Gerard Kuiper

Netherlands-born American astronomer (1905–1973)

Not to be confused with the mathematician Nicolaas Kuiper.

Gerard Kuiper

Kuiper in 1964

Born|

Gerrit Pieter Kuiper

(1905-12-07)7 December 1905

Tuitjenhorn, Netherlands

Died| 23 December 1973(1973-12-23) (aged 68)

Mexico City, Mexico

Nationality| Dutch–American
Alma mater| Leiden University
Occupations|

* Astronomer
* planetary scientist
* selenographer
* author
* professor

Known for| Kuiper belt
Spouse|

Sarah Fuller

(m. 1936)​

Scientific career
Fields| Astronomy
Thesis| Statistische onderzoekingen van dubbelsterren (1933)
Doctoral students| Carl Sagan

Gerard Peter Kuiper (/ˈkaɪpər/ KY-pər; born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper, Dutch: [ˈɣɛrɪt ˈpitər ˈkœypər]; 7 December 1905 – 23 December 1973) was a Dutch-American astronomer, planetary scientist, selenographer, author and professor. He is the eponymous namesake of the Kuiper belt.

Kuiper is considered by many to be the father of modern planetary science.[1]

## Early life and career[edit]

Kuiper, the son of a tailor in the village of Tuitjenhorn in North Holland, had an early interest in astronomy. He had extraordinarily sharp eyesight, allowing him to see with the naked eye magnitude 7.5 stars, about four times fainter than those visible to normal eyes.

He studied at Leiden University in 1924, where at the time a very large number of astronomers had congregated. He befriended fellow students Bart Bok and Pieter Oosterhoff, and was taught by Ejnar Hertzsprung, Antonie Pannekoek, Willem de Sitter, Jan Woltjer, Jan Oort, and the physicist Paul Ehrenfest. He received his candidate degree in Astronomy in 1927 and continued straight on with his graduate studies.

Kuiper received his PhD degree from Leiden University in the Netherlands on his thesis on binary stars with Hertzsprung in 1933, after which he traveled to California to become a fellow under Robert Grant Aitken at the Lick Observatory. In 1935 he left to work at the Harvard College Observatory, where he met Sarah Parker Fuller (1913-2000), whom he married on 20 June 1936. Although he had planned to move to Java to work at the Bosscha Observatory, he took a position at Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago and received American citizenship in 1937.

During the second world war, from 1943 to 1945 Kuiper took leave of absence from the University of Chicago to research radar countermeasures at the faculty of Harvard's Radio Research Laboratory. This led to attachment to the Eighth Air Force Headquarters, England (1944) and return to Europe (January 1945, seconded to the ALSOS mission). Besides assessing the state of German science, Kuiper accomplished a rather daring rescue of Max Planck, stuck in the eastern zone of Germany and in danger of being captured by the Soviets. Kuiper raced across the countryside only hours ahead of the Soviets to retrieve Planck and his wife.

From 1947 to 1949, Kuiper served as the director of the McDonald Observatory in west Texas.[2] In 1949, Kuiper initiated the Yerkes–McDonald asteroid survey (1950–1952).

As professor at the University of Chicago, he was doctoral advisor to Carl Sagan. In 1958, the two worked on the classified military Project A119, a secret Air Force plan to detonate a nuclear warhead on the Moon.

## Discoveries[edit]

Kuiper discovered two natural satellites of planets in the Solar System, namely Uranus's satellite Miranda and Neptune's satellite Nereid. In addition, he discovered carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Mars, and the existence of a methane-laced atmosphere above Saturn's satellite Titan in 1944. Kuiper also pioneered airborne infrared observing using a Convair 990 aircraft in the 1960s.

Kuiper spent most of his career at the University of Chicago, but moved to Tucson, Arizona, in 1960 to found the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona. Kuiper served as the laboratory's director for the rest of his life. One of the three buildings at Arizona that makes up the LPL is named in his honor.

In the 1950s Kuiper's interdisciplinary collaboration with the geochemist and Nobel Laureate Harold C. Urey to understand the Moon's thermal evolution descended into acrimony, as the two engaged in what became known as the "Hot Moon Cold Moon" controversy. Their falling out, in part a scientific dispute, also reflected the challenge of maintaining professional relationships across overlapping but distinct scientific disciplines.[3]

In the 1960s, Kuiper helped identify landing sites on the Moon for the Apollo program.[a] His earlier work on the Moon included the Project A119, a secret Air Force plan to detonate a nuclear warhead on the Moon.[5] Another scientist in the group was Carl Sagan, who was Kuiper's PhD student at the time of the project.[5]

Kuiper discovered several binary stars which received "Kuiper numbers" to identify them, such as KUI 79\.

## Death[edit]

Kuiper died of a heart attack on 23 December 1973 in Mexico City, while on vacation with his wife.[6]

## Honors[edit]

Gerard P. Kuiper Space Sciences building at the University of Arizona

* In 1947, Kuiper was awarded the Prix Jules Janssen of the Société astronomique de France (Astronomical Society of France).
* In 1959, Kuiper won the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society.
* In 1971, Kuiper received the Kepler Gold Medal from the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Franklin Institute.

Besides the minor planet 1776 Kuiper, three craters (Mercurian, lunar, and Martian), Kuiper Scarp in Antarctica, and the now-decommissioned Kuiper Airborne Observatory were also named after him.

Astronomers refer to a region of minor planets beyond Neptune as the "Kuiper belt", since Kuiper had suggested that such small planets or comets may have formed there. However Kuiper himself believed that such objects would have been swept clear by planetary gravitational perturbations, so that none or few would exist there today.[citation needed]

The Kuiper Prize, named in his honor, is the most distinguished award given by the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences, an international society of professional planetary scientists.[b]

Episode 6 ("The Man of a Trillion Worlds") of the TV series Cosmos: Possible Worlds featured the Kuiper–Urey conflict.

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Cameras in Ranger VIII were turned on 23 minutes before impact, and the spacecraft transmitted pictures back to earth until it struck the surface and was destroyed. The flight's product would be intensively studied by a panel of noted lunar scientists, among them Gerard P. Kuiper and Ewen A. Whitaker of the University of Arizona and Harold C. Urey of the University of California.  — Brooks & Ertel (1976, p. 75)[4]
2. ^ The Kuiper Prize recognizes outstanding contributors to planetary science, and is awarded annually to scientists whose lifetime achievements have most advanced our understanding of planetary systems. Winners of this award include Carl Sagan, James Van Allen, and Eugene Shoemaker.

## References[edit]

1. ^ "NASA Solar System Exploration". solarsystem.nasa.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
2. ^ "Milestones". McDonald Observatory. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
3. ^ Doel, Ronald E. (1996). Solar System Astronomy in America: Communities, patronage, and interdisciplinary science, 1920–1960. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521115681.
4. ^ Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D. (1976). The Apollo Spacecraft: A chronology. Scientific and Technical Information Division, Office of Technology Use. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). p. 75.
5. ^ a b Ulivi, Paolo (2004). Lunar Exploration: Human pioneers and robotic surveyors. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 20\. ISBN 978-1-85233-746-9.
6. ^ Williams, Matt (11 November 2015). "Who was Gerard Kuiper?". Universe Today. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

## External links[edit]

* Media related to Gerard Kuiper at Wikimedia Commons
* "Gerard Peter Kuiper: NASA KAO's namesake". Biography. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Archived from the original on 13 July 2014.
* "Gerard Kuiper Papers". AzArchivesOnline.org. Archive. University of Arizona.
* Dale P. Cruikshank. "Gerard Peter Kuiper, 1905—1973" (PDF). Biographical Memoir. National Academy of Sciences.

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