George Washington Memorial Parkway

7,142-acre parkway maintained by the National Park Service

George Washington Memorial Parkway

G.W. Parkway

Route information
Maintained by NPS
Length| 24.9 mi[1] (40.1 km)
Existed| May 29, 1930 (1930-05-29)–present
Tourist
routes|  George Washington Memorial Parkway
Restrictions| No trucks[2]
Southern segment
South end|  SR 235 in Mount Vernon, VA
North end|  SR 400 in Alexandria, VA
Northern segment
South end|  SR 400 in Alexandria, VA
Major intersections|

* SR 233 in Arlington, VA
* I-395 / US 1 in Arlington, VA
* SR 27 in Washington, DC
* I-66 / US 50 in Arlington, VA
* US 29 in Arlington, VA
* SR 123 in McLean, VA

North end|  I-495 in McLean, VA
Location
Country| United States
States| Virginia, District of Columbia
Highway system

* Streets and Highways of Washington, DC

* Interstate
* US
* DC
* State-Named Streets

* Virginia Routes

* Interstate
* US
* Primary
* Secondary
* Byways
* History
* HOT lanes

* Scenic Byways

* National
* National Forest
* BLM
* NPS

The George Washington Memorial Parkway, colloquially the G.W. Parkway,[3][4] is a 25-mile-long (40 km) limited-access parkway that runs along the south bank of the Potomac River from Mount Vernon, Virginia, northwest to McLean, Virginia, and is maintained by the National Park Service (NPS). It is located almost entirely in Northern Virginia, except for a short portion of the parkway northwest of the Arlington Memorial Bridge that passes over Columbia Island in Washington, D.C.

The parkway is separated into two sections joined by Washington Street (State Route 400) in Alexandria. A third section, which is the Clara Barton Parkway, runs on the opposite side of the Potomac River in the District of Columbia and suburban Montgomery County, Maryland. A fourth section was originally proposed for Fort Washington, Maryland, but never built. The parkway has been designated an All-American Road.

Virginia's official state designation for the parkway is State Route 90005.[5]

## Route description

[edit]

### Southern section

[edit]

View north at the south end of the parkway in Mount Vernon

At Mount Vernon, the parkway begins at a traffic circle, where it joins and leaves SR 235. Most of this route was taken from the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Railway's right-of-way. The southern section is an expressway with at-grade intersections. It extends from Mount Vernon, past Fort Hunt to South Washington Street at the southern end of Alexandria. The Mount Vernon Trail parallels the southern and middle sections of the parkway (from Mount Vernon to Theodore Roosevelt Island), and is often filled with recreational and commuter cyclists and runners. Points of interest on or near the parkway are Mount Vernon Plantation, Huntley Meadows Park, P. O. Box 1142, Fort Hunt Park, Dyke Marsh, Hunting Creek, Jones Point, and the Woodrow Wilson Bridge.

Although designated as part of the George Washington Memorial Parkway, Washington Street in Alexandria still belongs to and is maintained by the City of Alexandria. In 1929, the city and the federal government entered into a memorandum of agreement (MOA). The MOA gave the federal government a permanent and irrevocable easement over Washington Street. It also called for the construction of roundabouts at both the north and south ends of Washington Street as transition points between the rural and urban sections of the parkway.[6] Finally, the MOA required Alexandria to adopt zoning regulations so that construction along Washington Street would be "of such character and of such types of buildings as will be in keeping with the dignity, purpose and memorial character of said highway".[7]

Commercial vehicles, such as trucks, are prohibited from the George Washington Memorial Parkway. However, taxicabs and airport shuttles are allowed to operate on the parkway.[2]

### Northern section

[edit]

View south at the north end of the parkway in McLean View north along the parkway on Columbia Island in Washington, D.C.

The northern section extends from North Washington Street at First Street, at the northern end of Old Town Alexandria, to its terminus at Interstate 495 (I-495, Capital Beltway), in Fairfax County, just south of the Potomac River. It follows the Potomac River, passing through Arlington County, and serves as the primary access point to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. The Parkway also provides automobile access to Theodore Roosevelt Island, the LBJ National Grove, Gravelly Point Park, Fort Marcy, Columbia Island Marina and Turkey Run Park. There are scenic view rest areas for those wishing to view the Georgetown skyline and the Potomac Palisades. The cloverleaf interchange with the 14th Street Bridge, dating to 1932, is one of the oldest cloverleaf interchanges in the United States. The Spout Run Parkway connects the George Washington Memorial Parkway to US Route 29 (US 29), providing an indirect connection to I-66. The portion of the parkway north of National Airport and SR 233 is part of the National Highway System.

## History

[edit]

### Early efforts to build a road

[edit]

The trip by DC area residents to see George Washington's family estate at Mount Vernon was seen in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a patriotic duty as well as an opportunity to learn about American history and democratic values. In the late 19th century, most people took a steamboat excursion from DC (it also made a stop in Alexandria).[8] By the 1920s, 200,000 people a year were visiting Mount Vernon.[9]

In the 1880s, officials in Alexandria, Virginia, attempted to boost local commerce by advocating for a "national road" to Mount Vernon. They formed the Mount Vernon Avenue Association in September 1887, to promote this idea.[10] Congress appropriated $10,000 for a survey in 1889. The United States Army Corps of Engineers conducted the survey, and in its report agreed that a superior, no-expense-spared road from Alexandria to Mount Vernon was necessary. However, construction of the Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Railway (an inexpensive commuter trolley/streetcar system) between 1892 and 1896 dealt a serious blow to the plan.[11]

During the Alexandria Sesquicentennial in 1899, several Alexandria civic boosters called for a bridge to be built between Alexandria and Washington, DC. This reignited interest in a roadway to Mount Vernon. The idea generated interest among many of the individuals active in the City Beautiful movement, Colonial Revival architecture movement, and groups dedicated to promoting local and national history. Soon, the idea of a roadway became a call for a grandiose, monumental avenue lined with Beaux-Arts memorials, tombs, and roadside attractions. The idea received even more impetus when the Daughters of the American Revolution took up the cause.[12] In 1902, the McMillan Plan endorsed a road along the Virginia side of the Potomac River shoreline. Although Virginia was outside the plan's scope, the Senate Park Commission (which drafted the plan) saw a Mount Vernon avenue as an extension of the DC park system as well as a means of protecting the Great Falls of the Potomac River and the Potomac Palisades. The McMillan Plan, however, focused not on a monumental avenue but on tree-lined boulevards and quiet carriage paths designed to relax and calm.[13]

### First efforts by Bureau of Public Roads

[edit]

The Mount Vernon Avenue Association disbanded some time during World War I,[14] but the concept of a Mount Vernon roadway was now championed by the federal Bureau of Public Roads (BPR). The BPR seized on the idea in the 1920s as a means of demonstrating the latest highway construction technology. Its first proposals were merely to upgrade the existing roads in the area and perhaps add a tree-lined boulevard, with formal, uninspired masonry bridges.[15] But the BPR's proposals quickly evolved into much more. The agency hired Gilmore David Clarke and Jay Downer, who had designed the highly celebrated Central Westchester Parkway in New York, as consultants. They quickly proposed a more elaborate system of plantings, historic roadside pullouts, and scenic overlooks, and a more sinuous road design. The BPR began calling the road a "highway" rather than a parkway to de-emphasize its commemorative nature in the hope that Congress would fund its construction.[16]

As the bicentennial anniversary of the birth of George Washington approached in 1932, the BPR took advantage of the national interest in the nation's first president to push its idea for a Mount Vernon roadway. It changed its approach, now re-emphasizing the commemorative nature of the road. It also began publishing books, pamphlets, and technical drawings; printing photographs; displaying models in the Capitol Rotunda; and exhibiting Washingtoniana alongside its materials in a well-organized public relations push designed to build public support for the project and win congressional approval. It even commissioned a 30-minute film lauding the idea.[17]

The establishment of the George Washington Bicentennial Commission was the critical event which got the highway bill through Congress.[18] During hearings in the House of Representatives on the issue, the American Civic Association, the National Council for the Protection of Roadside Beauty, and other groups testified that the existing roads to Mount Vernon were heavily lined with tawdry billboards, tourist traps, garish filling stations, and fast food joints.[19] Representative R. Walton Moore introduced legislation in early 1924 to build a memorial highway to Mount Vernon, which was endorsed by the District of Columbia Chapter of the Colonial Dames of America and Charles Moore, chairman of the United States Commission of Fine Arts.[20] During House hearings in April 1924, the BPR drew attention to the poor condition of the existing roads, and their inability to handle more traffic. Although the existing Mount Vernon Avenue from Arlington National Cemetery to Alexandria was in good condition, the roads from Arlington Memorial Bridge to Mount Vernon Avenue and from Gum Springs to Mount Vernon were not. The BPR said a highway along the existing ridge-top route would cost $890,000 to $1.2 million (and it recommended the latter).[21] But the 1924 bill went nowhere.

Rep. Moore introduced another bill in 1926. Although this bill also failed, the House Committee on Roads passed a bill authorizing BPR to survey "a route" and provide cost estimates for construction. Historic American Buildings Survey historian Sara Amy Leach has suggested that BPR's emphasis on an extremely wide right-of-way indicates that the agency was willing to abandon the inland, ridge-top route in favor of one along the Potomac River's edge.[22] Just who suggested the river's edge route is not clear, but Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. of the famed nationally known park landscaping firm from New York, is known to have suggested it in March 1926, to Commission of Fine Arts chairman Moore, who passed it along to Rep. Moore, who in turn passed it on to BPR. But in May 1926, the BPR issued a draft report in which it still favored the ridge-top route. BPR then abandoned this idea, and produced a final report in January 1927, advocating the river's edge route.[23] The river's edge route was relatively flat (unlike the ridge-top route, which had steep grades), had few intersecting roads, needed few underpasses and overpasses, and nearly all the land was already owned by the federal government. It was admittedly more expensive than the ridge-top route ($4.2 million, or 25 percent more). The Secretary of War, Commission of Fine Arts, National Capital Park and Planning Commission, Virginia Highway Commission, and Alexandria Chamber of Commerce all supported the BPR proposal.[24] Opposition to the river's edge route came from Fairfax County merchants, who pointed to the ridge-top route's extensive vistas, the need for extensive land reclamation at several points (Fourmile Run, Roaches Run, and Great Hunting Creek), and the proximity of the route to the railroad tracks and industrial buildings at the Potomac Yards.[25]

### The Mount Vernon Memorial Highway of 1928

[edit]

United States historic place

Mount Vernon Memorial Highway

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Virginia Landmarks Register

Show map of the District of Columbia

Show map of the United States

Location| Washington St. and George Washington Memorial Pkwy., Washington, DC
Area| 515 acres (208 ha)
Built| 1929-1970
Architect| US Bureau of Public Roads
NRHP reference No.| 81000079[26]
VLR No.| 029-0218
Significant dates
Added to NRHP| May 18, 1981
Designated VLR| March 17, 1981[27]
Mount Vernon Memorial Highway in 1935

In 1928, Moore and Senator Claude A. Swanson introduced identical bills (S.1369 and H.R. 4625) to build a memorial highway from Arlington Memorial Bridge to Mount Vernon at a cost of $4.5 million. The Washington Bicentennial Commission would oversee the project, with support from the United States Department of Agriculture with surveys, architectural and engineering plans, land acquisition, construction, etc. The bicentennial commission was also authorized to determine the route. Proponents of the ridge-top route pressed their case, but Moore pointed to the 1927 BPR report, as expert proof that the river's-edge route was preferable. Support for the Moore-Swanson bill also came from President Calvin Coolidge, the bicentennial commission, the US Senate, the Bureau of the Budget, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the George Washington Masonic National Memorial Association.[28] S. 1369 passed the Senate on March 6, 1928.[29]

In the House, the cost of the bill, the use of federal funds for a local infrastructure project, and concerns that a highway was not the appropriate way to commemorate George Washington all were raised as objections to the bill. Rep. Louis C. Cramton, leader of a coalition of interests that wanted to protect the Potomac River banks from any development, criticized the damage to the environment the highway would cause, the stuffy architectural designs, and the elaborate roadside attractions which had been proposed.[30] But patriotic concerns won the day. The House voted in favor of HR 4625 by a margin of 177 to 61 on May 22, 1928.[31] President Calvin Coolidge signed the measure into law on May 24.[32]

The legislation authorizing construction of the George Washington Memorial Highway is Public Law 493. Its formal title is "An act to authorize and direct the survey, construction, and maintenance of a memorial highway to connect Mount Vernon, in the State of Virginia, with the Arlington Memorial Bridge across the Potomac River at Washington." After the law's passage, BPR issued yet another report advocating the river's edge route. On January 25, 1929, the bicentennial commission decided the highway should follow the river route.[31][33]

### Expansion into the current parkway

[edit]

The parkway's original name was the Mount Vernon Memorial Highway. But Congress renamed it the George Washington Memorial Parkway in 1930, and authorized its extension to the "Great Falls of the Potomac River".[34] The idea for a large George Washington Memorial Parkway came from Rep. Cramton, who introduced legislation in January 1929, to construct a larger system of roads and parks.[35][36] In the US Senate, the bill was amended by Sen. Carter Glass to include a bridge across the Potomac at the Great Falls.[37] Congress enacted the "Act of May 29, 1930" (46 Stat. 482)—more commonly known as the Capper-Cramton Act—to establish the George Washington Memorial Parkway. The Act appropriated $13.5 million to acquire land and build a Parkway on the Virginia southern shoreline from Mount Vernon to the Great Falls" (excluding the city of Alexandria), and to also build a parkway on the Maryland northern shoreline from Fort Washington, Maryland, to the Great Falls of the Potomac (excluding the District of Columbia). A bridge across the Potomac at or near the Great Falls was also included in the final bill. Included in the parkway were to be lands to extend the park and playground lands of the National Capital Parks system, and for the acquisition and preservation of the Patowmack Canal and a portion (below Point of Rocks) of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.[38]

The George Washington Memorial Parkway was built in stages between 1929 and 1970.[39] The first segment, the Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, stretches from Arlington Memorial Bridge to Mount Vernon and was completed in 1932.[39] That segment of highway was informally opened on January 16, 1932. The dedication ceremony was headed by President Herbert Hoover who became the first person to drive it, leading a small party of 12 cars across the Arlington Memorial Bridge and down the George Washington Parkway to Mount Vernon as a kick-off for Washington's 200th birthday celebration.[40] Due to a lack of lights, ongoing construction and poor connections on the Virginia side, the bridge and highway were only open during daylight hours on Saturday and Sunday. Weekend-only operations ended on March 16, 1932.[41] Though temporary lights were added in time for the 200th birthday, the highway wasn't opened for day and night use until both the bridge and highway were officially illuminated on May 6, 1932.[42][43]

The northern sections of the Parkway were mostly completed in the 1950s-1960s.[39] The portion of the parkway from Glebe Road to I-495, was built primarily to provide access for workers at the new Central Intelligence Agency headquarters in Langley, Virginia, in 1959.[44] The portion of the parkway just north of the Key Bridge was considered a model of modern highway design, and it was featured in many scholarly papers, engineering journals, and textbooks of the day.[45] The Capper-Cramton Act received significant amendments in 1946, 1952, and 1958, both funding and terminating significant portions of the unbuilt parkway.[38] The most significant changes came when Congress declined to fund construction of the segments from Fort Washington to the District of Columbia, from I-495 in Virginia to the Great Falls, and from MacArthur Boulevard/Carderock north to the Great Falls. Significant opposition to these segments emerged from the Izaak Walton League, the Wilderness Society, and other groups, which argued that the environmental damage caused by these segments would be too severe to justify their construction.[46]

Over time, small additions were made to the parks and roads included in the larger areas administered by the George Washington Memorial Parkway. These included Memorial Drive (the short section of roadway from the Arlington Memorial Bridge to the entrance of Arlington National Cemetery, at Theodore Roosevelt Island (added in 1933), and the LBJ Memorial Grove on Columbia Island in 1974.[47]

### Administrative history

[edit]

I-495 Interchange with the North Entrance to the George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Memorial Parkway and the Chain Bridge North Bound Lanes of the George Washington Memorial Parkway at Spout Run North and South Bound Lanes of the George Washington Memorial Parkway

The parkway was authorized May 29, 1930, and transferred from the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital on August 10, 1933. On November 28, 1989, the portion in Maryland was renamed the Clara Barton Parkway. The parkway also administers other National Park Service features and areas in the vicinity. Parkway sites include:[48]

* Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
* Arlington Memorial Bridge & Avenue
* Arlington Ridge Park
* Belle Haven Park & Marina
* Clara Barton National Historic Site
* Clara Barton Parkway
* Claude Moore Colonial Farm
* Collingwood Picnic Area
* Columbia Island Marina
* Daingerfield Island
* Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve
* Fort Hunt Park
* Fort Marcy Park
* Glen Echo Park
* Gravelly Point
* Great Falls Park
* Jones Point Park & Lighthouse
* Lady Bird Johnson Park
* Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac
* Mount Vernon Trail
* Navy – Merchant Marine Memorial
* Netherlands Carillon
* Potomac Heritage Trail
* Riverside Park
* Roaches Run Waterfowl Sanctuary
* Spout Run Parkway
* Theodore Roosevelt Island
* Turkey Run Park
* U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial)
* Washington Sailing Marina
* Women in Military Service for America Memorial

Information, brochures, maps, and stamps are in the Parkway headquarters located next to the US Park Police station in McLean, Virginia. The Park Police is the primary police agency responsible for patrolling the George Washington Parkway, the Clara Barton Parkway, and the above listed areas.

### Previously proposed connection

[edit]

Main article: Clara Barton Parkway

Northern section of the George Washington Memorial Parkway, Arlington, Virginia

The Clara Barton Parkway is administratively part of the George Washington Memorial Parkway. It was signed and designated as the George Washington Memorial Parkway until 1989, when it was renamed to overcome motorist confusion with the main segment in Virginia.[49]

The parkways on the two sides of the river were originally supposed to be joined by a bridge at the Great Falls of the Potomac River. However, opposition from preservationists led to the cancellation of that bridge. Instead, traffic between the two parkways uses the American Legion Bridge downstream. The Virginia side of the Potomac River at Great Falls is managed by the Superintendent of the parkway as a national park site, known as Great Falls Park. Some elements of the proposed final parkway configuration—such as the concrete bridge that would have carried northbound traffic at the Glen Echo turn-around—were built but have never been used.[citation needed]

## Major intersections

[edit]

All exits are unnumbered.

State| County| Location| mi[1]| km| Destinations| Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

Virginia| Fairfax| Mount Vernon| 0.0| 0.0|

SR 235 to I-95 north – Washington| Traffic circle
Fort Hunt| 2.7| 4.3| Fort Hunt Road – Fort Hunt Park|
Hunting Creek| 8.4| 13.5| Bridge; southern terminus of SR 400
City of Alexandria| 8.9| 14.3| Gibbon Street to  I-95 / US 1 – Richmond|
9.3| 15.0|
SR 236 west (Duke Street)| Eastern terminus of SR 236, Duke Street continues east
9.5| 15.3|
SR 7 west (King Street)| Eastern terminus of SR 7, King Street continues east
10.2| 16.4| First Street / Abingdon Drive| At-grade intersection; northern terminus of SR 400
Four Mile Run| 12.1| 19.5| Bridge
Arlington| Crystal City| 12.5| 20.1|  Reagan National Airport| No northbound exit; via SR 233
13.2| 21.2|  Reagan National Airport| No southbound entrance; via West Entrance Road
Long Bridge Park| 14.3| 23.0|
I-395 (US 1) to I-66 – Richmond, Washington| Exits 10B-C on I-395
District of Columbia| Washington
(Columbia Island)| 14.7–
15.6| 23.7–
25.1|
US 50 west / Arlington Memorial Bridge – Arlington Cemetery| US 50 not signed southbound
15.4| 24.8|
SR 27 to I-395 – LBJ Memorial Grove, Pentagon| No direct northbound exit
Virginia| Arlington| Rosslyn| 16.1| 25.9|
I-66 east (Roosevelt Bridge) / US 50 – Washington, Rosslyn| Southbound exit and northbound entrance to I-66 / US 50 east; no northbound exit to US 50 west
16.8| 27.0|
US 29 north (Key Bridge)| Southbound exit and northbound entrance
North Highland| 17.4| 28.0|  Spout Run Parkway west to I-66 west / US 29 – Washington| Northbound exit and southbound entrance
Fairfax| McLean| 21.5| 34.6|  SR 123 (Chain Bridge) – Washington, McLean|
23.0| 37.0| George Bush Center for Intelligence, CIA, FHWA|
23.5| 37.8|
To I-495 – Turkey Run Park, Washington| I-495 not signed northbound; access to I-495 via u-turn
24.9| 40.1|  I-495 – Virginia| Exit 43 on I-495
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

* Concurrency terminus
* Incomplete access

## Image gallery

[edit]

* Schematic map of the George Washington Memorial Parkway (1994)

* Vehicles round a bend in the parkway near Reagan-Washington National Airport and Gravelly Point in Arlington, Virginia

* Portion of the Potomac Heritage Trail as it passes through marshland near Belle Haven

* Clara Barton Parkway in Maryland

* Houses along the parkway near Mount Vernon

* Aerial overview

* Scenic Overlook looking north on to The Palisades

* Scenic Overlook looking south onto Rosslyn

## See also

[edit]

* National Register of Historic Places portal
* U.S. Roads portal
* Virginia portal
* United States portal

## References

[edit]

### Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ a b "George Washington Memorial Parkway" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
2. ^ a b §7.96 National Capital Region. Code of Federal Regulations. July 1, 2013. 36 CFR 7.96. Retrieved January 16, 2013..
3. ^ Freitas, Brad (June 1, 2022). "Construction to Close Lane at One of Capital Beltway's Biggest Chokepoints". NBC4 Washington. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
4. ^ Wagner, Paul (June 14, 2022). "Army Corps of Engineers to Present Plan to Prevent Northern Virginia Flooding". NBC4 Washington. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
5. ^ Traffic Engineering Division (2009). 2009 Virginia Department of Transportation Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Including Vehicle Classification Estimates (Where Available). Jurisdiction Report US (Federal) (PDF) (Report). Virginia Department of Transportation. p. 10\. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
6. ^ Smith 1999, p. 3
7. ^ Smith 1999, p. 2
8. ^ Davis 2001, pp. 140–1
9. ^ Davis 2001, p. 133
10. ^ Davis 2001, pp. 141–3
11. ^ Davis 2001, pp. 148–50
12. ^ Davis 2001, pp. 152–4
13. ^ Davis 2001, pp. 155–6
14. ^ Davis 2001, p. 157
15. ^ Davis 2001, pp. 158, 160
16. ^ Davis 2001, pp. 161–2
17. ^ Davis 2001, pp. 166–7
18. ^ Leach & Davis 1993, p. 67
19. ^ Leach & Davis 1993, p. 69
20. ^ Leach & Davis 1993, pp. 69–70
21. ^ Leach & Davis 1993, pp. 70–1
22. ^ Leach & Davis 1993, p. 71
23. ^ Leach & Davis 1993, pp. 71–3
24. ^ Leach & Davis 1993, pp. 74–5
25. ^ Leach & Davis 1993, p. 75
26. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
27. ^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
28. ^ Leach & Davis 1993, p. 77
29. ^ "Mt. Vernon Highway Bill Passes Senate". Washington Post. March 7, 1928. p. 18.
30. ^ Leach & Davis 1993, p. 78
31. ^ a b Leach & Davis 1993, p. 79
32. ^ "Coolidge Signs 31 Bills, Ship Measure Included". Washington Post. May 24, 1928. p. 4.
33. ^ "Memorial Highway to Follow Route of Potomac River". Washington Post. January 25, 1929. p. 20.
34. ^ Davis 2001, p. 177
35. ^ "Women's Club to Hear About Parkway Plans". Washington Post. January 1, 1929.[page needed]
36. ^ "Cramton Urges His Park Building Bill". Washington Post. February 14, 1929. p. 4.
37. ^ "Amendment Plans Great Falls Bridge". Washington Post. February 15, 1930. p. 3.
38. ^ a b George Washington Memorial Parkway (Fall 2007). "Appendix C: Capper-Cramton Act". Great Falls Park Final General Management Plan/EIS. National Park Service. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
39. ^ a b c Davis, Timothy; Croteau, Todd & Payne, R.D. "A Model Parkway". Highways in Harmony: George Washington Memorial Parkway, Virginia, Maryland, Washington DC (Leaflet). Washington, DC: National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
40. ^ "MEMORIAL BRIDGE OPENED INFORMALLY". The Washington Post. January 17, 1932.
41. ^ "Col. Grant to Police Mt. Vernon Highway". Evening Star. March 16, 1932.
42. ^ "New Bridge Gets Lights". Evening Star. February 21, 1932.
43. ^ "Bridge Illuminated". The Evening Star. May 7, 1932.
44. ^ Davis 2001, p. 178
45. ^ Davis 2001, p. 179
46. ^ Davis 2001, pp. 179–80
47. ^ Davis 2001, p. 181
48. ^ "Reservation List: The Parks of the National Park System, Washington, DC" (PDF). www.nps.gov. National Park Service; Land Resources Program Center; National Capital Region. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
49. ^ Shaffer, Ron (June 25, 2006). "After 20 Years of Columns, Checking the Rearview Mirror One Last Time". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 23, 2007.

### Works cited

[edit]

* Davis, Timothy (2001). "Mount Vernon Memorial Highway: Changing Conceptions of an American Commemorative Landscape". In Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (ed.). Places of Commemoration: Search for Identity and Landscape Design. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
* Leach, Sara Amy & Davis, Timothy (1993). "George Washington Memorial Parkway" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. National Park Service. HAER No. VA-69. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
* Smith, Peter H. (Summer 1999). "The George Washington Memorial Parkway: A Statement of Policy on Memorial Character By the Old and Historic Alexandria District Board of Architectural Review" (PDF). Historic Alexandria Quarterly. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2012.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Washington Memorial Parkway.

KML file (edit • help)

Template:Attached KML/George Washington Memorial Parkway

KML is from Wikidata

* National Park Service: George Washington Memorial Parkway
* History of the George Washington Memorial Parkway Archived April 5, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
* The National Parks: Index 2001-2003. Washington: US Department of the Interior

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation

* HAER No. VA-42, "Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, Parallels Potomac River from Mount Vernon to D.C., Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-42-A, "Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, Hunting Creek Bridge, 0.3 Mile South of I-95, Alexandria, Independent City, VA"
* HAER No. VA-42-B, "Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, Alexandria Avenue Bridge, 3.5 Miles South of I-95, Alexandria, Independent City, VA"
* HAER No. VA-42-C, "Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, Fort Hunt Overpass, 5.9 Miles South of I-95, Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-42-D, "Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, Little Hunting Creek Bridge, 8.6 Miles South of I-95, Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-69, "George Washington Memorial Parkway, Along Potomac River from McLean to Mount Vernon, VA, Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-70, "Dead Run Bridge, Spanning Dead Run, McLean, Fairfax County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-71, "Turkey Run Bridge, Spanning Turkey Run & access road, McLean, Fairfax County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-72, "CIA Entrance Overpass, McLean, Fairfax County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-73, "Route 123 Overpass, State Route 123 (Leesburg Road), McLean, Fairfax County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-74, "Pimmit Run Bridge, Pimmit Run, McLean, Fairfax County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-75, "Glebe Road Bridge, Spanning Glebe Road, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-76, "Gulf Branch Bridge, Spanning Gulf Branch, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-77, "Donaldson Run Bridge, Spanning Donaldson Run, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-78, "Windy Run Bridge, Spanning Windy Run, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-79, "Spout Run Arch Bridge, Eastbound, spanning Spout Run, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-80, "Lower Level Spout Run Bridge, Westbound, spanning Spout Run, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-81, "Rosslyn Ramp Bridge, near Key Bridge, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-82, "North Airport Entry Underpass, at National Airport, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-83, "Four Mile Run Bridge, Spanning Four Mile Run, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-84, "South Airport Exit Overpass, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-85, "Route 1-National Airport Overpass, at Route 1, National Airport, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-86, "Spout Run Bridge, Westbound, Spanning Spout Run, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-87, "Theodore Roosevelt Island Pedestrian Bridge, at Theodore Roosevelt Island, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-88, "Spout Run Parkway Culvert, Spanning Spout Run at Spout Run Parkway, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-89, "Johnson Grove Pedestrian Bridge, Spanning Boundary Channel at pedestrian trail, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-90, "Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad Underpass, at RF&P Railroad, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-91, "Roaches Run Culvert, Spanning Roaches Run, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-92, "Original Airport Entrance Overpass, Spanning original Airport Entrance Road at National Airport, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"
* HAER No. VA-121, "Capital Beltway Overpass, Spanning Interstate 495, Alexandria, Independent City, VA"
* HAER No. VA-122, "Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway Overpasses, Spanning Shirley Highway, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"

* Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS) No. VA-15, ""Methuselah" Willow Oak, East of northbound lanes Near Belle Haven Marina parking lot, Arlington, Arlington County, VA"

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Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.

Numbered streets|

* 7th Street
* 14th Street
* 16th Street NW
* 18th Street NW

Lettered streets|

* F Street
* H Street
* K Street
* M Street
* P Street
* U Street

State-named
roadways|

* Connecticut
* Florida
* Georgia
* Maine
* Massachusetts
* Missouri
* New Hampshire
* New York
* Ohio
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* Virginia
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin

Border avenues
and streets|

* Capitol Streets
* North
* East
* South
* Border Avenues
* Western
* Eastern
* Southern
* National Mall
* Constitution
* Independence
* President's Park
* Jackson
* Madison
* East Executive
* West Executive

Other streets|

* Benning Road
* Black Lives Matter Plaza
* Columbia Road
* Embassy Row
* Klingle Road
* MacArthur Boulevard
* Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue

Circles|

* Anna J. Cooper
* Banneker
* Barney
* Chevy Chase
* Columbus
* Dave Thomas
* Dupont
* Grant
* Logan
* Observatory
* Peace
* Scott
* Sheridan
* Sherman
* Tenley
* Thomas
* Truxton
* Ward
* Washington

Squares|

* Farragut
* Franklin
* Freedom
* Lafayette
* Lincoln
* McPherson
* Mount Vernon
* Seward
* Stanton
* Union

Parkways|

* Clara Barton
* George Washington Memorial
* Oxon Run
* Rock Creek and Potomac
* Suitland

Expressways|

* 9th Street
* 12th Street
* Anacostia
* Center Leg
* E Street
* Kenilworth Avenue
* Potomac River
* Southeast
* Southwest

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Protected areas of the District of Columbia

Federal|

| National Cemeteries|

* Battleground
* Soldiers' and Airmen's Home

|

National Historical Parks|

* Chesapeake and Ohio Canal

National Historic Sites|

* Carter G. Woodson Home
* Ford's Theatre
* Frederick Douglass
* Mary McLeod Bethune Council House
* Pennsylvania Avenue

National Memorials|

* Franklin Delano Roosevelt
* Jefferson
* Korean War Veterans
* Lincoln
* Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove
* Theodore Roosevelt Island
* Vietnam Veterans
* Washington Monument
* World War II

National monuments|

* Belmont–Paul Women's Equality
* President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home

National Parkways|

* Baltimore–Washington
* George Washington Memorial / Clara Barton
* Oxon Run
* Rock Creek and Potomac

National Trails|

* Potomac Heritage
* Star-Spangled Banner

National Mall and
Memorial Parks|

* National Mall
* African American Civil War
* Constitution Gardens
* East Potomac
* Ford's Theatre
* Franklin Delano Roosevelt
* George Mason
* Hains Point
* Jefferson
* John Ericsson
* Korean War Veterans
* Lincoln
* Old Post Office
* Pennsylvania Avenue
* United States Navy
* Vietnam Veterans
* Washington Monument
* West Potomac
* World War II

President's Park|

* The Ellipse
* Lafayette Square
* White House

National Capital Parks-East|

* Anacostia
* Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument
* Capitol Hill
* Carter G. Woodson Home
* Fort Circle
* Fort Dupont
* Fort Stanton
* Frederick Douglass
* Kenilworth
* Mary McLeod Bethune Council House
* Oxon Run Parkway
* Shepherd Parkway

Rock Creek Park|

* Rock Creek
* Barnard Hill
* Bryce
* Dumbarton Oaks
* Fort Slocum
* Georgetown Waterfront
* Glover-Archbold
* Little Forest
* Meridian Hill
* Montrose
* Old Stone House
* Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway

Other areas|

* National Capital Parks
* Navy Memorial

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Protected areas of Virginia

Federal|

| National Parks|

* Shenandoah

|

National Historical Parks,
Historic Sites & Monuments|

* Appomattox Court House NHP
* Arlington House
* Booker T. Washington NM
* Cedar Creek and Belle Grove NHP
* Claude Moore Colonial Farm
* Colonial NHP
* Cumberland Gap NHP
* Fort Monroe NM
* George Washington Birthplace NM
* Harpers Ferry NHP
* Maggie L. Walker NHS

National Military Parks,
Battlefields & Battlefield Parks|

* Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania NMP
* Manassas NBP
* Petersburg NB
* Richmond NBP

National Cemeteries|

* Alexandria
* Arlington
* Balls Bluff
* City Point
* Cold Harbor
* Culpeper
* Danville
* Fort Harrison
* Fredericksburg
* Glendale
* Hampton
* Hampton VAMC
* Poplar Grove
* Quantico
* Richmond
* Seven Pines
* Staunton
* Winchester
* Yorktown

National Parkways|

* Blue Ridge Parkway
* (Blue Ridge Music Center
* Mabry Mill
* Peaks of Otter
* Rocky Knob Recreation Area)
* George Washington Memorial Parkway

National Trails|

* Appalachian Trail
* Captain John Smith Chesapeake NHT
* Overmountain Victory NHT
* Potomac Heritage Trail
* Star-Spangled Banner NHT

National
Wildlife Refuges|

* Back Bay
* Chincoteague
* Eastern Shore of Virginia
* Mason Neck
* Featherstone
* Fisherman Island
* Glenn Martin
* Great Dismal Swamp
* James River
* Nansemond
* Occoquan Bay
* Plum Tree Island
* Presquile
* Rappahannock River Valley
* Wallops Island

National Forests|

* George Washington and Jefferson

USFS National Recreation Areas|

* Mount Rogers National Recreation Area

Other NPS Areas|

* Assateague Island National Seashore
* Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network
* Prince William Forest Park
* Wolf Trap NP for the Performing Arts

Wilderness Areas|

* Barbours Creek
* James River Face
* Mountain Lake
* Priest
* Ramsey's Draft
* Rich Hole
* Rough Mountain
* Saint Mary's
* Three Ridges

National Estuarine
Research Reserves|

* Chesapeake Bay

State|

| State parks|

* Bear Creek Lake
* Belle Isle
* Breaks Interstate
* Caledon
* Chippokes
* Claytor Lake
* Clinch River
* Culpeper Battlefields
* Douthat
* Fairy Stone
* False Cape
* First Landing
* Grayson Highlands
* High Bridge Trail
* Holliday Lake
* Hungry Mother
* James River
* Kiptopeke
* Lake Anna
* Leesylvania
* Machicomoco
* Mason Neck
* Mayo River
* Middle Peninsula
* Natural Bridge
* Natural Tunnel
* New River Trail
* Occoneechee
* Pocahontas
* Powhatan
* Sailor's Creek Battlefield
* Seven Bends
* Shot Tower
* Shenandoah River
* Sky Meadows
* Smith Mountain Lake
* Southwest Virginia Museum
* Staunton River
* Staunton River Battlefield
* Sweet Run
* Tabb Monument
* Twin Lakes
* Westmoreland
* Widewater
* Wilderness Road
* York River

|

State forests|

* Appomattox-Buckingham
* Big Woods
* Bourassa
* Browne
* Channels
* Charlotte
* Chesterfield
* Chilton Woods
* Conway Robinson
* Crawfords
* Cumberland
* Devil's Backbone
* Dragon Run
* First Mountain
* Hawks
* Lesesne
* Matthews
* Moore's Creek
* Niday Place
* Old Flat
* Paul
* Prince Edward-Gallion
* Sandy Point
* South Quay
* Whitney
* Zoar

Natural Area
Preserves|

* Antioch Pines
* Bald Knob
* Bethel Beach
* Big Spring Bog
* Blackwater
* Buffalo Mountain
* Bull Run Mountains
* Bush Mill Stream
* Camp Branch Wetlands
* Cape Charles Coastal Habitat
* Cave Hill
* The Cedars
* The Channels
* Cherry Orchard Bog
* Chestnut Creek Wetlands
* Chestnut Ridge
* Chotank Creek
* Chub Sandhill
* Cleveland Barrens
* Clover Hollow
* Cowbane Prairie
* Crawford's Knob
* Crow's Nest
* Cumberland Marsh
* Dameron Marsh
* Deep Run Ponds
* Dendron Swamp
* Difficult Creek
* Elklick Woodlands
* False Cape
* Folly Mills Creek Fen
* Goshen Pass
* Grafton Ponds
* Grassy Hill
* Grayson Glades
* Hickory Hollow
* Hughlett Point
* Johnsons Creek
* Lyndhurst Ponds
* Magothy Bay
* Mark's and Jack's Island
* Mount Joy Pond
* Mutton Hunk Fen
* Naked Mountain
* New Point Comfort
* North Landing River
* Northwest River
* Ogdens Cave
* Parkers Marsh
* Parramore Island
* Pedlar Hills Glades
* Piney Grove Flatwoods
* Pinnacle
* Poor Mountain
* Redrock Mountain
* Savage Neck Dunes
* Unthanks Cave
* William B. Trower Bayshore
* Wreck Island

Wildlife
Management Areas|

* Amelia
* Big Survey
* Big Woods
* Briery Creek
* Chester F. Phelps
* Cavalier
* Chickahominy
* Clinch Mountain
* Crooked Creek
* Dick Cross
* Doe Creek
* Fairystone Farms
* Featherfin
* G. Richard Thompson
* Game Farm Marsh
* Goshen and Little North Mountain
* Hardware River
* Havens
* Hidden Valley
* Highland
* Hog Island
* Horsepen Lake
* James River
* Land's End
* Mattaponi
* Mattaponi Bluffs
* Merrimac Farm
* Mockhorn Island
* Oakley Forest
* Pettigrew
* Powhatan
* Princess Anne
* Ragged Island
* Rapidan
* Robert W. Duncan
* Saxis
* Short Hills
* Smith Mountain Cooperative
* Stewarts Creek
* T. M. Gathright
* Turkeycock
* Ware Creek
* Weston
* White Oak Mountain

Other|

| Registered Historic
Places in Virginia|

* Virginia Landmarks Register
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia
* Bridges
* National Historic Landmarks

|

* Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
* Virginia Department of Forestry
* Virginia Department of Historic Resources
* Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources

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George Washington

* 1st President of the United States (1789–1797)
* Senior Officer of the Army (1798–1799)
* Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (1775–1783)
* Delegate to the Second Continental Congress (1775)
* Delegate to the First Continental Congress (1774)

Military career
Revolutionary War|

* Military career
* French and Indian War
* Jumonville Glen
* Battle of Fort Necessity
* Battle of the Monongahela
* Forbes Expedition
* Washington in the American Revolution
* Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
* Aides-de-camp
* Washington's headquarters
* office and sleeping tent
* Boston campaign
* Siege of Boston
* New York and New Jersey campaign
* Delaware River crossing
* Battle of Trenton
* Battle of the Assunpink Creek
* Battle of Princeton
* Philadelphia campaign
* Battle of Brandywine
* Battle of Germantown
* Battle of White Marsh
* Valley Forge
* Battle of Monmouth
* Battles of Saratoga
* Sullivan Expedition
* Yorktown campaign
* Siege of Yorktown
* Culper Spy Ring
* Newburgh Conspiracy
* Newburgh letter
* Asgill Affair
* Evacuation Day
* Resignation as commander-in-chief
* Badge of Military Merit
* Purple Heart
* Washington Before Boston Medal
* Horses
* Nelson
* Blueskin

Other U.S.
founding events|

* Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association
* Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
* Continental Association
* Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
* 1785 Mount Vernon Conference
* Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
* George Washington's political evolution

Presidency
(timeline)|

* 1788–89 United States presidential election
* First inauguration
* inaugural bible
* 1792 presidential election
* Second inauguration
* Reception at Trenton
* Title of "Mr. President"
* Cabinet of the United States
* Secretary of State
* Attorney General
* Secretary of the Treasury
* Secretary of War
* Judiciary Act of 1789
* Oath Administration Act
* Nonintercourse Act
* Whiskey Rebellion
* Militia Acts of 1792
* Coinage Act of 1792
* United States Mint
* Presidential Succession Act of 1792
* United States Capitol cornerstone laying
* Proclamation of Neutrality
* Neutrality Act of 1794
* Jay Treaty
* Pinckney's Treaty
* Slave Trade Act of 1794
* Residence Act
* Thanksgiving Proclamation
* Farewell Address
* State of the Union Address January 1790
* December 1790
* 1791
* 1792
* 1793
* 1794
* 1795
* 1796
* Cabinet
* Federal judicial appointments
* John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations

Views and
public image|

* Presidential library
* The Washington Papers
* Religious views
* Town Destroyer
* Legacy

Life and homes|

* Early life
* Birthplace
* Ferry Farm boyhood home
* Mount Vernon
* Fishery
* Gristmill
* Whiskey distillery
* Woodlawn Plantation
* Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
* Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters
* Hasbrouck House
* First Presidential Mansion
* Second Presidential Mansion
* President's House, Philadelphia
* Germantown White House
* Custis estate
* Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy
* Potomac Company
* James River and Kanawha Canal
* Mountain Road Lottery
* Congressional Gold Medal
* Thanks of Congress
* President General of the Society of the Cincinnati
* Washington College
* Washington and Lee University
* Electoral history of George Washington
* Post-presidency of George Washington

Memorials
and depictions|

* Washington, D.C.
* Washington state
* Washington Monument
* Mount Rushmore
* Washington's Birthday
* Purple Heart
* The Apotheosis of Washington
* Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)
* Washington Monument (Baltimore)
* Washington Monument (Philadelphia)
* George Washington (Houdon)
* plaster copy
* George Washington (Ceracchi)
* George Washington (Canova)
* George Washington (Greenough)
* George Washington (Trumbull)
* George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
* Revolutionary War Door
* Washington Crossing the Delaware
* The Passage of the Delaware
* General George Washington at Trenton
* Washington at Verplanck's Point
* General George Washington Resigning His Commission
* Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
* Unfinished portrait
* Lansdowne portrait
* The Washington Family portrait
* Washington at Princeton paintings
* George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton
* Reception at Trenton painting
* Statues
* Trenton Battle Monument
* Princeton Battle Monument
* Point of View sculpture
* George Washington on Horseback
* Austin statue
* Baltimore statue
* Boston statue
* Mexico City statue
* Morristown statue
* Newark statue
* New York City statue
* Wall Street statue
* Paris statue
* Perth Amboy statue
* Philadelphia statue
* Portland statue
* Trenton statue
* Washington, D.C. statue
* West Point monument
* George Washington University
* Washington University in St. Louis
* Washington Masonic National Memorial
* George Washington Memorial Parkway
* George Washington Bridge
* Washington and Jefferson National Forests
* Washington Square Park
* Arch
* U.S. Postage stamps
* Washington–Franklin Issues
* 1932 bicentennial
* Currency
* Washington quarter
* 50 State Quarters
* D.C. and territories quarters
* America the Beautiful quarters
* American Women quarters
* History Instructing Youth dollar
* Washington dollar
* Lafayette dollar
* Silver bullion coins
* Washington nickel
* Washington half eagle
* 250th Anniversary half dollar
* Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
* Mount Washington
* Cultural depictions
* George Washington (1984 miniseries
* 1986 sequel)
* A More Perfect Union (1989 film)
* The Crossing (2000 film)
* We Fight to Be Free (2006 film)
* Turn: Washington's Spies (2014–2017 series)
* The War that Made America (2006 miniseries)
* Washington (2020 miniseries)
* Hamilton (film)

Related|

* Bibliography
* List of articles
* Founders Online
* Founding Fathers of the United States
* Republicanism
* Federalist Party
* Federalist Era
* Virginia dynasty
* Coat of arms
* Cherry-tree anecdote
* River Farm
* Washington's Crossing
* Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
* 1751 Barbados trip
* Category
* Syng inkstand
* General of the Armies
* Conway Cabal
* American Foxhound
* American Philosophical Society
* American Revolution
* patriots
* Betsy Ross flag
* Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
* Mount Vernon replicas
* George Washington Memorial Building
* Attempted theft of Washington's skull

Family|

* Martha Washington (wife)
* John Parke Custis (stepson)
* George Washington Parke Custis (step-grandson, adopted son)
* Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
* Augustine Washington (father)
* Mary Ball Washington (mother)
* Lawrence Washington (half-brother)
* Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
* Elizabeth Washington Lewis (sister)
* Samuel Washington (brother)
* John A. Washington (brother)
* Charles Washington (brother)
* Lawrence Washington (grandfather)
* Mildred Gale (grandmother)
* John Washington (great-grandfather)
* George Reade (2nd great-grandfather)
* Bushrod Washington (nephew)

Slavery|

* Washington and slavery
* List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon
* Betty
* Caroline Branham
* William Costin
* West Ford
* Sarah Johnson
* Oney Judge
* Philip Lee
* William Lee
* Hercules Posey
* Christopher Sheels
* Deborah Squash
* Harry Washington

* John Adams →

* Category
* Outline

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST

National|

* United States
* Israel

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