Geography of Iran

Continent| Asia
Region| West Asia[1][2][3]
Coordinates| 32°00'N, 53°00'E
Area| Ranked 17th
• Total| 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)
• Land| 99.27%
• Water| 0.73%
Coastline| 2,815 km (1,749 mi)
Borders| Total land borders:
5,894 km (3,662 mi)
Afghanistan:
921 km (572 mi)
Armenia:
44 km (27 mi)
Azerbaijan (proper):
432 km (268 mi)
Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan exclave):
179 km (111 mi)
Iraq:
1,599 km (994 mi)
Pakistan:
909 km (565 mi)
Turkey:
534 km (332 mi)
Turkmenistan:
1,148 km (713 mi)
Highest point| Mount Damavand
5,610 m (18,406 ft)
Lowest point| Caspian Sea
−28 m (−91.9 ft)
Longest river| Karun
Largest lake| Lake Urmia
Exclusive economic zone| 168,718 km2 (65,142 sq mi)

Geographically, the country of Iran is located in West Asia and the bodies of water the nation borders are the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf (Persian Gulf), and Gulf of Oman. Topographically, it is predominantly located on the Iranian/Persian plateau, Its mountains have impacted both the political and the economic history of the country for several centuries. The mountains enclose several broad basins, on which major agricultural and urban settlements are located. Until the 20th century, when major highways and railroads were constructed through the mountains to connect the population centers, these basins tended to be relatively isolated from one another.

Iran map of Köppen climate classification zones Locator map of Iran

Typically, one major town has dominated each basin, and there were complex economic relationships between the town and the hundreds of villages that surrounded it. In the higher elevations of the mountains rimming the basins, tribally organized groups practiced transhumance, moving with their herds of sheep and goats between traditionally established summer and winter pastures. There are no major river systems in the country, and historically transportation was by means of caravans that followed routes traversing gaps and passes in the mountains. The mountains also impeded easy access to the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea.

With an area of 1,648,195 square kilometres (636,372 sq mi), Iran ranks seventeenth in size among the countries of the world. Iran shares its northern borders with several post-Soviet states: Armenia, Azerbaijan,[a] and Turkmenistan. These borders extend for more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), including nearly 650 kilometres (400 mi) of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Iran's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south, terminating at the Arvand Rud.

The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the entire 1,770-kilometre (1,100 mi) southern border. To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the far south. Iran's diagonal distance from Azerbaijan in the northwest to Sistan and Baluchestan province in the southeast is approximately 2,333 kilometres (1,450 mi).

## Topography

[edit]

See also: List of mountains in Iran, List of islands of Iran, Transport in Iran, and Communications in Iran

Iran at night Topography of Iran

The topography of Iran consists of rugged, mountainous rims surrounding high interior basins. The main mountain chain is the Zagros Mountains, a series of parallel ridges interspersed with plains that bisect the country from northwest to southeast. Many peaks in the Zagros exceed 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) above sea level, and in the south-central region of the country there are at least five peaks that are over 4,000 metres (13,123 ft).

As the Zagros continue into southeastern Iran, the average elevation of the peaks declines dramatically to under 1,500 metres (4,921 ft). Rimming the Caspian Sea littoral is another chain of mountains, the narrow but high Alborz Mountains. Volcanic Mount Damavand, 5,610 metres (18,406 ft), located in the center of the Alborz, is not only the country's highest peak but also the second highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush, after Mount Elbrus.

The center of Iran consists of several closed basins that collectively are referred to as the Central Plateau. The average elevation of this plateau is about 900 metres (2,953 ft), but several of the mountains that tower over the plateau exceed 3,000 metres (9,843 ft). The eastern part of the plateau is covered by two salt deserts, the Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert) and the Dasht-e Lut. Except for some scattered oases, these deserts are uninhabited.

Parts of northwestern Iran are part of the Armenian highlands, which adjoins it topographically with other parts of neighbouring Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.[4]

Iran has only two expanses of lowlands: the Khuzestan Plain in the southwest and the Caspian Sea coastal plain in the north. The former is a roughly triangular-shaped extension of the Mesopotamia plain and averages about 160 kilometres (99 mi) in width. It extends for about 120 kilometres (75 mi) inland, barely rising a few meters above sea level, then meets abruptly with the first foothills of the Zagros. Much of the Khuzestan plain is covered with marshes.

The Caspian plain is both longer and narrower. It extends for some 640 kilometres (400 mi) along the Caspian shore, but its widest point is less than 50 kilometres (31 mi), while at some places less than 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) separate the shore from the Alborz foothills. The Persian Gulf coast south of Khuzestan and the Gulf of Oman coast have no real plains because the Zagros in these areas come right down to the shore.

There are no major rivers in the country. Of the small rivers and streams, the only one that is navigable is the 830 kilometres (520 mi)-long Karun, which shallow-draft boats can negotiate from Khorramshahr to Ahvaz, a distance of about 180 kilometres (110 mi). Other notable rivers include the Karkheh, spanning 700 kilometres (430 mi) and joining the Tigris; and the Zayandeh River, which is 300 kilometres (190 mi) long. Several other permanent rivers and streams also drain into the Persian Gulf, while a number of small rivers that originate in the northwestern Zagros or Alborz drain into the Caspian Sea.

On the Central Plateau, numerous rivers—most of which have dry beds for the greater part of the year—form from snow melting in the mountains during the spring and flow through permanent channels, draining eventually into salt lakes that also tend to dry up during the summer months. There is a permanent salt lake, Lake Urmia (the traditional name, also cited as Lake Urmiyeh, to which it has reverted after being called Lake Rezaiyeh under Mohammad Reza Shah), in the northwest, whose brine content is too high to support fish or most other forms of aquatic life. There are also several connected salt lakes along the Iran-Afghanistan border in the province of Baluchestan va Sistan.

Iran's highlands are home to some of the world's most unexpected glaciers. Their appearance in the dry environment is advantageous for those who depend on glacial ice as a supply of fresh water. In an expedition, Klaus Thymann together with the environmental charity Project Pressure produced a series of archive and expedition photographs that depict the urgency of the situation surrounding climate change and the individuals who rely on such natural ice forms to sustain life in remote areas.[5]

Mount Damavand. Photo by Klaus Thymann, 2014.

A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 1,481 km2 of tidal flats in Iran, making it the 22nd ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.[6]

## Climate

[edit]

See also: Climate and Climate change in Iran

Iran has a diverse climate. In the northwest, winters are cold with heavy snowfalls and sub-freezing temperatures. Spring and fall are relatively mild, while summers are dry and hot. In the south, winters are mild and summers are very hot, with average daily maximum temperature exceeding 38 °C (100.4 °F) in the month of July. On the Khuzestan Plain, summer heat is accompanied by high humidity.

In general, Iran has a temperate climate in which most of the relatively scant annual precipitation falls from October through April. In most of the country, yearly precipitation averages 400 millimetres (15.7 in) or less. The major exceptions are the higher mountain valleys of the Zagros and the Caspian coastal plain, where precipitation averages at least 600 millimetres (24 in) and is in the form of snow at high altitudes. In the western part of the Caspian, rainfall exceeds 1,500 millimetres (59 in) annually and is distributed relatively evenly throughout the year. This contrasts with some basins of the Central Plateau that receive 100 millimetres (4 in) or less of precipitation. Iran is considered colder than neighboring countries such as Iraq and Turkmenistan, due to its higher elevation.

Iran climate map showing locations of province capitals |

Caspian mild and wet

Caspian mild

Mediterranean with spring rains

Mediterranean

Cold mountains

Very cold mountains

Cold semi-desert

Hot semi-desert

Dry desert

Hot dry desert

Hot coastal dry

Coastal dry

|

### Examples

[edit]

Climate data for Tehran Mehrabad – Altitude: 1190.8 m (1951–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 19.6
(67.3)  | 23.0
(73.4)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 33.4
(92.1)  | 37.0
(98.6)  | 41.0
(105.8)  | 43.0
(109.4)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 33.4
(92.1)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 43.0
(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 7.9
(46.2)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 15.7
(60.3)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 34.0
(93.2)  | 36.7
(98.1)  | 35.7
(96.3)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 24.5
(76.1)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 10.1
(50.2)  | 22.8
(73.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 3.8
(38.8)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 10.7
(51.3)  | 16.8
(62.2)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 27.5
(81.5)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 29.5
(85.1)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 5.9
(42.6)  | 17.4
(63.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −0.4
(31.3)  | 1.4
(34.5)  | 5.7
(42.3)  | 11.4
(52.5)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 21.1
(70.0)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 13.5
(56.3)  | 6.8
(44.2)  | 1.8
(35.2)  | 12.0
(53.7)
Record low °C (°F)  | −15.0
(5.0)  | −13.0
(8.6)  | −8.0
(17.6)  | −4.0
(24.8)  | 2.4
(36.3)  | 5.0
(41.0)  | 14.0
(57.2)  | 13.0
(55.4)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 2.8
(37.0)  | −7.0
(19.4)  | −13.0
(8.6)  | −15.0
(5.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 34.6
(1.36)  | 33.2
(1.31)  | 39.6
(1.56)  | 31.9
(1.26)  | 14.8
(0.58)  | 3.0
(0.12)  | 2.2
(0.09)  | 1.7
(0.07)  | 1.2
(0.05)  | 10.7
(0.42)  | 26.1
(1.03)  | 33.7
(1.33)  | 232.7
(9.18)
Average precipitation days  | 9.0  | 8.6  | 10.7  | 10.8  | 8.8  | 3.1  | 2.1  | 1.3  | 1.1  | 5.3  | 7.2  | 8.6  | 76.6
Average snowy days  | 5.1  | 2.9  | 1.1  | 0.1  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.4  | 2.7  | 12.3
Average relative humidity (%)  | 64  | 56  | 47  | 40  | 33  | 25  | 26  | 26  | 27  | 36  | 49  | 62  | 41
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 168.8  | 179.8  | 203.0  | 220.6  | 287.0  | 346.3  | 345.9  | 333.6  | 302.8  | 249.9  | 202.9  | 168.9  | 3,009.5
Average ultraviolet index | 2  | 3  | 3  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 7  | 5  | 4  | 3  | 2  | 5
Source 1: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[7] (temperatures),[8] (precipitation),[9] (humidity),[10] (days with precipitation),[11]

[12] (sunshine)[13]

Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV),[14]

Climate data for Tehran-Shomal (north of Tehran), altitude: 1549.1 m, from 1988–2010.

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 17.2
(63.0)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 33.6
(92.5)  | 39.2
(102.6)  | 40.4
(104.7)  | 39.6
(103.3)  | 36.2
(97.2)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 19.6
(67.3)  | 40.4
(104.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 8.6
(47.5)  | 13.8
(56.8)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 34.4
(93.9)  | 33.6
(92.5)  | 29.5
(85.1)  | 22.8
(73.0)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 8.6
(47.5)  | 20.8
(69.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 2.3
(36.1)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | 9.2
(48.6)  | 14.9
(58.8)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 25.6
(78.1)  | 28.5
(83.3)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 17.2
(63.0)  | 9.9
(49.8)  | 4.8
(40.6)  | 15.6
(60.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −1.5
(29.3)  | 0.2
(32.4)  | 4.6
(40.3)  | 9.8
(49.6)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 22.6
(72.7)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 11.7
(53.1)  | 5.3
(41.5)  | 0.9
(33.6)  | 10.5
(51.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | −13.0
(8.6)  | −11.0
(12.2)  | −8.0
(17.6)  | −1.6
(29.1)  | 3.0
(37.4)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 13.5
(56.3)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 2.6
(36.7)  | −5.2
(22.6)  | −9.6
(14.7)  | −13.0
(8.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 61.9
(2.44)  | 68.3
(2.69)  | 73.9
(2.91)  | 53.2
(2.09)  | 24.0
(0.94)  | 4.9
(0.19)  | 3.8
(0.15)  | 2.5
(0.10)  | 3.8
(0.15)  | 18.4
(0.72)  | 41.5
(1.63)  | 64.3
(2.53)  | 420.5
(16.54)
Average precipitation days  | 12.3  | 10.9  | 12.3  | 10.0  | 8.9  | 3.3  | 3.4  | 1.6  | 1.3  | 5.8  | 8.6  | 10.7  | 89.1
Average snowy days  | 8.9  | 6.6  | 2.5  | 0.1  | 0.1  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0.6  | 4.9  | 23.7
Average relative humidity (%)  | 67  | 59  | 53  | 44  | 39  | 30  | 31  | 31  | 33  | 44  | 57  | 66  | 46
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 135.8  | 146.4  | 185.1  | 215.0  | 274.6  | 322.8  | 331.8  | 327.5  | 292.6  | 245.5  | 171.5  | 135.8  | 2,784.4
Source: [15]

Climate data for Mashhad (1951–2010, extremes 1951–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 30.4
(86.7)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 38.6
(101.5)  | 43.8
(110.8)  | 40.4
(104.7)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 33.8
(92.8)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 43.8
(110.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 7.3
(45.1)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 31.1
(88.0)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 20.5
(68.9)  | 13.5
(56.3)  | 8.1
(46.6)  | 21.2
(70.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 1.7
(35.1)  | 3.7
(38.7)  | 8.5
(47.3)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 19.6
(67.3)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 26.6
(79.9)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 8.7
(47.7)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | 14.3
(57.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −5.8
(21.6)  | −4.3
(24.3)  | 2.9
(37.2)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 10.4
(50.7)  | 14.4
(57.9)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | −1.9
(28.6)  | −3.7
(25.3)  | 7.3
(45.1)
Record low °C (°F)  | −27.0
(−16.6)  | −32.0
(−25.6)  | −13.0
(8.6)  | −7.0
(19.4)  | −1.0
(30.2)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 5.0
(41.0)  | −1.0
(30.2)  | −8.0
(17.6)  | −16.0
(3.2)  | −25.0
(−13.0)  | −32.0
(−25.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 32.6
(1.28)  | 34.5
(1.36)  | 55.5
(2.19)  | 45.4
(1.79)  | 27.2
(1.07)  | 4.0
(0.16)  | 1.1
(0.04)  | 0.7
(0.03)  | 2.1
(0.08)  | 8.0
(0.31)  | 16.1
(0.63)  | 24.3
(0.96)  | 251.5
(9.90)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.6  | 5.8  | 8.2  | 6.8  | 4.5  | 1.1  | 0.3  | 0.2  | 0.5  | 1.5  | 2.9  | 4.2  | 41.6
Average snowy days  | 5.6  | 5.8  | 4.0  | 0.4  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.1  | 1.2  | 3.8  | 20.9
Average relative humidity (%)  | 75  | 73  | 69  | 62  | 50  | 37  | 34  | 33  | 37  | 49  | 63  | 73  | 54
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 148.3  | 147.5  | 163.3  | 200.4  | 280.4  | 343.2  | 366.9  | 359.7  | 305.2  | 249.5  | 188.3  | 151.6  | 2,904.3
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[16] (temperatures),[17] (precipitation),[18] (humidity),[19] (days with precipitation),[20]

[21] (sunshine)[22]

Climate data for Isfahan (1961–1990, extremes 1951–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 20.4
(68.7)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 37.6
(99.7)  | 41.0
(105.8)  | 43.0
(109.4)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 26.8
(80.2)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 43.0
(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 11.9
(53.4)  | 16.8
(62.2)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 34.1
(93.4)  | 36.4
(97.5)  | 35.1
(95.2)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 16.9
(62.4)  | 10.8
(51.4)  | 23.0
(73.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 2.7
(36.9)  | 5.5
(41.9)  | 10.4
(50.7)  | 15.7
(60.3)  | 21.3
(70.3)  | 27.1
(80.8)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 16.9
(62.4)  | 9.9
(49.8)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | 16.2
(61.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −2.4
(27.7)  | −0.2
(31.6)  | 4.5
(40.1)  | 9.4
(48.9)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 21.5
(70.7)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 15.1
(59.2)  | 9.3
(48.7)  | 3.6
(38.5)  | −0.9
(30.4)  | 9.4
(48.9)
Record low °C (°F)  | −19.4
(−2.9)  | −12.2
(10.0)  | −8.0
(17.6)  | −4.0
(24.8)  | 4.5
(40.1)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 13.0
(55.4)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 5.0
(41.0)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | −8.0
(17.6)  | −13.0
(8.6)  | −19.4
(−2.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 17.1
(0.67)  | 14.1
(0.56)  | 18.2
(0.72)  | 19.2
(0.76)  | 8.8
(0.35)  | 0.6
(0.02)  | 0.7
(0.03)  | 0.2
(0.01)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 4.1
(0.16)  | 9.9
(0.39)  | 19.6
(0.77)  | 112.5
(4.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.0  | 2.9  | 3.8  | 3.5  | 2.0  | 0.2  | 0.3  | 0.1  | 0.0  | 0.8  | 2.2  | 3.7  | 23.5
Average snowy days  | 3.2  | 1.7  | 0.7  | 0.1  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.2  | 1.9  | 7.8
Average relative humidity (%)  | 60  | 51  | 43  | 39  | 33  | 23  | 23  | 24  | 26  | 36  | 48  | 57  | 39
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 205.3  | 213.3  | 242.1  | 244.5  | 301.3  | 345.4  | 347.6  | 331.2  | 311.6  | 276.5  | 226.1  | 207.6  | 3,252.5
Source 1: NOAA[23]
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records)[24][25]

Climate data for Karaj (1985–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 27.4
(81.3)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 34.6
(94.3)  | 39.2
(102.6)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 40.2
(104.4)  | 37.2
(99.0)  | 31.8
(89.2)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 26.2
(79.2)  | 32.6
(90.7)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 34.5
(94.1)  | 30.4
(86.7)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 15.1
(59.2)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 21.4
(70.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 1.8
(35.2)  | 4.1
(39.4)  | 8.7
(47.7)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 19.2
(66.6)  | 24.6
(76.3)  | 27.1
(80.8)  | 26.8
(80.2)  | 22.9
(73.2)  | 17.1
(62.8)  | 9.9
(49.8)  | 4.6
(40.3)  | 15.1
(59.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −2.5
(27.5)  | −0.7
(30.7)  | 3.2
(37.8)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 16.5
(61.7)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 15.3
(59.5)  | 10.8
(51.4)  | 4.8
(40.6)  | 0.3
(32.5)  | 8.9
(48.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | −19.0
(−2.2)  | −15.6
(3.9)  | −10.5
(13.1)  | −3.5
(25.7)  | −0.4
(31.3)  | 7.2
(45.0)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | −0.5
(31.1)  | −6.0
(21.2)  | −14.6
(5.7)  | −19.0
(−2.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 30.8
(1.21)  | 32.1
(1.26)  | 45.4
(1.79)  | 39.1
(1.54)  | 19.5
(0.77)  | 2.7
(0.11)  | 3.0
(0.12)  | 1.2
(0.05)  | 1.6
(0.06)  | 15.1
(0.59)  | 27.7
(1.09)  | 33.5
(1.32)  | 251.7
(9.91)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.3  | 5.7  | 6.7  | 5.8  | 3.7  | 1.0  | 0.7  | 0.3  | 0.3  | 3.2  | 4.8  | 5.8  | 44.3
Average snowy days  | 5.4  | 3.7  | 1.9  | 0.1  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.5  | 2.7  | 14.3
Average relative humidity (%)  | 67  | 60  | 53  | 48  | 43  | 34  | 35  | 34  | 36  | 44  | 56  | 66  | 48
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 166.3  | 169.7  | 197.4  | 218.1  | 280.7  | 335.2  | 341.5  | 340.1  | 304.2  | 250.1  | 187.2  | 156.8  | 2,947.3
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[26] (temperatures),[27] (precipitation),[28] (humidity),[29] (days with precipitation and snow),[30] (sunshine)[31]

Climate data for Shiraz (1961–1990, extremes 1951–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 22.4
(72.3)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 30.6
(87.1)  | 34.0
(93.2)  | 38.6
(101.5)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 43.2
(109.8)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 34.4
(93.9)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 43.2
(109.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 12.1
(53.8)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 18.9
(66.0)  | 23.8
(74.8)  | 30.6
(87.1)  | 36.1
(97.0)  | 37.8
(100.0)  | 37.0
(98.6)  | 33.7
(92.7)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 20.5
(68.9)  | 14.4
(57.9)  | 25.6
(78.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 5.3
(41.5)  | 7.7
(45.9)  | 11.8
(53.2)  | 16.2
(61.2)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 29.8
(85.6)  | 28.7
(83.7)  | 24.5
(76.1)  | 18.4
(65.1)  | 11.7
(53.1)  | 6.8
(44.2)  | 17.6
(63.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −0.4
(31.3)  | 1.2
(34.2)  | 4.8
(40.6)  | 8.5
(47.3)  | 13.2
(55.8)  | 17.1
(62.8)  | 19.9
(67.8)  | 18.8
(65.8)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 3.8
(38.8)  | 0.5
(32.9)  | 9.2
(48.6)
Record low °C (°F)  | −14.0
(6.8)  | −8.0
(17.6)  | −4.0
(24.8)  | −2.0
(28.4)  | 3.0
(37.4)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 14.0
(57.2)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 1.0
(33.8)  | 1.6
(34.9)  | −8.0
(17.6)  | −11.0
(12.2)  | −14.0
(6.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 79.8
(3.14)  | 49.8
(1.96)  | 48.4
(1.91)  | 30.6
(1.20)  | 6.6
(0.26)  | 0.2
(0.01)  | 1.0
(0.04)  | 0.1
(0.00)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 5.2
(0.20)  | 20.7
(0.81)  | 63.2
(2.49)  | 305.6
(12.03)
Average rainy days  | 8.7  | 7.9  | 7.9  | 6.4  | 2.1  | 0.2  | 0.8  | 0.4  | 0.1  | 1.2  | 3.7  | 7.2  | 46.6
Average snowy days  | 1.5  | 0.6  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.6  | 2.7
Average relative humidity (%)  | 65  | 58  | 51  | 46  | 32  | 22  | 24  | 24  | 26  | 34  | 48  | 61  | 41
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 217.0  | 218.5  | 236.2  | 247.7  | 324.1  | 357.8  | 344.6  | 329.7  | 318.0  | 297.7  | 238.3  | 216.2  | 3,345.8
Source 1: NOAA[32]
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records)[33][34]

Climate data for Tabriz (1951–2010, extremes 1951–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 25.6
(78.1)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 33.8
(92.8)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 41.0
(105.8)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 30.6
(87.1)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 2.3
(36.1)  | 4.9
(40.8)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 22.8
(73.0)  | 28.8
(83.8)  | 32.8
(91.0)  | 32.7
(90.9)  | 28.3
(82.9)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 5.2
(41.4)  | 18.2
(64.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | −1.7
(28.9)  | 0.5
(32.9)  | 5.6
(42.1)  | 11.5
(52.7)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 26.0
(78.8)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 21.4
(70.5)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 7.1
(44.8)  | 1.2
(34.2)  | 12.6
(54.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −5.7
(21.7)  | −3.9
(25.0)  | 0.6
(33.1)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 10.7
(51.3)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 19.3
(66.7)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 2.1
(35.8)  | −2.9
(26.8)  | 7.0
(44.6)
Record low °C (°F)  | −30.0
(−22.0)  | −25.0
(−13.0)  | −20.0
(−4.0)  | −15.0
(5.0)  | 0.6
(33.1)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | −4.0
(24.8)  | −17.0
(1.4)  | −23.5
(−10.3)  | −30.0
(−22.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 24.0
(0.94)  | 28.2
(1.11)  | 45.0
(1.77)  | 56.6
(2.23)  | 43.1
(1.70)  | 19.4
(0.76)  | 5.6
(0.22)  | 3.3
(0.13)  | 10.9
(0.43)  | 24.5
(0.96)  | 30.1
(1.19)  | 24.1
(0.95)  | 318.8
(12.55)
Average rainy days  | 6.9  | 7.3  | 10.7  | 14.8  | 9.3  | 3.2  | 1.2  | 0.6  | 1.9  | 4.9  | 5.5  | 6.3  | 72.6
Average snowy days  | 11.3  | 9.9  | 5.9  | 1.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.2  | 1.8  | 8.2  | 38.4
Average relative humidity (%)  | 72  | 69  | 61  | 56  | 50  | 40  | 36  | 36  | 39  | 51  | 65  | 71  | 53
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 125.9  | 146.3  | 179.7  | 200.8  | 268.7  | 334.3  | 352.5  | 337.7  | 301.4  | 231.6  | 180.3  | 136.8  | 2,796
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[35] (temperatures),[36] (precipitation),[37] (humidity),[38] (days with precipitation),[39][40]

(sunshine)[41]

Climate data for Qom (1986–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 35.5
(95.9)  | 36.5
(97.7)  | 41.5
(106.7)  | 44.2
(111.6)  | 47.0
(116.6)  | 45.5
(113.9)  | 41.6
(106.9)  | 36.6
(97.9)  | 28.6
(83.5)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 47.0
(116.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 10.2
(50.4)  | 13.6
(56.5)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 26.0
(78.8)  | 31.8
(89.2)  | 37.9
(100.2)  | 40.3
(104.5)  | 39.4
(102.9)  | 34.9
(94.8)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 18.9
(66.0)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 26.0
(78.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 4.2
(39.6)  | 7.1
(44.8)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 18.3
(64.9)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 29.1
(84.4)  | 31.8
(89.2)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 11.5
(52.7)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 18.2
(64.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −1.9
(28.6)  | 0.6
(33.1)  | 5.0
(41.0)  | 10.5
(50.9)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 15.6
(60.1)  | 10.3
(50.5)  | 4.1
(39.4)  | −0.1
(31.8)  | 10.4
(50.7)
Record low °C (°F)  | −23
(−9)  | −11.2
(11.8)  | −11
(12)  | 0.4
(32.7)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 8.0
(46.4)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 13.5
(56.3)  | 6.5
(43.7)  | 0.6
(33.1)  | −7
(19)  | −10.5
(13.1)  | −23
(−9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 25.4
(1.00)  | 20.5
(0.81)  | 27.7
(1.09)  | 20.2
(0.80)  | 10.4
(0.41)  | 2.3
(0.09)  | 0.7
(0.03)  | 0.3
(0.01)  | 0.8
(0.03)  | 6.2
(0.24)  | 14.3
(0.56)  | 19.4
(0.76)  | 148.2
(5.83)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.4  | 4.1  | 4.2  | 3.9  | 2.0  | 0.4  | 0.2  | 0.1  | 0.3  | 1.8  | 2.6  | 3.2  | 27.2
Average snowy days  | 3.1  | 1.4  | 0.3  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.1  | 0.9  | 5.8
Average relative humidity (%)  | 66  | 58  | 48  | 42  | 33  | 24  | 23  | 24  | 26  | 38  | 52  | 66  | 41
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 185.0  | 194.0  | 221.5  | 233.3  | 296.6  | 351.5  | 354.5  | 347.3  | 309.9  | 263.4  | 204.9  | 172.7  | 3,134.6
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[42] (temperatures),[43] (precipitation),[44] (humidity),[45] (days with precipitation and snow),[46] (sunshine)[47]

Climate data for Ahvaz (1951–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 31.5
(88.7)  | 37.6
(99.7)  | 43.0
(109.4)  | 48.6
(119.5)  | 52.2
(126.0)  | 51.6
(124.9)  | 51.0
(123.8)  | 48.4
(119.1)  | 45.0
(113.0)  | 36.0
(96.8)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 54.0
(129.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 17.5
(63.5)  | 20.5
(68.9)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 32.2
(90.0)  | 39.3
(102.7)  | 44.6
(112.3)  | 46.3
(115.3)  | 45.9
(114.6)  | 42.5
(108.5)  | 36.0
(96.8)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 33.0
(91.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 12.3
(54.1)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 31.1
(88.0)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 37.3
(99.1)  | 36.7
(98.1)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 27.3
(81.1)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 14.0
(57.2)  | 25.4
(77.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 7.2
(45.0)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 12.5
(54.5)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 23.0
(73.4)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 27.4
(81.3)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 18.8
(65.8)  | 13.0
(55.4)  | 8.6
(47.5)  | 17.9
(64.2)
Record low °C (°F)  | −7.0
(19.4)  | −5.0
(23.0)  | −1.0
(30.2)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 13.0
(55.4)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 13.0
(55.4)  | 8.0
(46.4)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | −1.0
(30.2)  | −7.0
(19.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 48.2
(1.90)  | 26.9
(1.06)  | 26.4
(1.04)  | 16.1
(0.63)  | 4.4
(0.17)  | 0.4
(0.02)  | 0.1
(0.00)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.2
(0.01)  | 6.4
(0.25)  | 31.4
(1.24)  | 48.7
(1.92)  | 209.2
(8.24)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.9  | 3.6  | 3.6  | 2.8  | 0.8  | 0.1  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 1.0  | 2.9  | 4.5  | 24.2
Average relative humidity (%)  | 71  | 61  | 51  | 41  | 28  | 22  | 24  | 28  | 29  | 38  | 53  | 69  | 43
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 174.7  | 193.2  | 214.1  | 233.8  | 284.4  | 326.2  | 336.1  | 331.2  | 301.8  | 263.5  | 209.5  | 176.4  | 3,044.9
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[48] (temperatures),[49]

* "Average Maximum temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
* "Average Mean Daily temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
* "Average Minimum temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (precipitation),[50] (humidity),[51] (days with precipitation),[52] (sunshine)[53]

Climate data for Kermanshah, Iran (1961–1990, extremes 1951–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 33.7
(92.7)  | 38.5
(101.3)  | 43.0
(109.4)  | 44.1
(111.4)  | 44.0
(111.2)  | 40.4
(104.7)  | 34.4
(93.9)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 25.4
(77.7)  | 44.1
(111.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 6.5
(43.7)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 14.3
(57.7)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 33.3
(91.9)  | 37.8
(100.0)  | 37.0
(98.6)  | 32.5
(90.5)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 22.3
(72.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 0.6
(33.1)  | 2.5
(36.5)  | 7.7
(45.9)  | 12.7
(54.9)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 22.4
(72.3)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 3.5
(38.3)  | 14.2
(57.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −4.3
(24.3)  | −3.0
(26.6)  | 1.2
(34.2)  | 5.1
(41.2)  | 8.2
(46.8)  | 11.4
(52.5)  | 16.1
(61.0)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 1.8
(35.2)  | −1.7
(28.9)  | 5.6
(42.1)
Record low °C (°F)  | −24
(−11)  | −27.0
(−16.6)  | −11.3
(11.7)  | −6.1
(21.0)  | −1.0
(30.2)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 8.0
(46.4)  | 8.0
(46.4)  | 1.2
(34.2)  | −3.5
(25.7)  | −17.0
(1.4)  | −17
(1)  | −27.0
(−16.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 67.1
(2.64)  | 62.9
(2.48)  | 88.9
(3.50)  | 69.9
(2.75)  | 33.7
(1.33)  | 0.5
(0.02)  | 0.3
(0.01)  | 0.3
(0.01)  | 1.3
(0.05)  | 29.2
(1.15)  | 54.3
(2.14)  | 70.3
(2.77)  | 478.7
(18.85)
Average rainy days  | 11.4  | 10.7  | 12.6  | 11.0  | 7.6  | 0.5  | 0.2  | 0.4  | 0.5  | 4.9  | 7.9  | 9.6  | 77.3
Average snowy days  | 5.9  | 4.7  | 1.9  | 0.2  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.3  | 3.1  | 16.1
Average relative humidity (%)  | 75  | 71  | 62  | 57  | 49  | 28  | 23  | 23  | 25  | 40  | 59  | 71  | 49
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 134.8  | 150.1  | 180.7  | 204.6  | 268.0  | 348.3  | 349.1  | 336.7  | 304.6  | 242.8  | 187.6  | 147.9  | 2,855.2
Source 1: NOAA[54]
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records)[55][56]

Climate data for Rasht

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 30
(86)  | 31
(88)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 37
(99)  | 37.6
(99.7)  | 37
(99)  | 37
(99)  | 37.2
(99.0)  | 40
(104)  | 37.4
(99.3)  | 36
(97)  | 32
(90)  | 40
(104)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 11.2
(52.2)  | 13.5
(56.3)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 28.1
(82.6)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 30.2
(86.4)  | 26.7
(80.1)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 17.5
(63.5)  | 13.5
(56.3)  | 20.6
(69.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 6.7
(44.1)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 9.4
(48.9)  | 14.3
(57.7)  | 19.2
(66.6)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 17.7
(63.9)  | 12.9
(55.2)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 16.0
(60.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 2.4
(36.3)  | 2.7
(36.9)  | 5.3
(41.5)  | 9.6
(49.3)  | 14.4
(57.9)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 20.4
(68.7)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 13.3
(55.9)  | 8.3
(46.9)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | 11.4
(52.5)
Record low °C (°F)  | −19
(−2)  | −18
(0)  | −6.4
(20.5)  | −2
(28)  | 3.6
(38.5)  | 5
(41)  | 11
(52)  | 9
(48)  | 7
(45)  | 1
(34)  | −4
(25)  | −10
(14)  | −19
(−2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 132.4
(5.21)  | 116.0
(4.57)  | 112.5
(4.43)  | 64.8
(2.55)  | 51.5
(2.03)  | 43.0
(1.69)  | 42.3
(1.67)  | 68.4
(2.69)  | 152.5
(6.00)  | 211.5
(8.33)  | 186.8
(7.35)  | 155.8
(6.13)  | 1,337.5
(52.65)
Average precipitation days  | 13.4  | 12.9  | 15.4  | 12.3  | 10.9  | 7.3  | 6.3  | 8.6  | 12.0  | 13.8  | 12.8  | 13.0  | 138.7
Average snowy days  | 2.5  | 2.8  | 1.3  | 0.1  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.1  | 0.9  | 7.7
Average relative humidity (%)  | 84  | 85  | 84  | 80  | 78  | 74  | 74  | 77  | 82  | 86  | 85  | 85  | 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 91.7  | 86.7  | 91.2  | 122.0  | 174.0  | 213.2  | 222.1  | 187.7  | 140.2  | 118.3  | 100.2  | 89.6  | 1,636.9
Source 1: World Climate[57]
Source 2: Shahrekord Meteorology Database[58]

Climate data for Saqqez, Iran

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 20
(68)  | 24
(75)  | 29
(84)  | 34.4
(93.9)  | 39
(102)  | 43
(109)  | 42
(108)  | 39
(102)  | 32
(90)  | 26
(79)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 43
(109)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 2.4
(36.3)  | 4.7
(40.5)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 29.8
(85.6)  | 34.3
(93.7)  | 34.2
(93.6)  | 29.8
(85.6)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 13.4
(56.1)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 19.03
(66.25)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −8.1
(17.4)  | −6.7
(19.9)  | −1.2
(29.8)  | 3.6
(38.5)  | 6.6
(43.9)  | 9.5
(49.1)  | 14.0
(57.2)  | 13.4
(56.1)  | 8.3
(46.9)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | −0.3
(31.5)  | −4.6
(23.7)  | 3.24
(37.83)
Record low °C (°F)  | −32
(−26)  | −36
(−33)  | −27.6
(−17.7)  | −9
(16)  | −5
(23)  | −0.6
(30.9)  | 3.8
(38.8)  | 4.8
(40.6)  | −0.4
(31.3)  | −7
(19)  | −24
(−11)  | −32
(−26)  | −36
(−33)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 66.6
(2.62)  | 58.7
(2.31)  | 79.5
(3.13)  | 83.6
(3.29)  | 52.0
(2.05)  | 5.8
(0.23)  | 2.9
(0.11)  | 2.5
(0.10)  | 1.4
(0.06)  | 27.8
(1.09)  | 56.9
(2.24)  | 61.7
(2.43)  | 499.4
(19.66)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.5  | 8.3  | 10.0  | 9.8  | 7.0  | 1.2  | 0.7  | 0.6  | 0.5  | 4.3  | 6.2  | 8.1  | 65.2
Average relative humidity (%)  | 73  | 70  | 64  | 58  | 52  | 40  | 35  | 33  | 33  | 47  | 63  | 71  | 53
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 121.5  | 142.2  | 177.4  | 213.1  | 287.1  | 345.1  | 357.4  | 344.3  | 311.1  | 254.3  | 174.1  | 123.4  | 2,851
Source: Synoptic Stations Statistics

Climate data for Hamedan

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 40.6
(105.1)  | 39.4
(102.9)  | 36.4
(97.5)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 23.0
(73.4)  | 18.8
(65.8)  | 40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 4.3
(39.7)  | 11.5
(52.7)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 23.9
(75.0)  | 30.9
(87.6)  | 34.9
(94.8)  | 34.2
(93.6)  | 29.8
(85.6)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 5.9
(42.6)  | 19.3
(66.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | −4.6
(23.7)  | −2.2
(28.0)  | 4.5
(40.1)  | 10.4
(50.7)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 21.3
(70.3)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 12.1
(53.8)  | 5.3
(41.5)  | −0.9
(30.4)  | 10.8
(51.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −10.5
(13.1)  | −8.2
(17.2)  | −2.1
(28.2)  | 2.7
(36.9)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 9.8
(49.6)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 12.8
(55.0)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 2.5
(36.5)  | −2.1
(28.2)  | −6.6
(20.1)  | 2.1
(35.8)
Record low °C (°F)  | −34
(−29)  | −33.0
(−27.4)  | −21
(−6)  | −12.0
(10.4)  | −3.0
(26.6)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | −4.0
(24.8)  | −7.0
(19.4)  | −14.5
(5.9)  | −29
(−20)  | −34
(−29)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 46.3
(1.82)  | 43.6
(1.72)  | 49.4
(1.94)  | 49.8
(1.96)  | 37.8
(1.49)  | 3.7
(0.15)  | 2.0
(0.08)  | 1.8
(0.07)  | 0.8
(0.03)  | 20.7
(0.81)  | 26.9
(1.06)  | 40.9
(1.61)  | 323.7
(12.74)
Average rainy days  | 11.6  | 11.1  | 12.4  | 12.1  | 9.5  | 2.0  | 1.3  | 1.6  | 1.0  | 5.6  | 6.8  | 10.1  | 85.1
Average snowy days  | 8.8  | 8.2  | 4.2  | 0.6  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0.2  | 0.9  | 6.9  | 29.8
Average relative humidity (%)  | 76  | 73  | 64  | 56  | 50  | 36  | 31  | 31  | 34  | 48  | 61  | 73  | 53
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 131.8  | 137.1  | 174.5  | 199.6  | 258.5  | 341.8  | 342.7  | 322.2  | 295.6  | 234.3  | 183.1  | 135.3  | 2,756.5
Source: NOAA (1961–1990)[59]

Climate data for Yazd (1951–2010, records and temperature normals 1951–2020)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 41.0
(105.8)  | 44.1
(111.4)  | 45.6
(114.1)  | 45.6
(114.1)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 36.4
(97.5)  | 30.8
(87.4)  | 28.5
(83.3)  | 45.6
(114.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 12.7
(54.9)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 32.5
(90.5)  | 38.1
(100.6)  | 39.6
(103.3)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 34.5
(94.1)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 19.9
(67.8)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 26.8
(80.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 9.3
(48.7)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 19.9
(67.8)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 30.5
(86.9)  | 32.3
(90.1)  | 30.2
(86.4)  | 26.3
(79.3)  | 19.9
(67.8)  | 12.7
(54.9)  | 7.8
(46.0)  | 19.6
(67.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | -0
(32)  | 2.6
(36.7)  | 7.4
(45.3)  | 12.9
(55.2)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 22.8
(73.0)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 22.3
(72.1)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 5.5
(41.9)  | 1.1
(34.0)  | 12.3
(54.1)
Record low °C (°F)  | −14
(7)  | −10.1
(13.8)  | −7
(19)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | −3
(27)  | −10
(14)  | −16
(3)  | −16
(3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 12.2
(0.48)  | 7.6
(0.30)  | 12.5
(0.49)  | 7.3
(0.29)  | 3.6
(0.14)  | 0.3
(0.01)  | 0.2
(0.01)  | 0.1
(0.00)  | 0.1
(0.00)  | 1.2
(0.05)  | 4.1
(0.16)  | 10.0
(0.39)  | 59.2
(2.32)
Average precipitation days  | 4.8  | 3.5  | 4.8  | 4.3  | 2.2  | 0.3  | 0.2  | 0.1  | 0.1  | 0.8  | 2.2  | 3.7  | 27
Average snowy days  | 2.1  | 0.8  | 0.2  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.1  | 0.8  | 4
Average relative humidity (%)  | 54  | 44  | 37  | 32  | 25  | 18  | 17  | 17  | 19  | 27  | 38  | 50  | 32
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 194.1  | 210.3  | 225.4  | 246.2  | 302.7  | 343.1  | 347.2  | 346.1  | 316.4  | 286.9  | 226.2  | 200.3  | 3,244.9
Source 1: [1]
Source 2: IRIMO (extremes, sun, humidity, 1952–2010)[60]

Climate data for Ardabil

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 37.5
(99.5)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 39.8
(103.6)  | 37.4
(99.3)  | 30.8
(87.4)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 3.0
(37.4)  | 4.5
(40.1)  | 9.3
(48.7)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 22.6
(72.7)  | 17.5
(63.5)  | 11.4
(52.5)  | 5.7
(42.3)  | 15.3
(59.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −7.9
(17.8)  | −6.3
(20.7)  | −2.4
(27.7)  | 2.8
(37.0)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 8.7
(47.7)  | 4.8
(40.6)  | 0.3
(32.5)  | −4.6
(23.7)  | 2.8
(37.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | −31.4
(−24.5)  | −33.8
(−28.8)  | −28.8
(−19.8)  | −13.0
(8.6)  | −8.5
(16.7)  | −0.2
(31.6)  | 3.0
(37.4)  | 2.2
(36.0)  | −4.4
(24.1)  | −21.0
(−5.8)  | −24.2
(−11.6)  | −27.0
(−16.6)  | −33.8
(−28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 25.3
(1.00)  | 24.1
(0.95)  | 40.1
(1.58)  | 47.0
(1.85)  | 42.6
(1.68)  | 18.9
(0.74)  | 5.9
(0.23)  | 5.5
(0.22)  | 10.4
(0.41)  | 31.8
(1.25)  | 34.5
(1.36)  | 29.4
(1.16)  | 315.5
(12.43)
Average rainy days  | 8.2  | 8.9  | 11.3  | 14.2  | 15.7  | 7.2  | 3.9  | 4.1  | 6.4  | 9.2  | 7.7  | 7.9  | 104.7
Average snowy days  | 7.6  | 7.7  | 7.1  | 2.1  | 0.3  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.9  | 3.5  | 6.3  | 35.5
Average relative humidity (%)  | 75  | 74  | 73  | 68  | 71  | 71  | 69  | 70  | 74  | 75  | 74  | 74  | 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 146.2  | 153.7  | 170.4  | 184.9  | 245.4  | 293.6  | 302.8  | 274.3  | 227.1  | 185.6  | 153.4  | 141.0  | 2,478.4
Source: [61]

Climate data for Bandar Abbas (1961–1990)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 47.0
(116.6)  | 51.0
(123.8)  | 48.0
(118.4)  | 46.0
(114.8)  | 45.0
(113.0)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 51.0
(123.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 36.3
(97.3)  | 38.4
(101.1)  | 38.2
(100.8)  | 37.7
(99.9)  | 36.8
(98.2)  | 35.0
(95.0)  | 30.4
(86.7)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 32.13
(89.83)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 26.8
(80.2)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 33.7
(92.7)  | 34.4
(93.9)  | 34.0
(93.2)  | 32.5
(90.5)  | 29.6
(85.3)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 27.2
(81.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 12.1
(53.8)  | 14.0
(57.2)  | 17.5
(63.5)  | 20.9
(69.6)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 30.1
(86.2)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 13.5
(56.3)  | 21.69
(71.04)
Record low °C (°F)  | 2.3
(36.1)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 7.6
(45.7)  | 11.5
(52.7)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 2.0
(35.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 39.7
(1.56)  | 47.5
(1.87)  | 34.8
(1.37)  | 10.7
(0.42)  | 4.8
(0.19)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.6
(0.02)  | 2.2
(0.09)  | 0.8
(0.03)  | 1.3
(0.05)  | 5.0
(0.20)  | 24.0
(0.94)  | 171.4
(6.74)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 3.3  | 3.1  | 2.6  | 1.3  | 0.2  | 0.0  | 0.1  | 0.2  | 0.1  | 0.1  | 0.4  | 2.3  | 13.7
Average relative humidity (%)  | 64  | 68  | 67  | 64  | 61  | 64  | 68  | 69  | 67  | 64  | 61  | 63  | 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 220.1  | 211.9  | 232.5  | 242.4  | 312.7  | 302.2  | 264.6  | 270.1  | 270.1  | 283.4  | 251.2  | 228.8  | 3,090
Source: NOAA (1961–1990)[62][63]

Climate data for Arak

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 35.0
(95.0)  | 41.0
(105.8)  | 44.0
(111.2)  | 41.0
(105.8)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 31.0
(87.8)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 44.0
(111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 4.2
(39.6)  | 7.3
(45.1)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 25.6
(78.1)  | 32.5
(90.5)  | 35.7
(96.3)  | 34.9
(94.8)  | 30.7
(87.3)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 7.7
(45.9)  | 20.8
(69.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | −0.8
(30.6)  | 1.9
(35.4)  | 7.8
(46.0)  | 13.4
(56.1)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 27.3
(81.1)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 15.6
(60.1)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 2.8
(37.0)  | 13.9
(57.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −5.7
(21.7)  | −3.4
(25.9)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 10.9
(51.6)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 13.1
(55.6)  | 7.9
(46.2)  | 2.4
(36.3)  | −2.1
(28.2)  | 7.0
(44.7)
Record low °C (°F)  | −29.6
(−21.3)  | −30.5
(−22.9)  | −22
(−8)  | −7.0
(19.4)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | −4.0
(24.8)  | −17
(1)  | −23
(−9)  | −30.5
(−22.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 51.6
(2.03)  | 43.3
(1.70)  | 57.1
(2.25)  | 53.6
(2.11)  | 30.0
(1.18)  | 2.8
(0.11)  | 1.2
(0.05)  | 1.6
(0.06)  | 0.9
(0.04)  | 16.9
(0.67)  | 33.7
(1.33)  | 44.4
(1.75)  | 337.1
(13.28)
Average rainy days  | 10.8  | 9.8  | 11.4  | 9.4  | 7.1  | 1.1  | 0.9  | 0.6  | 0.6  | 4.3  | 6.1  | 8.9  | 71
Average snowy days  | 7.6  | 6.4  | 3.2  | 0.5  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0.1  | 0.7  | 4.6  | 23.1
Average relative humidity (%)  | 72  | 66  | 54  | 48  | 41  | 29  | 28  | 27  | 28  | 41  | 57  | 68  | 47
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 152.0  | 170.9  | 206.2  | 225.7  | 288.3  | 345.0  | 334.8  | 330.9  | 305.1  | 259.3  | 185.9  | 154.3  | 2,958.4
Source: NOAA (1961–1990)[64]

## Flora and fauna

[edit]

See also: Wildlife of Iran, List of birds of Iran, List of mammals of Iran, and List of trees of Iran

Map of biotopes of Iran

Forest steppe

Forests and woodlands

Semi-desert

Desert lowlands

Steppe

Salted alluvial marshes

7% of the country is forested. The most extensive growths are found on the mountain slopes rising from the Caspian Sea, with stands of oak, ash, elm, cypress, and other valuable trees. On the plateau proper, areas of scrub oak appear on the best-watered mountain slopes, and villagers cultivate orchards and grow the plane tree, poplar, willow, walnut, beech, maple, and mulberry. Wild plants and shrubs spring from the barren land in the spring and afford pasturage, but the summer sun burns them away. According to FAO reports,[65] the major types of forests that exist in Iran and their respective areas are:

1. Caspian forests of the northern districts – 19,000 km2 (7,300 sq mi)
2. Limestone mountainous forests in the northeastern districts (Juniperus forests) – 13,000 km2 (5,000 sq mi)
3. Pistachio forests in the eastern, southern and southeastern districts – 26,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi)
4. Oak forests in the central and western districts – 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi)
5. Shrubs of the Kavir (desert) districts in the central and northeastern part of the country – 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi)
6. Sub-tropical forests of the southern coast, like the Hara forests – 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi)

Wildlife of Iran is diverse and composed of several animal species including bears, gazelles, wild pigs, wolves, jackals, panthers, Eurasian lynx, and foxes. Domestic animals include, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, water buffalo, donkeys, and camels. The pheasant, partridge, stork, eagles and falcon are also native to Iran.

As of 2001, 20 of Iran's mammal species and 14 bird species are endangered. Among them are the Baluchistan bear (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus), a subspecies of Asian black bear, Persian fallow deer, Siberian crane, hawksbill turtle, green turtle, Oxus cobra, Latifi's viper, dugong and dolphins. The Asiatic cheetah is a critically endangered species which is extinct elsewhere and now can only be found in central to northeastern parts of Iran.

Iran lost all its Asiatic lions and Caspian tigers by the earlier part of the 20th century. The Syrian wild ass has become extinct. Syrian brown bears in the mountains, wild sheep and goats, gazelles, Persian onagers, wild pigs, Persian leopards, and foxes abound. Domestic animals include sheep, goats, cattle, horses, water buffalo, donkeys, and camels. The pheasant, partridge, stork, and falcon are native to Iran.

The Persian leopard is said to be the largest of all the subspecies of leopards in the world. The main range of this species in Iran closely overlaps with that of bezoar ibex. Hence, it is found throughout Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges, as well as smaller ranges within the Iranian plateau. The leopard population is very sparse, due to loss of habitat, loss of natural prey, and population fragmentation.[citation needed] Apart from bezoar ibex, wild sheep, boar, deer, (either Caspian red deer or roe deer), and domestic animals constitute leopards' diet in Iran.

### Ecosystem and biosphere

[edit]

Main articles: List of national parks and protected areas of Iran and List of biosphere reserves in Iran

Iran's bio-diversity ranks 13th in the world.[citation needed] There are 272 conservation areas around Iran for a total of 17 million hectares under the supervision of the Department of Environment (Iran), variously named national parks, protected areas, and natural wildlife refuges, all meant to protect the genetic resources of the country. There are only 2,617 rangers and 430 environmental monitoring units engaged in protecting these vast areas, which amounts to 6,500 hectares to cover for each ranger.[66]

Ramsar sites (23 June 1975) | Area (km2)

|

Anzali Wetland Complex,[67] Gilan province | 150
Arjan Meadow,[68] Fars province | 22
Lake Gori,[69] East Azerbaijan province | 1.2
Lake Kobi,[70] West Azerbaijan province | 12
Lake Parishan,[68] Fars province | 40
Miankaleh Peninsula, Gorgan Bay, Lapoo-Zaghmarz Ab-bandan[71] Mazandaran province | 1000

## Environmental concerns

[edit]

Main article: Environmental issues in Iran

Natural hazards: periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes along western border and in the northeast

Environment – current issues: air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water in some areas; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization.

## Resources and land use

[edit]

See also: Mining in Iran, Agriculture in Iran, Economy of Iran, and Irrigation in Iran

Iranian provinces' contribution to GDP. Tehran host 45% of Iran's industries.[72]

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
arable land: 10.87%
permanent crops: 1.19%
other: 87.93% (2012 est.)

Irrigated land: 87,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi) (2009)

Total renewable water resources: 137 km3 (2011)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 93.3 km3/yr (7%/1%/92%)
per capita: 1,306 m3/yr (2004)

## Area and boundaries

[edit]

Satellite view of southern Pakistan, Iran and the Gulf of Oman

Further information: Provinces of Iran

Area

* total: 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)[73]
* country rank in the world: 17th
* land: 1,531,595 km2 (591,352 sq mi)
* water: 116,600 km2 (45,000 sq mi)

Area – comparative

* Australia comparative: slightly smaller than Queensland
* Canada comparative: slightly larger than Quebec
* United States comparative: slightly larger than Alaska
* EU comparative: slightly more than three times the size of Metropolitan France

Land boundaries

* total:
* 5,894 kilometres (3,662 mi)
* border countries: Afghanistan 921 kilometres (572 mi), Armenia 44 kilometres (27 mi), Azerbaijan-proper 432 kilometres (268 mi), Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan exclave 179 kilometres (111 mi), Iraq 1,599 kilometres (994 mi), Pakistan 909 kilometres (565 mi), Turkey 534 kilometres (332 mi), Turkmenistan 1,148 kilometres (713 mi).

Maritime boundaries

* Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan

Coastline

* 2,815 kilometres (1,749 mi)
* note: Iran also borders the Caspian Sea, for 740 kilometres (460 mi)

Maritime claims

* territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
* contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
* exclusive economic zone: 168,718 km2 (65,142 sq mi) with bilateral agreements, or median lines in the Persian Gulf
* continental shelf: natural prolongation

Elevation extremes

* lowest point: Caspian Sea −28 metres (−92 ft)
* highest point: Mount Damavand 5,610 metres (18,410 ft)

## International territorial disputes

[edit]

Main article: Foreign relations of Iran

Iran is currently engaged in international territorial disputes with several neighbouring countries.

The country protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries to the Helmand River in periods of drought. The lack of a maritime boundary in the Persian Gulf with Iraq also prompts jurisdictional disputes beyond the mouth of the Arvand Rud. Iran and the United Arab Emirates have a territorial dispute over the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Abu Musa islands, which are administered by Iran. Iran currently insists on dividing the Caspian Sea resources equally among the five littoral states, after the Russian-backed former soviet breakaway republics refused to respect the 50-50 agreements between Iran and the Soviet Union (despite their international obligation). Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan continue to claim territorial waters thus regarding the Caspian Sea as open international body of water, dismissing its geographically lake nature.[74]

* Photo gallery
* Southern Alborz range near Firouzkuh

* Maranjab dunes, Kavir desert, Kashan

* Aerial view of Mount Damavand, Mazandaran

* Badab-e Surt, Mazandaran

* Rain forest in Gilan

* Zayanderud and Khajoo Bridge over it in Isfahan

* Kabir Kuh ranges, part of Zagros Mountains in Ilam province

* Sunset in Ab-Pakhsh (Bushehr province)

## See also

[edit]

* Iran portal
* Geography portal

* Armenian highlands
* Caspian Sea
* Elburz Range forest steppe
* Hyrcanian forests
* International rankings of Iran
* List of castles in Iran
* List of caves in Iran
* List of earthquakes in Iran
* List of Iranian four-thousanders
* Provinces of Iran
* Counties of Iran
* List of cities in Iran by province
* List of largest cities of Iran
* Ramsar, Mazandaran: Highest natural radioactivity in the world
* Strait of Hormuz

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Including the de facto independent, but unrecognized Republic of Artsakh.

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[edit]

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*  This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Iran.

* Geography of Persia, Encyclopædia Iranica:
* i. Evolution of geographical knowledge.
* ii. Human geography.
* iii. Political geography.
* iv. Cartography of Persia.
* Iran in Maps – BBC (population, land, infrastructure)
* Iran Geography
* Flora of Iran by Pr Ahmad GHAHREMAN Archived 3 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
* Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan is a map from 1897

* v
* t
* e

Iran topics

History

Prehistory

Ancient|

| 3400–539 BC|

* Kura-Araxes culture (3400–2000 BC)
* Proto-Elamite civilization (3100–2700 BC)
* Elamite dynasties (2700–540 BC)
* Akkadian Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
* Lullubi (c.2300–675 BC)
* Kassites (c.1595–c.1155 BC)
* Kingdom of Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
* Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC)
* Urartu (860 BC–590 BC)
* Median Empire (678–549 BC)
* Scythian Kingdom (652–625 BC)
* Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BC)

|

550 BC–AD 224|

* Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
* Atropatene (c.323 BC–AD 226)
* Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
* Kingdom of Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
* Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC)
* Frataraka (c.295–220 BC)
* Kingdom of Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
* Parthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
* Kings of Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)

AD 224–651|

* Sasanian Empire (AD 224–651)

Medieval and
early modern|

| 632–1090|

* Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
* Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
* Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
* Samanid dynasty (819–999)
* Tahirid dynasty (821–873)
* Alavid dynasty (864–928)
* Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
* Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090)
* Buyid dynasty (934–1062)

|

977–1432|

* Ghaznavid Empire (977–1186)
* Ghurid dynasty (1011–1215)
* Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)
* Anushtegin dynasty (1077–1231)
* Eldiguzids (1135/36-1225)
* Kart dynasty (1244–1381)
* Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
* Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393)
* Jalayirid Sultanate dynasty (1335–1432)
* Chobanid dynasty (1338–1357)

1370–1925|

* Timurid Empire (1370–1507)
* Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1374–1468)
* Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508)
* Safavid Empire (1501–1736)
* Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)
* Zand Dynasty (1751–1794)
* Qajar Empire (1789–1925)
* Khanates of Azerbaijan (18th–20th centuries)
* Khanates of the Caucasus (18th–19th centuries)
* Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
* 1908 bombardment of the Majlis
* Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
* 1921 Persian coup d'état
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)

Modern|

| 1925–1979|

* Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)
* Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
* Iran crisis of 1946
* Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
* 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
* 1953 coup d'état
* Iranian Revolution (1979)

|

Islamic Republic
1979–present|

* History (1979–)
* Interim Government (1979)
* March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
* 1979 Khuzestan insurgency
* Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
* December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
* Iranian Embassy siege (1980)
* Nojeh coup plot (1980)
* Iran–Iraq War (1980–88)
* Interim Government of Iran (1981)
* 1987 Mecca incident
* Iran Air Flight 655 shootdown (1988)
* KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
* PJAK conflict (2004–)
* 2009 Iranian presidential election protests
* Syrian civil war (2011–)
* International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
* Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
* United States withdrawal (2018)
* 2017–2018 Iranian protests
* 2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
* COVID-19 pandemic
* 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
* 2019–2020 Iranian protests
* 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
* 2021–2022 Iranian protests
* 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
* Iran–Israel war

See also|

* Ancient Persians
* Greater Iran
* Persianization
* Persianate society
* Turco-Persian
* Indo-Persian
* Iranic peoples
* languages
* Jiroft culture
* Aryans
* Azerbaijanis
* Peoples of the Caucasus
* Persians
* Monarchs of Persia
* Heads of state of Iran
* History of democracy in classical Iran
* Military history
* Electric history
* Years in Iran

Geography

* Borders
* Cities
* largest
* twin towns and sister cities
* Earthquakes
* Environmental issues
* Climate change
* Iranian Azerbaijan
* Iranian Balochistan
* Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
* Caucasus
* Iranian Kurdistan
* Iranian plateau
* Lake Urmia
* Islands
* Mountains
* Provinces
* Wildlife

Politics

| General|

* Censorship
* Constitution (Persian Constitutional Revolution)
* Corruption
* Elections (2009 presidential)
* Foreign relations
* Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
* Human rights
* Children's rights
* LGBT
* Women's rights
* Judicial system
* Military (Army
* Air Force
* Navy)
* Ministry of Intelligence
* Cyberwarfare
* Nuclear program (UN Security Council Resolution 1747)
* Political parties
* Principlists
* Propaganda
* Reformists
* Terrorism (state-sponsorship allegations)
* White Revolution (1963)
* Women's rights movement

|

Councils|

* Assembly (or Council) of Experts
* Expediency Discernment Council
* Guardian Council
* Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
* Local councils
* Supreme National Security Council

Officials|

* Ambassadors
* President
* Provincial governors
* Supreme Leader

Economy

| General|

* Bonyad (charitable trust)
* Brain drain
* Companies (Automotive industry)
* Child labour
* Corruption
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* Economic history
* Economic Reform Plan
* Energy
* Environmental issues
* Foreign direct investment
* Intellectual property
* International oil bourse
* International rankings
* Iran and the World Trade Organization
* Taxation
* Main economic laws
* Economy of the Middle East
* Milad Tower and complex
* Military equipment manufactured
* Nuclear program (UN Security Council Resolution 1747)
* Privatization
* Rial (currency)
* Space Agency
* Setad
* Supreme Audit Court
* Tehran Stock Exchange
* Venture capital (Technology start-ups)

|

Sectors|

* Agriculture (fruit)
* Banking and insurance
* Central Bank
* Shetab Banking System
* Construction
* Defense
* Health care (Pharmaceuticals)
* Industry
* Mining
* Petroleum (Anglo-Persian Oil Company)
* Telecommunications and IT (TCI)
* Transport (airlines
* metro
* railways
* shipping)
* Tourism

State-owned
companies|

* Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
* Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
* Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
* Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
* National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
* National Development Fund

Places|

* Asaluyeh industrial corridor
* Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
* Kish Island Free Trade Zone
* Research centers

Society

| Demographics|

| Languages|

* Persian (Farsi)
* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Kurdish
* Hebrew
* Georgian
* Neo-Aramaic
* Iranian languages

|

Peoples|

* Iranian citizens (abroad)
* Ethnic minorities
* Armenians
* Assyrians
* Azerbaijanis
* Circassians
* Georgians
* Kurds
* Jews
* Turkmen

Religion|

* Islam
* Baháʼí Faith (persecution)
* Christianity
* Zoroastrians (persecution)
* Freedom of religion

Other|

* Corruption
* Crime
* Education (higher
* Intellectual movements
* scientists and scholars
* universities)
* International rankings
* Nationality
* Water supply and sanitation
* Women

Culture|

* Architecture (Achaemenid
* architects)
* Art (modern / contemporary)
* Astronomy
* Blogs
* Calendars (Persian New Year (Nowruz))
* Fashion
* Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
* Cinema
* Cuisine (wine)
* Folklore
* Intellectual movements
* Iranians
* Iranian studies
* Islam (Islamization)
* Literature
* Media (news agencies (student)
* newspapers)
* Mythology
* National Jewels
* National symbols (Imperial Anthem)
* Opium consumption
* Persian gardens
* Persian name
* Philosophy
* Public holidays
* Scouting
* Sport (football)

Music|

* Folk
* Jazz
* Pop
* Rap and hip-hop
* Rock
* Traditional
* Ey Iran

Other topics|

* Science and technology
* Anti-Iranian sentiment
* Tehrangeles

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Geography of Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Climate of Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

32°00′N 53°00′E﻿ / ﻿32.000°N 53.000°E﻿ / 32.000; 53.000
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