Geography of the North Cascades

Main article: North Cascades

The geography of the North Cascades describes a range of rugged mountains in British Columbia, Canada and Washington, United States. In Canada, the range is officially named the Cascade Mountains but is commonly referred to as the Canadian Cascades.

Sahale Peak

## Extent

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The Fraser River and Similkameen River in British Columbia form the northern boundary of the North Cascades. On the east, the Okanogan River and the Columbia River bound the range. On the west within the United States, the foothills of the range are separated by a narrow coastal plain from Puget Sound, whereas in Canada there are few if any foothills and the range drops steeply to the floodplain of the Fraser Lowland.

The southern boundary of the North Cascades is less definite. For the purposes of this article, it will be taken as US Highway 2, running over Stevens Pass, or equivalently, the Skykomish River, Nason Creek, and the lower Wenatchee River. This roughly follows Beckey's division.[1]: 17 Sometimes the southern boundary is defined by Snoqualmie Pass and the approximate route of Interstate 90.[2]

## Subranges

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Mount Despair, located within North Cascades National Park

There are various formally named subranges, and some informally named ones. Formally named subranges include the:

* Okanagan Range
* Hozameen Range
* Bedded Range
* Skagit Range
* Cheam Range ("Four Brothers")
* Picket Range

Informally named ranges include the Coquihalla Range, which lies between the Coquihalla River and the Fraser Canyon south of an imaginary line roughly connecting Coquihalla Pass with the town of Boston Bar. The Coquihalla Range includes a group of horn-like summits known as the Anderson River Group, also known as the Llamoid Group due to conferred names such as Vicuna Peak, Yak Peak, Guanaco Peak, etc.

## Protected areas

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A group of hikers in E.C. Manning Provincial Park.

The North Cascades include various protected areas. Chief among the areas in Washington is North Cascades National Park, occupying much of the area between Mount Baker and the Cascade divide. Contiguous with the Park are Ross Lake National Recreation Area and Lake Chelan National Recreation Area. Designated wilderness areas in the range include:

* Mount Baker Wilderness
* Glacier Peak Wilderness
* Boulder River Wilderness
* Henry M. Jackson Wilderness,
* Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness
* Noisy-Diobsud Wilderness
* Pasayten Wilderness
* Stephen Mather Wilderness
* Wild Sky Wilderness

In British Columbia, protected areas include

* Skagit Valley Provincial Park
* E.C. Manning Provincial Park
* Cascade Recreation Area
* Cathedral Provincial Park
* Coquihalla Canyon Provincial Park

## Notable peaks

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The following North Cascades peaks are notable for their height (absolute elevation):

Mountain  | Height  | Coordinates  | Prominence | Parent mountain  | First ascent

|
|
|
|
|

| (ft)  | (m)  |  | (ft)  | (m)  |  |
Mount Baker | 10,778  | 3,285  | 48°46′N 121°48′W﻿ / ﻿48.767°N 121.800°W﻿ / 48.767; -121.800 | 8,881  | 2,707  | Mount Rainier | 1868 by Edmund T. Coleman and party
Glacier Peak | 10,541  | 3,213  | 48°6′45.05″N 121°6′49.70″W﻿ / ﻿48.1125139°N 121.1138056°W﻿ / 48.1125139; -121.1138056 | 7,501  | 2,286  | Mount Rainier | 1898 by Thomas Gerdine
Bonanza Peak | 9,511  | 2,899  | 48°14′16″N 120°51′58″W﻿ / ﻿48.23778°N 120.86611°W﻿ / 48.23778; -120.86611 | 3,711  | 1,131  | Glacier Peak | 1937 by Curtis James, Barrie James, Joe Leuthold
Mount Fernow | 9,249  | 2,819  | 48°09′44″N 120°48′30″W﻿ / ﻿48.16222°N 120.80833°W﻿ / 48.16222; -120.80833 | 2,809  | 856  | Bonanza Peak | 1932 by Oscar Pennington, Hermann Ulrichs
Goode Mountain | 9,220  | 2,810  | 48°28′58″N 120°54′39″W﻿ / ﻿48.48278°N 120.91083°W﻿ / 48.48278; -120.91083 | 3,800  | 1,200  | Bonanza Peak | 1936 by Wolf Bauer, Philip Dickett, Joe Halwax, Jack Hossack, George MacGowan

(The above table uses a topographic prominence cutoff of 1,000 feet (300 m), in order to list only highly independent peaks.)

Mount Baker with Boulder Glacier in foreground.

The following peaks are notable for their topographic prominence:

Mountain  | Height  | Prominence | Parent mountain

|
|
|

| (ft)  | (m)  | (ft)  | (m)  |
Mount Baker | 10,778  | 3,285  | 8,881  | 2,707  | Mount Rainier
Glacier Peak | 10,541  | 3,213  | 7,501  | 2,286  | Mount Rainier
Round Mountain | 5,320  | 1,620  | 4,780  | 1,460  | Mount Baker
Mount Spickard | 8,979  | 2,737  | 4,779  | 1,457  | Mount Baker
Welch Peak | 7,976  | 2,431  | 4,728  | 1,441  | Robinson Mountain
Three Fingers | 6,850  | 2,090  | 4,490  | 1,370  | Glacier Peak
Mount Shuksan[3] | 9,131  | 2,783  | 4,411  | 1,344  | Mount Baker
Remmel Mountain | 8,684  | 2,647  | 4,370  | 1,330  | Mount Lago
Mount Prophet | 7,650  | 2,330  | 4,080  | 1,240  | Three Fingers
Mount Outram  | 8,074  | 2,461  | 3,678  | 1,121  | Hozomeen Mountain
Mount Lago | 8,743  | 2,665  | 3,300  | 1,000  | Silver Star Mountain

The following peaks are notable for their large, steep rise above local terrain. Peaks are listed in descending order by elevation.

Jack Mountain Hozomeen Mountain from Hozomeen Lake Mountain  | Height

|

| (ft)  | (m)
Mount Baker | 10,778  | 3,285
Glacier Peak | 10,541  | 3,213
Goode Mountain | 9,220  | 2,810
Mount Shuksan | 9,127  | 2,782
Jack Mountain | 9,066  | 2,763
North Gardner Mountain | 8,956  | 2,730
Mount Redoubt | 8,956  | 2,730
Eldorado Peak | 8,876  | 2,705
Luna Peak | 8,311  | 2,533
Johannesburg Mountain | 8,220  | 2,510
Agnes Mountain | 8,115  | 2,473
Hozomeen Mountain | 8,066  | 2,459
Slesse Mountain | 8,002  | 2,439
American Border Peak | 7,994  | 2,437
Mount Blum | 7,680  | 2,340
Sloan Peak | 7,835  | 2,388
Colonial Peak | 7,771  | 2,369
Mount Triumph | 7,270  | 2,220
Pugh Mountain | 7,201  | 2,195
Davis Peak | 7,051  | 2,149
Whitehorse Mountain | 6,850  | 2,090
Baring Mountain | 6,125  | 1,867

## Highest waterfalls

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Further information: Waterfalls of the North Fork Cascade River Valley

The North Cascades are known for having many extremely tall glacial-fed waterfalls; the ten highest measured waterfalls are listed.

Waterfall  | Height  | Stream  | Location  | Coordinates

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| (ft)  | (m)  |  |  |
Colonial Creek Falls | 2,584  | 788  | Colonial Creek | Diablo Lake | 48°40′13″N 121°08′26″W﻿ / ﻿48.67023°N 121.14044°W﻿ / 48.67023; -121.14044
Johannesburg Falls | 2,465  | 751  | Unnamed  | Below Johannesburg Peak, near Mount Torment | 48°28′36″N 121°05′29″W﻿ / ﻿48.47655°N 121.09132°W﻿ / 48.47655; -121.09132
Sulphide Creek Falls | 2,182  | 665  | Sulphide Creek | Eastern boundary of North Cascades National Park | 48°47′47″N 121°34′32″W﻿ / ﻿48.79647°N 121.57563°W﻿ / 48.79647; -121.57563
Silver Lake Falls | 2,128  | 649  | Silver Creek  | Near Mount Spickard in North Cascades National Park | 48°59′21″N 121°13′22″W﻿ / ﻿48.98917°N 121.22278°W﻿ / 48.98917; -121.22278
Blum Basin Falls | 1,680  | 510  | Blum Creek | Below Mount Blum | 48°44′01″N 121°30′09″W﻿ / ﻿48.73368°N 121.50263°W﻿ / 48.73368; -121.50263
Boston Creek Falls | 1,627  | 496  | Boston Creek  | Near North Fork Cascade River | 48°29′35″N 121°04′32″W﻿ / ﻿48.49298°N 121.07549°W﻿ / 48.49298; -121.07549
Torment Falls | 1,583  | 482  | Torment Creek  | Near North Fork Cascade River | 48°29′50″N 121°06′22″W﻿ / ﻿48.49719°N 121.10602°W﻿ / 48.49719; -121.10602
Green Lake Falls | 979  | 298  | Unnamed fork of Bacon Creek | Near Green Lake in North Cascades National Park | 48°41′34″N 121°29′34″W﻿ / ﻿48.69271°N 121.49285°W﻿ / 48.69271; -121.49285
Depot Creek Falls | 967  | 295  | Depot Creek  | Near Mount Redoubt, North Cascades National Park | 48°58′38″N 121°17′05″W﻿ / ﻿48.97732°N 121.28477°W﻿ / 48.97732; -121.28477
Rainy Lake Falls | 800  | 240  | Unnamed  | Rainy Lake, Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest | 48°29′49″N 120°44′45″W﻿ / ﻿48.49694°N 120.74583°W﻿ / 48.49694; -120.74583

[4] Many tall waterfalls occur where meltwater from mountain glaciers drop down a headwall, which are common occurrences in the North Cascades. Many waterfalls, despite their great height, are non-notable as they are not clearly visible and often have low volume. Seahpo Peak Falls, despite its great height at nearly 2,200 feet (670 m), is an example of one of these waterfalls. A few notable exceptions do occur; Sulphide Creek Falls occurs where meltwaters from two of the largest Mount Shuksan glaciers are forced through a narrow chute over a 2,183-foot (665 m) headwall at the head of Sulphide Valley.

## Features

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Geographical features in the area of the North Cascades National Park can be found in this image map:

Painting of North Cascades Nat'l Park by Heinrich C. Berann. Aerial view of the entire park from the east, looking west. Ross Lake is in the foreground, drained by the Skagit River flowing toward Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the background. Mount Baker is prominently visible on the upper right. Mouse over the picture and click on an area of interest.

## References

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1. ^ Beckey, Fred (1987). Cascade Alpine Guide. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). The Mountaineers. ISBN 0-89886-152-7.
2. ^ "Level III and Level IV Ecoregions of the Northwestern United States" (PDF). Western Ecology Division. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
3. ^ "Mount Shuksan, Washington". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
4. ^ "Showing All Waterfalls In Washington". Bryan Swan and Dean Goss. World Waterfall Database. Retrieved 2009-05-19.