German units of measurement

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The units of measurement of German-speaking countries consist of a variety of units, with varying local standard definitions. While many were made redundant with the introduction of the metric system, some of these units are still used in everyday speech and even in stores and on street markets as shorthand for similar amounts in the metric system. For example, some customers ask for one pound (ein Pfund) of something when they want 500 grams.

The metric system became compulsory on 1 January 1872, in Germany and on 1 January 1876, in Austria.[1]

Some obsolete German units have names similar to units that were traditionally used in other countries, and that are still used in a limited number of cases in the United Kingdom (imperial units) and in the United States (United States customary units).

## German system

[edit]

Before the introduction of the metric system in Germany, almost every town had its own definitions of the units shown below. Often towns posted local definitions on a wall of the city hall. For example, the front wall of the old city hall of Rudolstadt (still standing) has two marks which show the "Rudolstädter Elle", the proper length of the Elle in that city. Supposedly by 1810 there were 112 different standards for the Elle around Germany.[citation needed]

> "... the measure of cloth, for example, was elle which in each region stood for a different length. An elle of textile material brought in Frankfurt would get you 54.7 cm of cloth, in Mainz 55.1 cm, in Nuremberg 65.6 cm, in Freiburg 53.5 cm ..."

## Length

[edit]

### Meile (mile)

[edit]

A German geographic mile (geographische Meile) is defined as 1⁄15 equatorial degrees, equal to 7,420.54 m (24,345.6 ft). A common German mile, land mile, or post mile (Gemeine deutsche Meile, Landmeile, Postmeile) was defined in various ways at different places and different times. After the introduction of the metric system in the 19th century, the Landmeile was generally fixed at 7500 m (the Reichsmeile), but before then there were many local and regional variants (of which some are shown below):

Some kinds of Meile

Place  | Metric
equivalent  | Notes
Breslau (Wrocław)  | 6700 m | Used in all Silesia[2][3]
Bavaria (Bayern)  | 7415 m | Connected to a 1⁄15 equatorial degree as 25,406 Bavarian feet.
Württemberg  | 7449 m
Reichsmeile  | 7500 m | 'imperial mile' – New mile when the metric system was introduced. Prohibited by law in 1908.
Anhalt  | 7532 m
Denmark, Prussia  | 7532 m | 24,000 Prussian feet. Also known as "(Dänische/Preußische) Landmeile". In 1816, king Frederick William III of Prussia adopted the Danish mile at 7532 m, or 24000 Prussian feet.
Saxony (Sachsen)  | 7500 m | In the 17th–18th century or so, 9062 m = 32000 (Saxon) feet; later 7500 m (as in Prussia and the rest of Germany).
Schleswig-Holstein  | 8803 m
Baden  | 8000 m | 8889 m before 1810, 8944 m before 1871
Hesse-Kassel  | 9206 m
Lippe-Detmold  | 9264 m
Saxony (Sachsen)  | 9062 m | 32000 (Saxon) feet (in the 19th century 7500 m, see above).
Westfalia (Westfalen)  | 11100 m | but also 9250 m
Oldenburg  | 9894 m
Rhineland (Rheinland)  | 4119 m
Palatinate (Pfalz)  | 4630 m
Osnabrück/France  | 5160 m
Wiesbaden  | 1000 m

### Wegstunde

[edit]

One hour's travel, used up to the 19th century. In Germany 1⁄2 Meile or 3.71 km (2.31 mi). After 1722 in Saxony 1⁄2 post mile = 1000 Dresden rods = 4531 m.[4] In Switzerland 16,000 ft or 4.88 km.

### Fuß (foot)

[edit]

The Fuß or German foot varied widely from place to place in the German-speaking world, and also with time. In some places, more than one type of Fuß was in use. One source from 1830[5] gives the following values:

Some kinds of Fuß

Place  | Name  | Local equivalent  | Metric equivalent
|  |  |
Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)  | Feldmaßfuß  | 1⁄6 Klafter  | 282 mm
Aachen  | Baufuß  | 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 288 mm
Aargau, Canton of | Fuß  |  | 300 mm
Aichstadt, Bavaria | old Fuß  |  | 307 mm
Altona, Holstein | Fuß  |  | 286 mm
Anspach, Bavaria  | Werkfuß  |  | 299 mm
Appenzell, Canton of | Fuß  |  | 313 mm
Aschaffenburg, Bavaria  | Fuß  |  | 288 mm
Augsburg, Bavaria  | Werkschuh  |  | 296 mm
Baden | Reichsfuß  | 10 Zoll, 1⁄10 Ruthe  | 300 mm
Baireuth, Bavaria  | Fuß  |  | 298 mm
Bamberg, Bavaria  | Fuß  |  | 303 mm
Basel, Canton of | Stadtschuh  |  | 304 mm
Bavaria  | Fuß  |  | 292 mm
Bergamo, Austria | Fuß  | 1⁄6 Cavezzo  | 435 mm
Berlin | Prussian Reichsfuß  |  | 313.8536 mm[6]
Bern, Canton of | gewöhnlicher Fuß  | 12 Zoll  | 298 mm
Bern, Canton of  | Steinbrecherfuß  | 13 Zoll  | 317 mm
Bohemia | Fuß or Stopa  |  | 296 mm
Bozen, Austria  | Tyroler-Fuß  |  | 334 mm
Braunschweig (Brunswick)  | Fuß  | 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 285 mm
Bremen | Fuß  | 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 289 mm
Breslau | old Silesian Fuß  | 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 283 mm
Bünden, Canton of | churischer Fuß  |  | 322 mm
Calenberg Land | Fuß  | 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 292 mm
Carlsruhe (as Baden)  | Fuß  |  | 300 mm
Cassel, Hessen | Fuß  | 1⁄14 Ruthe  | 287 mm
Cleve, Prussia  | Fuß  |  | 295 mm
Cöln am Rhein (Cologne), Prussia  | Fuß  |  | 287 mm
Cremona, Austria  | old Fuß  |  | 480 mm
Danzig, Prussia  | old Fuß  | 1⁄2 Elle  | 287 mm
Darmstadt | Hessian Reichsfuß  | 10 Zoll  | 250 mm
Darmstadt  | old Darmstadt Fuß  | 12 Zoll  | 288 mm
Dordrecht, Netherlands  | Fuß  |  | 361 mm
Dresden, Saxony | Fuß  |  | 260 mm
Duderstadt, Hanover | Fuß  |  | 290 mm
Durlach (as Baden)  | Fuß  |  | 300 mm
Durlach  | old Fuß  |  | 291 mm
Emden, Hanover  | Fuß  |  | 296 mm
Erfurt, Prussia  | old Fuß  | 1⁄14 Feldruthe, 1⁄16 Bauruthe  | 283 mm
Frankfurt am Main | Fuß  |  | 285 mm
Freiburg, Canton of | Werkfuß  | 12 Zoll, 1⁄10 Werkklafter  | 293 mm
Friedberg in der Wetterau, Oberhessen | Fuß  |  | 291 mm
Friedrichsstadt, Denmark  | Fuß  |  | 296 mm
Fulda, Kurhessen | Werkfuß  | 1⁄2 Elle  | 250 mm
Genf (Geneva), Canton of  | Fuß  | 1⁄8 Ruthe  | 325 mm
Gießen, Oberhessen  | Fuß  |  | 298 mm
Glarus, Canton of | Fuß  |  | 300 mm
Glatz, Prussia  | Werkfuß  |  | 287 mm
Göttingen, Hanover  | Fuß  |  | 291 mm
Gotha, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha | Fuß  |  | 287 mm
Halle an der Saale, Prussia  | Werkfuß  |  | 288 mm
Halle an der Saale, Prussia  | Feldfuß  |  | 433 mm
Hamburg | Fuß  | 1⁄6 Klafter, 1⁄16 Geestruthe  | 286 mm
Hanau, Hessen  | Fuß  | 2⁄25 Ruthe  | 285 mm
Hanover, capital of the Kingdom  | Fuß  | 1⁄2 Elle, 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 292 mm
Heidelberg, Baden  | Fuß  |  | 278 mm
Heilbronn, Württemberg | Fuß  |  | 278 mm
Heiligenstadt, Prussia  | old Fuß  |  | 283 mm
Herford, Prussia  | old Fuß  |  | 295 mm
Hildesheim, Hanover  | Fuß  | 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 280 mm
Holstein  | Fuß  |  | 296 mm
Innsbruck, Austria  | Tyroler-Fuß  |  | 317 mm
Königsberg, Prussia  | old Fuß  | 1⁄15 Ruthe  | 307 mm
Krakau | Fuß or Stopa  |  | 356 mm
Lausanne, Canton of Waadt | Fuß  |  | 293 mm
Leipzig, Saxony  | gewöhnlicher Fuß  | 1⁄2 Elle, 1⁄6 Klafter 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 282 mm
Lemberg, Austria  | Galizian Fuß  |  | 297 mm
Lemgo, Lippe | Fuß  |  | 287 mm
Lindau, Bavaria  | Fuß  |  | 307 mm
Lindau, Bavaria  | Feldmeßschuh, Bauschuh  |  | 289 mm
Linz, Austria  | Fuß  | Klafter  | 303 mm
Lübeck | Fuß  |  | 291 mm
Lucern, Canton of | Fuß (for wood measure)  |  | 314 mm
Lucern, Canton of  | Zimmerwerkschuh  |  | 304 mm
Lucern, Canton of  | Bau- and Feldmeßschuh  |  | 284 mm
Milan, Austria  | old Fuß  |  | 398 mm
Mainz, Hessen  | Werkfuß  |  | 314 mm
Mainz, Hessen  | Kameralfuß (for firewood)  |  | 287 mm
Mannheim, Baden  | Fuß  |  | 290 mm
Mecklenburg | Fuß  | 1⁄2 Elle, 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 291 mm
Metz, France  | old Fuß  |  | 406 mm
Mühlhausen, Prussia  | Fuß  | 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 281 mm
Neufchatel, Principality of | Werkfuß  |  | 293 mm
Neufchatel, Principality of  | Feldmeßfuß  |  | 318 mm
Nordhausen, Prussia  | old Fuß  |  | 292 mm
Nuremberg, Bavaria  | Stadtfuß  | 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 304 mm
Nuremberg, Bavaria  | Artillery Fuß  |  | 292 mm
Oldenburg | Fuß  | 1⁄20 Ruthe  | 296 mm
Osnabrück, Hanover  | Fuß  |  | 279 mm
Padua, Austria | Fuß  | 1⁄6 Cavezzo  | 428 mm
Prague, Austria | Bohemian Fuß or Česká stopa  |  | 296 mm
Prussia, Rheinland | Reichsfuß  |  | 313.8536 mm[6]
Ratzeburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Fuß  |  | 291 mm
Regensburg, Bavaria  | Fuß  |  | 313 mm
Rheinbaiern | Fuß  | 12 Zoll, 1⁄3 metre  | 333 mm
Rheinland | Rheinländischer Fuß  |  | 313.8536 mm[6]
Rostock, Mecklenburg-Schwerin  | Fuß  | 1⁄2 Elle, 1⁄16 Ruthe  | 286 mm
Sanct Gallen, Canton of | Fuß  |  | 313 mm
Schaffhausen, Canton of | Fuß  |  | 298 mm
Silesia (Austrian part)  | Fuß  |  | 289 mm
Solothurn, Canton of | Fuß  |  | 293 mm
Stade, Hanover  | Fuß  |  | 291 mm
Stettin, Prussia  | old Pomeranian Fuß  |  | 285 mm
Stralsund, Prussia  | old Fuß  |  | 291 mm
Strassburg, France  | Fuß  |  | 289 mm
Stuttgart | Reichsfuß  | 1⁄2 Elle, 1⁄10 Ruthe  | 286 mm
Tessin, Canton of | Fuß  |  | 397 mm
Thorn, Prussia  | old Fuß  |  | 297 mm
Trento, Austria  | Fuß  |  | 366 mm
Trier, Prussia  | Land- and Werkfuß  |  | 294 mm
Trier, Prussia  | Waldfuß  |  | 310 mm
Trier, Prussia  | Zimmermannsfuß  |  | 305 mm
Tyrol, Austria  | Fuß  |  | 334 mm
Udine, Austria  | Fuß  |  | 329 mm
Ulm, Württemberg  | Fuß  |  | 289 mm
Venice, Austria  | Fuß  | 1⁄5 Passo  | 348 mm
Verden, Hanover  | Fuß  |  | 291 mm
Verona, Austria | Fuß  | 1⁄6 Cavezzo  | 347 mm
Vienna, Austria  | Fuß  | 1⁄6 Klafter  | 316 mm
Waadt, Canton of | Fuß  | 10 Zoll, 1⁄10 Ruthe  | 300 mm
Wallis, Canton of | Fuß  |  | 325 mm
Weimar | Fuß  |  | 282 mm
Wesel, Prussia  | old Fuß  |  | 236 mm
Wetzlar, Prussia  | old Fuß  |  | 274 mm
Wiesbaden, Nassau | Fuß  |  | 288 mm
Wismar, Mecklenburg-Schwerin  | Fuß  |  | 292 mm
Wittenberg, Prussia  | old Fuß  |  | 283 mm
Worbis, Prussia  | old Fuß  |  | 286 mm
Württemberg  | Reichsfuß  | 1⁄2 Elle, 1⁄10 Ruthe  | 286 mm
Würzburg, Bavaria  | Fuß  | 1⁄2 Elle  | 294 mm
Zug, Canton of | Fuß  |  | 301 mm
Zug, Canton of  | Steinfuß  |  | 268 mm
Zürich, Canton of | Fuß  | 1⁄6 Klafter, 1⁄10 Ruthe  | 301 mm
Except where noted, based on Niemann (1830).[5] The values of the other local units mentioned also varied widely.

### Rute (rod)

[edit]

A standard at the City Hall in Münster, Germany from 1816; the bar shown is one "Prussian half rod" long.

The Rute or Ruthe is of Carolingian origin,[citation needed] and was used as a land measure. Many different kinds of Ruthe were used at various times in various parts of the German-speaking world. They were subdivided into differing numbers of local Fuß, and were of many different lengths. One source from 1830[5] lists the following:

Some kinds of Ruthe

Place  | Name  | Local equivalent  | Metric equivalent
Aachen (Aix-la-Capelle)  | Feldmeßruthe  | 16 Fuß  | 4.512 m
Baden  | Ruthe  | 10 Fuß  | 3 m
Basel, Canton of  | Ruthe  | 16 Fuss  | 4.864 m
Bern, Canton of  | Ruthe  | 10 Fuss  | 2.932 m
Braunschweig (Brunswick)  | Ruthe  | 16 Fuß  | 4.565 m
Bremen  | Ruthe  | 8 Ellen or 16 Fuß  | 4.626 m
Calenberg  | Ruthe  | 16 Fuß  | 4.677 m
Cassel, Hessen  | Ruthe  | 14 Fuß  | 4.026 m
Hamburg  | Geestruthe  | 16 Fuß  | 4.583 m
Hamburg  | Marschruthe  | 14 Fuß  | 4.010 m
Hannover  | Ruthe  | 16 Fuß  | 4.671 m
Lever, Oldenburg  | Ruthe  | 20 Fuß  | 4.377
Mecklenburg  | Ruthe  | 16 Fuß  | 4.655 m
Nuremberg, Bavaria  | Ruthe  | 16 Fuß  | 4.861 m
Oldenburg  | Ruthe  | 20 Fuß  | 5.927 m
Prussia, Rheinland  | Ruthe  | 12 Fuß  | 3.766 m
Saxony  | Ruthe  | 16 Leipziger Fuß  | 4.512 m
Württemberg  | Reichsruthe  | 10 Fuß  | 2.865 m
Württemberg  | old Ruthe  | 16 Fuß  | 4.583 m
Zürich, Canton of  | Ruthe  | 10 Fuss  | 3.009 m
Except where noted, based on Niemann (1830).[5] The value of the local Fuß also varied widely.

### Klafter

[edit]

Main article: Klafter

Typically 6 feet. Regional variants from 1.75 m in Baden to 3 m in Switzerland.

### Lachter

[edit]

Main article: Lachter

The Lachter was the most common unit of length used in mining in German-speaking areas. Its exact length varied from place to place but was roughly between 1.9 and 2.1 m.

### Elle (ell)

[edit]

Distance between elbow and fingertip. In the North, often 2 feet, In Prussia 17⁄8 feet, in the South variable, often 2+1⁄2 feet. The smallest known German Elle is 402.8 mm (15.86 in), the longest 811 mm (31.9 in).

### Zoll (inch)

[edit]

Usually 1⁄12 foot, but also 1⁄11 and 1⁄10.

### Linie

[edit]

Usually 1⁄12 inch, but also 1⁄10.

## Volume

[edit]

### Quent

[edit]

Being 1/5 of any measure

### Malter

[edit]

Is a larger volume unit of around one large sack of wheat a person could carry. However, the exact volumetric size and weight was locally very different in each feudal state. For more details, see [1].

### Klafter

[edit]

Main article: Klafter

For firewood, 2.905 m3 (102.6 cu ft)

### Nösel

[edit]

In general, the Nösel (also spelled Össel) was a measure of liquid volume equal to half a Kanne ("jar," "jug," "bottle," "can"). Volume often varied depending on whether it was beer or wine. Its subdivisions were the Halbnösel ("Half-Nösel") and the Viertelnösel ("Quarter-Nösel).

An Ahm was a measure used for wine or beer. An Eimer ("Bucket") was a container that was a fifth of an Ahm. A Viertel ("Fourth") was a fourth of an Eimer. A Stübchen ("Cozy Room") also a Stauf was a measure of wine or beer that was equal to 2 Kannen. It was the approximate amount of wine or beer that could serve an entire room in a tavern. A Kanne was a measure of wine or beer large enough to fill a humpen (tankard) or krug (wine flagon or beer pitcher). A Quartier ("quarter-measure") was a fourth of a Stübchen. A Nösel was a cup or mug of wine or beer.

Actual volumes so measured, however, varied from one state or even one city to another. Within Saxony, for example, the "Dresden jar" held approximately 1 US quart or 0.95 litres or 0.83 imperial quarts, so a nösel in Dresden was about 1 US pint (0.47 L; 0.83 imp pt). The full volume of a "Leipzig jar" measured 1.2 liters (1.3 U.S. qt; 1.1 imp qt); the Leipzig nösel was therefore 0.6 liters (0.63 U.S. qt; 0.53 imp qt).

1⁄320 Ahm = 1⁄64 Eimer = 1⁄16 Viertel = 1⁄8 Stübchen / Stauf = 1⁄4 Kannen = 1⁄2 Quartiers = 1 Nösel = 2 Halbnöseln = 4 Viertelnöseln

The nösel was used in minor commerce, as well as in the household to measure meal, grain, and such. These units of measure were officially valid in Saxony until 1868, when the metric system was introduced. Nevertheless, the old measures have continued in private use for decades.

One modification was introduced in Thuringia. There, the nösel was, by extension, also a measure of area; namely, the area of land which could be sown with one nösel of seed – or about 19.36 square yards (16.19 m2; 0.00400 acres)

## Mass

[edit]

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### Pfund

[edit]

Main article: Zollpfund

* Pfund (Prussia): 467.711 g
* Zollpfund: 500 g

### Mark

[edit]

Main articles: Mark (unit) and Cologne mark

1⁄2 Pfund. Equal to 233.856 g (Cologne).

### Unze

[edit]

1⁄16 Pfund. Roughly equal to 29.23 g.

### Loth

[edit]

1⁄32 Pfund, or 1⁄16 Mark. Equal to 14.606 g (Prussia).

### Quentchen

[edit]

1⁄96 Pfund. Roughly equal to 4.872 g.

### Quint

[edit]

1⁄128 Pfund. Roughly equal to 3.65 g.

### Pfennig

[edit]

1⁄512 Pfund. Roughly equal to 0.9135 g.

### Gran

[edit]

1⁄7690 Pfund. Roughly equal to 0.0609 g.

## See also

[edit]

* Historical weights and measures
* List of obsolete units of measurement
* SI
* Weights and measures

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter (1879). The Metric system of weights and measures. American Metric Bureau. pp. 220–2. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
2. ^ Harasimowicz, Jan [in Polish]; Suleja, Włodzimierz [in Polish] (2000). Encyklopedia Wrocławia (in Polish) (Wyd. 1 ed.). Wrocław: Wydawn. Dolnośląskie. ISBN 9788370237493. OCLC 46420892.
3. ^ Davies, Norman; Moorhouse, Roger (2002). Mikrokosmos : portret miasta środkowoeuropejskiego : Vratislava, Breslau, Wrocław (in Polish). Translated by Pawelec, Andrzej (Wyd. 1 ed.). Kraków: Wydawn. Znak. ISBN 9788324001729. OCLC 50928641.
4. ^ "Historie der Postsäulen" (in German). Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e.V. und 1. Sächsischer Postkutschenverein e.V. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
5. ^ a b c d Niemann, Friedrich (1830) Vollständiges Handbuch der Münzen, Masse, und Gewichte aller Länder der Erde fur Kaufleute, Banquiers ...: in alphabetischer Ordnung. Quedlinburg und Leipzig, G. Basse. p. 286
6. ^ a b c Tate (1868), p. 49

## Bibliography

[edit]

* François Cardarelli: Encyclopedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins. Springer, Berlin 2003. ISBN 1-85233-682-X
* Helmut Kahnt, Bernd Knorr: Alte Masse, Münzen und Gewichte. . Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim/Wien/Zürich 1987. (Lizenzausgabe von VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig 1986) (in German)
* Wolfgang Trapp: Kleines Handbuch der Maße, Zahlen Gewichte und der Zeitrechnung. Von . Reclam Stuttgart, 2. Auflage 1996. ISBN 3-15-008737-6 (in German)
* Günther Scholz, Klaus Vogelsang: Kleines Lexikon: Einheiten, Formelzeichen. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig 1991 ISBN 3-343-00500-2 (in German)
* Johann Christian Nelkenbrechers Taschenbuch eines Banquiers und Kaufmanns: enthaltend eine Erklärung aller ein- und ausländischen Münzen, des Wechsel-Courses, Usos, Respect-Tage und anderer zur Handlung gehörigen Dinge; mit einer genauen Vergleichung des Ellen-Maaßes, Handels-, Gold- und Silber-Gewichts, auch Maaße von Getreide und flüssigen Sachen derer fürnehmsten europäischen Handels-Plätze. Nachdruck der Ausgabe 1769: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Düsseldorf 2004. ISBN 3-936755-58-2 (in German)
* William Tate (1868). The Modern Cambist: Forming a Manual of Foreign Exchanges, in the Different Operations of Bills of Exchange and Bullion, According to the Practice of All Trading Nations, with Tables of Foreign Weights and Measures, and Their Equivalents in English and French.

## External links

[edit]

* Projekt zur Erschliessung historisch wertvoller Altkartenbestände Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (in German)

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