marxism that "LM's intentions are clear from the way they have sought to publicize accounts of contemporary atrocities which suggest they were certainly not genocidal (as in the case of Rwanda), and perhaps did not even occur (as in the case of the murder of nearly 8,000 at Srebrenica)."[30][31] Chris McGreal writing in The Guardian on 20 March 2000 stated that Fiona Fox writing under a pseudonym had contributed an article to Living Marxism which was part of a campaign by Living Marxism that denied that the event which occurred in Rwanda was a genocide.[31]
* Scott Jaschik has stated that Justin McCarthy, is one of two scholars "most active on promoting the view that no Armenian genocide took place".[32] He was one of four scholars who participated in a controversial debate hosted by PBS about the genocide.[33]
* Darko Trifunovic is the author of the Report about Case Srebrenica,[34] which was commissioned by the government of the Republika Srpska.[35] The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) reviewed the report and concluded that it "represented one of the worst examples of revisionism, in relation to the mass executions of Bosniaks committed in Srebrenica in July 1995".[36] After the report was published on 3 September 2002, it provoked outrage and condemnation by a wide variety of Balkans and international figures, individuals, and organizations.[35][37]
* Patrick Karuretwa stated in the Harvard Law Record that in 2007 the Canadian politician Robin Philpot "attracted intense media attention for repeatedly denying the 1994 genocide of the Tutsis"[38]
* On 21 April 2016 a full-page ad appeared in The Wall Street Journal and Chicago Tribune that directed readers to Fact Check Armenia, a genocide denial website sponsored by the Turkish lobby in the US. When confronted about the ad a Wall Street Journal spokesperson stated, "We accept a wide range of advertisements, including those with provocative viewpoints. While we review ad copy for issues of taste, the varied and divergent views expressed belong to the advertisers."[39]
* American philosopher Steven T. Katz has argued that the Holocaust is the only genocide that has occurred in history.[40][41]

## Prominent examples of denial by governments

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### Australia

[edit]

See also: Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples

The Australian government has been criticized for engaging in genocide denial and historic revisionism, concerning the treatment of Indigenous people.[42] Prominent Australian politicians have refused to acknowledge the genocide.[43][44]

### Azerbaijan

[edit]

See also: Falsification of history in Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan and Turkey are among two countries which officially deny the Armenian Genocide and glorify previous genocidal acts against Armenians.[45] Eldad Aharon, foreign policy analyst, states that Turkey's denial of the Armenian Genocide is "fundamental to Azerbaijan's national identity," reinforcing their solidarity within the "one nation, two states" framework.[46] Vicken Cheterian states that the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan is deeply influenced by the denial of the Armenian Genocide.[47] Human rights advocates have also criticized Azerbaijan for denying contemporary violence against Armenians.[48][49][50]

Arsène Saparov, Caucasus expert, states that "the persistent Azerbaijani policy of denial of the Armenian presence and cultural heritage in the Caucasus...has been institutionalized since Ilham Aliyev became president." [51] Following Nagorno-Karabakh's incorporation into Azerbaijan after a military offensive, the Azerbaijani government has undertaken a campaign of Turkification and the destruction of Armenian cultural sites, which aims at denying Armenians' historical presence and justifying their expulsion.[52][53][54][55] Roxanne Makasdjian, executive director of The Genocide Education Project, has stated that "Turkey and Azerbaijan collaborate in a policy of denying the Armenian genocide" in order to erase Armenia and "pave the way for a large ‘Pan-Turkic’ bloc'."[53]

Henry Theriault states that in Turkish and Azeri society denial coexists with the celebration of genocidal acts because there is no accountability: “in such situations, denial is inverted into celebratory or invective declaration...Thus, Turkey’s president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s supporters can make explicit statements about completing the genocide of 1915 to eliminate all Armenians, referred to...by Erdoğan as 'leftovers of the sword[s]' that were swung one hundred five years ago...”[45]

### Canada

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples § Denialism.[edit]

Despite decades of recognition and acknowledgments denialism claims is a factor within Canadian society.[56][57] In 2022, Gregory Stanton, former president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars, issued a report stating Canada is in the "denial stage" of the ten stages of genocide.[58]

External videos

"Push to criminalize residential school denialism in Canada: ‘Difference between free speech and inciting hate’" (2024) – Global News (5:35 min)

On National Truth and Reconciliation Day in 2023, prime minister Justin Trudeau stating that denialism was on the rise after disputes regarding the conclusiveness of the evidence of Indian residential schools gravesite discoveries.[59][60][61] Federal Justice Minister David Lametti said in 2023 that he was open to outlawing residential school denialism.[60]

Kimberly Murray from the Office of the Independent Special Interlocutor, released a report in 2023 starting;

> Some still deny that children suffered physical, sexual, psychological, cultural, and spiritual abuses, despite the TRC’s indisputable evidence to the contrary. Others try to deny and minimize the destructive impacts of the Indian Residential Schools. They believe Canada’s historical myth that the nation has treated Indigenous Peoples with benevolence and generosity is true.[62]

The report prompted Leah Gazan, an NDP Member of Parliament, to introduced Bill C-413 in 2024 that would ban residential school denialism.[63][64] However, legal scholars have previously asserted that a bill of this nature probably would not pass a constitutional challenge under the Canadian Charter.[65]

### Croatia

[edit]

See also: Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

### India

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### Japan

[edit]

See also: Nanjing Massacre denial

In Japan, interpretation of the Nanjing Massacre is reflected upon the notions of "pride, honor and shame". Takashi Yoshida describes the Japanese debate over the Nanjing Massacre as "crystalliz[ing] a much larger conflict over what should constitute the ideal perception of the nation: Japan, as a nation, acknowledges its past and apologizes for its wartime wrongdoings; or ... stands firm against foreign pressures and teaches Japanese youth about the benevolent and courageous martyrs who fought a just war to save Asia from Western aggression."[66] In some nationalist circles in Japan, speaking of a large-scale massacre at Nanjing is regarded as "'Japan bashing' (in the case of foreigners) or 'self-flagellation' (in the case of Japanese)".[67] This means that most Japanese youth are oblivious of the massacre because this dark history is not taught in Japanese schools, and the continued worship of Japanese war criminals enshrined in the Yasukuni Shrine by mainstream politicians in Japan.

### Pakistan

[edit]

The government of Pakistan continues to deny that any Bangladeshi genocide took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. They typically accuse Pakistani reporters (such as Anthony Mascarenhas), who reported on the genocide, of being "enemy agents".[68] According to Donald W. Beachler, professor of political science at Ithaca College:[69]

> The government of Pakistan explicitly denied that there was genocide. By their refusal to characterise the mass-killings as genocide or to condemn and restrain the Pakistani government, the US and Chinese governments implied that they did not consider it so.

Similarly, in the wake of the 2013 Shahbag protests against war criminals who were complicit in the genocide, English journalist Philip Hensher wrote:[70]

> The genocide is still too little known about in the West. It is, moreover, the subject of shocking degrees of denial among partisan polemicists and manipulative historians.

### Russia

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See also: Holodomor denial

Russia denies the Circassian genocide, instead describing the events as a mass migration (Russian: Черкесское мухаджирство, lit. 'Circassian migrationism').[71][72][73] In 2009, the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia’s Interests denied the genocide alongside other crimes.[74]

### Serbia

[edit]

Further information: Srebrenica massacre and Bosnian genocide denial

According to Sonja Biserko, president of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, and Edina Becirevic, the faculty of criminology and security studies of the University of Sarajevo:

> Denial of the Srebrenica genocide takes many forms [in Serbia]. The methods range from the brutal to the deceitful. Denial is present most strongly in political discourse, in the media, in the sphere of law, and in the educational system.[75]

### Turkey

[edit]

Main article: Armenian genocide denial

The government of the Republic of Turkey has long denied that the Armenian genocide was a genocide.[76] According to historian Akçam, "Turkish denialism [of the genocide] is perhaps the most successful example of how the well-organised, deliberate, and systematic spreading of falsehoods can play an important role in the field of public debate" and that "fact-based truths have been discredited and relegated to the status of mere opinion".[13] Turkey acknowledges that many Armenians residing in the former Ottoman Empire were killed in conflicts with Ottoman forces during World War I, but disputes that the killings were systematic and amounted to genocide. Measures recognising the Armenian genocide languished in the US Congress for decades despite condemnation by genocide scholars,[77] and many US presidents refrained from labeling it such due to worries about souring relations with Turkey and intensive lobbying by Ankara.[78]

### United States

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See also: Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples

The government of the United States has been accused of denial of the genocide of its Indigenous peoples[79] by academics such as Benjamin Madley,[80] David Stannard[81] and Noam Chomsky.[82]

## Law

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The European Commission proposed a European Union–wide anti-racism law in 2001, which included an offence of genocide denial, but European Union states failed to agree on the balance between prohibiting racism and freedom of expression. After six years of debating, a watered down compromise was reached in 2007 which gave EU states freedom to implement the legislation as they saw fit.[83][84][85]

In 2022, the United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect issued a policy paper associating genocide denial with hate speech, specifically when directed to specific identifiable groups. The report gives policy recommendations for states and UN officials in the matter of denial.[86]

## Effects

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Genocide denial has an impact on both victim and perpetrator groups. Denial of a genocide affects relations between the victim and perpetrator groups or their respective countries, prevents personal victims of the genocide from seeking closure, and adversely affects political decisions on both sides. It can cause fear in the victims to express their cultural identity, retaliation from both parties, and hamper the democratic development of societies.

Effects on personal victims of the genocide

While confrontation of the committed atrocities can be a tough process in which the victim feels humiliated again by reliving the traumatic past,[87] it still has a benign therapeutic effect, helping both victim and perpetrator groups to come to terms with the past.[88] From a therapeutic point of view, letting the victim confront the past atrocity and its related painful memories is one way to reach a closure and to understand that the harm has occurred in the past.[89] This also helps the memories to enter the shared narrative of the society, thereby becoming a common ground on which the society can make future decisions on, in political and cultural matters.[90]

Denying recognition, in contrast, has a negative effect, further victimising the victim which will feel not only wronged by the perpetrator but also by being denied recognition of the occurred wrongdoing. Denial also has a pivotal role in shaping the norms of a society since the omission of any committed errors, and thereby the lack of condemnation and punishment of the committed wrongs, risks normalising similar actions, increasing the society's tolerance for future occurrences of similar errors.[91]

According to sociologist Daniel Feierstein, the genocide perpetrator implements a process of transforming the identity of any survivors and erasing the memory of the existence of the victim group.[92]

Societal effects of genocide denial

Bhargava notes that "[m]ost calls to forget disguise the attempt to prevent victims from publicly remembering in the fear that 'there is a dragon living on the patio and we better not provoke it.'"[93] In other words, while societally "forgetting" an atrocity can on the surface be beneficial to the harmony of society, it further victimizes the target group for fear of future, similar action, and is directly detrimental to the sociocultural development of the victim group.

On the other hand, there are cases where "forgetting" atrocities is the most politically expedient or stable option. This is found in some states which have recently come out of minority rule, where the perpetrator group still controls most strategic resources and institutions, such as South Africa.[94] This was, among others, one of the main reasons for granting amnesty in exchange for confessing to committed errors during the transitional period in South Africa. However, the society at large and the victims in particular will perceive this kind of trade-offs as "morally suspect,"[95] and may question its sustainability. Thus, a common refrain in regard to the Final Report (1998) by South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission was "We've heard the truth. There is even talk about reconciliation. But where's the justice?"[96]

Effects on democratic development

The denial has thereby a direct negative impact on the development of a society, often by undermining its laws and the issue of justice, but also the level of democracy itself.[97] If democracy is meant to be built on the rule of law and justice, upheld and safeguarded by state institutions, then surely the omission of legal consequences and justice would potentially undermine the democracy.[98] What is more dangerous from a historical point of view is that such a default would imply the subsequent loss of the meaning of these events to future generations, a loss which is resembled to "losing a moral compass."[99] The society becomes susceptible to similar wrongdoings in the absence of proper handling of preceding occasions.[100] Nonetheless, denial, especially immediately after the committed wrongdoings, is rather the rule than the exception and naturally almost exclusively done by the perpetrator to escape responsibility.

Implicit denial of genocide

While some societies or governments openly deny genocide, in some other cases, e.g. in the case of the "Comfort women" and the role of the Japanese State, the denial is more implicit. This was evident in how an overwhelmingly majority of the surviving victims refused to accept a monetary compensation since the Japanese government still refused to admit its own responsibility (the monetary compensation was paid through a private fund rather than by the state, a decision perceived by the victims about state's refusal to assume any direct responsibility).[101] This can have the same effects on societies as outright denial. For example, atrocity denial and self-victimisation in Japanese historical textbooks has caused much diplomatic tension between Japan and neighbouring victim states, such as Korea and China, and bolstered domestic conservative or nationalist forces.[102]

Turkey and Armenian genocide denial

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The Turkish state's Armenian genocide denial has had far-reaching effects on the Turkish society throughout its history in regard to both ethnic minorities, especially the Kurds, but political opposition in general.[103] The denial also affects Turks, in that there is a lack of recognition of Turks and Ottoman officials who attempted to stop the genocide. This lack of recognition of the various actors at play in Turkey could[weasel words] result in a rather homogeneous perception of the nation in question, thus making Armenians (but also third parties) project the perpetrating role onto the entire Turkish society and nation, causing further racial strife and aggravating the prospects of future reconciliation.[104] For example, Armenian terrorist groups (e.g. ASALA and JCAG) committed terrorist acts during 1970's and 1980's as a direct result of the Turkish state denial of the genocide.[91]

### Prevention

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Denial may be reduced by works of history, preservation of archives, documentation of records, investigation panels, search for missing persons, commemorations, official state apologies, development of truth commissions, educational programs, monuments, and museums. According to Johnathan Sisson, the society has the right to know the truth about historical events and facts, and the circumstances that led to massive or systematic human rights violations. He says that the state has the obligation to secure records and other evidence to prevent revisionist arguments.[105] Genocide scholar Gregory Stanton suggests that prosecution can be a deterrent.[106]

## See also

[edit]

* Outline of genocide studies
* Damnatio memoriae
* DARVO – Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim & Offender

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ Huttenbach, Henry R. (1999). "The Psychology and Politics of Genocide Denial: a Comparison of Four Case Studies". Studies in Comparative Genocide. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 216–229\. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-27348-5_12. ISBN 978-1-349-27348-5. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
3. ^ Herf, Jeffrey (2006). The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during the World War II and the Holocaust. Harvard University Press. p. 127\. ISBN 978-0-674038-59-2.
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5. ^ Avedian, Vahagn (2013). "Recognition, Responsibility and Reconciliation: The Trinity of the Armenian Genocide". Europa Ethnica. 70 (3/4): 79. ISSN 0014-2492. `{{cite journal}}`: More than one of `|pages=` and `|page=` specified (help)
6. ^ a b Saparov, Arsène (2023). "Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: What's Next?". Ab Imperio. 2023 (3): 184–198\. doi:10.1353/imp.2023.a915234. ISSN 2164-9731.
7. ^ Theriault, Henry C. (2022). "Is denial the final stage of genocide? Consolidation, the metaphysics of denial, and the supersession of stage theory". In Cox, John M.; Khoury, Amal; Minslow, Sarah (eds.). Denial: the final stage of genocide?. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 11–26\. doi:10.4324/9781003010708-1. ISBN 978-0-367-81898-2.
8. ^ Geracoulis, Mischa (2025). Media Framing and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage: News Narratives about Artsakh and Gaza. Routledge Focus on Media and Humanitarian Action. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 63\. ISBN 978-1-032-83343-9.
9. ^ "Genocide Watch- Ten Stages of Genocide". genocidewatch. Retrieved 11 July 2025. "Denial is the final stage that lasts throughout and always follows genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres."
10. ^ a b "Der Matossian explores genocide denialism in the 21st century". 10 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024.
11. ^ "Genocide Watch- Ten Stages of Genocide". genocidewatch. Retrieved 11 July 2025.
12. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1998). "Denial of the Armenian genocide in Comparison with Holocaust Denial". Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide. Wayne State University Press. p. 202\. ISBN 081432777X. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
13. ^ a b Akçam, Taner (2018). Killing Orders: Talat Pasha's Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide. Springer. pp. 1–2\. ISBN 978-3-319-69787-1.
14. ^ Tolbert, David (24 April 2015). "The Armenian Genocide: 100 Years of Denial". International Center for Transitional Justice. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
15. ^ Hitchcock, Robert K. (2023). "Denial of Genocide of Indigenous People in the United States". In Der Matossian, Bedross (ed.). Denial of genocides in the twenty-first century. [Lincoln]: University of Nebraska Press. p. 33\. ISBN 978-1-4962-3554-1. OCLC 1374189062. "Some of the main reasons for denying genocide are to avoid responsibility and potential prosecution, and to save reputations."
16. ^ Bilali, Rezarta; Iqbal, Yeshim; Freel, Samuel (21 November 2019). "Understanding and Counteracting Genocide Denial". In Newman, Leonard S. (ed.). Confronting Humanity at its Worst: Social Psychological Perspectives on Genocide. New York: Oxford Academic. p. 285\. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190685942.003.0011. ISBN 978-0-19-068594-2. "Groups that commit atrocities are judged negatively, ostracized, and singled out. Members of perpetrator groups are therefore motivated to protect the in-group's positive identity and social image by denying or justifying in-group atrocities"
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24. ^ "The Media War by Azerbaijan and Turkey against Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh | Institute for the Study of Human Rights". www.humanrightscolumbia.org. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
25. ^ Der Matossian, Bedross (August 2022). "Ambivalence to Things Armenian in Middle Eastern Studies and the War on Artsakh in 2020". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 54 (3): 530–534\. doi:10.1017/s002074382200068x. ISSN 0020-7438.
26. ^ Charny, Israel W. (2000). Encyclopedia of Genocide. Vol. 1\. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 160\. ISBN 978-0-87436-928-1.
27. ^ Akiva Eldar (28 May 2003). "U.S. told us to ignore Israeli map reservations". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
28. ^ Staff (20 February 2006). "Holocaust denier Irving is jailed". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019.
29. ^ Oleksyn, Veronika (20 December 2006). "Holocaust Denier Freed, Gets Probation". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018.
30. ^ Campbell, David. "ITN vs Living Marxism". Archived from the original on 8 April 2004., Part 2 Archived 16 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Footnote [49] cites Linda Ryan "What's in a 'mass grave'?, Living Marxism, Issue 88, March 1996 Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine" (The link he provides in the footnote does not exist any more so the link is a substitute). Accessed 20 April 2008
31. ^ a b McGreal, Chris (20 March 2000). "Genocide? What genocide?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
32. ^ Jaschik, Scott (22 October 2007). "Genocide Deniers". Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
33. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (17 April 2006). "A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2006.
34. ^ "Brief Record". US Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
35. ^ a b Katana, Gordana. "REGIONAL REPORT: Bosnian Serbs Play Down Srebrenica". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
36. ^ "Judgement against Miroslav Deronjic". ICTY. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010.
37. ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (3 September 2005). "RFE/RL Newsline, 02-09-03: Bosnian Serbs Deny Srebrenica Massacre..." Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
38. ^ "Release of Rwanda's mastermind of death promotes genocide denial". Harvard Law Record. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010.
39. ^ "Full-Page WSJ Ad Denying Armenian Genocide Spurs Anger". Newsweek. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
40. ^ Katz, Steven T. (1981). "The "Unique" Intentionality of the Holocaust". Modern Judaism. 1 (2): 161–183\. doi:10.1093/mj/1.2.161. ISSN 0276-1114. JSTOR 1396059. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
41. ^ Novick, Peter (2000). The Holocaust in American Life. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 196–197.
42. ^ Ried, James (30 March 2016). "'Invaded' not settled: UNSW rewrites history". The New Daily. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
43. ^ Frost, Natasha (26 July 2023). "Colonization Was the 'Luckiest Thing' to Happen to Australia, Ex-Leader Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
44. ^ Powell, Christopher (15 June 2011). Barbaric Civilization: A Critical Sociology of Genocide. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 222\. doi:10.1515/9780773585560. ISBN 978-0-7735-8556-0. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
45. ^ a b "Is denial the final stage of genocide? Consolidation, the metaphysics of denial, and the supersession of stage theory". Taylor & Francis: 11–26\. 21 September 2021. doi:10.4324/9781003010708-1/denial-final-stage-genocide-consolidation-metaphysics-denial-supersession-stage-theory-henry-theriault.
46. ^ Ben Aharon, Eldad. "Israel's Foreign Policy and the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Reflection on Regional Security and Diplomacy". Journal of Genocide Research. 0 (0): 1–23\. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2406100. ISSN 1462-3528.
47. ^ Cheterian, Vicken (3 July 2018). "The Uses and Abuses of History: Genocide and the Making of the Karabakh Conflict". Europe-Asia Studies. 70 (6): 884–903\. doi:10.1080/09668136.2018.1489634. ISSN 0966-8136.
48. ^ "The Media War by Azerbaijan and Turkey against Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh | Institute for the Study of Human Rights". www.humanrightscolumbia.org. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
49. ^ "Country Report: Azerbaijan" (PDF). Genocide Watch. Retrieved 14 July 2025. "Due to its frequent denial of past atrocities against Armenians, its frequent use of hate speech, and the current targeting of civilians, Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan to be at Stage 9: Extermination and Stage 10 Denial."
50. ^ "Report: Risk Factors and Indicators of the Crime of Genocide in the Republic of Artsakh: Applying the UN Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes to the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict". Lemkin Institute. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
51. ^ Saparov, Arsène (2 January 2023). "Place-name wars in Karabakh: Russian Imperial maps and political legitimacy in the Caucasus". Central Asian Survey. 42 (1): 61–88\. doi:10.1080/02634937.2022.2085664. ISSN 0263-4937.
52. ^ "The Systematic Erasure of Armenian Christian Heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh". European Centre for Law and Justice. 18 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
53. ^ a b Shaw, Madeleine. "Legacy of Loss: The Armenian Genocide in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict." Journal of Peace and War Studies (2023): 210.
54. ^ Saparov, Arsène (2023). "Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: What's Next?". Ab Imperio. 2023 (3): 184–198\. doi:10.1353/imp.2023.a915234. ISSN 2164-9731.
55. ^ Marsoobian, Armen T. (1 August 2023). "Genocide by Other Means: Heritage Destruction, National Narratives, and the Azeri Assault on the Indigenous Armenians of Karabakh". Genocide Studies International. 15 (1): 21–33\. doi:10.3138/GSI-2023-0009. ISSN 2291-1847.
56. ^ "Truth before reconciliation: 8 ways to identify and confront Residential School denialism". Beyond. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
57. ^ Frogner, Raymond (8 May 2023). "Residential-school denialism doesn't stand up to reality". NCTR - National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 27 January 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
58. ^ Stanton, Gregory (6 December 2023). "Canada" (PDF). Genocide Watch. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
59. ^ "Trudeau says 'denialism' rising as nation marks holiday for indigenous reconciliation". Reuters. 1 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
60. ^ a b Wyton, Moira (16 June 2023). "Residential school denialists tried to dig up suspected unmarked graves in Kamloops, B.C., report finds". CBC News. Archived from the original on 25 January 2025. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
61. ^ Supernant, Kisha; Carleton, Sean (3 June 2022). "Fighting 'denialists' for the truth about unmarked graves and residential schooling: Opinion". CBC News. Archived from the original on 30 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
62. ^ Depner, Wolf (20 June 2023). "Growing residential school denial 'the last step in genocide': report". The Golden Star. Archived from the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
63. ^ "NDP's Gazan urges Liberals to adopt her bill to ban residential school denialism « Canada's NDP". Canada's NDP. 31 October 2024. Archived from the original on 17 November 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
64. ^ "An Act to amend the Criminal Code (promotion of hatred against Indigenous peoples)". Parliament of Canada. 26 September 2024. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
65. ^ Russ, Geoff (7 December 2023). "Legislation criminalizing 'residential school denialism' unlikely to survive constitutional challenge, legal scholars say". The Hub. Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
66. ^ Yoshida, Takashi (23 March 2006). The Making of the "Rape of Nanking": History and Memory in Japan, China, and the United States. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 129\. ISBN 978-0-19-518096-1.
67. ^ Askew, David (4 April 2002). "The Nanjing Incident – Recent Research and Trends". Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
68. ^ "His article was – from Pakistan's point of view – a huge betrayal and he was accused of being an enemy agent. It still denies its forces were behind such atrocities as those described by Mascarenhas, and blames Indian propaganda."Dummett, Mark (16 December 2011). "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history". BBC Asia. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
69. ^ Beachler, Donald W. "Genocide Denial; The Case of Bangladesh". Institute for the Study of Genocide. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
70. ^ Hensher, Philip (19 February 2013). "The war Bangladesh can never forget". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
71. ^ "Georgia Recognizes Russian 'Genocide' Of Ethnic Circassians". Radio Free Europe. May 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
72. ^ "Georgia Recognizes Circassian Genocide". Eurasianet. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
73. ^ Bodio, Tadeusz; Sieradzan, Przemysław J. (15 December 2012). "Źródła nacjonalizmu czerkieskiego i jego konsekwencje polityczne" [Sources of Circassian nationalism and its political consequences]. Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne (in Polish) (4): 47–74\. doi:10.14746/ssp.2012.4.03. ISSN 1731-7517.
74. ^ Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. pp. 2, 169. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4.
75. ^ Biserko, Sonja; Becirevic, Edina. "Denial of genocide – on the possibility of normalising relations in the region". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
76. ^ Leopold, Evelyn (9 April 2007). "UN genocide exhibit delayed after Turkey objects". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
77. ^ "IAGS Letter to US Congress on the Armenian Resolution" (PDF). International Association of Genocide Scholars. March 2007.
78. ^ "Turkey says any U.S. recognition of Armenian 'genocide' would further harm ties". Reuters. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
79. ^ Chavez Cameron, Susan; Phan, Loan T. (13 July 2018). "Ten stages of American Indian genocide". Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology. 52 (1). doi:10.30849/rip/ijp.v52i1.876.
80. ^ Madley, Benjamin (2016). An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 12\. ISBN 978-0300181364.
81. ^ Stannard, David E. (1994). American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 221\. ISBN 978-0-19-508557-0.
82. ^ Chomsky, Noam (1 September 2010). "Genocide Denial with a Vengeance: Old and New Imperial Norms". Monthly Review. p. 16\. Archived from the original on 8 February 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2023. "Settler colonialism, commonly the most vicious form of imperial conquest, provides striking illustrations. The English colonists in North America had no doubts about what they were doing. Revolutionary War hero General Henry Knox, the first Secretary of War in the newly liberated American colonies, described "the utter extirpation of all the Indians in most populous parts of the Union" by means "more destructive to the Indian natives than the conduct of the conquerors of Mexico and Peru", which would have been no small achievement. In his later years, President John Quincy Adams recognized the fate of "that hapless race of native Americans, which we are exterminating with such merciless and perfidious cruelty, [to be] among the heinous sins of this nation, for which I believe God will one day bring [it] to judgement"."
83. ^ McNern, Ethan (30 January 2007). "Swastika ban left out of EU's racism law". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011.
84. ^ "EU plans far-reaching 'genocide denial' law". The Telegraph. 2 February 2007. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
85. ^ "EU to agree watered-down anti-racism law-diplomats". uk.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
86. ^ "Combating Holocaust and Genocide Denial: Protecting Survivors, Preserving Memory, and Promoting Prevention" (PDF). un.org. June 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
87. ^ Margalit, Avishai (2002). The Ethics of Memory. Harvard University Press. pp. 61–64\. ISBN 0-674-00941-X.
88. ^ Amstutz, Mark R. (2005). The Healing of Nations: The Promise and Limits of Political Forgiveness. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24\. ISBN 0-7425-3580-0. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
89. ^ Colvin, Christopher J. (2003). "The Healing of Nations: The Promise and Limits of Political Forgiveness". In Hodgkin, Katherine; Radstone, Susannah (eds.). Contested pasts: The politics of memory. Routledge. p. 156\. ISBN 0-415-28647-6. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
90. ^ Avedian 2018, p. 45.
91. ^ a b Avedian 2018, p. 110.
92. ^ Feierstein, Daniel, (Hinton, Alexander Laban, editor) (2014). Hidden Genocides: Power, Knowledge, Memory. Chapter 5: Beyond the Binary Model: National Security Doctrine in Argentina as a Way of Rethinking Genocide as a Social Practice. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813561646. JSTOR j.ctt5hjdfm. pp 79.
93. ^ Bhargava, Rajeev (2000). "Restoring Decency to Barbaric Societies". In Rotberg, Robert I.; Thompson, Dennis F. (eds.). Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Princeton University Press. p. 52\. ISBN 0-691-05071-6. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
94. ^ Gutman, Amy; Thompson, Dennis F. (2000). "The Moral Foundations of Truth Commissions". In Rotberg, Robert I.; Thompson, Dennis F. (eds.). Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Princeton University Press. p. 39\. ISBN 0-691-05071-6. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
95. ^ Rotberg, Robert I. (2000). "Truth Commissions and the Provision of Truth, Justice, and Reconciliations". In Rotberg, Robert I.; Thompson, Dennis F. (eds.). Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Princeton University Press. p. 8\. ISBN 0-691-05071-6. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
96. ^ Bevernage, Berber (2012). History, Memory, and State-Sponsored Violence: Time and Justice. Routledge. pp. 47–48\. ISBN 978-0-415-88340-5. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
97. ^ Avedian 2018, pp. 33–38.
98. ^ Jelin, Elizabeth; Kaufman, Susana G. (2000). "Layers of Memories: Twenty Years After in Argentina". In Lorey, David E.; Beezley, William H. (eds.). Genocide, Collective Violence, and Popular Memory: The Politics of Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. SR Books. p. 36\. ISBN 0-8420-2982-6. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
99. ^ De Brito, Alexandra Barahona; Enriquez, Carmen Gonzalez; Aguilar, Paloma (2001). "Introduction". In De Brito, Alexandra Barahona; Enriquez, Carmen Gonzalez; Aguilar, Paloma (eds.). Genocide, Collective Violence, and Popular Memory: The Politics of Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 25\. ISBN 0-19-924090-6. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
100. ^ Adler, Nanci (2001). "Conclusion". In De Brito, Alexandra Barahona; Enriquez, Carmen Gonzalez; Aguilar, Paloma (eds.). Genocide, Collective Violence, and Popular Memory: The Politics of Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 311\. ISBN 0-19-924090-6. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
101. ^ Minow, Martha (1998). Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence. Beacon Press, cop. p. 105\. ISBN 0-8070-4506-3. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
102. ^ Schneider, Claudia (May 2008). "The Japanese History Textbook Controversy in East Asian Perspective". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 617: 107–122\. doi:10.1177/0002716208314359. JSTOR 25098016. S2CID 145570034. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
103. ^ Avedian 2018, p. 48.
104. ^ Avedian 2018, p. 24.
105. ^ Sisson, Jonathan (2010). "A conceptual framework for dealing with the past" (PDF). Politorbis. 50 (3): 11–15\. "In order to re-establish fundamental trust and accountability in society, there is a need to acknowledge publicly the abuses that have taken place. (p. 11) It is based on the inalienable right on the part of society at large to know the truth about past events and the circumstances that led to the perpetration of massive or systematic human rights violations, in order to prevent their recurrence in the future. In addition, it involves an obligation on the part of the State to undertake measures, such as securing archives and other evidence, to preserve collective memory from extinction and so to guard against the development of revisionist arguments. (p. 12) These involve symbolic acts, such as an annual homage to the victims, the establishment of monuments and museums, or the recognition by the State of its responsibility in the form of a public apology, that discharge the duty of remembrance and help to restore victims' dignity. Additional measures in this regard foresee the inclusion of an accurate account of the violations that occurred in public educational materials at all levels. (p. 13) Right to know: Truth commissions, Investigation panels, Documentation, Archives, History books & Missing persons.(pp15)"
106. ^ Stanton 2020: "The best response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or national courts. There the evidence can be heard, and the perpetrators punished.... When possible, local proceedings should provide forums for hearings of the evidence against perpetrators who were not the main leaders and planners of a genocide, with opportunities for restitution and reconciliation. The Rwandan gaçaça trials are one example. Justice should be accompanied by education in schools and the media about the facts of a genocide, the suffering it caused its victims, the motivations of its perpetrators, and the need for restoration of the rights of its victims."

### Cited sources

[edit]

* Avedian, Vahagn (2018). Knowledge and Acknowledgement in the Politics of Memory of the Armenian Genocide. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-831885-4. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
* Dhamoon, Rita Kaur (2016). "Re-presenting Genocide: The Canadian Museum of Human Rights and Settler Colonial Power". The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics. 1 (1): 5–30\. doi:10.1017/rep.2015.4.
* MacDonald, David B.; Hudson, Graham (2012). "The Genocide Question and Indian Residential Schools in Canada". Canadian Journal of Political Science. 45 (2): 427–449\. doi:10.1017/s000842391200039x.
* Moses, A. Dirk (2008). "Empire, Colony, Genocide: Keywords and the Philosophy of History". In Moses, A. Dirk (ed.). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Berghahn Books. pp. 3–54\. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4.
* Stanton, Gregory (2020). "10 Stages of Genocide". Genocide Watch. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
* Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (2 October 2015). "Canada and colonial genocide". Journal of Genocide Research. 17 (4): 373–390\. doi:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096580. ISSN 1462-3528.

## Further reading

[edit]

Main article: Bibliography of genocide studies

Library resources about
Genocide denial

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Bartrop, Paul R. (Spring 2020). "Genocide and the Defeat of Memory". Genocide Studies International. 14 (1): 9–22\. doi:10.3138/gsi.2021.12.13.03.
* Charny, Israel W. (2003). "A classification of denials of the Holocaust and other genocides". Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (1): 11. doi:10.1080/14623520305645.
* Fassin, Didier (5 February 2024). "The Rhetoric of Denial: Contribution to an Archive of the Debate about Mass Violence in Gaza". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–7\. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2308941.
* Pech, Laurent. "The Law of Holocaust Denial in Europe: Towards a (qualified) EU-wide Criminal Prohibition". The Jean Monnet Working Papers (10/09). Archived from the original on 7 April 2010.

## External links

[edit]

Quotations related to Genocide denial at Wikiquote

* v
* t
* e

Historical negationism

* Denialism
* Disinformation
* Knowledge falsification
* Pseudohistory
* school textbook controversies
* Rationalization
* Victim blaming

Genocide denial /
denial of mass killings
and atrocities|

* Armenian genocide
* Atrocities against Indigenous peoples
* Bosnian genocide
* Cambodian genocide
* Genocide of Serbs during WWII
* Croatian Wikipedia
* Holodomor
* Katyn massacre
* Khojaly massacre
* Nanjing Massacre
* U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes
* Rohingya genocide
* Rwandan genocide
* Denial of the 7 October attacks

| Holocaust|

* Austria victim theory
* Clean Wehrmacht
* Rommel / Speer myth
* Italians, the good people
* Trivialization
* Double genocide theory
* Vichy syndrome
* Sonderaktion 1005

|

Other whitewashing
of governments
or time periods|

* Cuba de ayer
* Czechoslovak myth
* Denial of state terrorism in Argentina
* Driftwood theory
* Ferdinand Marcos apologism
* Lost Cause of the Confederacy
* Dunning School
* Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil [pt] / Chile
* Merry England
* Neo-Stalinism
* Operation Legacy (UK)

Other manifestations|

* Allah as a lunar deity
* Ancient astronauts
* Ancient Egyptian race controversy
* Antiquization
* Book burnings
* list
* Censorship of Great Zimbabwe
* Christ myth theory
* Dacianism
* Damnatio memoriae
* Destruction of cultural heritage
* Islamic State
* Saudi Arabia
* Gaza Strip
* Lebanon
* Sudan
* Myth of English aid [es]
* Izbrisani
* Khazar hypothesis
* LGBT erasure
* Like sheep to the slaughter
* Myth of the golden exile
* Phantom time hypothesis / New chronology
* Western Pseudohistory Theory
* Shakespeare authorship question
* Territorial losses of Thailand

| Azerbaijan|

* Destruction of Armenian heritage
* Cemetery in Julfa
* Nakhchivan [ru]
* Nizami Ganjavi
* Western Azerbaijan

|

Germany|

* Borussian myth
* Myth of Langemarck [de]
* Stab-in-the-back myth

Israel / Palestine|

* Denial of the 7 October attacks
* Nakba denial
* Temple denial
* There was no such thing as Palestinians

Russia|

* Allegations of genocide in Donbas
* All-Russian nation
* On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians
* Soviet Union
* Censorship of images
* Denial of Crimean Tatars

Turkey|

* Denial of Kurds
* History Thesis
* Sun Language Theory

United States|

* 1776 Commission
* Irish slaves myth
* Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth

Organizations|

* Adelaide Institute
* ASİMKK
* Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War
* CODOH
* Dalit Voice
* FactCheckArmenia.com
* Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung
* HIAG
* Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum
* Institute for Armenian Research
* Institute for Historical Review
* Nippon Kaigi
* Turkish Historical Society
* United Daughters of the Confederacy
* Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt

Publications|

* A Town Betrayed
* A Verdade Sufocada
* The Birth of a Nation
* Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun
* Did Six Million Really Die?
* Falsifiers of History
* Flatline
* Folk og Land
* A History of the Palestinian People (2017)
* Hitler Diaries
* The Hoax of the Twentieth Century
* I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle
* Jasenovac – istina
* Journal of Historical Review
* Leuchter report
* The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism
* The Ottoman Lieutenant
* Report about Case Srebrenica

Conferences|

* International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust

Publishing houses|

* Arndt Verlag
* J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing
* Munin Verlag
* Nation Europa Verlag

Legal status|

| Statute law|

* Austria
* Belgium
* France
* Germany

|

Case law|

* R v Zundel (1992)
* Lehideux and Isorni v France (1998)
* Irving v Penguin Books Ltd (2000)
* Perinçek v. Switzerland (2013)

International law|

* Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime
* Right to truth

Related|

* Historical fiction
* Historical revisionism
* Historical misconceptions

* * *

* Accusation in a mirror
* Ash heap of history
* Censorship
* Cherry picking
* Conspiracy theories
* False attribution
* Furtive fallacy
* Genocide justification
* Propaganda

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Disinformation and misinformation

Core content

* Disinformation
* Misinformation
* Malinformation
* Propaganda
* Disinformation attack
* Disinformation research
* Publications about disinformation

Mechanisms

| Psychological|

* Cognitive bias
* List
* Denialism
* Manipulation
* Misinformation effect
* Political polarization
* Psychology of climate change denial

|

Computational|

* Algorithmic radicalization
* Content moderation
* Community notes
* Internet manipulation
* Social bot
* Social networking service
* List
* User-generated content

Economic|

* Fake news websites
* Surveillance capitalism
* Programmatic advertising

Media and Politics|

* Audience fragmentation
* Echo chamber (media)
* Fake news
* Media bias
* Media culture
* Media manipulation

Tactics

* Astroturfing
* Big Lie
* Circular reporting
* Clickbait
* Conspiracy theory
* List
* Culture war
* Deception
* Deepfake
* Disinformation playbook
* Dog whistle (politics)
* Doublespeak
* Doxxing
* Fake news
* Fake news website
* List of fake news websites
* List of satirical fake news websites
* False accusation
* False attribution
* False balance
* Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
* Firehose of falsehood
* Forgery as covert operation
* Gaslighting
* Greenwashing
* Historical negationism
* Information warfare
* Logic and reasoning
* Cherry picking
* False dilemma
* Gish gallop
* Half-truth
* Fallacy
* Formal fallacy
* Informal fallacy
* List of fallacies
* Quote mining
* Red herring
* Whataboutism
* Memetic warfare
* Pink-slime journalism
* Psychological warfare
* Propaganda
* Black propaganda
* Counterpropaganda
* State-sponsored Internet propaganda
* Perception management
* Rumors
* Spin (propaganda)
* Smear campaign
* Scientific fabrication
* Strategy of tension
* Yellow journalism

Related terms

* Alternative facts
* Factoid
* Hoax
* Infodemic
* Malinformation
* Post-truth politics
* Potemkin village
* Pseudoscience
* Tabloid journalism
* Truthiness

Targets and campaigns

| International Politics|

* Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Misinformation in the Gaza war
* New World Order conspiracy theory
* Russian disinformation
* Genocide denial

|

Politics by country|

* List of disinformation attacks by country
* List of political disinformation website campaigns

Antisemitism|

* Holocaust denial
* International Jewish conspiracy

Environmental science|

* Climate change denial
* Fossil fuel industry
* ExxonMobil climate change denial
* Fossil fuels lobby
* Leaded gasoline
* Ethyl Corporation
* Robert A. Kehoe
* Clair Cameron Patterson
* Pesticide industry
* Rachel Carson
* Silent Spring
* Red mercury

Medicine and Public health|

* 5G misinformation
* Anti-vaccine activism
* Lancet MMR autism fraud
* Vaccines and autism
* Vaccine misinformation
* COVID-19 misinformation
* COVID-19 misinformation by governments
* COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
* Birth control misinformation
* Ebola misinformation
* GMO conspiracy theories
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* Mental illness denial
* Misinformation related to abortion
* Tobacco industry playbook
* Transgender health care misinformation
* Opposition to water fluoridation

Journalism and journalists|

* Safety of journalists
* Maria Ressa
* Daily Maverick
* Rappler
* The Quint

Countering disinformation

* Academic research
* Critical thinking
* Digital literacy
* Health literacy
* Information literacy
* Media literacy
* Science communication
* Scientific consensus
* Scientific literacy
* List of climate change video games
* Scientific skepticism
* Skepticism
* Truth sandwich
* Verificado 2018
* Watchdog journalism

Fact-checking and research

| Fact-checking|

* Websites
* List of fact-checking websites

* Non-profits and charities
* Africa Check
* FactCheck.org
* Full Fact
* PolitiFact
* USAFacts

* Private companies
* Logically (company)
* NewsGuard
* StopFake

* Other
* Bellingcat
* International Fact-Checking Network
* Media Bias/Fact Check
* Snopes
* Quackwatch
* Projeto Comprova

|

Research|

* Canada
* Citizen Lab

* EU
* East StratCom Task Force

* Finland
* Faktabaari

* New Zealand
* The Disinformation Project

* UK
* Counter disinformation unit

* Ukraine
* Center for Countering Disinformation

* USA
* Active Measures Working Group
* Counter Misinformation Team
* Disinformation Governance Board
* Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
* United States Information Agency

WikiProjects

* WikiCred
* Climate change
* COVID-19
* Medicine
* Skepticism
* Vaccine safety

* v
* t
* e

Pseudoscience

List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

Terminology|

* Cargo cult science
* Charlatan
* Crank
* Fringe theory
* Fringe science
* Pseudoarchaeology
* Pseudohistory
* Pseudomathematics
* Junk science
* Paranormal
* Pathological science
* Quackery
* Snake oil
* Superseded scientific theory
* True-believer syndrome
* Voodoo Science

Topics
characterized as
pseudoscience|

| Medicine|

* Acupuncture
* Aromatherapy
* Adrenal fatigue
* Alternative medicine
* Anthroposophic medicine
* Applied kinesiology
* Ayurveda
* Bates method
* Biorhythms
* Bloodletting
* Body memory
* Chiropractic
* Chromotherapy
* Correactology
* Cryonics
* Crystal healing
* Cupping
* Detoxification
* Colon cleansing
* Doctrine of signatures
* Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
* Ear candling
* Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
* Energy medicine
* Fad diet
* FasciaBlaster
* Germ theory denialism
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* Homeopathy
* Humorism
* Iridology
* Leaky gut syndrome
* LGBTQ chemicals conspiracy theory
* Lunar effect
* Macrobiotic diet
* Magnet therapy
* Miracle Mineral Supplement
* Naturopathy
* Palmistry
* Panchagavya
* Patent medicine
* Phrenology
* Primal therapy
* Radionics
* Reiki
* Traditional medicine
* Traditional Chinese medicine
* Trepanning
* Vertebral subluxation
* Wind turbine syndrome
* Young blood transfusion

|

Social science|

* 2012 phenomenon
* Ancient astronauts
* Arabian Judah theory
* Catastrophism
* Conspiracy theory
* 5G conspiracy
* 9/11 conspiracy theories
* Chemtrail conspiracy theory
* Climate change denial
* COVID-19 misinformation
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Opposition to water fluoridation
* Conversion therapy
* Expanding Earth Theory
* Generational theory
* Generationism
* Strauss–Howe generational theory
* Hollow Earth theory
* Indigo children
* Japhetic theory
* Mediumship
* Nazi archaeology
* Nibiru cataclysm
* Parapsychology
* Pseudoarchaeology
* Pseudohistory
* Genocide denial
* Historical negationism
* Holocaust denial
* Tartarian Empire
* Pseudolaw
* Recovered-memory therapy
* Past life regression
* Scientific racism
* Aryan race
* Melanin theory
* Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
* Enneagram of Personality

Physics|

* Anti-gravity
* Cold fusion
* Faster-than-light travel
* Perpetual motion
* Quantum mysticism
* Reactionless drive
* Dean drive
* EMDrive
* Teleportation
* Tractor beam
* Water-fueled car

Other|

* Alchemy
* Aquatic ape hypothesis
* Astrology
* Biodynamic agriculture
* Biological transmutation
* Creation science
* Cryptozoology
* Dianetics
* Auditing
* Dowsing
* Electronic voice phenomenon
* Eugenics
* Facilitated communication
* Feng shui
* Flat Earth theory
* Modern flat Earth beliefs
* Graphology
* Intelligent design
* Laundry ball
* Law of attraction
* Levitation
* Lysenkoism
* Numerology
* Orgone
* Polygraph
* Pseudoscientific metrology
* Rapid prompting method
* Statement analysis
* Ufology
* Voice stress analysis
* Water memory

Promoters of
pseudoscience|

* Sucharit Bhakdi
* Del Bigtree
* Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
* Brigitte Boisselier
* Rhonda Byrne
* Robert Charroux
* Deepak Chopra
* Clonaid
* Vernon Coleman
* Michael Crichton
* Ignatius L. Donnelly
* Gaia, Inc.
* Max Gerson
* Nicholas Gonzalez
* Goop (company)
* Graham Hancock
* David Icke
* William Donald Kelley
* Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
* Corentin Louis Kervran
* The Light (newspaper)
* Mike Lindell
* Jenny McCarthy
* Joseph Mercola
* Judy Mikovits
* Ministry of Ayush
* Theodor Morell
* Hans Alfred Nieper
* Mehmet Oz
* Raël (Claude Vorilhon)
* Robby Starbuck
* Randolph Stone
* Paul Joseph Watson
* Andrew Wakefield

Related topics|

* Bogdanov affair
* Bourgeois pseudoscience
* Demarcation problem
* Scientific method
* Suppressed research in the Soviet Union

Resources|

* Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
* Cults of Unreason
* An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
* Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
* Fortean Times
* James Randi Educational Foundation
* Quackwatch
* Skeptical Inquirer
* The Demon-Haunted World
* The Natural History of Quackery
* The Psychology of the Occult
* The Ragged Edge of Science
* The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
* The Skeptic's Dictionary

* v
* t
* e

Genocide

Genocides
(chronological list)|

Before 1490

* Destruction of Carthage (146 BCE)
* Asiatic Vespers (88 BCE)
* Gauls (50s BCE)
* Eburones
* Bar Kokhba (132–136)
* Ancestral Puebloans (800s)
* Harrying of the North (1069–1070)
* Mongol conquests (1200s–1360s)
* Cathars (1209–1229)
* Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate (1311)
* Timur (1393–1394)
* Guanches (1402–1496)

1490 to 1912

* Taíno (1493–1550)
* Jaragua massacre (1503)
* Ainu (1500s–)
* Indigenous peoples in Brazil
* 11th Parallel massacre (1963)
* Tanaru (1970s–2009)
* Helmet massacre (1988)
* Akuntsu (1990)
* Haximu (1993)
* Yanomami (2019–2023)
* Aztecs (1521)
* Kashmiri Shias (1548–1872)
* Huguenots (1572)
* Kalinago (1626)
* Indigenous peoples in the United States
* Pequots (1636–1638)
* Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
* Huron
* Sullivan Expedition (1779)
* Indian removal (1830–1847)
* Trail of Tears (1830–1850)
* California (1846–1873)
* Dakota (1862)
* Osage Indian murders (1918–1931)
* Cultural genocide
* Indigenous peoples in Canada
* Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
* Beothuk (1700s–1800s)
* Residential school system (1874–1996)
* Sixties Scoop (1951–1985)
* Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
* Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1657)
* 1740 Batavia massacre (1740)
* Great Gypsy Round-up (1749)
* Dzungars (1750s)
* Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (1780–1783)
* Chechens (1785–2017)
* French Hatians (1804)
* Meiteis (1819–1826)
* Indigenous peoples in Australia
* Black War (1825–1832)
* Stolen Generations (1869–1977)
* Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
* Pacification of Algeria (1830–1875)
* El Ouffia
* Charrúa (1831)
* Moriori (1835)
* Assyrians in Hakkari (1843–1846)
* Manchus (1850–1864)
* Circassians (1860s)
* Mapuche (1870s–1884)
* Indigenous peoples in Putumayo (1879–1913)
* Congolese (1885–1908)
* Hazaras (1888–1893)
* Selknam (1890s–1900s)
* Hamidian massacres (1894–1896)
* Herero and Nama (1904–1907)
* Ukame (1905–1907)
* Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
* Albanians in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

1913 to 1945

* Late Ottoman genocides
* Greeks (1913–1923)
* Pontic Greeks
* Thracian Bulgarians (1913)
* Assyrians (1915–1919)
* Armenians (1915–1917)
* Christians in Diyarbekir (1915)
* Kurds (1916–1934)
* Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
* Pemon
* Kyrgyz (1916–1917)
* Jews during the Russian Civil War (1917–1920)
* Russian White Terror
* Cossacks (1919–1933)
* Ingrian Finns (1920s–1930s)
* Volga Tatars and Germans (1921–1922)
* Kantō Massacre (1923)
* Napalpí massacre (1924)
* Kinder der Landstrasse (1926–1973)
* Japanese war crimes in the Pacific War
* Manchukuo (1931–1945)
* Nanjing Massacre (1937–1938)
* Three Alls policy (1940–1942)
* Sook Ching (1942)
* Nanshitou massacre (1942–1945)
* Libyan Arabs (1929–1934)
* Kazakhs (1930–1933)
* La Matanza (1932)
* Holodomor (1932–1933)
* Simele massacre (1933)
* Romani Holocaust (1935–1945)
* Spanish White Terror (1936–1947)
* Yekatit 12 (1937
* Polish Operation (1937–1938)
* Alevi Kurds (1937–1938)
* Parsley massacre (1937)
* Generalplan Ost (1939–1945)
* Poland
* Baltic lands
* Croatia
* Czech lands
* Ukraine
* Hunger Plan
* The Holocaust (1941–1945)
* German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs (1941–1945)
* Serbs in Croatia (1941–1945)
* Muslims and Croats in Serbia (1941–1945)
* Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles (1943–1945)
* Chechens and Ingush (1944–1948)
* Crimean Tatars (1944–1948)

1946 to 1999

* Hyderabadi Muslims (1948)
* Indigenous peoples in Paraguay (1956–1989)
* Maya (1962–1996)
* Arab and Indian Zanzibaris (1964)
* 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom (1966)
* Biafra (1966–1970)
* Feyli Kurds (1970–2003)
* Bangladesh (1971)
* Acholi and Lango (1972–1979)
* Burundi
* 1972
* 1993
* East Timor (1974–1999)
* Cambodian (1975–1979)
* Jummas (1977–1997)
* Afghans (1979–1989)
* Baganda (1981–1985)
* 1982 Hama massacre (1982)
* Sabra and Shatila massacre (1982)
* Sri Lankan Tamils (1983–2009)
* Gukurahundi (1983–1987)
* Anfal (1986–1989)
* Isaaq (1987–1989)
* National Population Program (1987–2002)
* Amhara (1990–)
* Ahwaris (1991–2003)
* Bosnian (1992–1995)
* Srebrenica massacre
* Rwandan (1994)
* Hutus during the First Congo War (1996–1997)

21st century

* Effacer le tableau (2002–2003)
* Darfur (2003–)
* Masalit massacres
* Iraqi Sunni Arabs (2003–)
* Southern Kaduna (2011–2023)
* Iraqi Turkmen (2014–2017)
* Yazidis (2014–2017)
* Shias under ISIS (2014–)
* Christians under ISIS (2014–)
* Rohingyas, Kachins, and Burmese Muslims (2017–)
* Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs (2020–2022)
* Bucha massacre (2022)
* Gazans (2023–)

Terms|

* Cultural genocide
* Democide
* Autogenocide
* Domicide
* Ecocide
* Ethnocide
* Eugenics
* Gendercide
* Androcide
* Transgender genocide
* Genocide of indigenous peoples
* Memoricide
* Policide
* Politicide
* Classicide
* Eliticide
* Utilitarian genocide
* War of annihilation

Methods|

* Cultural genocide
* Death marches
* Death squades
* Ethnic cleansing
* Extermination camp
* Forced adoption
* Forced assimilation
* Forced conversion
* Incitement
* Massacres
* Killing Fields
* Pogroms
* Mass killing
* Rape
* Settler colonialism
* Urbicide

Denial|

* The Holocaust
* Trivialization
* Armenian
* Japanese history textbook controversies
* Nanjing
* Serbian
* Bosnian
* Rwandan
* Holodomor
* Cambodian
* Indigenous

Issues|

* Definitions
* Names of the Holocaust
* Terminology of the Armenian genocide
* Holocaust terminology
* Genocide law
* Prevention
* Effects on young survivors
* Politics of recognition
* Justification
* Mass killings under communist regimes
* Anti-communist mass killings

Legal proceedings|

Holocaust trials (1943–2022)

* Krasnodar trial (1943)
* Kharkov trial (1943)
* Épuration légale (1944–1951)
* Majdanek trials (1944–1989)
* Chełmno trials (1945–2001)
* Dachau trials (1945–1947)
* Belsen trials (1945–1948)
* Euthanasia trials (1945–1949)
* Nuremberg trial (1945–1946)
* Minsk trial (1945–1946)
* Riga trial (1946)
* Stutthof trials (1946–1947)
* Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials (1946–1953)
* Supreme National Tribunal (1946–1948)
* Hamburg Ravensbrück trials (1946–1948)
* Nuremberg Military Tribunals (1946–1949)
* Erich von Manstein (1949)
* Ulm Einsatzkommando trial (1958)
* War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia (1961–1962)
* Eichmann trial (1961)
* Belzec trial (1963–1965)
* Frankfurt Auschwitz trials (1963–1989)
* Treblinka trials (1964–1970)
* Sobibor trial (1965–1966)
* Fedorenko trial (1986)
* Finta trial (1994)

20th century

* Budak trial (1945)
* International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1946–1948)
* Belgrade Process (1946)
* Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal (1946–1948)
* Bosnian genocide case (1993–2007)
* International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017)
* Slobodan Milošević (2002–2006)
* Radovan Karadžić (2008–2016)
* Ratko Mladić (2011–2017)
* Trials of the Derg members (1994–2008)
* International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1994–2015)
* Khmer Rouge Tribunal (1997–2022)
* Croatia–Serbia genocide case (1999–2015)

21st century

* International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur (2005–)
* Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka (2010–2023)
* International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh (2012–)
* Rohingya genocide case (2019–)
* International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar (2019–)
* Uyghur Tribunal (2020–2021)
* International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine (2022–)
* Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022–)
* South Africa v. Israel (2023–)
* Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al (2023–2024)
* Nicaragua v. Germany (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

Overview

| Core topics|

* Antiscience
* Cabals
* deep state
* éminence grise
* power behind the throne
* Civil / Criminal / Political conspiracies
* Conspiracy
* Crisis actors
* Deception
* Dystopia
* Espionage
* Global catastrophe scenarios
* Hidden message
* Pseudohistory
* Pseudoscience
* Secrecy
* Secret societies
* Urban legends and myths

|

Psychology|

* Attitude polarization
* Cognitive dissonance
* Communal reinforcement
* Confirmation bias
* Denialism
* Locus of control
* Manipulation
* Mass psychogenic illness
* moral panics
* Paranoia
* Psychological projection

Astronomy and outer space

* 2012 phenomenon
* Nibiru cataclysm
* Ancient astronauts
* Apollo Moon landings
* Flat Earth
* Hollow Earth
* Hollow Moon
* Reptilians

| UFOs|

* Alien abduction
* Area 51
* Black Knight satellite
* Cryptoterrestrial / Extraterrestrial / Interdimensional hypothesis
* Dulce Base
* Estimate of the Situation (1948)
* Lake Michigan Triangle
* MJ-12
* Men in black
* Nazi UFOs
* Die Glocke
* Project Serpo

| Hoaxes|

* Dundy County (1884)
* Maury Island (1947)
* Roswell (1947)
* Twin Falls (1947)
* Aztec, New Mexico (1949)
* Southern England (1967)
* Ilkley Moor (1987)
* Gulf Breeze (1987–88)
* Alien autopsy (1995)
* Morristown (2009)

|

Deaths and disappearances

| Assassination /
suicide theories|

* Zachary Taylor (1850)
* Louis Le Prince (1890)
* Lord Kitchener (1916)
* Tom Thomson (1917)
* Władysław Sikorski (1943)
* Benito Mussolini (1945)
* Adolf Hitler (1945)
* Subhas Chandra Bose (1945)
* Johnny Stompanato (1958)
* Marilyn Monroe (1962)
* John F. Kennedy (1963)
* Lee Harvey Oswald (1963)
* Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966)
* Harold Holt (1967)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
* Robert F. Kennedy (1968)
* Salvador Allende (1973)
* Aldo Moro (1978)
* Renny Ottolina (1978)
* Pope John Paul I (1978)
* Airey Neave (1979)
* Olof Palme (1986)
* Zia-ul-Haq (1988)
* GEC-Marconi scientists (1980s–90s)
* Turgut Özal (1993)
* Vince Foster (1993)
* Kurt Cobain (1994)
* Yitzhak Rabin (1995)
* Diana, Princess of Wales (1997)
* Vatican murders (1998)
* Nepalese royal family (2001)
* Yasser Arafat (2004)
* Benazir Bhutto (2007)
* Osama bin Laden (2011)
* Hugo Chávez (2013)
* Seth Rich (2016)
* Alejandro Castro (2018)
* Jeffrey Epstein (2019)
* Chan Yin-lam (2019)
* Sushant Singh Rajput (2020)
* John McAfee (2021)

|

Accidents / disasters|

* Mary Celeste (1872)
* RMS Titanic (1912)
* Great Kantō earthquake (1923)
* Lynmouth Flood (1952)
* Dyatlov Pass (1959)
* Lost Cosmonauts (1950s–60s)
* JAT Flight 367 (1972)
* United Air Lines Flight 553 (1972)
* Itavia Flight 870 (1980)
* South African Airways Flight 295 (1987)
* Khamar-Daban (1993)
* MS Estonia (1994)
* TWA Flight 800 (1996)
* EgyptAir Flight 990 (1999)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)

Other cases|

* Joan of Arc (1431)
* Yemenite children (1948–54)
* Elvis Presley (1977)
* Jonestown (1978)

Body double hoax|

* Paul McCartney
* Avril Lavigne
* Vladimir Putin
* Melania Trump

Energy, environment

* Agenda 21
* California drought manipulation
* Climate change denial
* false theories
* Free energy suppression
* HAARP
* Red mercury

False flag allegations

* USS Maine (1898)
* RMS Lusitania (1915)
* Reichstag fire (1933)
* Pearl Harbor (1941)
* USS Liberty (1967)
* Lufthansa Flight 615 (1972)
* Widerøe Flight 933 (1982)
* KAL Flight 007 (1983)
* Mozambican presidential jet (1986)
* Pan Am Flight 103 (1988)
* Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
* 9/11 attacks (2001)
* advance knowledge
* WTC collapse
* Madrid train bombing (2004)
* London bombings (2005)
* Smolensk air disaster (2010)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014)
* Denial of the 7 October attacks (2023)

Gender and sexuality

* Alpha/beta males
* Anti-LGBTQ
* Anti-gender movement
* Chemicals
* Drag panic
* Gay agenda
* Gay Nazis myth
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* United States
* Homintern
* Lavender Scare
* Recruitment
* Grooming
* Litter box hoax
* Transvestigation
* Finger pinching
* Gamergate
* Ideology in incel communities
* Larries / Gaylors
* Satanic panic
* Soy and masculinity

Health

* 5G misinformation
* Anti-vaccination
* Autism
* MMR
* Thiomersal
* In chiropractic
* Misinformation
* Aspartame
* Big Pharma
* Chemtrails
* COVID-19
* Ivermectin
* Lab leak
* Vaccines
* Turbo cancer
* In Canada / Philippines / United States
* Ebola
* Electronic harassment
* Germ theory denialism
* GMOs
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* Origins theories
* Oral polio AIDS hypothesis
* Lepers' plot
* Medbeds
* SARS (2003)
* Water fluoridation
* Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning

Race, religion and/or ethnicity

* Bhagwa Love Trap
* CERN ritual hoax
* COVID-19 and xenophobia
* Freemasons
* French Revolution
* Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s)
* German POWs post-WWII
* Priory of Sion
* Product labeling
* Halal
* Kosher
* Tartarian Empire
* War against Islam
* White genocide

| Antisemitic|

* Andinia Plan
* Blood libel
* Cohen Plan
* Doctors' plot
* During the Black Death
* Epsilon Team
* George Soros
* Holocaust denial
* Trivialization
* International Jewish conspiracy
* Committee of 300
* Cultural Bolshevism / Jewish Bolshevism
* Żydokomuna
* Judeo-Masonic plot
* The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* World War II
* Z.O.G.
* Judeopolonia
* Killing of Jesus
* Kalergi Plan
* New World Order
* Rothschilds
* Stab-in-the-back myth

|

Christian / Anti-Christian|

* Anti-Catholic
* Jesuits
* Popish Plot
* Vatican
* Bible
* Giuseppe Siri

Islamophobic|

* Counter-jihad
* Bihar human sacrifice
* Eurabia
* Great Replacement
* Love jihad
* Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry
* Trojan Horse scandal

Genocide denial /
Denial of mass killings|

* Armenian
* Assyrian
* Bangladesh
* Bosnian
* Cambodian
* The Holocaust
* Holodomor
* Nanjing
* Rwandan
* Serbs during WWII

Regional

| Asia|

* India
* Cow vigilante violence
* Pakistan
* Jinnahpur
* Philippines
* Tallano gold
* South Korea
* Finger-pinching
* Thailand
* Finland Plot

|

Americas
(outside the United States)|

* Argentina
* Andinia Plan
* Canada
* Avro Arrow cancellation
* Leuchter report
* Peru
* Casa Matusita
* Venezuela
* Daktari Ranch affair
* Golpe Azul

Middle East / North Africa|

* In the Arab world
* 10 agorot
* Cairo fire
* Kissinger Plan in Lebanon
* Israel-related animal theories
* Iran
* Western-backed Iranian Revolution
* Israel
* Pallywood

Russia|

* Alaska payment
* Dulles' Plan
* Golden billion
* Petrograd Military Organization
* Rasputin
* Ukraine bioweapons

Turkey|

* 2016 coup attempt
* Ergenekon
* Operation Sledgehammer
* Gezi Park protests
* Sèvres syndrome
* Üst akıl

Other European|

* Euromyth
* Georgia
* Global War Party
* Ireland
* German Plot
* Lithuania
* Statesmen
* Roman Republic
* First Catilinarian conspiracy
* Spain
* Mano Negra affair
* Sweden
* Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet
* UK
* Clockwork Orange plot
* Elm Guest House
* Harold Wilson
* Voting pencil

United States|

* Barack Obama
* Citizenship
* Religion
* Parentage
* "Obamagate" / Spygate
* Biden–Ukraine
* Black helicopters
* CIA and JFK
* CIA assistance to bin Laden
* Clinton body count
* Cultural Marxism
* Election denial movement
* FBI secret society
* FEMA camps
* Georgia Guidestones
* Jade Helm 15
* Montauk Project
* Philadelphia Experiment
* Pizzagate
* The Plan
* Project Azorian
* QAnon
* Pastel
* Incidents
* Saddam–al-Qaeda
* Sandy Hook (2012)
* Springfield pet-eating hoax
* Trump–Ukraine
* "Vast right-wing conspiracy"
* Vietnam War
* POW/MIA issue / Stab-in-the-back myth

| 2020 election|

* Italygate
* "Pence Card"
* Maricopa County ballot audit
* Stop the Steal

|

Other

* Dead Internet theory
* NESARA/GESARA
* New Coke
* Phantom time / New chronology
* Shadow government claims
* Bilderberg
* Illuminati
* synarchism
* Shakespearean authorship

| Pseudolaw|

* Admiralty law
* Freeman on the land movement
* Redemption movement
* Sovereign citizens
* Strawman theory
* Tax protesters

|

Satirical|

* Acre
* Bielefeld
* Birds Aren't Real
* Li's field
* Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme

See also

* Argument from ignorance
* Conspiracy Encyclopedia
* Conspiracy fiction
* Conspirituality
* Dogma
* pseudoskepticism
* Falsifiability
* Fringe science
* Historical negationism
* Online youth radicalization
* Paranormal
* Prejudice
* Hate speech
* Radicalization
* Science by press conference
* Superstition

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