Georgios Papandreou

Prime minister of Greece (1888–1968)

For his grandson and former Prime Minister of Greece, see George Papandreou. For the Greek historian and linguist, see Georgios Papandreou (historian).

Georgios Papandreou

Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου

Papandreou in 1968

Prime Minister of Greece
In office
19 February 1964 – 15 July 1965
Monarchs| Paul
Constantine II
Preceded by| Ioannis Paraskevopoulos
Succeeded by| Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas
In office
8 November 1963 – 30 December 1963
Monarch| Paul
Preceded by| Stylianos Mavromichalis
Succeeded by| Ioannis Paraskevopoulos
In office
26 April 1944 – 3 January 1945
Monarch| George II
Regent| Archbishop Damaskinos
(from December 1944)
Preceded by| Sofoklis Venizelos
Succeeded by| Nikolaos Plastiras
Deputy Prime Minister of Greece
In office
28 August 1950 – 4 July 1951
Prime Minister| Sofoklis Venizelos
Preceded by| himself
Succeeded by| Emmanouil Tsouderos
In office
15 April 1950 – 21 August 1950
Prime Minister| Nikolaos Plastiras
Preceded by| Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
Succeeded by| himself
Minister of Education
In office
18 February 1964 – 15 July 1965
Prime Minister| himself
Preceded by| Georgios Kourmoulis
Succeeded by| Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas
In office
8 November 1963 – 30 December 1963
Prime Minister| himself
Preceded by| Ioannis Sountis
Succeeded by| Georgios Kourmoulis
In office
1 February 1951 – 4 July 1951
Prime Minister| Sofoklis Venizelos
Preceded by| Nicholas Bakopoulos
Succeeded by| Nicholas Bakopoulos
In office
16 January 1933 – 6 March 1933
Prime Minister| Eleftherios Venizelos
Preceded by| Dimitrios Chatziskos
Succeeded by| Alexandros Mazarakis-Ainian
In office
2 January 1930 – 26 May 1932
Prime Minister| Eleftherios Venizelos
Preceded by| Konstantinos Gontikas
Succeeded by| Pericles Karapanos
Personal details
Born|

Georgios Stavropoulos

13 February 1888
Kalentzi, Achaea, Greece
Died| 1 November 1968(1968-11-01) (aged 80)
Athens, Greece[1]
Political party|

* Liberal Party (1914–1935)
* Democratic Party (1935–1936) the party ceased to exist due to the declaration of Metaxas' dictatorship
* Democratic Socialist Party of Greece (1945–1953)
* Liberal Party (1953–1958)
* Centre Union (1961–1968) [2]

Spouse(s)| Sofia Mineyko
Cybele Andrianou
Relations| George Papandreou (grandson)
Nikos Papandreou (grandson)
Children| Andreas Papandreou
Georgios G. Papandreou
Signature|

Georgios Papandreou (Greek: Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου, Geórgios Papandréou; 13 February 1888 - 1 November 1968) was a Greek politician, the founder of the Papandreou political dynasty. He served three terms as the prime minister of Greece (1944–1945, 1963, 1964–1965). He was also deputy prime minister from 1950 to 1952, in the governments of Nikolaos Plastiras and Sofoklis Venizelos. He served numerous times as a cabinet minister, starting in 1923, in a political career that spanned more than five decades.[3]

## Early life

[edit]

Papandreou was born Georgios Stavropoulos at Kalentzi, in the Achaea region of the northern Peloponnese.[1] He was the son of Father Andreas Stavropoulos, an Orthodox archpriest (protopresvyteros). His last name is derived from his father's Christian name and the word papas "priest". He studied law in Athens and political science in Berlin. His political philosophy was heavily influenced by German social democracy. As a result, he was adamantly opposed to the monarchy and supported generous social policies, but he was also extremely anti-communist (and specifically against the KKE's policies in Greece). As a young man, he became involved in politics as a supporter of the Liberal leader Eleftherios Venizelos, who made him governor of Chios after the Balkan Wars. One of his brothers, Nikos, was killed in the Battle of Kilkis-Lachanas.

He married twice. His first wife was Sofia Mineyko, a Polish national, daughter of Zygmunt Mineyko and paternal granddaughter of Stanislaw Mineyko (1802–1857). Their son Andreas Papandreou was born in Chios in 1919. His second wife was the actress Cybele Andrianou and their son was named George Papandreou.

## Political career

[edit]

During the political crisis surrounding Greece's entry into the First World War, Papandreou was one of Venizelos's closest supporters against the pro-German monarch, King Konstantínos I. When Venizelos in 1916 left Athens, Papandreou accompanied him to Crete, and then went to Lesbos, where he mobilised anti-monarchist supporters in the islands and rallied support for Venizelos's insurgent pro-Allied government in Thessaloniki.

The leadership of the 1922 Revolution, Colonels Plastiras and Gonatas, with their political advisor, Geórgios Papandreou senior (left).

In the 1920 general election, Papandreou unsuccessfully ran as an independent liberal in the Lesbos constituency. In 1921 as a lawyer he defended Alexandros Papanastasiou, during a trial for his critic against King Konstantínos. Because of an article calling on King Konstantínos to abdicate, he was imprisoned by the royalist regime and later he narrowly escaped assassination from royalist extremists in Lesbos.

From January to October 1923, he served as interior minister in the cabinet of Stylianos Gonatas. In the December 1923 elections, he was elected as a Venizelist Liberal Party member of parliament for Lésvos, and served as finance minister for just 11 days in June 1925, education minister in 1930-1932 and transport minister in 1933.[4] As minister of education he reformed the Greek school system and built many schools for the children of refugees of the Greco-Turkish War. During the dictatorship of Pangalos, he was again imprisoned.

In 1935, he set up the Democratic Socialist Party of Greece. The same year, a royalist coup by General Geórgios Kondylis took place for the re-establishment of monarchy and he was placed in internal exile. A lifelong opponent of the Greek monarchy, he was again exiled in 1938 by the Greek royalist dictator Ioannis Metaxas.

Following the Axis occupation of Greece in the Second World War, he was imprisoned by the Italian authorities. He later fled to the Middle East and joined the predominantly Venizelist government-in-exile based in the Kingdom of Egypt. With British support, King Geórgios II appointed him as prime minister, and under his premiership took place the Lebanon conference (May 1944) and later the Caserta Agreement (September 1944), in an attempt to stop the crisis in Greece and the conflicts between EAM and non-EAM forces (a prelude of the civil war) and establish a national unity government.

### Liberation of Greece and the Dekemvrianá events

[edit]

Further information: Dekemvriana

Geórgios Papandreou and others on the Acropolis of Athens, after the liberation from the Axis powers.

After the evacuation of Greece by the Axis powers, he entered Athens (October 1944) as Prime Minister of the Greek government-in-exile with some units of the Greek Army and the allied British. During the same month, he became prime minister in the Greek Government of National Unity [el], which had succeeded the Greek government-in-exile. He tried to normalise the highly polarised situation between the EAM and non-EAM forces, collaborating mainly with Lieutenant-General Sir Ronald Scobie, who was, after the Caserta agreement, responsible for all the Allied forces.

Although he resigned in 1945, after the Dekemvriana events, he continued to hold high office. From 1946-1952 he served as labour minister, supplies minister, education minister, finance minister and public order minister. In 1950-1952, he was also deputy prime minister.

The 1952-1961 period was a very difficult one for Papandreou. The liberal political forces in the Kingdom of Greece were gravely weakened by internal disputes and suffered electoral defeat from the conservatives. Papandreou continuously accused Sofoklis Venizelos for these maladies, considering his leadership dour and uninspiring.

### Founder of the Centre Union and later confrontation with the Palace

[edit]

In 1961, Papandreou revived Greek liberalism by founding the Centre Union Party, a confederation of old liberal Venizelists, social democrats and dissatisfied conservatives. After the elections of "violence and fraud" of 1961, Papandreou declared a "Relentless Struggle" against the right-wing ERE and the "parakrátos" (deep state) of the right.

Finally, his party won the elections of November 1963 and those of 1964, the second with a landslide majority. His progressive policies as premier aroused much opposition in conservative circles, as did the prominent role played by his son Andreas Papandreou, whose policies were seen as being considerably left of center. Andreas disagreed with his father on many important issues, and developed a network of political organizations, the "Democratic Leagues" (Dimokratikoi Syndesmoi) to lobby for more progressive policies. He also managed to take control of the Center Union's youth organization.

Papandreou had opposed the Zürich and London Agreement, which led to the foundation of the Republic of Cyprus. Following clashes between the Greek and Turkish communities, his government sent a Greek army division to the island.

King Constantine II openly opposed Papandreou's government, and there were frequent ultra-rightist plots in the Army, which destabilised the government. Finally, the King engineered a split in the Centre Union, and in July 1965, in a crisis known as Iouliana, he dismissed the government following a dispute over control of the Ministry of Defence.

After the April 1967 military coup by the Colonels' junta led by George Papadopoulos, Papandreou was arrested. Papandreou died under house arrest in November 1968. His funeral became the occasion for a massive anti-dictatorship demonstration. He is interred at the First Cemetery of Athens, alongside his son Andreas.

## Legacy

[edit]

Papandreou was regarded as one of the best orators in the Greek political scene and a persistent fighter for Democracy. During the junta and after his death he was often referred to affectionately as "ο Γέρος της Δημοκρατίας" (o Géros tis Dimokratías, the old man of Democracy). Since his grandson George A. Papandreou entered politics, most Greek writers use Γεώργιος (Geórgios) to refer to the grandfather and the less formal Γιώργος (Giórgos) to refer to the grandson.

A wide range of progressive social reforms were also carried out during Papandreou’s premiership. Improvements in health and welfare were carried out, while general government transfers to households for education services rose by over 55%, and big increases in the enrollment of pupils in both secondary and higher education institutions took place. In addition, consumption per capita rose from 14,000 drachmae to 17,000 drachmae. Income distribution also improved as a result of his party’s income policy, which was geared towards increasing wage and agricultural income.[5]

## Decorations and awards

[edit]

In 1965, the University of Belgrade awarded him an honorary doctorate.

## Works

[edit]

* The Liberation of Greece, Athens, 1945.

## See also

[edit]

* Andreas Papandreou, his son
* George Papandreou, his grandson

## References

[edit]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Georgios Papandreou" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

1. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica: Georgios Papandreou Retrieved 30 June 2010
2. ^ Βουλή των Ελλήνων (Hellenic Parliament)
3. ^ David Wilsford, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp 368–375.
4. ^ Who's Who in Greece. Athens: Athens News. 1959. pp. 255–256.
5. ^ THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK ECONOMY, 1951-1991 An Historical, Empirical, and Econometric Analysis by George A. Jouganatos, Greenwood Press, 1992, P.52-53

## Further reading

[edit]

* Kassimeris, Christos. "Causes of the 1967 Greek coup". Democracy and Security 2#1 (2006): 61–72.
* Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 346–375.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georgios Papandreou.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Georgios Papandreou.

* Newspaper clippings about Georgios Papandreou in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Political offices

Preceded by

Sofoklis Venizelos

|  Prime Minister of Greece
1944–1945  | Succeeded by

Nikolaos Plastiras

Preceded by

Stylianos Mavromichalis

|  Prime Minister of Greece
1963  | Succeeded by

Ioannis Paraskevopoulos

Preceded by

Ioannis Paraskevopoulos

|  Prime Minister of Greece
1964–1965  | Succeeded by

Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas

* v
* t
* e

Heads of government of Greece

First Hellenic Republic
(1822–1832)|

* Mavrokordatos
* P. Mavromichalis
* Kountouriotis
* And. Zaimis
* I. Kapodistrias
* A. Kapodistrias

Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)
(1833–1862)|

* Sp. Trikoupis
* Mavrokordatos
* Kolettis
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* von Rudhart
* King Otto
* Mavrokordatos
* King Otto
* A. Metaxas
* Kanaris
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* Kanaris
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* Mavrokordatos
* D. Voulgaris
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* Kolokotronis

Kingdom of Greece (interregnum)
(1862–1863)|

* D. Voulgaris
* Moraitinis
* Z. Valvis
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* Roufos

Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)
(1863–1924)|

* D. Voulgaris
* Kanaris
* Z. Valvis
* Kanaris
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* Deligeorgis
* Roufos
* D. Voulgaris
* Koumoundouros
* Deligeorgis
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* Koumoundouros
* Moraitinis
* D. Voulgaris
* Thr. Zaimis
* Deligeorgis
* Koumoundouros
* Thr. Zaimis
* D. Voulgaris
* Deligeorgis
* D. Voulgaris
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Koumoundouros
* Deligeorgis
* Koumoundouros
* Deligeorgis
* Koumoundouros
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* Koumoundouros
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Koumoundouros
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Koumoundouros
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Diligiannis
* D. Valvis
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Diligiannis
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* Ch. Trikoupis
* Sotiropoulos
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Deligiannis
* Diligiannis
* D. Rallis
* Al. Zaimis
* G. Theotokis
* Al. Zaimis
* Diligiannis
* G. Theotokis
* D. Rallis
* G. Theotokis
* Diligiannis
* D. Rallis
* G. Theotokis
* D. Rallis
* K. Mavromichalis
* Dragoumis
* El. Venizelos
* Gounaris
* El. Venizelos
* Al. Zaimis
* Skouloudis
* Al. Zaimis
* Kalogeropoulos
* El. Venizelos2
* Lambros
* Al. Zaimis
* El. Venizelos
* D. Rallis
* Kalogeropoulos
* Gounaris
* Stratos
* Protopapadakis
* Triantafyllakos
* Charalambis
* Krokidas
* Gonatas
* El. Venizelos
* Kafantaris

Second Hellenic Republic
(1924–1935)|

* Papanastasiou
* Sofoulis
* Michalakopoulos
* Pangalos1
* Eftaxias1
* Kondylis3
* Al. Zaimis
* El. Venizelos
* Papanastasiou
* El. Venizelos
* P. Tsaldaris
* El. Venizelos
* Othonaios3
* P. Tsaldaris

Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)
(1935–1973)|

* Kondylis1
* Demertzis
* I. Metaxas1
* Koryzis
* Tsouderos2
* Tsolakoglou4
* Logothetopoulos4
* I. Rallis4
* Bakirtzis2
* S. Venizelos2
* Svolos2
* G. Papandreou (Sr.)
* Plastiras
* P. Voulgaris
* Archbishop Damaskinos
* Kanellopoulos
* Sofoulis
* Poulitsas3
* K. Tsaldaris
* Maximos
* K. Tsaldaris
* Sofoulis
* Vafeiadis2
* Partsalidis2
* Diomidis
* I. Theotokis3
* S. Venizelos
* Plastiras
* S. Venizelos
* Plastiras
* Kiousopoulos3
* Papagos
* K. Karamanlis (Sr.)
* Georgakopoulos3
* K. Karamanlis (Sr.)
* Dovas3
* K. Karamanlis (Sr.)
* Pipinelis
* Sty. Mavromichalis3
* G. Papandreou (Sr.)
* Paraskevopoulos3
* G. Papandreou (Sr.)
* Novas
* Tsirimokos
* Stefanopoulos
* Paraskevopoulos3
* Kanellopoulos3

Military Junta
(1967–1974)|

* Kollias1
* Papadopoulos1
* Markezinis1
* Androutsopoulos1

Third Hellenic Republic
(since 1974)|

* K. Karamanlis (Sr.)
* G. Rallis
* A. Papandreou
* Tzannetakis
* Grivas3
* Zolotas
* Ko. Mitsotakis
* A. Papandreou
* Simitis
* K. Karamanlis (Jr.)
* G. Papandreou (Jr.)
* Papademos3
* Pikrammenos3
* Samaras
* Tsipras
* Thanou3
* Tsipras
* Ky. Mitsotakis
* Sarmas3
* Ky. Mitsotakis

1Head of military/dictatorial government. 2Head of rival government not controlling Athens. 3Head of emergency or caretaker government. 4Head of collaborationist government during the Axis occupation (1941-44).

* v
* t
* e

Foreign ministers of Greece

First Hellenic Republic
(1822–1832)|

* Negris§
* Al. Mavrokordatos§
* Glarakis§
* Sp. Trikoupis§†

Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)
(1833–1862)|

* Sp. Trikoupis
* Al. Mavrokordatos
* Rizos-Neroulos
* von Rudhart
* Zografos
* Paikos
* Christidis
* Rizos-Neroulos
* P. Deligiannis
* A. Metaxas
* Mansolas
* Sp. Trikoupis
* Kolettis
* Tzavelas
* Kolettis
* Tzavelas
* Mansolas
* Kolokotronis
* Londos
* Glarakis
* Londos
* P. Deligiannis
* Paikos
* Argyropoulos
* Al. Mavrokordatos
* Sp. Trikoupis
* Rangavis
* Palamidis
* Thr. Zaimis
* Krestenitis
* Papalexopoulos
* Christopoulos
* Theocharis

Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)
(1863–1924)|

* Diamantopoulos
* Kalligas
* D. Mavrokordatos
* Diligiannis
* Kalligas
* P. Deligiannis
* Diligiannis
* Kalligas
* Diligiannis
* Boudouris
* Vrailas-Armenis
* Deligeorgis
* Christopoulos
* Koumoundouros
* Deligeorgis
* Valasopoulos
* Valaoritis
* Deligeorgis
* Ch. Trikoupis
* P. Deligiannis
* Diligiannis
* Valaoritis
* Deligeorgis
* Christopoulos
* Thr. Zaimis
* D. Voulgaris
* Spiliotakis
* I. Deligiannis
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Kontostavlos
* Deligeorgis
* Kontostavlos
* Deligeorgis
* Koumoundouros
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Diligiannis
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Diligiannis
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Koumoundouros
* Rikakis
* Ch. Trikoupis
* Koumoundouros
* Diligiannis
* Louriotis
* S. Dragoumis
* L. Deligiorgis
* Meletopoulos
* S. Dragoumis
* Kontostavlos
* N. Deligiannis
* Skouzes
* Skouloudis
* Al. Zaimis
* Romanos
* Al. Zaimis
* Skouzes
* G. Theotokis
* D. Rallis
* Romanos
* Skouzes
* Baltatzis
* Christakis-Zografos
* Mavromichalis
* Kallergis
* Gryparis
* Koromilas
* Panas
* Streit
* El. Venizelos
* Christakis-Zografos
* Gounaris
* El. Venizelos
* Al. Zaimis
* Skouloudis
* Al. Zaimis
* Karapanos
* Zalokostas
* Al. Zaimis
* Politis
* D. Rallis
* Kalogeropoulos
* Baltatzis
* Stratos
* Baltatzis
* Kalogeropoulos
* Papanastasiou

Second Hellenic Republic
(1924–1935)|

* Roussos
* Rendis
* Roussos
* Michalakopoulos
* Hatzikyriakos
* Rendis
* Hatzikyriakos
* Kanakaris-Roufos
* Argyropoulos
* Michalakopoulos
* Karapanos
* Argyropoulos
* Michalakopoulos
* Papanastasiou
* Michalakopoulos
* I. Rallis
* Michalakopoulos
* Mavroudis
* Maximos
* P. Tsaldaris
* Maximos
* P. Tsaldaris
* Maximos
* I. Theotokis

Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)
(1935–1973)|

* Demertzis
* I. Metaxas
* Koryzis
* Tsouderos
* G. Papandreou (Sr.)
* Sofianopoulos
* P. Voulgaris
* Politis
* Kanellopoulos
* Sofianopoulos
* Rendis
* K. Tsaldaris
* Pipinelis
* S. Venizelos
* Plastiras
* S. Venizelos
* Politis
* S. Venizelos
* F. Dragoumis
* Stefanopoulos
* S. Theotokis
* Averoff
* Pesmazoglou
* Averoff
* Pesmazoglou
* Averoff
* Pipinelis
* Oikonomou-Gouras
* S. Venizelos
* Xanthopoulos-Palamas
* Kostopoulos
* Melas
* Tsirimokos
* Stefanopoulos
* Toumbas
* Oikonomou-Gouras

Military Junta
(1967–1974)|

* Oikonomou-Gouras
* Kollias
* Pipinelis
* Papadopoulos
* Xanthopoulos-Palamas
* Tetenes

Third Hellenic Republic
(since 1974)|

* Kypraios
* Mavros
* Bitsios
* Papaligouras
* G. Rallis
* Mitsotakis
* Charalambopoulos
* K. Papoulias
* G. Papoulias
* Samaras
* Mitsotakis
* Papakonstantinou
* K. Papoulias
* Pangalos
* G. Papandreou (Jr)
* Giannitsis
* Molyviatis
* Bakoyannis
* G. Papandreou (Jr)
* Droutsas
* Lambrinidis
* Dimas
* Molyviatis
* Avramopoulos
* Ev. Venizelos
* Kotzias
* Molyviatis
* Kotzias
* Tsipras
* Katrougalos
* Dendias
* Kaskarelis
* Gerapetritis

§ variously as Chief Secretary/General Secretary of State
† officially considered the first foreign minister of independent Greece

* v
* t
* e

Interior ministers of Greece

First Hellenic Republic
(1822–1832)|

* Kolettis
* Papaflessas
* Anast. Londos
* Collective committees (1827–32)
* Christidis

Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)
(1833–1862)|

* Rizos–Neroulos
* Psyllas
* Kolettis
* Praidis
* Mansolas
* Polyzoidis
* Glarakis
* Theocharis
* Mavrokordatos
* Christidis
* Palamidis
* And. S. Londos
* Kolettis
* Palamidis
* Krestenitis
* Roufos
* Anast. Londos
* Glarakis
* Christidis
* Krestenitis
* Notaras
* Meletopoulos
* Danopoulos
* Palamidis
* Amvrosiadis
* Palamidis
* Mavrokordatos
* D. Voulgaris
* Provelengios
* Palamidis
* Kountouriotis
* Krestenitis
* Papalexopoulos
* Christopoulos
* Kolokotronis

Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)
(1863–1924)|

* Thr. Zaimis
* And. Ch. Londos
* Avgerinos
* G. Petimezas
* And. Ch. Londos
* G. Petimezas
* D. Voulgaris
* Thr. Zaimis
* Avgerinos
* Koumoundouros
* Hatzianargyrou
* Koumoundouros
* Lomvardos
* Thr. Zaimis
* D. Voulgaris
* Koumoundouros
* Thr. Zaimis
* Deligeorgis
* Nikolopoulos
* Provelengios
* Roufos
* D. Voulgaris
* Koumoundouros
* Messinezis
* D. Voulgaris
* Thr. Zaimis
* Deligeorgis
* Koumoundouros
* Thr. Zaimis
* Nikolopoulos
* Deligeorgis
* Drosos
* Deligeorgis
* Drosos
* D. Voulgaris
* Trikoupis
* Koumoundouros
* I. Deligiannis
* Koumoundouros
* Deligeorgis
* Antonopoulos
* Papamichalopoulos
* Koumoundouros
* Thr. Zaimis
* Koumoundouros
* Lomvardos
* Papamichalopoulos
* Trikoupis
* Lomvardos
* Papamichalopoulos
* Papailiopoulos
* Lomvardos
* Trikoupis
* Dragoumis
* G. Theotokis
* Diligiannis
* Konstantopoulos
* G. Theotokis
* D. Rallis
* Boufidis
* N. Deligiannis
* N. Metaxas
* Kyr. Mavromichalis
* G. Theotokis
* Korpas
* Triantafyllakos
* G. Theotokis
* Triantafyllakos
* Kyr. Mavromichalis
* Levidis
* Kyr. Mavromichalis
* G. Theotokis
* Diligiannis
* D. Rallis
* Kyr. Mavromichalis
* Kalogeropoulos
* Levidis
* N. Stratos
* Triantafyllakos
* Dragoumis
* Ep. Petmezas
* Mavrommatis
* Repoulis
* Triantafyllakos
* Kafantaris
* Gounaris
* Roufos
* National Defence Government
* Sofoulis
* Tsellos
* Negris
* Repoulis
* Raktivan
* Tsaldaris
* Stais
* Goudas
* Karpetopoulos
* N. Stratos
* Bousios
* Charalambis
* Krokidas
* Pierrakos-Mavromichalis
* G. Papandreou
* Sakellaropoulos
* Sofoulis

Second Hellenic Republic
(1924–1935)|

* Aravantinos
* Pierrakos-Mavromichalis
* Kondylis
* Maris
* Panagiotopoulos
* Pangalos
* Spyridonos
* Aravantinos
* Thr. Petimezas
* Tsaldaris
* Al. Zaimis
* Maris
* Gotsis
* Zavitsianos
* Argyropoulos
* Sideris
* Karapanagiotis
* Lidorikis
* Bakopoulos
* Tsirimokos
* I. Metaxas
* Maris
* Tsimikalis
* I. Rallis
* Moutzouridis
* Giannopoulos
* Chloros
* P. Rallis
* Tsaldaris
* P. Rallis

Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)
(1935–1973/4)|

* Schinas
* Triantafyllakos
* Logothetis
* Skylakakis
* Dourentis
* Maniadakis
* Collaborationist government
* Demestichas
* I. Papadopoulos
* Tsolakoglou
* Tsirigotis
* Tavoularis
* PEEA
* Siantos
* Manouilidis
* P. Rallis
* Athanasiadis-Novas
* Tsatsos
* P. Voulgaris
* Gounarakis
* Psarras
* Rentis
* Havinis
* I. Theotokis
* Kalkanis
* Kyrozis
* Alexandris
* G. Papandreou
* P. Mavromichalis
* Hatzipanos
* F. Zaimis
* Lianopoulos
* Katsotas
* G. Papandreou
* Garoufalias
* Venizelos
* Modis
* Giannopoulos
* Bakopoulos
* Kiousopoulos
* Rentis
* Kiousopoulos
* Lykourezos
* Nikolitsas
* Triantafyllis
* Lianopoulos
* Makris
* Georgakopoulos
* Makris
* Lianopoulos
* G. Rallis
* Panagiotopoulos
* St. Mavromichalis
* Kostopoulos
* Paraskevopoulos
* Toumbas
* Tsirimokos
* Toumbas
* F. Zaimis
* Chr. Stratos
* Theotokis

Military Junta
(1967–1974)|

* Pattakos
* Adroutsopoulos
* Pattakos
* Agathangelou
* Tsoumbas

Third Hellenic Republic
(since 1974)|

* G. Rallis
* Chr. Stratos
* Zepos
* Stephanopoulos
* Iordanoglou [el]
* Mitsopoulos [el]
* Chr. Stratos
* Daskalakis [el]
* Gennimatas
* Koutsogiorgas
* Markopoulos [el]
* Koutsogiorgas
* Markopoulos [el]
* Koutsogiorgas
* Papastefanakis [el]
* Tsochatzopoulos
* Markopoulos [el]
* Konstantopoulos
* Skouris
* Katrivanos
* Kouvelas
* Kleitos
* Kefalogiannis
* Georgakis [el]
* Tsochatzopoulos
* Skandalidis
* Tsochatzopoulos
* Skouris
* A. Papadopoulos [el]
* V. Papandreou
* Koumandos [el]
* V. Papandreou
* Skandalidis
* Alivizatos
* Pavlopoulos
* Flogaitis
* Pavlopoulos
* Flogaitis
* Ragousis
* Kastanidis
* Giannitsis [el]
* Manitakis
* Stylianidis
* Michelakis [el]
* Dinopoulos [el]
* Voutsis
* Manitakis
* Kouroumblis
* Skourletis
* Charitsis
* Roupakiotis
* Theodorikakos

In italics are denoted the interior ministers of parallel or non-recognized governments

* v
* t
* e

Provisional Government of National Defence

Ideas & Policies|

* Venizelism
* Megali Idea
* Pro-Entente
* Anti-German sentiment
* Greece in WWI

People|

* Triumvirate: Eleftherios Venizelos
* Panagiotis Danglis
* Pavlos Kountouriotis

* Officers: Georgios Kondylis
* Nikolaos Plastiras
* Theodoros Pangalos
* Leonidas Paraskevopoulos
* Emmanouil Zymvrakakis
* Alexandros Mazarakis-Ainian
* Dimitrios Psarros
* Evripidis Bakirtzis
* Nikolaos Christodoulou
* Dimitrios Ioannou
* Konstantinos Manetas
* Theodoros Manetas
* Aristeidis Moraitinis
* Neokosmos Grigoriadis
* Napoleon Zervas
* Ptolemaios Sarigiannis

* Politicians: Themistoklis Sophoulis
* Nikolaos Politis
* Georgios Papandreou
* Leonidas Embirikos
* Andreas Michalakopoulos
* Konstantinos Angelakis
* Alexandros Zannas

Military support|

* Army of National Defence
* Serres Division
* Archipelago Division
* Crete Division
* Cretan Gendarmerie
* Allied Army of the Orient
* Armée d'Orient (1915–1919)
* Maurice Sarrail
* British Salonika Army
* Macedonian Mule Corps
* Democratic Battalions

Events|

* National Defence coup d'état
* National Schism
* Noemvriana
* Anathema to Venizelos
* French occupation of Thessaly
* Accession of Alexander of Greece

* v
* t
* e

Greece during World War I

Background|

* Balkan Wars
* Treaty of London (1913)
* Treaty of Bucharest (1913)
* Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence
* Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
* Protocol of Corfu
* Massacre of Phocaea
* Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914

Events|

* 1914: Serbian campaign
* 1915: Gallipoli campaign
* May 1915 Greek legislative election
* Establishment of the Macedonian front
* December 1915 Greek legislative election
* Serbian Army in Corfu
* 1916: Roupel surrender
* Bulgarian invasion of eastern Macedonia
* Surrender and internment of IV Corps
* Italian and French occupation of Northern Epirus
* National Defence coup d'état

National
Schism|

| National
Defence|

* People: Eleftherios Venizelos
* Panagiotis Danglis
* Pavlos Kountouriotis
* Emmanouil Zymvrakakis
* Nikolaos Christodoulou
* Themistoklis Sofoulis
* Nikolaos Plastiras
* Theodoros Pangalos
* Leonidas Paraskevopoulos
* Nikolaos Politis
* Neokosmos Grigoriadis
* Georgios Papandreou
* Support: Cretan Gendarmerie
* National Defence Army Corps
* Serres Division
* Archipelago Division
* Crete Division
* Allied Army of the Orient
* Armée d'Orient (1915–1919)
* British Salonika Army
* Maurice Sarrail
* Louis Franchet d'Espèrey
* Democratic Battalions
* Basil Zaharoff
* Ideas: Pro-Entente
* Megali Idea
* Venizelism

|

Royal
governments|

* People: Constantine I of Greece
* Ioannis Metaxas
* Dimitrios Gounaris
* Viktor Dousmanis
* Sofoklis Dousmanis
* Stefanos Skouloudis
* Stefanos Dragoumis
* Ion Dragoumis
* Konstantinos Nider
* Georgios Theotokis
* Dimitrios Rallis
* Georgios Streit
* Spyridon Lambros
* Nikolaos Stratos
* Dimitrios Kalapothakis
* Georgios Pesmazoglou
* Spyridon Mercouris
* Support: Hellenic Army General Staff
* Epistratoi
* Church of Greece
* Ideas: Neutrality
* Monarchism
* Antivenizelism
* Germanophilia

Events|

* 1916: Noemvriana
* Battle of Katerini
* 1917: French occupation of Thessaly
* Accession of Alexander of Greece
* Great Thessaloniki Fire
* Samarina Republic
* 1918: Battle of Skra-di-Legen
* Vardar offensive
* Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)
* Armistice of Salonica
* Armistice of Mudros
* Occupation of Constantinople

Aftermath|

* 1919: Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (Southern Russia intervention)
* Greek landing at Smyrna and Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
* Venizelos–Tittoni agreement
* 1920: League of Nations establishment
* Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
* Treaty of Sèvres
* 1920 Greek legislative election
* 1920 Greek referendum
* 1921: Conference of London of 1921–1922
* 1922: Great fire of Smyrna
* 11 September 1922 Revolution
* Armistice of Mudanya
* Trial of the Six
* Greek retreat from Eastern Thrace
* 1923: Treaty of Lausanne
* Population exchange between Greece and Turkey

Remembrance|

* Zeitenlik
* Mikra British Cemetery
* Doiran Memorial
* Paionia Memorial
* Serbian Museum of Corfu
* Vido
* Allied cemetery of Moudros
* Greek cemetery of Pirot
* Medal of Military Merit (Greece)
* Inter-Allied Victory Medal (Greece)

* v
* t
* e

Greece during World War II

1940-1941 Balkans Campaign

| Greco-Italian War
(1940-1941)|

| Battles|

* Pindus
* Elaia–Kalamas
* Korçë
* Saranda
* Morava–Ivan
* Himara
* Klisura Pass
* Trebeshina
* Italian spring offensive
* Hill 731

|

Leaders|

|  Greece|

* Ioannis Metaxas
* Alexandros Papagos
* Charalambos Katsimitros
* Konstantinos Davakis
* Markos Drakos and Ioannis Pitsikas
* Dimitrios Papadopoulos
* Georgios Kosmas

|

Italy|

* Benito Mussolini
* Galeazzo Ciano
* Sebastiano Visconti Prasca
* Ubaldo Soddu
* Ugo Cavallero
* Carlo Geloso

Units|

|  Greece|

* 8th Infantry Division
* Epirus Army Section
* Western Macedonia Army Section

|

Italy|

* 9th Army
* 11th Army

German invasion
(April-May 1941)|

| Battles|

* Operation Lustre
* Metaxas Line
* Vevi
* Kleisoura Pass
* Thermopylae
* Crete

|

Leaders|

|  Greece|

* King George II
* Alexandros Papagos
* Konstantinos Bakopoulos
* Georgios Tsolakoglou

|

British Commonwealth|

* Henry Maitland Wilson
* Thomas Blamey
* Bernard Freyberg

Germany|

* Wilhelm List
* Sepp Dietrich
* Kurt Student

Units|

|  Greece|

* Eastern Macedonia Army Section
* Central Macedonia Army Section
* Epirus Army Section

|

British Commonwealth|

* 1st Armoured Brigade
* 2nd New Zealand Division
* 6th Australian Division

Germany|

* XVIII Army Corps
* XXXX Panzer Corps
* Luftflotte 4
* 1st Parachute Division
* 5th Mountain Division

Occupation and collaboration

| Occupying
powers|

| Leaders and
commands|

|  Germany|

* Günther Altenburg
* Hermann Neubacher
* Walter Schimana
* Alexander Löhr
* Army Group E
* Hellmuth Felmy
* LXVIII Army Corps
* Hubert Lanz
* XXII Mountain Corps
* Alexander Andrae, Bruno Bräuer and Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller
* Fortress Crete
* Max Merten

|

Italy|

* Angelico Carta
* Pellegrino Ghigi
* Piero Parini
* Carlo Geloso and Carlo Vecchiarelli
* 11th Army
* III Army Corps [it]
* VIII Army Corps
* XXVI Corps

Bulgaria|

* Ivan Markov [bg]
* Trifon Trifonov [bg]
* Asen Sirakov

Atrocities|

* Missiria
* Kondomari
* Kandanos
* Alikianos
* Doxato
* Mousiotitsa
* Kommeno
* Kalavryta
* Lingiades
* Distomo
* Domenikon
* Drakeia
* Cephalonia (Acqui Division)
* Mesovouno
* Pyrgoi
* Vorizia
* Viannos
* Kallikratis
* Kali Sykia
* Anogeia
* Kedros
* Kleisoura
* Haidari concentration camp
* Larissa concentration camp
* 200 of Kaisariani
* Chortiatis

Economic
exploitation|

* Great Famine
* GWRA
* Hyperinflation
* DEGRIGES
* Compulsory loan
* Occupation Reichsmark [el]

The Holocaust|

* Bulgarian-occupied Greece
* Thessaloniki
* Zvi Koretz
* Jewish cemetery of Salonica
* Baron Hirsch ghetto
* Expropriation of property
* Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos

Collaborationist
government|

| People|

* Georgios Tsolakoglou
* K. Logothetopoulos
* Ioannis Rallis
* Sotirios Gotzamanis
* Georgios Bakos
* Georgios Poulos
* Friedrich Schubert
* Nikolaos Bourantas
* George S. Mercouris
* Ioannis Plytzanopoulos
* Dionysios Papadongonas

|

Organizations|

* Security Battalions
* Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO)
* National Union of Greece (EEE)
* Greek National Socialist Party

Secessionists|

* Roman Legion
* Alcibiades Diamandi
* Nicolaos Matussis
* Vassilis Rapotikas
* Ohrana
* Andon Kalchev
* Cham collaboration
* Këshilla
* Xhemil Dino

Atrocities|

* Paramythia
* Executions of Kokkinia

Resistance and Free Greece

| National Liberation
Front (EAM)|

| People|

* Aris Velouchiotis
* Stefanos Sarafis
* Andreas Tzimas
* Georgios Siantos
* Alexandros Svolos
* Ilias Tsirimokos
* Markos Vafeiadis
* Evripidis Bakirtzis

|

Organizations|

* Communist Party of Greece (KKE)
* Socialist Party of Greece (SKE)
* Union of People's Democracy (ELD)
* Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS)
* Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN)
* Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) and National Council
* United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON)
* National Solidarity (EA)
* Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)
* Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF)
* Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD)

Operations|

* Drama uprising
* Ryka
* Mikro Chorio
* Gorgopotamos Bridge
* Meritsa
* Protests against labour mobilization
* Fardykambos
* Porta
* Sarantaporos
* Kournovo Tunnel
* 1943 Athens protest
* Pinerolo disarmament
* Steiri
* Agorelitsa
* Killing of Franz Krech

Atrocities|

* Feneos executions
* 5/42 Regiment dissolution
* Meligalas
* Kilkis
* Red Terror (Greece)

Non-EAM resistance|

| People|

* Napoleon Zervas
* Georgios Kartalis
* Dimitrios Psarros
* Komninos Pyromaglou
* Antonis Fosteridis
* Kostas Perrikos
* Ilias Degiannis
* Vasileios Sachinis
* Lela Karagianni
* Konstantinos Ventiris
* Manolis Paterakis
* Petrakogiorgis
* Kimonas Zografakis

|

Organizations|

* National Republican Greek League (EDES)
* National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA)
* National and Social Liberation (EKKA)
* 5/42 Regiment
* Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)
* Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN)
* Prometheus II
* Apollo
* National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ)
* Hellenic Army (ES)
* Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI)
* others...

Operations|

* ESPO bombing
* Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
* Agia Kyriaki
* Milia
* Skala Paramythias
* Execution of Josef Salminger
* Xirovouni
* Trahili
* Menina
* Dodona

Atrocities|

* Expulsion of Cham Albanians

British Military Mission (SOE)|

| People|

* Eddie Myers
* Monty Woodhouse
* Patrick Leigh Fermor
* Bill Stanley Moss
* Themis Marinos
* George Psychoundakis
* Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz

|

Operations|

* Operation "Albumen"
* Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
* Operation "Animals"
* Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing")
* Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe
* Damasta sabotage

Greek government-in-exile

| Greek government
in exile|

| Events/Battles|

* Mareth Line
* El Alamein
* Wadi Akarit
* Dodecanese
* April 1944 mutiny
* Rimini
* Symi
* Santorini

|

People|

* King George II
* Emmanouil Tsouderos
* Sofoklis Venizelos
* Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
* Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos
* Christodoulos Tsigantes
* Pafsanias Katsotas

Greek Armed Forces
in the Middle East|

* 3rd Mountain Brigade
* Sacred Band
* Vasilissa Olga
* Adrias
* Katsonis
* Papanikolis

| Squadrons|

* 13th
* 335th
* 336th

|

Liberation and road to the civil war

| Prelude to Civil War|

| Events|

* National Bands Agreement
* Plaka agreement [el]
* Red Terror
* Lebanon Conference
* Caserta Agreement
* Operation "Manna"
* Percentages agreement
* Dekemvriana
* Treaty of Varkiza
* White Terror

|

People|

* Ronald Scobie
* Georgios Papandreou
* Archbishop Damaskinos
* Georgios Grivas
* Angelos Evert
* Nikos Zachariadis

Commemoration

| Events|

* Ohi Day

|

Museums|

* Athens War Museum
* Holocaust Museum of Greece
* Kalavryta Massacre Museum
* Kalpaki War Museum
* Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance
* Thessaloniki War Museum

Popular culture|

* Aera! Aera! Aera!
* Captain Corelli's Mandolin
* film
* Ill Met by Moonlight
* film
* Ipolochagos Natassa
* Mediterraneo
* The 11th Day: Crete 1941
* The Guns of Navarone
* film
* What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis?

* v
* t
* e

Social democracy in Greece

Organizations|

* Society of sociologists

Political Parties|

* Agricultural and Labour Party
* Democratic Socialist Party of Greece
* PASOK
* Socialist Initiative
* Socialist March
* Party of Democratic Socialism (Greece)
* Democratic Left
* Movement of Democratic Socialists
* Social League
* Syriza
* Movement for Change

People|

* Fotis Kouvelis
* Alexandros Papanastasiou
* Andreas Papandreou
* George Papandreou
* Georgios Papandreou
* Anastasios Peponis
* Alexandros Svolos

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Australia
* Netherlands
* Greece
* Poland
* Israel

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* NARA
* SNAC

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